diff --git a/VISTA/llava/eval/table/results/test_sqa_llava_lcs_558k_sqa_12e_vicuna_v1_3_13b.json b/VISTA/llava/eval/table/results/test_sqa_llava_lcs_558k_sqa_12e_vicuna_v1_3_13b.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..568a381ae2b302f4163eecb87f6cda75734f1ac2 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/eval/table/results/test_sqa_llava_lcs_558k_sqa_12e_vicuna_v1_3_13b.json @@ -0,0 +1,8491 @@ +{ + "acc": 91.08700778118369, + "correct": 3863, + "count": 4241, + "results": { + "4": 1, + "5": 1, + "11": 1, + "15": 1, + "22": 1, + "23": 0, + "26": 0, + "27": 1, + "29": 3, + "42": 3, + "46": 2, + "47": 3, + "51": 0, + "61": 1, + "62": 3, + "78": 1, + "85": 1, + "86": 0, + "87": 0, + "92": 2, + "93": 0, + "95": 0, + "96": 0, + "111": 3, + "121": 3, + "126": 1, + "128": 1, + "133": 0, + "139": 1, + "140": 3, + "142": 0, + "145": 1, + "149": 0, + "155": 1, + "156": 1, + "158": 1, + "161": 1, + "163": 2, + "167": 0, + "170": 0, + "172": 2, + "176": 0, + "180": 1, + "182": 1, + "183": 0, + "184": 0, + "188": 0, + "193": 1, + "196": 1, + "198": 0, + "209": 3, + "210": 2, + "214": 0, + "230": 0, + "232": 1, + "234": 2, + "237": 0, + "266": 0, + "269": 2, + "271": 0, + "272": 0, + "275": 1, + "280": 1, + "282": 0, + "286": 1, + "288": 0, + "292": 1, + "293": 2, + "298": 0, + "301": 2, + "305": 1, + "315": 1, + "319": 0, + "324": 0, + "325": 0, + "330": 2, + "332": 0, + "333": 0, + "337": 1, + "338": 2, + "342": 1, + "345": 1, + "348": 0, + "363": 0, + "366": 1, + "374": 0, + "383": 1, + "387": 3, + "389": 1, + "392": 0, + "402": 1, + "404": 1, + "406": 1, + "415": 0, + "427": 0, + "433": 0, + "440": 0, + "445": 0, + "453": 1, + "456": 0, + "457": 0, + "460": 0, + "466": 0, + "469": 0, + "470": 2, + "509": 1, + "512": 0, + "515": 0, + "517": 2, + "519": 3, + "522": 2, + "532": 1, + "533": 0, + "534": 1, + "536": 1, + "539": 1, + "541": 0, + "543": 1, + "550": 1, + "552": 0, + "554": 0, + "557": 1, + "573": 1, + "576": 1, + "577": 2, + "584": 2, + "593": 2, + "595": 0, + "600": 0, + "603": 1, + "605": 0, + "612": 1, + "614": 0, + "616": 0, + "617": 1, + "621": 0, + "627": 0, + "632": 1, + "640": 2, + "641": 0, + "645": 1, + "667": 1, + "670": 2, + "671": 1, + "674": 1, + "686": 1, + "689": 0, + "691": 2, + "693": 0, + "694": 0, + "730": 0, + "734": 0, + "739": 0, + "741": 1, + "751": 2, + "752": 1, + "754": 0, + "763": 1, + "764": 1, + "769": 3, + "781": 2, + "785": 0, + "788": 3, + "795": 0, + "814": 1, + "816": 0, + "824": 0, + "827": 2, + "828": 1, + "834": 0, + "840": 1, + "841": 4, + "843": 0, + "845": 0, + "849": 2, + "851": 0, + "856": 1, + "865": 0, + "868": 3, + "878": 1, + "879": 1, + "880": 3, + "886": 3, + "888": 1, + "898": 1, + "900": 1, + "901": 1, + "905": 0, + "908": 1, + "909": 0, + "913": 0, + "916": 1, + "918": 1, + "923": 1, + "926": 1, + "932": 0, + "936": 1, + "945": 1, + "952": 1, + "953": 0, + "957": 0, + "962": 0, + "964": 0, + "971": 1, + "973": 0, + "982": 0, + "991": 0, + "993": 0, + "1002": 0, + "1004": 0, + "1009": 2, + "1014": 2, + "1029": 0, + "1041": 2, + "1043": 1, + "1044": 0, + "1049": 1, + "1050": 0, + "1056": 1, + "1064": 0, + "1079": 2, + "1082": 0, + "1083": 0, + "1088": 2, + "1089": 1, + "1093": 1, + "1095": 1, + "1098": 2, + "1113": 1, + "1114": 0, + "1123": 0, + "1128": 1, + "1131": 0, + "1134": 2, + "1135": 2, + "1137": 0, + "1139": 1, + "1153": 0, + "1165": 1, + "1174": 0, + "1179": 1, + "1203": 0, + "1206": 0, + "1208": 1, + "1211": 1, + "1212": 1, + "1221": 3, + "1222": 1, + "1223": 3, + "1224": 1, + "1226": 0, + "1228": 1, + "1231": 1, + "1232": 2, + "1234": 1, + "1237": 1, + "1244": 0, + "1247": 1, + "1251": 3, + "1252": 0, + "1253": 0, + "1259": 2, + "1268": 1, + "1269": 0, + "1281": 0, + "1282": 0, + "1286": 1, + "1289": 1, + "1301": 1, + "1304": 1, + "1309": 1, + "1314": 0, + "1315": 0, + "1320": 1, + "1326": 0, + "1338": 1, + "1339": 0, + "1340": 1, + "1355": 0, + "1359": 2, + "1360": 2, + "1370": 1, + "1378": 0, + "1382": 0, + "1387": 2, + "1389": 3, + "1392": 0, + "1395": 1, + "1396": 0, + "1400": 1, + "1411": 1, + "1412": 0, + "1421": 0, + "1431": 1, + "1445": 1, + "1454": 1, + "1463": 0, + "1468": 1, + "1469": 0, + "1473": 0, + "1477": 1, + "1491": 1, + "1501": 1, + "1503": 1, + "1514": 0, + "1515": 0, + "1518": 0, + "1526": 2, + "1529": 0, + "1531": 0, + "1532": 2, + "1533": 0, + "1540": 2, + "1550": 0, + "1551": 0, + "1558": 0, + "1569": 1, + "1571": 0, + "1572": 1, + "1582": 2, + "1584": 0, + "1586": 0, + "1590": 2, + "1592": 1, + "1598": 2, + "1605": 0, + "1606": 0, + "1608": 1, + "1612": 1, + "1615": 3, + "1618": 0, + "1621": 2, + "1626": 2, + "1628": 0, + "1632": 1, + "1633": 0, + "1637": 1, + "1640": 0, + "1650": 1, + "1654": 1, + "1669": 2, + "1672": 0, + "1674": 0, + "1696": 0, + "1702": 0, + "1703": 3, + "1708": 0, + "1714": 1, + "1717": 0, + "1719": 2, + "1721": 0, + "1723": 0, + "1729": 0, + "1738": 0, + "1752": 3, + "1757": 1, + "1760": 0, + "1762": 2, + "1765": 1, + "1769": 1, + "1773": 0, + "1774": 1, + "1779": 0, + "1784": 0, + "1803": 2, + "1816": 3, + "1829": 0, + "1848": 1, + "1857": 0, + "1874": 1, + "1878": 0, + "1879": 2, + "1883": 1, + "1888": 2, + "1891": 1, + "1894": 1, + "1907": 1, + "1908": 1, + "1914": 0, + "1916": 0, + "1921": 1, + "1926": 1, + "1936": 1, + "1939": 0, + "1940": 3, + "1941": 0, + "1948": 2, + "1949": 2, + "1950": 1, + "1951": 3, + "1952": 0, + "1955": 0, + "1974": 0, + "1976": 3, + "1977": 0, + "1979": 1, + "1985": 0, + "2005": 2, + "2007": 1, + "2009": 1, + "2015": 0, + "2018": 0, + "2028": 0, + "2037": 1, + "2038": 0, + "2045": 1, + "2051": 0, + "2055": 1, + "2073": 0, + "2078": 0, + "2081": 0, + "2095": 1, + "2098": 2, + "2107": 3, + "2110": 1, + "2122": 1, + "2125": 0, + "2126": 0, + "2129": 0, + "2138": 0, + "2141": 1, + "2147": 1, + "2148": 1, + "2149": 0, + "2152": 0, + "2158": 2, + "2163": 2, + "2165": 2, + "2173": 0, + "2186": 2, + "2189": 1, + "2194": 0, + "2205": 0, + "2210": 0, + "2221": 0, + "2224": 0, + "2239": 0, + "2244": 0, + "2255": 1, + "2259": 0, + "2260": 1, + "2269": 0, + "2274": 2, + "2286": 0, + "2289": 2, + "2292": 1, + "2297": 0, + "2307": 2, + "2308": 1, + "2309": 1, + "2317": 2, + "2321": 0, + "2327": 1, + "2328": 1, + "2332": 1, + "2343": 1, + "2347": 2, + "2349": 2, + "2355": 3, + "2360": 1, + "2366": 1, + "2368": 1, + "2369": 1, + "2372": 1, + "2380": 0, + "2382": 0, + "2383": 1, + "2384": 1, + "2388": 1, + "2391": 0, + "2392": 0, + "2395": 0, + "2400": 0, + "2401": 0, + "2406": 2, + "2413": 1, + "2418": 1, + "2423": 0, + "2429": 1, + "2432": 1, + "2452": 1, + "2460": 1, + "2473": 0, + "2479": 0, + "2481": 3, + "2486": 1, + "2494": 2, + "2499": 2, + "2500": 1, + "2502": 2, + "2510": 2, + "2513": 0, + "2523": 1, + "2531": 0, + "2538": 1, + "2539": 0, + "2548": 0, + "2551": 0, + "2552": 0, + "2566": 1, + "2569": 1, + "2574": 3, + "2579": 0, + "2584": 1, + "2585": 0, + "2588": 0, + "2595": 0, + "2597": 1, + "2604": 0, + "2621": 1, + "2624": 1, + "2626": 1, + "2634": 1, + "2638": 2, + "2644": 1, + "2660": 3, + "2675": 1, + "2677": 0, + "2683": 0, + "2690": 0, + "2699": 3, + "2704": 0, + "2712": 0, + "2715": 1, + "2716": 1, + "2722": 1, + "2725": 2, + "2731": 0, + "2737": 3, + "2740": 0, + "2741": 0, + "2742": 0, + "2745": 2, + "2756": 1, + "2758": 1, + "2759": 1, + "2760": 0, + "2763": 1, + "2764": 1, + "2767": 1, + "2771": 0, + "2779": 0, + "2783": 1, + "2785": 3, + "2788": 0, + "2789": 2, + "2790": 0, + "2791": 0, + "2792": 2, + "2795": 1, + "2796": 1, + "2798": 0, + "2800": 1, + "2814": 1, + "2817": 1, + "2822": 0, + "2827": 0, + "2828": 3, + "2830": 2, + "2839": 2, + "2845": 1, + "2857": 0, + "2870": 1, + "2871": 1, + "2876": 0, + "2877": 2, + "2878": 0, + "2883": 0, + "2886": 0, + "2888": 2, + "2900": 2, + "2905": 1, + "2908": 1, + "2921": 2, + "2923": 2, + "2929": 0, + "2933": 3, + "2936": 0, + "2952": 1, + "2956": 0, + "2960": 2, + "2969": 0, + "2971": 0, + "2976": 0, + "2978": 1, + "2983": 2, + "2993": 2, + "2994": 0, + "3004": 0, + "3016": 1, + "3020": 0, + "3022": 0, + "3036": 1, + "3037": 1, + "3041": 2, + "3044": 0, + "3056": 0, + "3060": 1, + "3064": 0, + "3069": 0, + "3072": 1, + "3077": 0, + "3088": 1, + "3089": 3, + "3093": 1, + "3103": 1, + "3105": 0, + "3107": 0, + "3109": 0, + "3110": 1, + "3113": 1, + "3115": 2, + "3118": 1, + "3123": 0, + "3125": 0, + "3132": 0, + "3138": 1, + "3141": 1, + "3144": 0, + "3147": 0, + "3153": 0, + "3156": 1, + "3157": 1, + "3168": 1, + "3174": 1, + "3185": 0, + "3187": 0, + "3193": 2, + "3196": 0, + "3197": 0, + "3203": 1, + "3204": 0, + "3205": 0, + "3210": 2, + "3212": 0, + "3213": 0, + "3215": 2, + "3217": 1, + "3219": 0, + "3220": 1, + "3222": 0, + "3229": 1, + "3231": 0, + "3233": 1, + "3243": 0, + "3246": 1, + "3247": 1, + "3255": 1, + "3259": 1, + "3284": 1, + "3292": 3, + "3305": 1, + "3311": 0, + "3316": 1, + "3318": 0, + "3323": 1, + "3327": 0, + "3330": 1, + "3336": 1, + "3337": 1, + "3339": 2, + "3345": 2, + "3347": 2, + "3351": 0, + "3354": 1, + "3355": 0, + "3377": 1, + "3379": 0, + "3383": 0, + "3385": 1, + "3387": 1, + "3395": 0, + "3398": 2, + "3413": 1, + "3418": 2, + "3428": 1, + "3430": 1, + "3431": 1, + "3433": 1, + "3434": 0, + "3436": 0, + "3439": 3, + "3442": 0, + "3451": 1, + "3455": 3, + "3468": 0, + "3472": 1, + "3476": 1, + "3479": 1, + "3481": 0, + "3484": 1, + "3485": 1, + "3486": 0, + "3492": 0, + "3494": 2, + "3495": 2, + "3498": 0, + "3504": 3, + "3505": 1, + "3507": 1, + "3514": 1, + "3515": 1, + "3518": 0, + "3523": 1, + "3530": 1, + "3534": 0, + "3539": 1, + "3541": 3, + "3542": 0, + "3544": 1, + "3549": 1, + "3558": 0, + "3567": 4, + "3576": 3, + "3583": 0, + "3593": 0, + "3604": 2, + "3609": 2, + "3611": 1, + "3629": 2, + "3633": 2, + "3634": 1, + "3643": 0, + "3650": 1, + "3654": 1, + "3656": 2, + "3660": 2, + "3669": 0, + "3679": 1, + "3681": 0, + "3682": 0, + "3683": 0, + "3688": 0, + "3692": 0, + "3701": 0, + "3703": 2, + "3710": 0, + "3716": 1, + "3721": 0, + "3727": 0, + "3733": 2, + "3736": 0, + "3745": 2, + "3750": 0, + "3751": 2, + "3752": 2, + "3758": 2, + "3762": 1, + "3773": 1, + "3774": 1, + "3775": 0, + "3783": 1, + "3788": 0, + "3789": 1, + "3797": 1, + "3810": 1, + "3813": 3, + "3815": 2, + "3823": 0, + "3840": 1, + "3844": 0, + "3846": 0, + "3848": 1, + "3852": 0, + "3860": 0, + "3864": 0, + "3866": 2, + "3869": 1, + "3873": 2, + "3875": 0, + "3877": 0, + "3882": 1, + "3883": 2, + "3885": 1, + "3888": 1, + "3901": 2, + "3903": 3, + "3913": 1, + "3914": 1, + "3920": 0, + "3921": 3, + "3925": 1, + "3934": 1, + "3951": 0, + "3956": 2, + "3963": 0, + "3964": 0, + "3965": 3, + "3968": 0, + "3972": 0, + "3973": 0, + "3983": 1, + "3988": 0, + "3993": 0, + "3995": 1, + "4003": 1, + "4009": 0, + "4015": 0, + "4024": 1, + "4025": 1, + "4028": 0, + "4029": 1, + "4039": 1, + "4040": 1, + "4048": 2, + "4050": 0, + "4065": 1, + "4072": 2, + "4081": 0, + "4084": 0, + "4088": 1, + "4092": 2, + "4094": 0, + "4095": 0, + "4096": 1, + "4098": 1, + "4106": 1, + "4112": 1, + "4115": 1, + "4120": 1, + "4122": 0, + "4123": 1, + "4124": 3, + "4126": 0, + "4130": 1, + "4139": 1, + "4145": 0, + "4150": 1, + "4153": 3, + "4155": 0, + "4156": 1, + "4164": 1, + "4165": 0, + "4167": 0, + "4168": 1, + "4176": 0, + "4177": 0, + "4187": 2, + "4193": 1, + "4199": 2, + "4202": 1, + "4203": 4, + "4205": 0, + "4210": 0, + "4211": 1, + "4214": 0, + "4216": 1, + "4217": 0, + "4231": 3, + "4240": 2, + "4244": 0, + "4246": 1, + "4248": 0, + "4250": 0, + "4258": 1, + "4260": 1, + "4263": 2, + "4271": 3, + "4274": 1, + "4281": 1, + "4282": 0, + "4285": 0, + "4287": 2, + "4288": 1, + "4291": 2, + "4293": 1, + "4301": 1, + "4306": 0, + "4310": 2, + "4311": 1, + "4313": 1, + "4315": 0, + "4317": 0, + "4319": 1, + "4333": 0, + "4339": 1, + "4340": 0, + "4344": 0, + "4347": 0, + "4351": 0, + "4355": 0, + "4357": 1, + "4361": 1, + "4366": 1, + "4376": 0, + "4385": 1, + "4386": 2, + "4394": 0, + "4420": 2, + "4428": 0, + "4436": 1, + "4443": 1, + "4444": 0, + "4446": 1, + "4458": 1, + "4459": 3, + "4465": 0, + "4474": 2, + "4482": 2, + "4483": 1, + "4485": 1, + "4497": 0, + "4500": 1, + "4502": 1, + "4505": 3, + "4507": 0, + "4512": 0, + "4519": 1, + "4520": 2, + "4529": 1, + "4532": 2, + "4537": 1, + "4548": 1, + "4553": 1, + "4554": 0, + "4559": 3, + "4562": 3, + "4568": 2, + "4575": 1, + "4578": 2, + "4583": 0, + "4594": 2, + "4603": 3, + "4604": 0, + "4622": 1, + "4623": 3, + "4624": 0, + "4631": 3, + "4632": 0, + "4639": 0, + "4645": 2, + "4647": 0, + "4654": 0, + "4657": 0, + "4670": 0, + "4672": 3, + "4678": 1, + "4682": 1, + "4686": 0, + "4690": 1, + "4698": 0, + "4699": 1, + "4708": 1, + "4709": 0, + "4717": 0, + "4718": 1, + "4719": 1, + "4720": 3, + "4740": 0, + "4748": 0, + "4749": 1, + "4753": 3, + "4755": 1, + "4757": 3, + "4767": 0, + "4774": 0, + "4782": 0, + "4784": 0, + "4805": 1, + "4809": 2, + "4817": 2, + "4820": 1, + "4828": 0, + "4832": 1, + "4833": 1, + "4834": 0, + "4836": 3, + "4844": 1, + "4851": 1, + "4854": 1, + "4859": 2, + "4865": 1, + "4871": 0, + "4877": 1, + "4883": 0, + "4886": 0, + "4891": 0, + "4897": 1, + "4914": 0, + "4918": 1, + "4919": 0, + "4920": 0, + "4922": 0, + "4924": 0, + "4933": 0, + "4943": 0, + "4950": 0, + "4955": 1, + "4956": 3, + "4969": 0, + "4974": 1, + "4975": 1, + "4977": 1, + "4980": 1, + "4991": 1, + "4996": 0, + "4999": 0, + "5000": 0, + "5013": 1, + "5018": 0, + "5022": 0, + "5025": 1, + "5032": 2, + "5044": 1, + "5045": 0, + "5046": 0, + "5047": 1, + "5049": 2, + "5050": 1, + "5052": 2, + "5056": 2, + "5063": 2, + "5069": 1, + "5072": 1, + "5073": 1, + "5080": 3, + "5082": 1, + "5086": 0, + "5090": 1, + "5097": 1, + "5119": 1, + "5126": 1, + "5140": 1, + "5143": 0, + "5144": 0, + "5145": 0, + "5146": 0, + "5152": 1, + "5155": 0, + "5175": 2, + "5180": 0, + "5184": 1, + "5185": 0, + "5188": 1, + "5189": 1, + "5190": 0, + "5200": 1, + "5203": 2, + "5208": 1, + "5210": 1, + "5211": 2, + "5212": 1, + "5214": 1, + "5223": 1, + "5226": 0, + "5238": 2, + "5243": 1, + "5248": 0, + "5249": 0, + "5254": 0, + "5256": 1, + "5258": 0, + "5270": 3, + "5272": 2, + "5274": 1, + "5287": 1, + "5298": 2, + "5302": 1, + "5306": 4, + "5308": 3, + "5311": 1, + "5313": 1, + "5316": 2, + "5333": 0, + "5335": 2, + "5346": 0, + "5351": 1, + "5352": 1, + "5355": 1, + "5362": 1, + "5389": 3, + "5400": 0, + "5408": 0, + "5415": 0, + "5416": 1, + "5418": 0, + "5421": 0, + "5441": 1, + "5447": 1, + "5456": 0, + "5469": 1, + "5471": 0, + "5472": 0, + "5474": 1, + "5475": 1, + "5476": 0, + "5490": 0, + "5499": 2, + "5507": 3, + "5511": 0, + "5522": 2, + "5529": 1, + "5533": 1, + "5540": 3, + "5543": 1, + "5545": 0, + "5547": 0, + "5548": 2, + "5559": 2, + "5563": 1, + "5564": 0, + "5573": 0, + "5584": 0, + "5589": 1, + "5592": 2, + "5603": 1, + "5606": 1, + "5611": 0, + "5618": 0, + "5623": 0, + "5625": 1, + "5634": 1, + "5637": 2, + "5639": 1, + "5642": 0, + "5648": 1, + "5651": 2, + "5663": 2, + "5664": 0, + "5667": 1, + "5671": 0, + "5674": 1, + "5683": 2, + "5691": 0, + "5694": 1, + "5696": 3, + "5697": 0, + "5698": 0, + "5710": 0, + "5711": 1, + "5720": 1, + "5722": 0, + "5724": 1, + "5725": 0, + "5726": 1, + "5734": 1, + "5736": 0, + "5747": 1, + "5748": 2, + "5755": 0, + "5761": 1, + "5770": 0, + "5774": 1, + "5781": 2, + "5789": 2, + "5795": 3, + "5801": 0, + "5805": 3, + "5806": 3, + "5808": 1, + "5812": 1, + "5816": 1, + "5828": 1, + "5830": 1, + "5836": 2, + "5840": 0, + "5845": 1, + "5859": 0, + "5864": 1, + "5871": 1, + "5876": 0, + "5880": 2, + "5881": 1, + "5886": 0, + "5888": 1, + "5889": 3, + "5890": 1, + "5893": 0, + "5900": 0, + "5901": 1, + "5903": 1, + "5912": 0, + "5913": 0, + "5919": 0, + "5922": 1, + "5925": 1, + "5933": 1, + "5934": 1, + "5940": 1, + "5946": 1, + "5956": 2, + "5959": 1, + "5961": 0, + "5975": 1, + "5978": 2, + "5981": 1, + "5986": 2, + "5990": 0, + "5991": 1, + "5992": 1, + "5994": 1, + "5995": 1, + "5998": 2, + "6001": 1, + "6005": 0, + "6008": 0, + "6020": 0, + "6023": 1, + "6028": 0, + "6029": 3, + "6037": 0, + "6046": 0, + "6051": 1, + "6052": 0, + "6054": 0, + "6072": 1, + "6078": 0, + "6083": 0, + "6091": 0, + "6092": 1, + "6096": 0, + "6099": 2, + "6112": 3, + "6115": 1, + "6116": 1, + "6118": 1, + "6120": 1, + "6123": 2, + "6125": 0, + "6127": 1, + "6129": 0, + "6133": 0, + "6138": 0, + "6144": 1, + "6145": 1, + "6152": 0, + "6162": 1, + "6163": 0, + "6164": 2, + "6179": 0, + "6184": 2, + "6185": 0, + "6186": 1, + "6187": 0, + "6188": 0, + "6193": 1, + "6201": 0, + "6204": 1, + "6207": 1, + "6212": 4, + "6214": 1, + "6215": 0, + "6219": 0, + "6222": 0, + "6223": 0, + "6232": 0, + "6245": 0, + "6257": 0, + "6263": 0, + "6266": 1, + "6269": 1, + "6278": 0, + "6283": 0, + "6290": 1, + "6291": 0, + "6293": 0, + "6304": 1, + "6306": 2, + "6307": 0, + "6308": 1, + "6316": 0, + "6323": 2, + "6326": 1, + "6327": 2, + "6329": 1, + "6331": 1, + "6334": 1, + "6338": 0, + "6345": 0, + "6365": 0, + "6371": 1, + "6372": 1, + "6375": 2, + "6376": 1, + "6377": 0, + "6378": 0, + "6381": 0, + "6387": 0, + "6391": 3, + "6400": 2, + "6406": 1, + "6408": 2, + "6410": 1, + "6412": 3, + "6442": 0, + "6445": 0, + "6454": 2, + "6455": 0, + "6457": 1, + "6467": 1, + "6469": 1, + "6470": 0, + "6472": 0, + "6482": 1, + "6502": 0, + "6504": 2, + "6517": 1, + "6525": 0, + "6534": 0, + "6535": 0, + "6536": 1, + "6537": 1, + "6539": 3, + "6541": 2, + "6542": 0, + "6546": 0, + "6553": 0, + "6557": 0, + "6558": 3, + "6560": 0, + "6573": 1, + "6574": 0, + "6576": 0, + "6577": 1, + "6578": 2, + "6585": 0, + "6588": 1, + "6591": 0, + "6608": 1, + "6609": 0, + "6611": 1, + "6619": 0, + "6620": 0, + "6624": 1, + "6626": 2, + "6635": 0, + "6636": 0, + "6637": 0, + "6646": 1, + "6648": 2, + "6652": 1, + "6660": 0, + "6662": 0, + "6671": 1, + "6685": 3, + "6686": 0, + "6687": 1, + "6691": 2, + "6697": 1, + "6710": 1, + "6712": 2, + "6713": 2, + "6717": 1, + "6726": 1, + "6728": 1, + "6729": 2, + "6732": 1, + "6734": 3, + "6735": 2, + "6738": 2, + "6739": 2, + "6759": 1, + "6763": 1, + "6774": 0, + "6779": 2, + "6780": 0, + "6782": 2, + "6785": 3, + "6786": 1, + "6798": 2, + "6802": 1, + "6809": 0, + "6814": 1, + "6815": 2, + "6825": 1, + "6827": 1, + "6830": 0, + "6835": 0, + "6850": 0, + "6851": 0, + "6863": 2, + "6867": 1, + "6868": 1, + "6873": 1, + "6875": 1, + "6877": 0, + "6880": 2, + "6886": 0, + "6891": 1, + "6899": 1, + "6902": 2, + "6916": 1, + "6923": 0, + "6924": 0, + "6940": 2, + "6942": 1, + "6948": 1, + "6953": 1, + "6955": 0, + "6956": 0, + "6958": 0, + "6964": 1, + "6965": 1, + "6967": 1, + "6981": 3, + "6984": 0, + "6987": 0, + "6990": 1, + "7000": 1, + "7005": 3, + "7007": 2, + "7012": 2, + "7014": 0, + "7021": 1, + "7023": 0, + "7026": 0, + "7031": 2, + "7033": 1, + "7037": 1, + "7038": 1, + "7041": 2, + "7047": 1, + "7052": 0, + "7055": 2, + "7057": 1, + "7059": 1, + "7064": 0, + "7078": 1, + "7083": 0, + "7085": 3, + "7092": 1, + "7094": 1, + "7107": 0, + "7108": 1, + "7115": 2, + "7119": 1, + "7121": 1, + "7124": 1, + "7126": 1, + "7130": 1, + "7134": 0, + "7135": 2, + "7138": 0, + "7140": 1, + "7145": 0, + "7147": 0, + "7150": 0, + "7161": 1, + "7164": 0, + "7188": 0, + "7191": 0, + "7192": 1, + "7206": 1, + "7207": 1, + "7208": 1, + "7209": 1, + "7212": 0, + "7215": 0, + "7216": 3, + "7219": 0, + "7226": 2, + "7235": 1, + "7238": 0, + "7244": 0, + "7250": 0, + "7255": 0, + "7266": 0, + "7267": 0, + "7270": 0, + "7272": 1, + "7285": 0, + "7291": 0, + "7301": 0, + "7306": 1, + "7310": 0, + "7318": 0, + "7319": 0, + "7322": 1, + "7329": 1, + "7333": 1, + "7336": 0, + "7348": 0, + "7349": 0, + "7358": 0, + "7365": 1, + "7367": 0, + "7373": 1, + "7374": 1, + "7385": 0, + "7387": 1, + "7390": 0, + "7395": 0, + "7403": 0, + "7405": 0, + "7415": 0, + "7418": 1, + "7424": 0, + "7428": 2, + "7432": 2, + "7434": 0, + "7447": 1, + "7457": 1, + "7462": 2, + "7465": 2, + "7466": 0, + "7467": 1, + "7470": 2, + "7474": 0, + "7477": 1, + "7480": 0, + "7483": 0, + "7487": 2, + "7488": 2, + "7490": 0, + "7494": 1, + "7495": 0, + "7497": 1, + "7507": 2, + "7512": 1, + "7514": 3, + "7517": 1, + "7521": 1, + "7524": 1, + "7528": 2, + "7529": 0, + "7531": 1, + "7532": 1, + "7533": 1, + "7534": 1, + "7545": 0, + "7546": 2, + "7548": 2, + "7553": 2, + "7560": 2, + "7563": 1, + "7578": 0, + "7582": 1, + "7587": 0, + "7597": 0, + "7598": 3, + "7608": 1, + "7614": 3, + "7617": 0, + "7621": 2, + "7624": 2, + "7625": 1, + "7626": 2, + "7638": 0, + "7651": 0, + "7653": 0, + "7670": 1, + "7675": 0, + "7679": 1, + "7685": 1, + "7688": 1, + "7691": 1, + "7692": 1, + "7694": 0, + "7707": 3, + "7709": 0, + "7713": 1, + "7719": 1, + "7720": 1, + "7724": 1, + "7726": 0, + "7727": -1, + "7729": 2, + "7737": 1, + "7756": 2, + "7758": 3, + "7759": 1, + "7762": 1, + "7768": 2, + "7785": 3, + "7795": 1, + "7804": 0, + "7805": 1, + "7809": 0, + "7822": 0, + "7825": 0, + "7829": 1, + "7832": 1, + "7833": 0, + "7841": 2, + "7842": 1, + "7844": 0, + "7857": 3, + "7859": 0, + "7860": 0, + "7866": 1, + "7869": 2, + "7873": 1, + "7888": 1, + "7892": 2, + "7893": 0, + "7895": 0, + "7902": 1, + "7906": 1, + "7908": 2, + "7914": 1, + "7916": 0, + "7917": 1, + "7918": 0, + "7923": 0, + "7927": 1, + "7933": 1, + "7936": 1, + "7940": 1, + "7945": 1, + "7956": 0, + "7964": 1, + "7975": 1, + "7983": 1, + "7993": 0, + "7994": 0, + "8004": 1, + "8012": 0, + "8014": 0, + "8018": 1, + "8022": 1, + "8025": 1, + "8029": 1, + "8031": 1, + "8035": 1, + "8043": 1, + "8049": 0, + "8053": 0, + "8054": 1, + "8055": 1, + "8062": 0, + "8064": 2, + "8065": 0, + "8070": 0, + "8071": 1, + "8080": 2, + "8088": 1, + "8090": 0, + "8093": 0, + "8099": 1, + "8100": 1, + "8114": 1, + "8118": 0, + "8134": 0, + "8146": 1, + "8150": 1, + "8163": 1, + "8167": 0, + "8168": 0, + "8174": 2, + "8176": 0, + "8183": 1, + "8193": 3, + "8200": 0, + "8208": 0, + "8211": 0, + "8212": 1, + "8213": 1, + "8221": 1, + "8224": 1, + "8225": 0, + "8230": 2, + "8236": 3, + "8243": 0, + "8248": 2, + "8252": 0, + "8259": 0, + "8264": 1, + "8267": 0, + "8269": 0, + "8276": 0, + "8285": 1, + "8294": 3, + "8296": 1, + "8300": 1, + "8308": 0, + "8321": 3, + "8332": 2, + "8335": 0, + "8338": 0, + "8346": 0, + "8357": 2, + "8358": 1, + "8362": 0, + "8363": 1, + "8368": 0, + "8371": 1, + "8374": 1, + "8386": 1, + "8394": 0, + "8397": 0, + "8398": 1, + "8403": 0, + "8406": 2, + "8408": 3, + "8422": 0, + "8447": 1, + "8449": 2, + "8451": 1, + "8453": 1, + "8454": 0, + "8456": 2, + "8460": 0, + "8478": 0, + "8487": 1, + "8490": 1, + "8492": 0, + "8496": 0, + "8497": 2, + "8498": 1, + "8500": 1, + "8502": 1, + "8505": 1, + "8509": 0, + "8510": 1, + "8515": 3, + "8516": 0, + "8518": 0, + "8520": 0, + "8533": 1, + "8536": 0, + "8541": 1, + "8542": 3, + "8543": 1, + "8551": 1, + "8553": 1, + "8554": 0, + "8557": 0, + "8571": 1, + "8572": 1, + "8573": 2, + "8580": 0, + "8581": 1, + "8583": 2, + "8584": 1, + "8587": 1, + "8595": 1, + "8599": 0, + "8606": 1, + "8609": 0, + "8614": 2, + "8618": 0, + "8625": 0, + "8640": 3, + "8648": 1, + "8666": 1, + "8671": 2, + "8672": 2, + "8676": 3, + "8681": 0, + "8686": 0, + "8689": 1, + "8692": 1, + "8703": 0, + "8709": 2, + "8715": 0, + "8720": 1, + "8721": 1, + "8722": 0, + "8727": 2, + "8729": 0, + "8732": 1, + "8743": 1, + "8749": 3, + "8752": 0, + "8763": 0, + "8769": 2, + "8779": 1, + "8785": 0, + "8793": 1, + "8798": 1, + "8805": 0, + "8811": 0, + "8819": 1, + "8841": 0, + "8847": 1, + "8852": 0, + "8862": 0, + "8876": 0, + "8878": 0, + "8880": 1, + "8884": 0, + "8887": 1, + "8889": 1, + "8890": 1, + "8894": 1, + "8897": 0, + "8901": 1, + "8904": 1, + "8905": 3, + "8906": 1, + "8917": 0, + "8931": 1, + "8932": 1, + "8937": 1, + "8948": 0, + "8952": 1, + "8957": 1, + "8959": 0, + "8963": 1, + "8965": 1, + "8969": 1, + "8972": 1, + "8974": 1, + "8980": 0, + "9001": 1, + "9003": 1, + "9004": 2, + "9005": 0, + "9010": 0, + "9019": 1, + "9038": 0, + "9052": 1, + "9054": 0, + "9055": 1, + "9057": 0, + "9058": 1, + "9067": 1, + "9068": 0, + "9070": 1, + "9071": 0, + "9084": 1, + "9089": 0, + "9091": 0, + "9093": 0, + "9095": 0, + "9096": 2, + "9101": 1, + "9104": 3, + "9106": 0, + "9109": 1, + "9120": 1, + "9127": 1, + "9134": 0, + "9143": 1, + "9144": 0, + "9146": 0, + "9150": 3, + "9169": 1, + "9177": 2, + "9189": 1, + "9196": 2, + "9197": 2, + "9205": 1, + "9214": 0, + "9218": 3, + "9223": 1, + "9225": 1, + "9231": 1, + "9232": 0, + "9233": 0, + "9242": 0, + "9247": 1, + "9248": 2, + "9249": 1, + "9257": 1, + "9262": 0, + "9266": 0, + "9275": 0, + "9277": 0, + "9278": 0, + "9283": 1, + "9285": 2, + "9287": 1, + "9288": 1, + "9290": 2, + "9294": 0, + "9295": 1, + "9304": 1, + "9323": 1, + "9328": 1, + "9330": 0, + "9332": 2, + "9336": 3, + "9344": 0, + "9345": 3, + "9352": 1, + "9356": 0, + "9357": 0, + "9361": 2, + "9367": 2, + "9370": 1, + "9375": 0, + "9381": 0, + "9382": 1, + "9386": 1, + "9387": 1, + "9388": 0, + "9389": 1, + "9394": 2, + "9399": 1, + "9403": 0, + "9415": 1, + "9423": 1, + "9436": 2, + "9444": 2, + "9468": 0, + "9475": 0, + "9481": 1, + "9489": 2, + "9493": 2, + "9494": 2, + "9495": 2, + "9499": 1, + "9503": 1, + "9504": 0, + "9505": 0, + "9508": 0, + "9509": 0, + "9513": 0, + "9514": 0, + "9525": 1, + "9530": 1, + "9535": 1, + "9538": 1, + "9540": 1, + "9541": 1, + "9544": 0, + "9546": 0, + "9548": 1, + "9552": 2, + "9560": 0, + "9561": 2, + "9592": 2, + "9593": 1, + "9609": 0, + "9620": 2, + "9621": 0, + "9624": 0, + "9626": 3, + "9628": 1, + "9650": 1, + "9652": 1, + "9653": 0, + "9655": 0, + "9657": 1, + "9668": 0, + "9670": 0, + "9676": 3, + "9688": 0, + "9704": 1, + "9710": 0, + "9712": 1, + "9713": 1, + "9719": 1, + "9720": 3, + "9724": 2, + "9726": 0, + "9728": 1, + "9732": 0, + "9738": 2, + "9744": 3, + "9750": 0, + "9762": 1, + "9765": 1, + "9770": 0, + "9772": 0, + "9783": 2, + "9784": 0, + "9796": 1, + "9799": 0, + "9806": 1, + "9809": 0, + "9811": 0, + "9814": 2, + "9823": 3, + "9834": 1, + "9840": 0, + "9846": 1, + "9855": 0, + "9866": 0, + "9872": 1, + "9874": 0, + "9883": 0, + "9884": 1, + "9885": 0, + "9888": 0, + "9891": 1, + "9898": 3, + "9902": 1, + "9906": 0, + "9913": 0, + "9915": 0, + "9923": 0, + "9931": 1, + "9942": 1, + "9943": 0, + "9946": 1, + "9948": 0, + "9953": 0, + "9960": 0, + "9974": 1, + "9977": 0, + "9984": 0, + "9993": 0, + "10001": 2, + "10015": 0, + "10017": 2, + "10020": 0, + "10028": 0, + "10037": 0, + "10046": 2, + "10053": 0, + "10056": -1, + "10058": 0, + "10065": 1, + "10068": 1, + "10071": 0, + "10074": 0, + "10090": 0, + "10091": 0, + "10094": 0, + "10097": 2, + "10099": 3, + "10101": 1, + "10103": 2, + "10114": 0, + "10115": 1, + "10124": 0, + "10128": 1, + "10130": 0, + "10132": 0, + "10140": 3, + "10141": 1, + "10149": 1, + "10155": 2, + "10159": 1, + "10164": 1, + "10185": 1, + "10188": 1, + "10210": 0, + "10220": 0, + "10225": 0, + "10238": 0, + "10240": 0, + "10244": 0, + "10245": 0, + "10246": 2, + "10247": 3, + "10248": 2, + "10250": 1, + "10254": 2, + "10256": 0, + "10257": 0, + "10264": 0, + "10266": 3, + "10268": 2, + "10271": 0, + "10279": 0, + "10280": 0, + "10283": 2, + "10286": 1, + "10292": 2, + "10294": 1, + "10300": 0, + "10306": 1, + "10307": 2, + "10314": 0, + "10318": 0, + "10319": 0, + "10322": 0, + "10324": 1, + "10330": 2, + "10334": 1, + "10335": 1, + "10337": 0, + "10338": 0, + "10344": 0, + "10345": 0, + "10352": 1, + "10356": 1, + "10365": 0, + "10374": 2, + "10380": 0, + "10385": 1, + "10391": 0, + "10399": 2, + "10406": 0, + "10407": 2, + "10408": 2, + "10411": 1, + "10412": 1, + "10419": 1, + "10420": 0, + "10423": 1, + "10428": 2, + "10434": 0, + "10452": 2, + "10454": 1, + "10456": 2, + "10457": 1, + "10463": 0, + "10465": 3, + "10476": 1, + "10478": 0, + "10493": 1, + "10496": 0, + "10500": 3, + "10512": 0, + "10513": 1, + "10519": 1, + "10521": 1, + "10522": 0, + "10523": 0, + "10528": 1, + "10536": 0, + "10537": 0, + "10540": 0, + "10545": 0, + "10549": 0, + "10550": 2, + "10554": 2, + "10555": 1, + "10556": 1, + "10560": 1, + "10562": 2, + "10563": 0, + "10565": 1, + "10568": 1, + "10569": 3, + "10576": 2, + "10577": 1, + "10578": 0, + "10579": 0, + "10580": 0, + "10595": 0, + "10600": 1, + "10601": 0, + "10602": 0, + "10604": 1, + "10614": 2, + "10616": 1, + "10623": 2, + "10630": 2, + "10634": 1, + "10635": 1, + "10649": 0, + "10654": 0, + "10655": 1, + "10660": 1, + "10661": 1, + "10665": 1, + "10671": 3, + "10675": 2, + "10681": 0, + "10685": 1, + "10689": 3, + "10692": 0, + "10696": 0, + "10697": 0, + "10700": 1, + "10706": 1, + "10708": 1, + "10709": 3, + "10711": 1, + "10716": 1, + "10723": 0, + "10725": 3, + "10729": 0, + "10732": 0, + "10738": 0, + "10750": 3, + "10755": 0, + "10758": 1, + "10761": 1, + "10762": 0, + "10770": 1, + "10783": 1, + "10785": 1, + "10786": 0, + "10790": 1, + "10791": 0, + "10793": 1, + "10797": 0, + "10801": 2, + "10819": 0, + "10823": 1, + "10837": 2, + "10838": 0, + "10839": 2, + "10840": 1, + "10841": 0, + "10853": 0, + "10854": 0, + "10865": 1, + "10867": 3, + "10869": 0, + "10873": 2, + "10874": 0, + "10883": 2, + "10885": 0, + "10886": 0, + "10889": 0, + "10894": 1, + "10899": 2, + "10909": 1, + "10919": 0, + "10921": 1, + "10935": 1, + "10939": 0, + "10941": 1, + "10945": 0, + "10947": 0, + "10955": 1, + "10960": 1, + "10961": 0, + "10962": 0, + "10964": 2, + "10971": 3, + "10980": 1, + "10982": 0, + "10984": 0, + "10997": 2, + "10999": 0, + "11000": 0, + "11006": 2, + "11007": 0, + "11015": 3, + "11020": 0, + "11022": 0, + "11027": 1, + "11038": 2, + "11042": 0, + "11046": 0, + "11060": 1, + "11064": 0, + "11067": 0, + "11073": 0, + "11083": 0, + "11085": 1, + "11094": 1, + "11099": 1, + "11113": 0, + "11116": 1, + "11119": 1, + "11120": 2, + "11123": 1, + "11126": 1, + "11131": 0, + "11132": 0, + "11137": 0, + "11138": 1, + "11145": 0, + "11149": 0, + "11155": 2, + "11169": 1, + "11177": 1, + "11180": 1, + "11181": 0, + "11187": 1, + "11191": 2, + "11195": 0, + "11198": 1, + "11199": 1, + "11201": 4, + "11202": 0, + "11206": 0, + "11215": 0, + "11218": 1, + "11219": 1, + "11220": 0, + "11223": 1, + "11227": 0, + "11238": 0, + "11241": 1, + "11246": 0, + "11252": 2, + "11254": 1, + "11257": 0, + "11260": 0, + "11262": 0, + "11263": 0, + "11280": 0, + "11283": 1, + "11285": 1, + "11293": 1, + "11296": 0, + "11300": 1, + "11309": 0, + "11317": 0, + "11318": 1, + "11320": 1, + "11324": 1, + "11333": 2, + "11335": 3, + "11342": 1, + "11344": 1, + "11345": 2, + "11346": 0, + "11367": 1, + "11371": 0, + "11373": 1, + "11374": 1, + "11380": 1, + "11383": 1, + "11384": 1, + "11394": 1, + "11397": 1, + "11399": 3, + "11400": 2, + "11408": 0, + "11416": 0, + "11417": 0, + "11418": 0, + "11421": 0, + "11429": 1, + "11430": 0, + "11434": 0, + "11445": 0, + "11446": 0, + "11453": 2, + "11454": 0, + "11457": 1, + "11468": 0, + "11480": 2, + "11487": 0, + "11489": 1, + "11496": 0, + "11497": 1, + "11498": 1, + "11502": 1, + "11505": 0, + "11509": 3, + "11511": 1, + "11514": 0, + "11523": 1, + "11532": 0, + "11545": 3, + "11546": 2, + "11548": 1, + "11552": 2, + "11556": 1, + "11559": 2, + "11572": 0, + "11578": 0, + "11581": 1, + "11582": 1, + "11583": 1, + "11589": 1, + "11590": 1, + "11591": 1, + "11593": 0, + "11596": 0, + "11597": 1, + "11599": 1, + "11603": 0, + "11605": 1, + "11606": 3, + "11607": 0, + "11608": 0, + "11609": 1, + "11613": 2, + "11639": 1, + "11643": 0, + "11656": 3, + "11663": 1, + "11664": 0, + "11670": 1, + "11675": 1, + "11688": 1, + "11690": 0, + "11695": 1, + "11696": 3, + "11715": 1, + "11728": 0, + "11733": 0, + "11734": 1, + "11736": 1, + "11738": 1, + "11745": 1, + "11756": 0, + "11757": 0, + "11758": 0, + "11761": 2, + "11768": 0, + "11772": 1, + "11773": 0, + "11777": 1, + "11784": 1, + "11799": 1, + "11802": 1, + "11805": 3, + "11815": 1, + "11817": 0, + "11818": 2, + "11819": 0, + "11825": 1, + "11829": 1, + "11845": 0, + "11849": 1, + "11860": 0, + "11862": 2, + "11866": 0, + "11868": 0, + "11874": 1, + "11881": 0, + "11886": 2, + "11890": 0, + "11892": 1, + "11897": 2, + "11901": 1, + "11917": 3, + "11921": 2, + "11922": 1, + "11923": 0, + "11925": 0, + "11926": 0, + "11928": 1, + "11930": 2, + "11931": 0, + "11932": 0, + "11934": 1, + "11936": 1, + "11942": 0, + "11943": 3, + "11946": 0, + "11948": 0, + "11954": 0, + "11955": 3, + "11963": 1, + "11964": 0, + "11975": 1, + "11983": 3, + "11984": 0, + "11986": 1, + "11988": 4, + "11990": 1, + "11992": 0, + "11995": 2, + "12008": 0, + "12011": 0, + "12016": 1, + "12021": 1, + "12023": 1, + "12026": 2, + "12031": 0, + "12033": 1, + "12034": 1, + "12047": 0, + "12054": 1, + "12056": 1, + "12064": 0, + "12068": 1, + "12072": 0, + "12083": 1, + "12096": 3, + "12100": 0, + "12103": 0, + "12105": 0, + "12116": 0, + "12117": 0, + "12123": 0, + "12129": 2, + "12134": 0, + "12135": 0, + "12137": 0, + "12139": 2, + "12143": 1, + "12154": 0, + "12157": 0, + "12167": 1, + "12172": 0, + "12174": 3, + "12176": 1, + "12183": 0, + "12191": 0, + "12192": 2, + "12198": 0, + "12204": 0, + "12215": 0, + "12219": 1, + "12226": 2, + "12232": 0, + "12234": 2, + "12240": 0, + "12247": 1, + "12255": 0, + "12263": 1, + "12266": 1, + "12269": 1, + "12284": 0, + "12287": 1, + "12292": 1, + "12298": 1, + "12311": 1, + "12316": 0, + "12320": 1, + "12321": 3, + "12324": 1, + "12332": 0, + "12335": 0, + "12340": 0, + "12350": 0, + "12357": 3, + "12358": 0, + "12365": 2, + "12370": 0, + "12382": 0, + "12390": 1, + "12394": 0, + "12396": 1, + "12397": 3, + "12399": 2, + "12403": 2, + "12406": 1, + "12413": 0, + "12414": 0, + "12418": 2, + "12421": 1, + "12427": 1, + "12438": 1, + "12441": 0, + "12446": 1, + "12452": 0, + "12453": 0, + "12455": 3, + "12468": 2, + "12473": 1, + "12477": 2, + "12487": 2, + "12489": 2, + "12490": 0, + "12506": 0, + "12509": 0, + "12513": 1, + "12521": 3, + "12523": 2, + "12535": 3, + "12547": 1, + "12549": 1, + "12553": 0, + "12554": 0, + "12556": 1, + "12557": 1, + "12577": 1, + "12587": 3, + "12606": 0, + "12608": 3, + "12611": 3, + "12613": 1, + "12627": 1, + "12629": 1, + "12641": 0, + "12645": 2, + "12652": 1, + "12662": 0, + "12664": 1, + "12670": 1, + "12672": 1, + "12673": 1, + "12675": 1, + "12677": 1, + "12683": 0, + "12698": 0, + "12706": 0, + "12707": 1, + "12712": 1, + "12714": 1, + "12719": 1, + "12722": 0, + "12723": 1, + "12724": 2, + "12733": 0, + "12741": 0, + "12753": 2, + "12754": 0, + "12756": 0, + "12758": 0, + "12776": 1, + "12777": 1, + "12785": 1, + "12787": 3, + "12793": 0, + "12799": 3, + "12809": 1, + "12814": 0, + "12815": 3, + "12821": 0, + "12824": 0, + "12827": 3, + "12839": 3, + "12841": 1, + "12842": 1, + "12845": 1, + "12856": 3, + "12858": 3, + "12861": 2, + "12869": 2, + "12875": 2, + "12878": 0, + "12894": 0, + "12897": 3, + "12905": 1, + "12909": 3, + "12916": 1, + "12924": 0, + "12925": 0, + "12933": 0, + "12936": 0, + "12938": 3, + "12940": 2, + "12961": 3, + "12965": 0, + "12966": 1, + "12976": 1, + "12979": 2, + "12983": 0, + "12984": 0, + "12992": 1, + "12995": 2, + "12999": 0, + "13005": 2, + "13007": 3, + "13009": 3, + "13012": 2, + "13015": 1, + "13016": 1, + "13017": 0, + "13021": 0, + "13043": 0, + "13054": 0, + "13058": 1, + "13062": 0, + "13063": 0, + "13064": 1, + "13066": 1, + "13068": 0, + "13072": 0, + "13078": 1, + "13086": 0, + "13087": 0, + "13093": 2, + "13102": 0, + "13110": 0, + "13114": 0, + "13122": 1, + "13125": 0, + "13128": 1, + "13133": 0, + "13145": 0, + "13147": 0, + "13162": 1, + "13164": 0, + "13166": 2, + "13180": 0, + "13184": 0, + "13197": 3, + "13199": 0, + "13202": 0, + "13204": 2, + "13210": 2, + "13215": 1, + "13219": 1, + "13227": 0, + "13230": 1, + "13236": 0, + "13247": 2, + "13251": 0, + "13252": 1, + "13253": 0, + "13258": 1, + "13263": 2, + "13268": 1, + "13271": 1, + "13280": 1, + "13285": 2, + "13293": 1, + "13309": 0, + "13311": 1, + "13312": 1, + "13319": 2, + "13344": 1, + "13348": 0, + "13354": 0, + "13356": 1, + "13388": 0, + "13392": 1, + "13393": 1, + "13394": 2, + "13397": 1, + "13408": 2, + "13413": 0, + "13420": 0, + "13424": 1, + "13434": 1, + "13437": 0, + "13441": 0, + "13443": 2, + "13446": 2, + "13456": 0, + "13457": 0, + "13458": 0, + "13459": 0, + "13461": 2, + "13463": 1, + "13469": 1, + "13471": 1, + "13475": 0, + "13476": 0, + "13480": 0, + "13484": 0, + "13488": 0, + "13489": 1, + "13491": 0, + "13497": 0, + "13500": 0, + "13503": 0, + "13507": 1, + "13510": 0, + "13525": 1, + "13528": 1, + "13539": 0, + "13544": 1, + "13547": 1, + "13551": 0, + "13552": 1, + "13571": 2, + "13574": 0, + "13592": 1, + "13599": 1, + "13603": 0, + "13605": 0, + "13614": 0, + "13621": 0, + "13640": 1, + "13643": 0, + "13644": 0, + "13652": 1, + "13666": 0, + "13667": 3, + "13678": 0, + "13687": 0, + "13688": 0, + "13695": 0, + "13696": 0, + "13704": 1, + "13715": 3, + "13726": 0, + "13732": 2, + "13736": 1, + "13738": 1, + "13741": 1, + "13744": 0, + "13745": 0, + "13746": 3, + "13752": 2, + "13754": 2, + "13756": 1, + "13758": 1, + "13765": 0, + "13767": 0, + "13777": 1, + "13781": 1, + "13784": 1, + "13795": 0, + "13807": 0, + "13811": 1, + "13814": 2, + "13815": 1, + "13818": 1, + "13834": 1, + "13837": 3, + "13845": 1, + "13856": 2, + "13858": 0, + "13868": 3, + "13869": 2, + "13872": 0, + "13878": 0, + "13879": 0, + "13886": 2, + "13887": 0, + "13896": 1, + "13907": 0, + "13911": 0, + "13914": 2, + "13932": 1, + "13945": 0, + "13947": 0, + "13949": 2, + "13950": 1, + "13952": 1, + "13953": 4, + "13960": 0, + "13961": 0, + "13962": 0, + "13968": 1, + "13970": 3, + "13971": 1, + "13972": 1, + "13976": 1, + "13977": 3, + "13978": 1, + "13985": 0, + "13988": 1, + "13993": 2, + "13995": 2, + "13998": 1, + "13999": 1, + "14005": 0, + "14029": 0, + "14039": 1, + "14040": 1, + "14041": 1, + "14048": 2, + "14054": 0, + "14060": 0, + "14064": 1, + "14072": 1, + "14073": 2, + "14086": 0, + "14087": 1, + "14094": 2, + "14096": 0, + "14098": 1, + "14103": 1, + "14106": 0, + "14108": 0, + "14112": 0, + "14117": 2, + "14124": 3, + "14125": 2, + "14132": 1, + "14136": 1, + "14139": 1, + "14145": 0, + "14146": 0, + "14156": 1, + "14162": 1, + "14165": 1, + "14167": 0, + "14169": 1, + "14172": 1, + "14175": 1, + "14187": 1, + "14191": 0, + "14192": 0, + "14203": 2, + "14204": 2, + "14205": 0, + "14206": 3, + "14210": 0, + "14212": 3, + "14219": 0, + "14224": 1, + "14233": 1, + "14245": 2, + "14246": 1, + "14254": 1, + "14255": 0, + "14268": 0, + "14270": 1, + "14272": 0, + "14275": 0, + "14279": 1, + "14299": 1, + "14304": 0, + "14308": 1, + "14318": 2, + "14324": 3, + "14327": 0, + "14332": 1, + "14341": 1, + "14342": 0, + "14348": 1, + "14349": 2, + "14355": 0, + "14356": 0, + "14368": 1, + "14369": 0, + "14373": 0, + "14375": 0, + "14376": 1, + "14386": 1, + "14387": 2, + "14399": 0, + "14403": 1, + "14405": 0, + "14406": 3, + "14407": 0, + "14417": 2, + "14420": 2, + "14421": 2, + "14424": 0, + "14426": 0, + "14428": 1, + "14438": 0, + "14440": 1, + "14442": 0, + "14444": 0, + "14456": 2, + "14462": 1, + "14467": 1, + "14482": 1, + "14484": 2, + "14489": 1, + "14492": 0, + "14498": 2, + "14502": 1, + "14504": 1, + "14505": 0, + "14506": 1, + "14507": 0, + "14512": 2, + "14525": 1, + "14533": 0, + "14537": 1, + "14539": 1, + "14541": 0, + "14542": 0, + "14545": 2, + "14546": 1, + "14547": 0, + "14553": 1, + "14555": 1, + "14556": 1, + "14563": 1, + "14572": 2, + "14578": 1, + "14580": 1, + "14588": 2, + "14593": 1, + "14598": 1, + "14602": 2, + "14605": 0, + "14607": 0, + "14610": 1, + "14620": 1, + "14626": 1, + "14627": 0, + "14637": 0, + "14639": 1, + "14644": 0, + "14648": 0, + "14651": 1, + "14664": 0, + "14666": 0, + "14675": 0, + "14680": 2, + "14692": 1, + "14694": 4, + "14699": 1, + "14705": 0, + "14706": 0, + "14707": 0, + "14708": 1, + "14719": 3, + "14722": 0, + "14734": 0, + "14735": 1, + "14739": 0, + "14743": 0, + "14746": 0, + "14749": 1, + "14755": 1, + "14759": 1, + "14764": 2, + "14766": 1, + "14767": 1, + "14779": 2, + "14785": 1, + "14787": 2, + "14789": 1, + "14800": 1, + "14803": 1, + "14808": 1, + "14809": 0, + "14811": 2, + "14814": 2, + "14816": 0, + "14818": 1, + "14824": 2, + "14826": 3, + "14831": 0, + "14840": 0, + "14841": 0, + "14846": 0, + "14857": 0, + "14861": 1, + "14862": 1, + "14865": 1, + "14874": 1, + "14881": 1, + "14887": 1, + "14888": 0, + "14889": 0, + "14893": 0, + "14896": 2, + "14897": 3, + "14898": 1, + "14904": 0, + "14913": 1, + "14919": 0, + "14927": 1, + "14937": 0, + "14941": 1, + "14946": 0, + "14951": 1, + "14957": 0, + "14958": 1, + "14961": 0, + "14971": 3, + "14976": 0, + "14985": 0, + "14989": 0, + "14992": 0, + "15002": 1, + "15003": 1, + "15024": 2, + "15025": 0, + "15027": 1, + "15044": 2, + "15050": 1, + "15066": 2, + "15068": 2, + "15070": 0, + "15073": 1, + "15076": 1, + "15080": 0, + "15082": 1, + "15086": 1, + "15088": 1, + "15094": 0, + "15095": 1, + "15105": 0, + "15111": 1, + "15115": 1, + "15122": 1, + "15125": 1, + "15146": 0, + "15158": 0, + "15161": 1, + "15171": 2, + "15175": 2, + "15187": 0, + "15189": 0, + "15190": 0, + "15205": 1, + "15206": 2, + "15216": 0, + "15221": 1, + "15224": 1, + "15229": 1, + "15230": 0, + "15235": 1, + "15241": 0, + "15245": 2, + "15253": 2, + "15256": 1, + "15259": 0, + "15260": 0, + "15267": 0, + "15272": 2, + "15273": 0, + "15274": 1, + "15277": 1, + "15279": 0, + "15280": 1, + "15282": 0, + "15288": 0, + "15289": 1, + "15290": 3, + "15298": 1, + "15303": 2, + "15305": 0, + "15306": 2, + "15327": 1, + "15335": 1, + "15359": 2, + "15374": 3, + "15382": 1, + "15383": 0, + "15385": 2, + "15403": 0, + "15406": 2, + "15407": 0, + "15415": 2, + "15422": 3, + "15429": 3, + "15441": 2, + "15444": 1, + "15445": 4, + "15446": 0, + "15450": 2, + "15457": 0, + "15458": 1, + "15461": 1, + "15463": 2, + "15475": 0, + "15478": 0, + "15486": 0, + "15487": 2, + "15488": 0, + "15494": 1, + "15497": 0, + "15506": 0, + "15512": 1, + "15516": 0, + "15524": 3, + "15525": 0, + "15528": 1, + "15530": 1, + "15534": 1, + "15541": 3, + "15546": 0, + "15552": 1, + "15556": 0, + "15560": 1, + "15562": 0, + "15569": 0, + "15573": 0, + "15575": 1, + "15576": 1, + "15585": 0, + "15591": 0, + "15594": 1, + "15595": 1, + "15596": 1, + "15601": 1, + "15602": 0, + "15606": 2, + "15614": 1, + "15623": 0, + "15627": 1, + "15630": 0, + "15632": 0, + "15636": 1, + "15637": 3, + "15642": 0, + "15645": 1, + "15646": 0, + "15651": 1, + "15652": 1, + "15658": 0, + "15662": 3, + "15665": 0, + "15668": 0, + "15670": 0, + "15675": 1, + "15684": 3, + "15696": 3, + "15701": 2, + "15702": 0, + "15705": 2, + "15706": 2, + "15710": 1, + "15712": 1, + "15718": 0, + "15725": 1, + "15737": 0, + "15740": 1, + "15749": 1, + "15763": 1, + "15765": 2, + "15767": 0, + "15772": 1, + "15787": 1, + "15790": 1, + "15791": 1, + "15794": 3, + "15799": 2, + "15807": 3, + "15810": 0, + "15813": 3, + "15815": 1, + "15821": 1, + "15826": 0, + "15829": 1, + "15831": 1, + "15835": 1, + "15841": 0, + "15850": 1, + "15853": 1, + "15857": 2, + "15858": 3, + "15866": 0, + "15867": 0, + "15872": 2, + "15874": 2, + "15885": 0, + "15891": 1, + "15900": 2, + "15902": 2, + "15908": 1, + "15913": 2, + "15917": 0, + "15923": 0, + "15930": 1, + "15932": 1, + "15934": 2, + "15938": 2, + "15943": 0, + "15950": 3, + "15956": 1, + "15958": 0, + "15960": 2, + "15967": 1, + "15971": 1, + "15976": 1, + "15978": 0, + "15981": 1, + "15983": 0, + "15984": 0, + "16002": 1, + "16004": 1, + "16010": 1, + "16011": 1, + "16012": 0, + "16015": 0, + "16016": 0, + "16025": 2, + "16026": 3, + "16027": 1, + "16035": 0, + "16042": 3, + "16045": 3, + "16046": 1, + "16048": 0, + "16049": 1, + "16050": 0, + "16057": 0, + "16063": 0, + "16067": 3, + "16069": 1, + "16106": 0, + "16113": 0, + "16115": 2, + "16118": 2, + "16119": 1, + "16122": 0, + "16126": 1, + "16127": 3, + "16139": 0, + "16141": 3, + "16145": 0, + "16147": 1, + "16156": 0, + "16162": 0, + "16169": 1, + "16180": 2, + "16182": 0, + "16183": 0, + "16186": 2, + "16193": 2, + "16196": 0, + "16199": 2, + "16203": 2, + "16209": 0, + "16213": 1, + "16219": 2, + "16221": 2, + "16223": 0, + "16235": 1, + "16240": 1, + "16242": 1, + "16243": 1, + "16245": 1, + "16246": 0, + "16252": 1, + "16253": 1, + "16276": 1, + "16279": 2, + "16293": 0, + "16297": 1, + "16301": 1, + "16304": 0, + "16315": 0, + "16319": 0, + "16325": 0, + "16326": 1, + "16327": 1, + "16338": 1, + "16339": 0, + "16340": 0, + "16347": 1, + "16348": 0, + "16356": 2, + "16366": 0, + "16372": 0, + "16374": 1, + "16379": 0, + "16380": 1, + "16384": 1, + "16387": 1, + "16395": 1, + "16396": 0, + "16402": 1, + "16410": 2, + "16419": 0, + "16421": 2, + "16422": 1, + "16424": 2, + "16432": 2, + "16434": 0, + "16436": 0, + "16437": 0, + "16440": 1, + "16444": 1, + "16446": 0, + "16456": 2, + "16459": 0, + "16469": 1, + "16470": 2, + "16471": 0, + "16476": 1, + "16477": 0, + "16485": 0, + "16493": 0, + "16496": 0, + "16499": 2, + "16501": 0, + "16505": 1, + "16506": 2, + "16510": 1, + "16522": 0, + "16528": 1, + "16534": 0, + "16535": 0, + "16536": 1, + "16542": 3, + "16544": 0, + "16546": 0, + "16557": 2, + "16566": 1, + "16574": 0, + "16578": 1, + "16580": 0, + "16581": 0, + "16585": 3, + "16586": 1, + "16592": 0, + "16593": 1, + "16595": 1, + "16599": 2, + "16601": 1, + "16606": 0, + "16608": 1, + "16610": 1, + "16622": 1, + "16623": 1, + "16626": 0, + "16629": 1, + "16630": 1, + "16639": 1, + "16642": 1, + "16649": 1, + "16651": 0, + "16658": 0, + "16659": 1, + "16660": 0, + "16662": 1, + "16665": 0, + "16673": 1, + "16678": 2, + "16680": 0, + "16683": 2, + "16685": 1, + "16689": 0, + "16693": 0, + "16695": 1, + "16699": 1, + "16708": 1, + "16720": 2, + "16723": 0, + "16725": 3, + "16727": 1, + "16728": 1, + "16731": 1, + "16733": 1, + "16737": 0, + "16738": 0, + "16744": 2, + "16746": 1, + "16751": 0, + "16754": 2, + "16756": 0, + "16762": 0, + "16772": 0, + "16773": 1, + "16777": 0, + "16784": 0, + "16788": 2, + "16797": 1, + "16802": 1, + "16806": 0, + "16810": 0, + "16811": 1, + "16812": 0, + "16816": 1, + "16818": 1, + "16822": 0, + "16824": 0, + "16827": 1, + "16836": 0, + "16837": 0, + "16840": 1, + "16841": 0, + "16852": 0, + "16854": 0, + "16855": 0, + "16861": 1, + "16868": 1, + "16873": 0, + "16878": 1, + "16879": 0, + "16881": 3, + "16883": 0, + "16886": 1, + "16903": 0, + "16917": 1, + "16930": 0, + "16932": 1, + "16935": 1, + "16936": 1, + "16939": 1, + "16947": 2, + "16951": 0, + "16967": 0, + "16977": 0, + "16986": 0, + "16992": 3, + "16995": 1, + "16996": 0, + "17004": 3, + "17014": 3, + "17015": 0, + "17017": 0, + "17039": 1, + "17042": 1, + "17044": 0, + "17045": 0, + "17048": 2, + "17052": 1, + "17055": 2, + "17056": 0, + "17061": 1, + "17069": 1, + "17070": 1, + "17078": 1, + "17085": 0, + "17096": 0, + "17098": 1, + "17100": 1, + "17103": 2, + "17106": 0, + "17110": 0, + "17115": 1, + "17119": 2, + "17125": 1, + "17135": 0, + "17136": 0, + "17140": 1, + "17153": 0, + "17155": 1, + "17156": 1, + "17171": 0, + "17176": 1, + "17178": 0, + "17183": 2, + "17189": 2, + "17204": 1, + "17206": 0, + "17209": 1, + "17211": 1, + "17214": 1, + "17215": 1, + "17218": 1, + "17219": 0, + "17222": 1, + "17226": 1, + "17227": 0, + "17228": 1, + "17233": 0, + "17250": 1, + "17254": 3, + "17258": 0, + "17267": 0, + "17268": 1, + "17269": 1, + "17273": 0, + "17278": 2, + "17285": 0, + "17295": 2, + "17296": 1, + "17304": 0, + "17317": 1, + "17319": 1, + "17324": 0, + "17328": 2, + "17329": 0, + "17339": 1, + "17343": 0, + "17351": 1, + "17354": 1, + "17366": 1, + "17372": 0, + "17380": 1, + "17385": 0, + "17387": 2, + "17390": 2, + "17391": 1, + "17398": 0, + "17400": 3, + "17406": 2, + "17408": 0, + "17422": 0, + "17424": 0, + "17425": 2, + "17430": 1, + "17431": 1, + "17435": 0, + "17436": 1, + "17438": 1, + "17439": 1, + "17441": 0, + "17459": 0, + "17464": 2, + "17485": 2, + "17488": 0, + "17493": 0, + "17496": 2, + "17500": 2, + "17501": 1, + "17503": 2, + "17508": 4, + "17514": 1, + "17515": 0, + "17517": 1, + "17523": 0, + "17534": 3, + "17537": 1, + "17543": 0, + "17553": 2, + "17555": 0, + "17556": 0, + "17558": 0, + "17559": 0, + "17565": 0, + "17568": 0, + "17570": 1, + "17577": 1, + "17578": 1, + "17595": 1, + "17599": 0, + "17600": 2, + "17601": 1, + "17607": 0, + "17609": 0, + "17611": 3, + "17613": 0, + "17617": 1, + "17622": 1, + "17637": 1, + "17646": 1, + "17652": 1, + "17654": 0, + "17658": 1, + "17665": 1, + "17667": 2, + "17668": 3, + "17672": 0, + "17679": 0, + "17686": 1, + "17687": 0, + "17688": 0, + "17689": 3, + "17692": 0, + "17693": 0, + "17695": 1, + "17696": 0, + "17698": 2, + "17703": 0, + "17707": 1, + "17713": 0, + "17721": 0, + "17723": 2, + "17726": 1, + "17727": 1, + "17752": 1, + "17753": 0, + "17754": 1, + "17757": 1, + "17763": 0, + "17780": 1, + "17784": 1, + "17785": 2, + "17790": 1, + "17793": 0, + "17797": 1, + "17800": 1, + "17810": 0, + "17818": 1, + "17819": 1, + "17829": 0, + "17830": 3, + "17832": 0, + "17833": 0, + "17841": 0, + "17845": 2, + "17846": 0, + "17857": 1, + "17860": 1, + "17867": 1, + "17882": 1, + "17887": 0, + "17899": 1, + "17901": 3, + "17903": 2, + "17907": 3, + "17908": 1, + "17912": 2, + "17918": 1, + "17929": 2, + "17930": 1, + "17936": 1, + "17937": 0, + "17943": 0, + "17952": 0, + "17960": 1, + "17969": 0, + "17970": 1, + "17976": 0, + "17977": 0, + "17979": 0, + "17985": 0, + "17988": 2, + "17990": 0, + "17992": 3, + "17994": 1, + "17995": 1, + "18003": 1, + "18010": 3, + "18019": 1, + "18021": 2, + "18029": 1, + "18030": 2, + "18036": 0, + "18045": 0, + "18048": 1, + "18053": 0, + "18055": 1, + "18064": 2, + "18068": 0, + "18069": 3, + "18072": 1, + "18073": 1, + "18077": 0, + "18078": 1, + "18086": 0, + "18088": 2, + "18095": 2, + "18101": 1, + "18104": 0, + "18105": 2, + "18124": 0, + "18127": 0, + "18128": 0, + "18129": 0, + "18130": 1, + "18131": 0, + "18133": 0, + "18134": 1, + "18136": 1, + "18138": 0, + "18146": 0, + "18149": 1, + "18152": 1, + "18159": 0, + "18166": 1, + "18167": 1, + "18173": 0, + "18184": 2, + "18187": 2, + "18194": 1, + "18196": 1, + "18197": 1, + "18202": 0, + "18212": 1, + "18241": 0, + "18245": 1, + "18250": 2, + "18257": 0, + "18258": 0, + "18263": 1, + "18272": 1, + "18273": 0, + "18275": 1, + "18277": 2, + "18278": 1, + "18284": 2, + "18288": 0, + "18291": 0, + "18294": 0, + "18296": 0, + "18303": 1, + "18306": 2, + "18310": 1, + "18311": 2, + "18322": 1, + "18328": 0, + "18334": 1, + "18336": 0, + "18338": 0, + "18344": 2, + "18349": 1, + "18357": 1, + "18362": 0, + "18372": 0, + "18382": 0, + "18387": 0, + "18389": 0, + "18395": 0, + "18396": 0, + "18405": 0, + "18407": 0, + "18412": 2, + "18420": 1, + "18421": 2, + "18424": 0, + "18426": 0, + "18427": 1, + "18429": 0, + "18436": 0, + "18440": 1, + "18446": 3, + "18454": 1, + "18472": 0, + "18483": 2, + "18487": 0, + "18492": 0, + "18494": 1, + "18499": 1, + "18503": -1, + "18506": 0, + "18516": 1, + "18547": 2, + "18550": 0, + "18559": 1, + "18560": 2, + "18562": 2, + "18565": 0, + "18571": 1, + "18572": 0, + "18576": 0, + "18586": 0, + "18588": 0, + "18609": 1, + "18617": 3, + "18627": 0, + "18632": 0, + "18651": 1, + "18658": 3, + "18659": 1, + "18660": 1, + "18662": 2, + "18673": 0, + "18675": 1, + "18682": 3, + "18686": 1, + "18687": 1, + "18689": 1, + "18703": 1, + "18707": 0, + "18714": 0, + "18716": 2, + "18718": 0, + "18722": 1, + "18723": 1, + "18739": 0, + "18743": 1, + "18752": 3, + "18753": 0, + "18763": 0, + "18765": 0, + "18775": 0, + "18779": 1, + "18786": 1, + "18787": 3, + "18792": 2, + "18795": 1, + "18796": 0, + "18803": 0, + "18812": 2, + "18814": 1, + "18816": 0, + "18822": 0, + "18841": 2, + "18846": 3, + "18858": 0, + "18864": 1, + "18873": 1, + "18876": 1, + "18885": 1, + "18889": 2, + "18892": 3, + "18895": 1, + "18896": 0, + "18906": 1, + "18907": 0, + "18915": 2, + "18919": 1, + "18920": 1, + "18935": 1, + "18936": 2, + "18937": 0, + "18949": 1, + "18973": 0, + "18985": 2, + "18994": 1, + "19002": 3, + "19016": 1, + "19017": 1, + "19022": 0, + "19023": 1, + "19029": 0, + "19034": 0, + "19036": 2, + "19042": 1, + "19043": 1, + "19045": 0, + "19049": 0, + "19055": 0, + "19060": 1, + "19063": 1, + "19070": 1, + "19075": 0, + "19078": 3, + "19080": 0, + "19086": 1, + "19090": 1, + "19093": 0, + "19112": 0, + "19115": 0, + "19117": 1, + "19118": 0, + "19122": 1, + "19133": 1, + "19134": 0, + "19136": 0, + "19139": 0, + "19142": 0, + "19143": 2, + "19150": 1, + "19155": 1, + "19156": 2, + "19158": 3, + "19161": 1, + "19163": 2, + "19164": 1, + "19165": 0, + "19167": 1, + "19176": 1, + "19182": 1, + "19187": 2, + "19197": 2, + "19204": 1, + "19206": 1, + "19213": 0, + "19217": 1, + "19220": 1, + "19223": 1, + "19225": 0, + "19227": 3, + "19232": 0, + "19237": 0, + "19239": 0, + "19244": 1, + "19248": 1, + "19253": 1, + "19257": 1, + "19259": 1, + "19260": 0, + "19263": 0, + "19271": 2, + "19274": 1, + "19278": 0, + "19287": 1, + "19292": 2, + "19293": 1, + "19296": 0, + "19303": 2, + "19305": 0, + "19310": 1, + "19318": 1, + "19323": 2, + "19324": 1, + "19327": 0, + "19333": 1, + "19334": 0, + "19351": 1, + "19353": 0, + "19355": 0, + "19367": 1, + "19375": 1, + "19381": 0, + "19386": 0, + "19397": 1, + "19401": 0, + "19405": 0, + "19408": 1, + "19430": 1, + "19442": 0, + "19444": 0, + "19456": 0, + "19457": 0, + "19460": 2, + "19470": 1, + "19473": 0, + "19476": 3, + "19477": 1, + "19479": 0, + "19484": 0, + "19493": 2, + "19494": 2, + "19496": 0, + "19500": 1, + "19501": 1, + "19508": 1, + "19515": 0, + "19520": 0, + "19524": 1, + "19525": 1, + "19531": -1, + "19532": 0, + "19533": 0, + "19535": 1, + "19538": 0, + "19545": 3, + "19546": 1, + "19548": 1, + "19549": 0, + "19550": 0, + "19558": 2, + "19592": 1, + "19595": 0, + "19601": 0, + "19602": 2, + "19618": 2, + "19620": 0, + "19625": 0, + "19629": 0, + "19632": 1, + "19634": 0, + "19638": 1, + "19641": 0, + "19642": 1, + "19658": 1, + "19659": 1, + "19665": 2, + "19676": 1, + "19678": 1, + "19681": 2, + "19691": 1, + "19695": 0, + "19697": 1, + "19720": 0, + "19723": 0, + "19725": 1, + "19726": 2, + "19730": 0, + "19731": 1, + "19736": 0, + "19756": 0, + "19759": 0, + "19764": 0, + "19778": 0, + "19782": 2, + "19787": 2, + "19788": 2, + "19789": 0, + "19791": 0, + "19793": 1, + "19798": 0, + "19807": 0, + "19818": 2, + "19819": 1, + "19824": 1, + "19830": 0, + "19850": 0, + "19860": 1, + "19867": 1, + "19872": 0, + "19877": 0, + "19879": 0, + "19882": 1, + "19883": 1, + "19886": 1, + "19888": 2, + "19889": 0, + "19894": 1, + "19899": 1, + "19903": 1, + "19904": 0, + "19905": 0, + "19908": 1, + "19912": 3, + "19913": 1, + "19922": 2, + "19926": 0, + "19928": 1, + "19934": 1, + "19937": 0, + "19948": 1, + "19952": 1, + "19955": 3, + "19963": 0, + "19981": 0, + "19984": 1, + "19990": 0, + "19998": 1, + "20001": 1, + "20002": 0, + "20003": 2, + "20007": 0, + "20009": 1, + "20011": 3, + "20020": 1, + "20021": 0, + "20024": 1, + "20036": 1, + "20040": 0, + "20041": 0, + "20043": 1, + "20046": 1, + "20051": 1, + "20062": 0, + "20065": 0, + "20075": 1, + "20081": 1, + "20095": 1, + "20115": 1, + "20116": 0, + "20117": 1, + "20119": 0, + "20120": 1, + "20121": 0, + "20132": 0, + "20134": 2, + "20135": 0, + "20145": 4, + "20148": 0, + "20159": 0, + "20161": 3, + "20166": 1, + "20170": 1, + "20172": 1, + "20173": 1, + "20174": 0, + "20176": 1, + "20180": 2, + "20184": 0, + "20187": 1, + "20189": 0, + "20192": 2, + "20203": 0, + "20208": 2, + "20215": 0, + "20217": 1, + "20219": 2, + "20221": 0, + "20224": 0, + "20226": 3, + "20231": 1, + "20239": 2, + "20241": 0, + "20244": 0, + "20245": 1, + "20256": 3, + "20262": 0, + "20268": 2, + "20280": 2, + "20283": 2, + "20303": 2, + "20320": 3, + "20323": 0, + "20334": 3, + "20337": 0, + "20339": 0, + "20340": 0, + "20347": 1, + "20349": 1, + "20351": 0, + "20368": 2, + "20381": 2, + "20382": 2, + "20383": 3, + "20384": 0, + "20399": 2, + "20407": 0, + "20413": 0, + "20416": 0, + "20421": 0, + "20427": 1, + "20430": 2, + "20438": 0, + "20440": 1, + "20441": 1, + "20470": 0, + "20471": 2, + "20475": 0, + "20490": 1, + "20495": 1, + "20498": 1, + "20500": 0, + "20503": 1, + "20505": 1, + "20506": 2, + "20507": 1, + "20514": 0, + "20518": 2, + "20522": 0, + "20527": 3, + "20535": 2, + "20539": 0, + "20542": 0, + "20552": 1, + "20554": 4, + "20559": 1, + "20561": 1, + "20565": 0, + "20567": 2, + "20568": 1, + "20574": 0, + "20582": 0, + "20584": 2, + "20592": 0, + "20600": 0, + "20602": 1, + "20604": 2, + "20632": 0, + "20634": 1, + "20636": 1, + "20643": 0, + "20647": 0, + "20648": 1, + "20666": 0, + "20669": 0, + "20674": 1, + "20675": 0, + "20677": 1, + "20690": 0, + "20694": 2, + "20699": 1, + "20701": 1, + "20703": 0, + "20709": 2, + "20710": 3, + "20712": 0, + "20721": 1, + "20722": 1, + "20729": 0, + "20732": 1, + "20734": 2, + "20742": 0, + "20745": 2, + "20747": 1, + "20749": 1, + "20751": 1, + "20758": 1, + "20762": 0, + "20770": 1, + "20779": 2, + "20782": 0, + "20788": 3, + "20794": 2, + "20802": 0, + "20806": 0, + "20815": 2, + "20820": 1, + "20829": 1, + "20842": 3, + "20848": 1, + "20849": 1, + "20851": 1, + "20854": 0, + "20860": 2, + "20864": 1, + "20866": 2, + "20883": 3, + "20887": 0, + "20888": 1, + "20889": 2, + "20890": 0, + "20891": 1, + "20907": 0, + "20908": 1, + "20915": 1, + "20916": 2, + "20917": 1, + "20922": 1, + "20924": 1, + "20926": 0, + "20947": 1, + "20948": 1, + "20949": 0, + "20950": 1, + "20952": 0, + "20953": 1, + "20967": 0, + "20970": 2, + "20979": 2, + "20982": 0, + "20984": 3, + "20988": 0, + "20994": 1, + "20995": 1, + "20997": 0, + "20998": 1, + "21000": 1, + "21001": 0, + "21006": 0, + "21009": 1, + "21014": 0, + "21019": 3, + "21020": 1, + "21025": 1, + "21041": 0, + "21044": 3, + "21048": 0, + "21052": 0, + "21053": 0, + "21062": 2, + "21063": 3, + "21064": 0, + "21070": 1, + "21076": 0, + "21083": 1, + "21087": 1, + "21090": 3, + "21117": 0, + "21121": 3, + "21128": 1, + "21133": 0, + "21135": 0, + "21136": 0, + "21137": 1, + "21140": 0, + "21144": 0, + "21146": 3, + "21147": 1, + "21149": 0, + "21153": 0, + "21159": 0, + "21166": 1, + "21189": 1, + "21191": 0, + "21192": 1, + "21195": 0, + "21196": 1, + "21199": 1, + "21200": 0, + "21206": 1 + }, + "outputs": { + "4": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nSing, O goddess is a direct address to the goddess Athena, who is not actually present in the room. The answer is B.", + "5": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is B.", + "11": "The colony is New Hampshire.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony. The answer is B.", + "15": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince dozen is between the guide words daddy - definition, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "22": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince stockade is between the guide words shot - suit, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "23": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the lichen.\nThe only arrow pointing to the mushroom starts from the coral fungus. The only arrow pointing to the coral fungus starts from the lichen. The answer is A.", + "26": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to bake lasagna in the oven is 33 minutes.\n33 hours is too slow. The answer is A.", + "27": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nGenuine imitation is a contradiction, because genuine means real, and imitation means fake or synthetic. The answer is B.", + "29": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nCompost forms from the remains of plants and animals, such as vegetable scraps and egg shells. Compost rotting is a chemical change. As the compost rots, it breaks down and turns into a different type of matter.\nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown layer of the apple, the inside is still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change didn't happen to that part of the apple.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is D.", + "42": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.\nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.\n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a woolly fleece or a hairy fleece, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fleece type trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for a hairy fleece, is dominant over the f allele, which is for a woolly fleece.\nA woolly fleece is the recessive allele's version of the fleece type trait. A sheep with the recessive version of the fleece type trait must have only recessive alleles for the fleece type gene. So, offspring with a woolly fleece must have the genotype ff.\nThere is 1 box in the Punnett square with the genotype ff. This box is highlighted below.\nA hairy fleece is the dominant allele's version of the fleece type trait. A sheep with the dominant version of the fleece type trait must have at least one dominant allele for the fleece type gene. So, offspring with a hairy fleece must have the genotype FF or Ff.\nThere are 3 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype FF or Ff. These boxes are highlighted below.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with a woolly fleece to offspring with a hairy fleece is 1:3. This means that, on average, this cross will produce 1 offspring with a woolly fleece for every 3 offspring with a hairy fleece. The answer is D.", + "46": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nAn opaque object does not let light through. All three objects are opaque.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The ball of wet clay is slippery, but the crown is not.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The crown is shiny, but the ball of wet clay and the car bumper are not.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is opaque. The answer is C.", + "47": "People believed that World War I would be over quickly.\nThe war started in 1914 and lasted until 1918. It was one of the longest wars in history. The answer is D.", + "51": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "61": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is B.", + "62": "Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming. The answer is D.", + "78": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that Jupiter is the largest planet and that Jupiter is made mainly of gas. So, the largest planet is made mainly of gas. The answer is B.", + "85": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.\nThe copepod has an arrow pointing to it from the golden algae. The golden algae is a producer, so the copepod is a primary consumer.\nThe black crappie has arrows pointing to it from the water flea and the rotifer. The water flea and the rotifer are producers, so the black crappie is a primary consumer.\nThe bacteria do not have any arrows pointing to them. So, the bacteria are not primary consumers.\nThe green algae does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the green algae is not a primary consumer. The answer is B.", + "86": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "87": "An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the Daintree rain forest has year-round rain. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients. The answer is A.", + "92": "Dover is the capital of Delaware. The answer is C.", + "93": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "95": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Maine is farthest north. The answer is A.", + "96": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince itch is between the guide words imitate - iron, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "111": "Greta wanted broccoli in her lunch and Allie was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nGreta has tomatoes. Allie has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "121": "Denver is the capital of Colorado. The answer is D.", + "126": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince streak is not between the guide words serpent - skirt, it would not be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "128": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nMixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nButter melting on a hot day is caused by heating. But mixing sand and water is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is B.", + "133": "Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. An oak tree is a plant. It can have thick branches.\nAcorns grow on oak trees. Acorns are small nuts with a seed inside.\nAn orca is an animal. It swims in the ocean.\nOrcas are also known as killer whales. Orcas live in groups called pods. The answer is A.", + "139": "Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. A prudent leader has a more positive connotation. Prudent and cowardly are not close in meaning. A prudent leader is a careful leader. The answer is B.", + "140": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia. The answer is D.", + "142": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince bruise is not between the guide words blush - buffalo, it would not be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "145": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, rainy day is 45\u00b0F.\n45\u00b0C is too hot. The answer is B.", + "149": "Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A Chinese alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nAlligators live in and around water. They can live near ponds, rivers, marshes, and lakes.\nA California toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA grass frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.\nAn eastern newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nSome newts live in water. Other newts live on land but lay their eggs in water. The answer is A.", + "155": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor all religions, arts, and sciences are branches of the same tree suggests that all religions, arts, and sciences are related. Each branch is different, but they are all part of the same tree. The answer is B.", + "156": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "158": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the path.\nThe path is made of brick. The answer is B.", + "161": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. An ostrich is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nA cane toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water. The answer is B.", + "163": "Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words wife and hide rhyme. They both end with the ive sound.\nThe word life does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound. The answer is C.", + "167": "A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.\nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.\nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.\nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F. Find the top of the red liquid.\nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 100. So, the temperature is 100\u00b0F. The answer is A.", + "170": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. The toothpaste is sticky, but the soccer shorts and the toothbrush are not.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. All three objects are blue.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The soccer shorts and the toothbrush are hard, but the toothpaste is not.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is blue. The answer is A.", + "172": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a hiking trail is 4 kilometers.\n4 millimeters, 4 centimeters, and 4 meters are all too short. The answer is C.", + "176": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince guess is between the guide words garage - goose, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "180": "Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.\nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.\nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.\nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment. The answer is B.", + "182": "Jackson is the capital of Mississippi. The answer is B.", + "183": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The pea plant has two alleles for a tall stem (H). So, the plant's genotype for the stem height gene is HH. The answer is A.", + "184": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The melted marshmallow is not stretchy.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. The melted marshmallow is not blue. The answer is A.", + "188": "According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Darnel is pushing on the wheelchair. So, Newton's third law tells you that the wheelchair is pushing on Darnel. The answer is A.", + "193": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of a warm grilled cheese sandwich is 55\u00b0C.\n55\u00b0F is too cold. The answer is B.", + "196": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a hiking trail is 5 kilometers.\n5 meters is too short. The answer is B.", + "198": "In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.\nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.\n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants\nHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many\nDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes\nCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Rafflesia arnoldii is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells. The answer is A.", + "209": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.\nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.\n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with smooth fruit or fuzzy fruit, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fruit texture trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for smooth fruit, is dominant over the f allele, which is for fuzzy fruit.\nSmooth fruit is the dominant allele's version of the fruit texture trait. A tomato plant with the dominant version of the fruit texture trait must have at least one dominant allele for the fruit texture gene. So, offspring with smooth fruit must have the genotype FF or Ff.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype FF or Ff.\nFuzzy fruit is the recessive allele's version of the fruit texture trait. A tomato plant with the recessive version of the fruit texture trait must have only recessive alleles for the fruit texture gene. So, offspring with fuzzy fruit must have the genotype ff.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ff.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with smooth fruit to offspring with fuzzy fruit is 4:0. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will always produce offspring with smooth fruit. This cross is expected to never produce offspring with fuzzy fruit. The answer is D.", + "210": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nDry ice is solid carbon dioxide. When dry ice gets warm, it changes state and becomes carbon dioxide gas. This change of state, from solid to gas, is called sublimation.\nDry ice becoming a gas is a physical change. A change of state does not form a different type of matter.\nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. The heat from the fire causes the type of matter in the marshmallow to change. The marshmallow becomes black and crispy.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nDry ice sublimating is a physical change. But burning a marshmallow is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. But dry ice sublimating is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is C.", + "214": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three meatballs have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 139\u00b0F meatball is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "230": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **The Lion and the Mouse**. The answer is A.", + "232": "A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nDust particles around nine nearby stars may have been caused by long-ago collisions between melting comets and asteroids. The answer is B.", + "234": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is C.", + "237": "Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.\nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).\nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is A.", + "266": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nMia is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years. The answer is A.", + "269": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A bull ant is an insect. Like other insects, a bull ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA chinchilla is a mammal. Like other mammals, a chinchilla is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA comet moth is an insect. Like other insects, a comet moth is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nLike other tarantulas, a red-kneed tarantula is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. The answer is C.", + "271": "Hartford is the capital of Connecticut. The answer is A.", + "272": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 100\u00b0F pie is hotter than the 85\u00b0F pie, it has more thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "275": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, learns. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is B.", + "280": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "282": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean. The answer is A.", + "286": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statement describes the Yasuni National Park ecosystem: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has many different types of organisms. The following statements do not describe Yasuni National Park: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. It has mostly small plants. The answer is B.", + "288": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nYellow is a color.\nThis color is yellow. None of the objects are yellow.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. All three objects are fragile.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. None of the objects are bouncy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is fragile. The answer is A.", + "292": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jordan wants or needs:\nJordan will give up the chance to look at the magnolia tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the chrysanthemums. The answer is B.", + "293": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. The answer is C.", + "298": "Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.\nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.\ndesk: short e\nkit / ten: short i / short e\nAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.\ngo: long o\nhe / ro: long e / long o\nSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.\nsky: long i\nba / by: long a / long e The word me ends with a vowel and has a long vowel sound. So, it has an open syllable. The answer is A.", + "301": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A pink-backed pelican's scientific name is Pelecanus rufescens.\nPelecanus rufescens has the same scientific name as a pink-backed pelican. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nBalearica pavonina does not have the same scientific name as a pink-backed pelican. So, Pelecanus rufescens and Balearica pavonina are not in the same species.\nTyto alba does not have the same scientific name as a pink-backed pelican. So, Pelecanus rufescens and Tyto alba are not in the same species. The answer is C.", + "305": "Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota. The answer is B.", + "315": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion to an ark suggests that Lacey thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds. The answer is B.", + "319": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nCast a gloom over the evening is an understatement, since the Grim Reaper has just made a visit. The answer is A.", + "324": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "325": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of an eyedropper is 5 milliliters.\n5 liters is too much. The answer is A.", + "330": "Boston is the capital of Massachusetts. The answer is C.", + "332": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic wolf.\nThis Arctic wolf has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nDuring the winter, the short-tailed weasel has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.\nThe common hawk-cuckoo has a gray head, a gray-and-brown back, and a white belly with a gray-and-brown pattern. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The answer is A.", + "333": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Trojan horse is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, the Greek army tricks the Trojan army into taking a large wooden horse into their carefully guarded city. The horse turns out to be filled with Greek warriors who, once inside the city of Troy, open the gates to the Greek army waiting outside.\nThe allusion Trojan horse means a deceptive or harmful offering. The answer is A.", + "337": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A Goliath heron's scientific name is Ardea goliath. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.\nTigrisoma mexicanum is in the genus Tigrisoma. The first word of its scientific name is Tigrisoma. So, Tigrisoma mexicanum and Ardea goliath are not in the same genus.\nArdea herodias is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea herodias and Ardea goliath are in the same genus.\nFalco sparverius is in the genus Falco. The first word of its scientific name is Falco. So, Falco sparverius and Ardea goliath are not in the same genus. The answer is B.", + "338": "This country is Saint Lucia. The answer is C.", + "342": "Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.\nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).\nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is B.", + "345": "A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.\nWhen the supervisor arrived at the quarry, six dump trucks were in line at the gate. The answer is B.", + "348": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a warm, sunny day is 26\u00b0C.\n26\u00b0F is too cold. The answer is A.", + "363": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Bumpy is a property. A bumpy material is covered in lumps and bumps. It is not flat or smooth.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the bark is bumpier. If you could touch this tree bark, it would feel lumpy and bumpy. The answer is A.", + "366": "In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.\nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.\n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants\nHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many\nDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes\nCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Fromia monilis is an animal. Animal cells cannot make their own food. Animals get their food by digesting other organisms. The answer is B.", + "374": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nTambor Beach is located in Costa Rica, a country in Central America. A temperature of 84\u00b0F was measured at Tambor Beach on Friday.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the temperature measured at Tambor Beach on Friday. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is A.", + "383": "Writers can organize their ideas in different ways. These ways of organizing writing are called text structures. When you can tell how a text is organized, it's easier to understand how the writer's ideas go together. You can also use these text structures to organize your own writing.\n | Text structure | Where you might find it | Words and phrases to look for\nA sequential structure tells you about events that happen in a certain order. | a recipe for how to make a blueberry pie | first, until, second, after, next, then, before, finally, during\nA cause-effect structure shows the causes and the effects, or results, of an event. | an essay about how recycling helps the environment | because, led to, since, as a result, due to, so, reason\nA problem-solution structure explains a problem and offers possible solutions. | an article about ways to get more people to vote | issue, suggest, question, puzzle, fix, answer\nA compare-contrast structure shows how two (or more) things are the same or different. | a chapter about the differences between whales and sharks | like, unlike, too, on the other hand, both, while, same, instead, common, different, as well as, however\nA descriptive structure tells you a list of details about an object, scene, or topic. | a paragraph about what Tyrannosaurus rex looked like| for example, near, for instance beside, such as, most important, also The text uses a cause-effect structure to show the effects of watching too much television. In the text, certain words and phrases help to organize ideas in a cause-effect structure. Notice the words too much, results, and take away. The answer is B.", + "387": "This country is Nauru. The answer is D.", + "389": "The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.\nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:\nsay that a brand has been trusted for many years\ninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Association\nfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values\nuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokesperson\nAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:\nuse graphs or charts to display information\ncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studies\nexplain the science behind a product or service\nemphasize that the product is a financially wise choice\nanticipate and refute potential counterclaims\nAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:\ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment\nappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive\nlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion, by triggering fear of the discomforts of cold. The answer is B.", + "392": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Pablo is capitalized because it is a proper noun. The answer is A.", + "402": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the orange oakleaf butterfly.\nThe orange oakleaf butterfly has a brown leaf-shaped body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe Surinam horned frog has a brown, leaf-shaped body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color.\nThe strawberry poison frog has bright red skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves. The answer is B.", + "404": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nPlop represents the sound of the phone landing in the toilet. The answer is B.", + "406": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "415": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "427": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is A.", + "433": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince nature is between the guide words neither - nuisance, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "440": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Achilles's heel is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, Achilles's mother dips him in a river that protects his body wherever it touches. His heel does not get wet, so it is the one part of his body left unprotected. During the Trojan War, an arrow hits Achilles in the heel and kills him.\nThe allusion Achilles's heel means a sole weakness. The answer is A.", + "445": "Olympia is the capital of Washington. The answer is A.", + "453": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down. The answer is B.", + "456": "Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:\nThe tired boy was a slow turtle.\nThe words boy and turtle are compared without the word like or as.\nThis sentence uses a simile:\nThe tired boy was as slow as a turtle.\nThe words boy and turtle are compared using the word as. The answer is A.", + "457": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Suzie dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Suzie enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "460": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nImpossible to put down means that the book is so good that it is hard to stop reading. The phrase impossible to put down is also a joke about anti-gravity: if gravity pulls things down, perhaps anti-gravity does the opposite and makes them impossible to put down. The answer is A.", + "466": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs comfortable as a bed of nails shows verbal irony because sitting on nails would not be comfortable. The answer is A.", + "469": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence. The answer is A.", + "470": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles. The answer is C.", + "509": "An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.\nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.\nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Argema mittrei is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.\nSo, Argema mittrei is the scientific name. The answer is B.", + "512": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is A.", + "515": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None of the objects are fuzzy.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The track suit is stretchy, but the water slide and the car bumper are not.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All three objects are smooth.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is smooth. The answer is A.", + "517": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia. The answer is C.", + "519": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. New Hampshire is farthest north. The answer is D.", + "522": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is C.", + "532": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to go for a walk with a dog is 13 minutes.\n13 seconds is too fast. The answer is B.", + "533": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "534": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two drops of honey are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the drop of honey with more thermal energy has a higher temperature. The answer is B.", + "536": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the flamingo.\nLong legs help the flamingo keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe Eurasian spoonbill has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.\nThe kookaburra has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The kookaburra uses its legs to walk and perch. The answer is B.", + "539": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nThere are usually more days with low air pressure than high air pressure where Martha lives.\nAir pressure is caused by the weight of the air in the atmosphere. When the air pressure is low, the sky is usually cloudy.\nThe passage tells you about the usual pattern of air pressure where Martha lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is B.", + "541": "Sandstone forms from layers of sand. Sand is a type of sediment. It is found in places like deserts.\nSand is a type of sediment. Sediments are pieces of rock that have been broken down into smaller pieces. Some sediments, such as sand, are deposited in places like riverbeds. Other sediments, such as rocks, are formed when layers of sediment are pressed together to make rock.\nSandstone is a rock that forms from layers of sand. The answer is A.", + "543": "Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words wife and life rhyme. They both end with the ive sound.\nThe word swim does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound. The answer is B.", + "550": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Hari's genotype for the coat pattern gene is aa. Hari's genotype of aa has only a alleles. The a allele is for a spotted coat. So, Hari's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be a spotted coat.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Hari's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a spotted coat (a) is recessive to the allele for a black coat (A). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nHari's genotype of aa has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Hari's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be a spotted coat. The answer is B.", + "552": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.\nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.\nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities. The answer is A.", + "554": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two mugs of cocoa have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 155\u00b0F mug of cocoa is hotter than the 115\u00b0F mug of cocoa, it has more thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "557": "A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Ken, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Ken down with a force of 400 N.\nThe diving board is pushing Ken up with a force of 400 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Ken. The answer is B.", + "573": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nA million dollars is an exaggeration, since it is unlikely that a laptop could possibly cost a million dollars. The answer is B.", + "576": "A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Each force acts on an object in a certain direction. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, they are called opposing forces. Find the direction Rusty pulls on the toy.\nTwo dogs, Rusty and Coco, play with a toy. Think about two of the forces that act on the toy:\nCoco pulls toward herself.\nRusty pulls away from Coco.\nThe text tells you that Rusty pulls away from Coco. The opposite direction is toward Coco. So, the direction of the opposing force is toward Coco. The answer is B.", + "577": "Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii. The answer is C.", + "584": "Olympia is the capital of Washington. The answer is C.", + "593": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 18 miles.\n18 inches and 18 yards are both too short. The answer is C.", + "595": "A force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the backpack that is heavier.\nA backpack carrying 9 pounds is heavier than a backpack carrying 6 pounds. So, the backpack carrying 9 pounds needs to be pulled with a larger force to start rolling at the same speed as the other backpack. The answer is A.", + "600": "Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?\nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.\nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.\nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.\nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. \nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.\nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:\nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes\nYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:\nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4 The answer is A.", + "603": "Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma. The answer is B.", + "605": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "612": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the article.\nAbby was surprised when the article said that at least one-third of American adults get less than seven hours of sleep each night. The answer is B.", + "614": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince radio is between the guide words rescue - road, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "616": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Most humans can hear many different sounds. Hearing is an inherited trait.\nChildren do not need to learn how to hear. They are born knowing how to hear. The answer is A.", + "617": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of a pot of boiling water is 100\u00b0C.\n100\u00b0F is too hot. The answer is B.", + "621": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that increased park funding was responsible for an increase in littering. However, even though littering increased after funding to parks was increased, that doesn't necessarily mean that the funding was responsible. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation. The answer is A.", + "627": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether hydrogen is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that a molecule of hydrogen is composed of one hydrogen atom. So, hydrogen is an elementary substance. The answer is A.", + "632": "The colony is South Carolina. The answer is B.", + "640": "Topeka is the capital of Kansas. The answer is C.", + "641": "When a person's body is damaged, the body can often heal itself. But sometimes, disease or injury can cause damage that is too severe to heal. When a limb is too severely damaged to heal, it may need to be amputated, or removed.\nFor example, a doctor can treat an infected limb with medicine. But if the infection does not go away, it can spread to the rest of the person's body. To stop the infection from spreading, the infected limb may need to be amputated.\nIn other cases, when a limb is badly injured, the skin, bones, muscles, and nerves may be severely damaged. If the damaged tissue cannot heal, it may die. The severely damaged or dead tissue then needs to be amputated.\nAfter an accident, the limb is too badly injured to heal.\nThe limb has healed from a serious disease. The answer is A.", + "645": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa. The answer is B.", + "667": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "670": "Carson City is the capital of Nevada. The answer is C.", + "671": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nCouldn't find the time means couldn't find his missing watch. The answer is B.", + "674": "The colony is Maryland. The answer is B.", + "686": "Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico. The answer is B.", + "689": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nNever say never at first appears to be contradictory: by saying the phrase itself, you have already said never. However, it contains some truth: people often change their minds as they age and so should not rule anything out by saying never. The answer is A.", + "691": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America. The answer is C.", + "693": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is A.", + "694": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, snowy day is 22\u00b0F.\n22\u00b0C is too hot. The answer is A.", + "730": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the chimpanzee.\nThe chimpanzee uses its long limbs to reach branches while climbing. It uses its fingers and toes to grab the branches.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe three-toed sloth has long limbs with fingers and toes. Its limbs are adapted for climbing trees.\nThe sea turtle has flippers. Its limbs are not adapted for climbing trees. The sea turtle uses its flippers to swim underwater. The answer is A.", + "734": "When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.\nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.\nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...\nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affected\nMutualistic | benefits | benefits\nParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When a rat tapeworm attaches itself to a rat's intestine, the tapeworm gets a safe place to live and grow. So, the tapeworm benefits from its relationship with the rat.\nThe rat is weakened by the tapeworm's attachment. So, the rat is harmed by its relationship with the tapeworm.\nSince the tapeworm benefits and the rat is harmed, a parasitic relationship is formed when a rat tapeworm attaches itself to a rat's intestine. The answer is A.", + "739": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two blocks of iron have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 135\u00b0C block is hotter than the 110\u00b0C block, it has more thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "741": "Sacramento is the capital of California. The answer is B.", + "751": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. The wet glue is not salty.\nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. All three objects are sticky.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The wet glue is not scratchy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is sticky. The answer is C.", + "752": "A food web is a model.\nModels can make things in nature easier to understand. Models can be simpler than the things they represent. A food web is a model that shows where living things in an ecosystem get their food. If a food web showed every living thing in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some living things in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one living thing to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one living thing eats another living thing. An arrow starts from the living thing that is eaten. The arrow points to the living thing that is doing the eating.\nA living thing in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the living thing is eaten by more than one other living thing in the food web.\nA living thing in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the living thing eats more than one other living thing in the food web. Decomposers help break down dead living things into simpler matter, such as nutrients. These nutrients can then help plants and other living things grow. In a food web, there is an arrow pointing from another living thing to a decomposer. There are no arrows pointing from a decomposer to another living thing.\nThe kelp has arrows pointing from it. So, the kelp is not a decomposer.\nThe bat star does not have arrows pointing from it to other living things. So, the bat star is a decomposer. The answer is B.", + "754": "Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of marble match the properties of a rock. So, marble is a rock. The answer is A.", + "763": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether ethane is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that a molecule of ethane is composed of eight hydrogen atoms and two carbon atoms bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that ethane is composed of two chemical elements: hydrogen and carbon. Since ethane is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, ethane is a compound. The answer is B.", + "764": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "769": "Mix doesn't belong.\nStir, chop, and blend all name ways to mix things together. The answer is D.", + "781": "Providence is the capital of Rhode Island. The answer is C.", + "785": "An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.\nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.\nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Gavia immer is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.\nSo, Gavia immer is the scientific name. The answer is A.", + "788": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Oregon is farthest west. The answer is D.", + "795": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "814": "People do not have to live with an amputated limb. They can still do many things, including walking, cooking, and even playing sports. The answer is B.", + "816": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pink is between the guide words parrot - property, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "824": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.\nRonald shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nThe second text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.\nRonald shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "827": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The paper and the glass are not slippery.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.\nYellow is a color.\nThis color is yellow. All three objects are yellow.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is yellow. The answer is C.", + "828": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the following statements describe the Cape Breton Highlands National Park ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has long, cold winters and short, cool summers. It has many evergreen trees. The following statement does not describe Cape Breton Highlands National Park: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. The answer is B.", + "834": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "840": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince nor is between the guide words nap - neither, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "841": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the lichen.\nThe only arrow pointing to the short-tailed weasel starts from the brown lemming. The only arrow pointing to the brown lemming starts from the bilberry. The bilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the lichen to the short-tailed weasel.There is one path matter can take from the lichen to the mushroom: lichen->barren-ground caribou->mushroom. There are two paths matter can take from the lichen to the rough-legged hawk: lichen->barren-ground caribou->rough-legged hawk. lichen->barren-ground caribou->mushroom->rough-legged hawk. brown lemming. The brown lemming has two arrows pointing to it. These arrows start from the bilberry and the bear sedge. The bear sedge does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the lichen to the brown lemming.. There is one path matter can take from the lichen to the bilberry: lichen->barren-ground caribou->bilberry. The answer is E.", + "843": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is A.", + "845": "Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word complained. It describes the washing machine as if it were a grumpy, overworked person. The answer is A.", + "849": "The colony is New York.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony. The answer is C.", + "851": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Bryant wants or needs:\nBryant will spend more money. Plane tickets for Bryant to get to Connecticut are more expensive than tickets to Iowa. The answer is A.", + "856": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to her scooter or Mr. McDowell's car.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the scooter.\nWhen Becky parked her scooter next to Mr. McDowell's car, she noticed that the scooter had a flat tire. The answer is B.", + "865": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the common nighthawk.\nThe common nighthawk has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects. The common nighthawk uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe barn swallow has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.\nThe hanging parrot has a small hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The hanging parrot uses its beak to eat fruit and seeds. The answer is A.", + "868": "Benjamin Franklin was born in 1706. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts.\nAmericans celebrate Benjamin Franklin's birthday on January 17. This is because he was born on January 17, 1706. The answer is D.", + "878": "Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nCrustaceans have the following traits:\nThey have two pairs of antennae.\nThey have an exoskeleton.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA blue crab has the following traits:\nIt has two pairs of antennae.\nIt has an exoskeleton.\nA blue crab has the traits of a crustacean. A blue crab is a crustacean.\nAn earthworm has the following traits:\nIt does not have two pairs of antennae.\nIt does not have an exoskeleton.\nAn earthworm does not have the traits of a crustacean. An earthworm is a roundworm. The answer is B.", + "879": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature. The answer is B.", + "880": "Hartford is the capital of Connecticut. The answer is D.", + "886": "Columbus is the capital of Ohio. The answer is D.", + "888": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "898": "Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of dolerite match the properties of a rock. So, dolerite is a rock. The answer is B.", + "900": "Evidence is information that tells you something happened.\nHow do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?\nThere are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change.\nHere are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:\nCause of the change | Evidence of the change\nearthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofs\nvolcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the ground\nerosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mud\nBe careful when you are looking for evidence!\nA picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not!\nFor example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.\n The answer is B.", + "901": "The United States has a system of government called federalism. This system is based on the idea that the government of the United States is a union of states. Each state has its own government, and the governments of the states work together to form the government of the United States.\nIn the United States, there are two types of government. The national government, or federal government, is responsible for protecting the rights of the people of the United States. The state governments are responsible for dealing with local issues.\nThe national government has a court system called the federal court system. The federal court system works with the state court systems to decide cases that involve federal law.\nThe judicial branch of the United States is made up of the federal court system. The federal court system has many different courts. The highest court in the federal court system is the Supreme Court.\nThe Supreme Court has the final say in deciding which cases the court will hear. The Supreme Court has the final say in deciding which cases are appealed to it. The Supreme Court has the final say in deciding which cases are decided in the federal court system.\nThe answer is B.", + "905": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Mia wants or needs:\nMia will give up the chance to wear the costume she is more excited about. The answer is A.", + "908": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction although.\nAlthough she left her house early, Cara barely made it to the train station in time. The answer is B.", + "909": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is A.", + "913": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.\nAs a teacher of American history, Mr. McDowell tries to remain disinterested when discussing controversial issues, giving equal attention and consideration to each major viewpoint.\nThe second text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.\nAs an experienced teacher of American history, Mr. McDowell believes that playing history-based trivia games will revive even the most disinterested of students.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "916": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.\nFelipe VI is the king of Spain.\nIt can be proved by looking at a picture of the Spanish royal family or by reading a news article about the king.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nIt is bad for a country to have a king or queen.\nBad shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is bad or not. The answer is B.", + "918": "Austen wanted broccoli in his lunch and Naomi was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nAusten has tomatoes. Naomi has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is B.", + "923": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Icarus is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, Icarus's father Daedalus built wings for his son but warned him not to fly too high. Too excited to heed his father's advice, Icarus flew so close to the sun that his wings melted and he fell from the sky.\nThe allusion Icarus means an overconfident person who ignores his or her limitations. The answer is B.", + "926": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is B.", + "932": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "936": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nWell-fed is an indirect way of saying overweight. The answer is B.", + "945": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Consumers eat other organisms. So, there are arrows in a food web that point from other organisms to consumers.\nThe lichen has arrows pointing to it from the barren-ground caribou and the mushroom. So, the lichen is a consumer.\nThe mushroom has an arrow pointing to it from the lichen. So, the mushroom is a consumer.\nThe grizzly bear has an arrow pointing to it from the bilberry. The bilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the grizzly bear is not a consumer. The answer is B.", + "952": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles. The answer is B.", + "953": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. In the story, a giant hid a bag of gold and jewels is a complete sentence. The subject is a giant, and the verb is hid. The answer is A.", + "957": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a freezer is 15\u00b0F.\n15\u00b0C is too hot. The answer is A.", + "962": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Casanova is history.\nThe autobiography of Giovanni Giacomo Casanova, an eighteenth-century Italian adventurer, details and perhaps exaggerates his amorous adventures and success with women.\nThe allusion Casanova means a womanizer. The answer is A.", + "964": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "971": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses alliteration, the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nClasps, crooked, close, sun, and lands alliterate. The answer is B.", + "973": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that nuclear power plants are a threat to the stability and safety of the world because they use fission. However, the fact that nuclear power plants use fission doesn't necessarily mean that they are a threat. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning. The answer is A.", + "982": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two basketballs are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter basketball has more thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "991": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is A.", + "993": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nIt was partly cloudy in the Canary Islands last Tuesday.\nThis passage tells you about the clouds in the Canary Islands on Tuesday. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is A.", + "1002": "This country is Haiti.\nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?\nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve. The answer is A.", + "1004": "In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word of is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is The Adventures of Chuck and Friends. The answer is A.", + "1009": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature. The answer is C.", + "1014": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles. The answer is C.", + "1029": "The colony is Pennsylvania. The answer is A.", + "1041": "Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii. The answer is C.", + "1043": "Every living thing needs food to stay alive. Living things get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how living things in an ecosystem get their food.\nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.\nConsumers eat other living things. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the yucca moth is a consumer because it eats another living thing. The yucca moth in this food chain eats the yucca plant. The answer is B.", + "1044": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion a rose by any other name is Shakespeare.\nIn Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the two central characters are denied their love because they belong to warring families, the Montagues and Capulets. Juliet wonders how a mere family name can make someone an enemy, observing that a rose would smell sweet no matter what its name.\nThe allusion a rose by any other name means something so special that what it's called seems unimportant. The answer is A.", + "1049": "Frankfort is the capital of Kentucky. The answer is B.", + "1050": "In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.\nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.\n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants\nHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many\nDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes\nCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes\nPolytrichum commune is a plant. Plant cells can make their own food. Plant cells make food using photosynthesis. The answer is A.", + "1056": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nA slice of banana turning brown is a chemical change. The part of the banana in contact with the air reacts with oxygen and turns into a different type of matter.\nCooking chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nCooking is caused by heating. But a slice of banana turning brown is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is B.", + "1064": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A woodpecker is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nWoodpeckers have strong beaks. They use their beaks to drill into wood to hunt for food.\nA brown tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches. The answer is A.", + "1079": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is C.", + "1082": "In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word in is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is The Fresno Bee. The answer is A.", + "1083": "Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words job and sob rhyme. They both end with the ob sound.\nThe word bib does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound. The answer is A.", + "1088": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that city people are rude, because the speaker went to a city and found that people were rude. However, this isn't necessarily true. The behavior of a few people in a city does not necessarily reflect the behavior of all people in the city. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization. The answer is C.", + "1089": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement that shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence. The answer is B.", + "1093": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "1095": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play tennis. Instead, some people learn how to play tennis. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing tennis is an acquired trait. The answer is B.", + "1098": "The Sixth Amendment says that all criminal trials must be speedy and public. It also says that anyone accused of a crime has the right to get help from a lawyer. A lawyer is a person trained in the law. If someone cannot afford to hire a lawyer, the government will pay for one. Usually these lawyers are called public defenders. There are more than 15,000 public defenders in the United States. They defend people in millions of criminal cases every year. Part of the text of the Sixth Amendment is below. Notice the phrases \"speedy and public trial\" and \"assistance of counsel.\" Does the text mention any other rules for trials? In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed. . .and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. The answer is C.", + "1113": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Blossom's genotype for the coat color gene is ll. Blossom's genotype of ll has only l alleles. The l allele is for a reddish-brown coat. So, Blossom's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a reddish-brown coat.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Blossom's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a black coat (L) is dominant over the allele for a reddish-brown coat (l). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nBlossom's genotype of ll has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Blossom's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a reddish-brown coat. The answer is B.", + "1114": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to slide down a slide is 3 seconds.\n3 minutes is too slow. The answer is A.", + "1123": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance copper.\nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. The color of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend. Use the model to determine whether beryllium is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:\n. The legend shows that green represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol Be. So, the model shows you that beryllium is composed of one chemical element.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that beryllium is composed of only one chemical element. So, beryllium is an elementary substance. The answer is A.", + "1128": "Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. An ivy is a plant. It has star-shaped leaves.\nIvy grows up trees and can climb using its leaves.\nA water buffalo is an animal. It eats plants.\nWater buffalo live near water. They can live near rivers or swamps.\nA hippopotamus is an animal. It eats plants.\nHippopotamuses keep cool in the mud.\nAn alligator is an animal. It eats animals.\nAlligators hunt in the night. They wait in the water and grab their prey with their jaws. The answer is B.", + "1131": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence. The answer is A.", + "1134": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a passenger helicopter is 4 tons.\n4 ounces and 4 pounds are both too light. The answer is C.", + "1135": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is C.", + "1137": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "1139": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is B.", + "1153": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a kitchen sink is 13 gallons.\n13 fluid ounces and 13 cups are both too little. The answer is A.", + "1165": "Boston is the capital of Massachusetts. The answer is B.", + "1174": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince come is between the guide words clover - cry, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "1179": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nTisha's little brother looked a little sick after eating mounds of candy and then going on the nauseous rides at the state fair.\nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nTisha's little brother looked a little nauseous after eating mounds of candy and then going on the dizzying rides at the state fair.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard. The answer is B.", + "1203": "When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.\nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.\nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. This organism's scientific name refers to P. M. A. Morelet, the French naturalist who first identified the crocodile in 1850.\nThe word moreletii refers to P. M. A. Morelet. So, the Morelet's crocodile's scientific name is Crocodylus moreletii. The answer is A.", + "1206": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden. The answer is A.", + "1208": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the flower vase.\nThe flower vase is made of glass.\nGlass is a clear, breakable material. Some clear materials are water and a clear type of plastic. Look around the house for things that are made of glass.\nA glass bottle is a common item. Many people recycle glass bottles.\nThere are also glass bowls and glass plates. The answer is B.", + "1211": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "1212": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (took, went).\nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall. The answer is B.", + "1221": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A trapdoor spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nLike other spiders, a trapdoor spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA birdwing butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a birdwing butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA wombat is a mammal. Like other mammals, a wombat is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA forest scorpion is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. The answer is D.", + "1222": "Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.\nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).\nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is B.", + "1223": "Topeka is the capital of Kansas. The answer is D.", + "1224": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nAn opaque object does not let light through. All three objects are opaque.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. None of the objects are fragile.\nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The paper notebook is not translucent.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is opaque. The answer is B.", + "1226": "Look at the table and images.\nTurner wants broccoli. Mona wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is A.", + "1228": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The fish bowl is transparent.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The fish bowl is not stretchy. The answer is B.", + "1231": "This country is Australia.\nIs Australia a country or a continent?\nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead. The answer is B.", + "1232": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is C.", + "1234": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince slide is between the guide words satisfy - suggest, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "1237": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince brilliant is between the guide words bookcase - burden, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "1244": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nBlue Nile Falls is in Ethiopia. The winds in this part of Africa usually blow from the southeast.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns in Ethiopia. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is A.", + "1247": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the egg carton.\nThe egg carton is made of styrofoam.\nStyrofoam is a strong material that keeps the eggs from breaking. The answer is B.", + "1251": "Tallahassee is the capital of Florida. The answer is D.", + "1252": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Jim is capitalized because it is a proper noun. The answer is A.", + "1253": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "1259": "This country is Tuvalu. The answer is C.", + "1268": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a bottle of nail polish is 11 milliliters.\n11 liters is too much. The answer is B.", + "1269": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All three objects are shiny.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None of the objects are fuzzy.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. None of the objects are blue.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is shiny. The answer is A.", + "1281": "The colony is Maryland. The answer is A.", + "1282": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of a cold glass of water is 3\u00b0C.\n3\u00b0F is too cold. The answer is A.", + "1286": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nA piece of pizza rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the pizza breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.\nBurning a candle is a chemical change. Both the wick and the melted wax burn. They react with oxygen in the air and turn into soot, carbon dioxide, and water.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBurning is caused by heating. But a piece of pizza rotting is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is B.", + "1289": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Louisiana is farthest east. The answer is B.", + "1301": "This country is Cuba.\nDoes Cuba have any territorial disputes?\nCuba claims to own Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nThe United States controls the area and uses it as a military base and prison. A treaty in 1903 gave the U.S. the right to rent the land from Cuba. But today, Cuba says that it had no choice but to accept the treaty. It wants the United States to leave the area and does not accept the rent money sent by the United States each year. The answer is B.", + "1304": "To describe the average temperature trends in Rome, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.\nThe average temperatures in July and August are around 23\u00b0C. These months have the highest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are the hottest months on average. The answer is B.", + "1309": "The colony is Rhode Island. The answer is B.", + "1314": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Pygmalion is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, Pygmalion was a sculptor who fell in love with a woman he had sculpted.\nThe allusion Pygmalion means a person who is overly fond of a particular person. The answer is A.", + "1315": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the cougar.\nThe cougar has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat. The cougar uses its large mouth to grab its prey. It uses its sharp teeth to cut up the meat of the prey into pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe tiger has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat.\nThe marmot has a small, narrow mouth. Its mouth is not adapted to tear through meat. The marmot uses its mouth to eat grass and plants. The answer is A.", + "1320": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "1326": "Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. The water in a sink is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.\nIf you move the water from a sink into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space. The answer is A.", + "1338": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Gina must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Gina's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Gina does, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association. The answer is B.", + "1339": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.\nMia adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.\nThe second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is old, but it is not actually a million years old.\nMia adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect. The answer is A.", + "1340": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, harm. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is B.", + "1355": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up. The answer is A.", + "1359": "Annapolis is the capital of Maryland. The answer is C.", + "1360": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that video games caused an increase in computer science PhDs. However, this isn't necessarily true. The popularity of video games may have contributed to the increase, but there may have been other factors at work. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation. The answer is C.", + "1370": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A short story should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Pigs Is Pigs.\" The answer is B.", + "1378": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence. The answer is A.", + "1382": "This country is Palau. The answer is A.", + "1387": "Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah. The answer is C.", + "1389": "Trenton is the capital of New Jersey. The answer is D.", + "1392": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Decomposers help break down dead organisms into simpler matter, such as nutrients. These nutrients can then help plants and other organisms grow. In a food web, there is an arrow pointing from another organism to a decomposer. There are no arrows pointing from a decomposer to another organism.\nThe green algae does not have arrows pointing from it to other organisms. So, the green algae is a decomposer.\nThe water mold has arrows pointing from it. So, the water mold is not a decomposer.\nThe golden algae does not have arrows pointing from it to other organisms. So, the golden algae is a decomposer.\nThe rotter has arrows pointing from it. So, the rotter is not a decomposer. The answer is A.", + "1395": "Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A chameleon is an animal. It walks and climbs.\nChameleons eat insects. They use their long, sticky tongues to catch their prey.\nA giant water lily is a plant. It can grow big flowers.\nGiant water lilies grow in the Amazon river in South America. The answer is B.", + "1396": "Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nReptiles have the following traits:\nThey have scaly, waterproof skin.\nThey make eggs with shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA salmon has the following traits:\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nA salmon does not have all of the traits of a reptile. A salmon is a fish.\nA common snapping turtle has the following traits:\nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA common snapping turtle has the traits of a reptile. A common snapping turtle is a reptile. The answer is A.", + "1400": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A North American beaver's scientific name is Castor canadensis. The first word of its scientific name is Castor.\nCastor fiber is in the genus Castor. The first word of its scientific name is Castor. So, Castor fiber and Castor canadensis are in the same genus.\nGoura scheepmakeri is in the genus Goura. The first word of its scientific name is Goura. So, Goura scheepmakeri and Castor canadensis are not in the same genus.\nCervus canadensis and Castor canadensis are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Cervus canadensis and Castor canadensis have the same species name within their genus, canadensis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Cervus canadensis is in the genus Cervus, and Castor canadensis is in the genus Castor. The answer is B.", + "1411": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of a hot day in the desert is 45\u00b0C.\n45\u00b0F is too cold. The answer is B.", + "1412": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the polar bear.\nThe polar bear has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nDuring the winter, the Arctic hare has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.\nThe camel has sand-colored fur covering its skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The answer is A.", + "1421": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is A.", + "1431": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean. The answer is B.", + "1445": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is B.", + "1454": "When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.\nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.\nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...\nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affected\nMutualistic | benefits | benefits\nParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When a bristle worm lives on a white sea urchin, the worm benefits from the spines' protection. So, a commensal relationship is formed. The answer is B.", + "1463": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two baked potatoes have the same temperature and are made of the same type of matter. So, the baked potato with more mass has more thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "1468": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Kinsley's eyes, so it didn't fit her well at all. The answer is B.", + "1469": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a hammer is 25 centimeters.\n25 meters is too long. The answer is A.", + "1473": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Joe Di Maggio or Willie Mays.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Mays.\nAccording to Rebecca, Willie Mays hit 660 career home runs, although Joe DiMaggio had a higher batting average. She said that Mays is her favorite player. The answer is A.", + "1477": "Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nLimestone is a rock.\nA brick is made in a factory. But all rocks are formed in nature.\nSo, a brick is not a rock.\nGranodiorite is a rock. The answer is B.", + "1491": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "1501": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. He won't get lost I will give him directions is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: He won't get lost and I will give him directions. The answer is B.", + "1503": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The rubber duck and the ball of wet clay are not rough.\nYellow is a color.\nThis color is yellow. All three objects are yellow.\nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. The rubber duck and the ball of wet clay are not sticky.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is yellow. The answer is B.", + "1514": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "1515": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Georgia is farthest east. The answer is A.", + "1518": "An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.\nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.\nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Carcharodon carcharias is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.\nSo, Carcharodon carcharias is the scientific name. The answer is A.", + "1526": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.\nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Christchurch, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nMay has an average monthly precipitation of about 70 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, May is the wettest month on average. The answer is C.", + "1529": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "1531": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two mugs of cider are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the mug of cider with less thermal energy has a lower temperature. The answer is A.", + "1532": "Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. An olive toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nGreat white sharks can live for up to 70 years.\nAn American alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nAlligators live in and around water. They can live near ponds, rivers, marshes, and lakes.\nA western gorilla is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nGorillas live in groups called troops. The largest male in the troop is usually the leader. The answer is C.", + "1533": "A pet is an animal.\nA pet lives with people.\nYou have to feed a pet. The answer is A.", + "1540": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Ms. Thompson thinks algebra is useless because she would let students take statistics instead. However, Ms. Thompson only claimed that students should be allowed to take statistics instead of algebra. She did not suggest that algebra is a useless subject. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man. The answer is C.", + "1550": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "1551": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is A.", + "1558": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Southern Ocean.\nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude. The answer is A.", + "1569": "Denver is the capital of Colorado. The answer is B.", + "1571": "A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.\nWe called a taxi for Mr. McClure. Whose car was towed from the no-parking zone in front of the firehouse.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nWe called a taxi for Mr. McClure, whose car was towed from the no-parking zone in front of the firehouse. The answer is A.", + "1572": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is B.", + "1582": "This country is New Zealand. The answer is C.", + "1584": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.\nAs a teacher of American history, Mr. Gordon tries to remain disinterested when discussing controversial issues, giving equal attention and consideration to each major viewpoint.\nThe second text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.\nAs an experienced teacher of American history, Mr. Gordon believes that playing history-based trivia games will revive even the most disinterested of students.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "1586": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Missouri is farthest south. The answer is A.", + "1590": "The city is Nashville, Tennessee. Oklahoma City, Miami, and Atlanta are marked with gray circles on the map below. The answer is C.", + "1592": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Zeke's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Zeke's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job. The answer is B.", + "1598": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is C.", + "1605": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A poem should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"The Mountain and the Squirrel.\" The answer is A.", + "1606": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince beauty is between the guide words blame - bunk, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "1608": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Jasper won the school costume contest, his mom felt proud is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Jasper won the school costume contest and His mom felt proud. The answer is B.", + "1612": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince shred is between the guide words slate - strong, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "1615": "The answer is D.", + "1618": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is A.", + "1621": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nBaking cookies is a chemical change. The type of matter in the cookie dough changes when it is baked. The cookie dough turns into cookies!\nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nWater evaporating is a physical change. But baking cookies is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBaking cookies is a chemical change. But water evaporating from a puddle is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is C.", + "1626": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of an ear of corn is 12 ounces.\n12 pounds and 12 tons are both too heavy. The answer is C.", + "1628": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the bat star.\nThe only arrow pointing from the sea otter leads to the orca. The only arrow pointing from the orca leads to the sea cucumber. No arrows point from the sea cucumber to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the sea otter to the bat star.\nThe only arrow pointing from the phytoplankton leads to the zooplankton. The only arrow pointing from the zooplankton leads to the plainfin midshipman. No arrows point from the plainfin midshipman to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the phytoplankton to the bat star. There is one path matter can take from the sea cucumber to the bat star: sea cucumber->sea otter->orca->bat star. There is one path matter can take from the zooplankton to the bat star: zooplankton->plainfin midshipman->bat star. The answer is A.", + "1632": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince other is not between the guide words occur - oil, it would not be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "1633": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "1637": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information. The answer is B.", + "1640": "Sacramento is the capital of California. The answer is A.", + "1650": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Laura Ellis is responsible for the decline in student performance and teacher morale. However, even though things declined after Ellis became vice president of the parent-teacher association, that doesn't necessarily mean that she caused the downturn. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation. The answer is B.", + "1654": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of an eraser is 2 ounces.\n2 pounds and 2 tons are both too heavy. The answer is B.", + "1669": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America. The answer is C.", + "1672": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "1674": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.\nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.\nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3.\nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12\nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15\n To decide which four planets are the smallest, look at the volumes and compare the exponents. The volumes of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars have the smallest exponents. So, these four planets are the smallest.\nThese four planets are made mainly of rock. So, of the four smallest planets, none are made mainly of gas. The answer is A.", + "1696": "Denver is the capital of Colorado. The answer is A.", + "1702": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "1703": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nErosion caused by wind is a physical change. The wind carries away tiny pieces of rock. But the pieces of rock do not become a different type of matter.\nIce melting in a cup is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The solid ice becomes liquid, but it is still made of water.\nThe links below will take you to pages that describe each change in more detail.\nErosion caused by wind: \nIce melting in a cup: \nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nIce melting is caused by heating. But erosion is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is D.", + "1708": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Scarlett has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations. The answer is A.", + "1714": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.\nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.\n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a normal-sized body or a dwarf body, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the body size trait. The question tells you that the b allele, which is for a dwarf body, is recessive to the B allele, which is for a normal-sized body.\nA normal-sized body is the dominant allele's version of the body size trait. A rat with the dominant version of the body size trait must have at least one dominant allele for the body size gene. So, offspring with a normal-sized body must have the genotype BB or Bb.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype BB or Bb.\nA dwarf body is the recessive allele's version of the body size trait. A rat with the recessive version of the body size trait must have only recessive alleles for the body size gene. So, offspring with a dwarf body must have the genotype bb.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype bb.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with a normal-sized body to offspring with a dwarf body is 4:0. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will always produce offspring with a normal-sized body. This cross is expected to never produce offspring with a dwarf body. The answer is B.", + "1717": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an apple is 100 grams.\n100 kilograms is too heavy. The answer is A.", + "1719": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.\nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A water buffalo is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nWater buffaloes live in Asia. Some people raise water buffaloes for their milk.\nA penguin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nPenguins live near water. Penguins cannot fly! They use their wings to swim.\nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nGreat white sharks can live for up to 70 years.\nA poison dart frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nPoison dart frogs come in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous. The answer is C.", + "1721": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two bottles of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 10\u00b0C bottle of water is colder than the 20\u00b0C bottle of water, it has less thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "1723": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Alvin's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Alvin's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job. The answer is A.", + "1729": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, invited. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened. The answer is A.", + "1738": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the memory card or the digital camera.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the card.\nEmma took the memory card out of the digital camera and put the card in her desk drawer. The answer is A.", + "1752": "Look at the table and images.\nClara wants broccoli. Harry wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "1757": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion prodigal son is the Bible.\nIn a Biblical parable, the prodigal son irresponsibly spends the inheritance given to him by his father. When he returns home, he expects to be shamed, but his father forgives him.\nThe allusion prodigal son means a person who behaves recklessly but later makes a repentant return. The answer is B.", + "1760": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.\nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The dill pickle is not stretchy.\nA lemon has a sour taste. Both objects are sour.\nThe property that both objects have in common is sour. The answer is A.", + "1762": "The colony is New York.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony. The answer is C.", + "1765": "The colony is Virginia.\nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony. The answer is B.", + "1769": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, needs. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is B.", + "1773": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "1774": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is B.", + "1779": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "1784": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nA piece of a pear turning brown is a chemical change. The substances in the pear react with oxygen in the air and turn into a different type of matter.\nAcid rain weathering a marble statue is a chemical change. The acid rain reacts with the outside of the statue and breaks it down into a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is A.", + "1803": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is C.", + "1816": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Omnivores are consumers that eat both producers and other consumers. So, an omnivore has arrows pointing to it from at least one producer and at least one consumer.\nThe silver maple does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the silver maple is not an omnivore.\nThe gray fox has an arrow pointing to it from the persimmon tree, which is a producer. The gray fox also has an arrow pointing to it from the swallowtail caterpillar, which is a consumer. The gray fox eats a producer and a consumer, so it is an omnivore.\nThe black racer has an arrow pointing to it from the pine vole, which is a consumer. The black racer also has an arrow pointing to it from the persimmon tree, which is a producer. The black racer eats a producer and a consumer, so it is an omnivore.\nThe black bear has an arrow pointing to it from the persimmon tree, which is a producer. The black bear also has arrows pointing to it from the swallowtail caterpillar and the beaver, which are consumers. The black bear eats a producer and consumers, so it is an omnivore.\nThe black bear is an omnivore. It eats both producers and consumers. The answer is D.", + "1829": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nAfter a parrotfish eats algae-covered coral, the coral travels through the fish's digestive system, and then it is deposited in the reef as white coral sand. The answer is A.", + "1848": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nPlants making food is a chemical change. Plants use energy from sunlight to change air and water into food. The food is sugar. Sugar is a different type of matter than air or water.\nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is B.", + "1857": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nAn opaque object does not let light through. All four objects are opaque.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The ball of wet clay is fragile, but the metal nail, the tin foil, and the bottle are not.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The tin foil is smooth, but the ball of wet clay is not.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is opaque. The answer is A.", + "1874": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is B.", + "1878": "An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.\nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:\nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, or\nremaining motionless.\nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:\nspeeding up,\nslowing down, or\nchanging direction. The mango is remaining motionless. So, the mango has a constant velocity. The answer is A.", + "1879": "Look at the table and images.\nReid wants broccoli. Daniel wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is C.", + "1883": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The ceramic mug is fragile.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The ceramic mug is not flexible. The answer is B.", + "1888": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Hampton College is better than Greenpoint University because Hampton College receives more applications. However, the popularity of a school does not necessarily indicate its quality. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy. The answer is C.", + "1891": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Circles the date on her wall calendar is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. The answer is B.", + "1894": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a human front tooth is 14 millimeters.\n14 centimeters, 14 meters, and 14 kilometers are all too long. The answer is B.", + "1907": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait. The answer is B.", + "1908": "According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Nicole's foot is pushing on the gas pedal. So, Newton's third law tells you that the gas pedal is pushing on Nicole's foot. The answer is B.", + "1914": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "1916": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.\nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA lemon has a sour taste. Both objects are sour.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. The lime is not blue.\nThe property that both objects have in common is sour. The answer is A.", + "1921": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Minnie's observable version of the whisker type trait is straight whiskers. So, Minnie's phenotype for the whisker type trait is straight whiskers. The answer is B.", + "1926": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "1936": "A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.\nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.\nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The sled dog team pulls the sled. The direction of the pull is toward the sled dog team. The answer is B.", + "1939": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that all seafood restaurants are overpriced. However, even though one seafood restaurant was overpriced, that doesn't necessarily mean that all seafood restaurants are overpriced. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization. The answer is A.", + "1940": "This state is Indiana. The answer is D.", + "1941": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince wealthy is between the guide words wand - what, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "1948": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring last night's thunderstorm, a flurry of tiny hailstones danced across the roof of our house.\nThe second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nDuring last night's thunderstorm, a flurry of tiny hailstones danced across the roof of our house. The answer is C.", + "1949": "Humans have invented many ways to use natural resources. We use energy from natural resources in our daily activities, including cooking food, moving objects, and powering machines.\nSome ways of using natural resources for energy add to air pollution, and others do not.\nWood, oil, and coal are examples of natural resources that are fuels. Burning a fuel provides energy. But it also releases chemicals that can be harmful to our health and to the environment. These chemicals add to air pollution.\nSunlight, wind, and water are natural resources that can provide energy. Using energy from the Sun, wind, or water does not burn material. These uses of energy do not release chemicals that add to air pollution. The answer is C.", + "1950": "Christianity and Judaism originated in the same region of the world. Both religions began in the Middle East. The answer is B.", + "1951": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America. The answer is D.", + "1952": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the scarlet macaw.\nThe scarlet macaw has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The scarlet macaw uses its thick beak to crack the shell of a nut by squeezing it. The hooked shape of the beak can help the bird hold the nut in place while cracking it.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe African gray parrot has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts.\nThe white-tipped sicklebill has a long, thin, curved beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The white-tipped sicklebill uses its beak to drink nectar out of long flowers. The answer is A.", + "1955": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles. The answer is A.", + "1974": "The colony is Maryland. The answer is A.", + "1976": "Trenton is the capital of New Jersey. The answer is D.", + "1977": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a watering can is 24 cups.\n24 fluid ounces is too little and 24 gallons is too much. The answer is A.", + "1979": "Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico. The answer is B.", + "1985": "A force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the stroller that is heavier.\nA stroller holding a kid that weighs 27 pounds is heavier than a stroller holding a kid that weighs 26 pounds. So, the stroller holding the kid that weighs 27 pounds needs to be pushed with a larger force to start moving forward at the same speed as the other other stroller. The answer is A.", + "2005": "The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.\nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.\nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:\nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.\nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.\nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.\nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved. The answer is C.", + "2007": "Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:\nIt is a solid.\nIt is formed in nature.\nIt is not made by organisms.\nIt is a pure substance.\nIt has a fixed crystal structure.\nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nA mineral is not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.\nA mineral is a pure substance.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\n Sphalerite has all the properties of a mineral. So, sphalerite is a mineral. The answer is B.", + "2009": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three cups of black tea have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 154\u00b0F cup of black tea is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy. The answer is B.", + "2015": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A Eurasian beaver's scientific name is Castor fiber.\nOvis canadensis does not have the same scientific name as a Eurasian beaver. So, Castor fiber and Ovis canadensis are not in the same species.\nLontra canadensis does not have the same scientific name as a Eurasian beaver. So, Castor fiber and Lontra canadensis are not in the same species.\nCastor fiber has the same scientific name as a Eurasian beaver. So, these organisms are in the same species. The answer is A.", + "2018": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Chapman or her assistant.\nMrs. Chapman informed her assistant that she had to book a flight to Seoul immediately.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nMrs. Chapman told her assistant to book a flight to Livingston immediately. The answer is A.", + "2028": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A snowy owl's scientific name is Bubo scandiacus.\nPelecanus erythrorhynchos does not have the same scientific name as a snowy owl. So, Bubo scandiacus and Pelecanus erythrorhynchos are not in the same species.\nArdea herodias does not have the same scientific name as a snowy owl. So, Bubo scandiacus and Ardea herodias are not in the same species.\nBubo scandiacus has the same scientific name as a snowy owl. So, these organisms are in the same species. The answer is A.", + "2037": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nAn opaque object does not let light through. None of the objects are opaque.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The glass flask is not flexible.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. All three objects are transparent.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is transparent. The answer is B.", + "2038": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince wait is between the guide words whoop - wren, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "2045": "The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:\nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:\nsay that a brand has been trusted for many years\nnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrity\ninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values\nAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:\nuse graphs or charts to display information\nmention the results of scientific studies\nexplain the science behind a product or service\nAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:\ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment\nappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive\nlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to ethos, or character. It notes that the product is recommended by a respected organization. The answer is B.", + "2051": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two bananas are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the banana with less thermal energy has a lower temperature. The answer is A.", + "2055": "The colony is Rhode Island. The answer is B.", + "2073": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A gray wolf is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nWolves often live in family groups. A wolf mother, father, and their children travel together.\nA keel-billed toucan is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nToucans have large beaks. A toucan's beak can be half as long as its body. The answer is A.", + "2078": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Luca felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment. The answer is A.", + "2081": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a cement truck is 20 tons.\n20 ounces and 20 pounds are both too light. The answer is A.", + "2095": "The colony is New York.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony. The answer is B.", + "2098": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Wet paint is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour wet paint out of a can, the paint will change shape. But the wet paint will still take up the same amount of space.\nThe air inside a balloon is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a balloon expands to fill all the space in the balloon. If the balloon pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.\nA tent is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A tent keeps its shape, even when you fold it up and put it in a bag. The answer is C.", + "2107": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a sofa is 3 meters.\n3 millimeters and 3 centimeters are too short. 3 kilometers is too long. The answer is D.", + "2110": "According to the Tenth Amendment, the Constitution lists all of the powers given to the United States government. If the Constitution does not list a power, the United States government does not have that power. The powers not listed in the Constitution are held by the American people and the state governments. The answer is B.", + "2122": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince bright is not between the guide words believe - burrow, it would not be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "2125": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Barbara has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations. The answer is A.", + "2126": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Dale tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.\nLast winter, Dale took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.\nThe second text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Dale's friends were in Florida the week before.\nLast winter, Dale took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect. The answer is A.", + "2129": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is A.", + "2138": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Rebecca must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Rebecca's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Rebecca does, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association. The answer is A.", + "2141": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When several countries in the Middle East pumped less oil, the number of producers of oil went down. So, the world's overall supply of gasoline went down. The answer is B.", + "2147": "Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.\nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).\nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is B.", + "2148": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the Alexandrine parakeet.\nThe Alexandrine parakeet has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The Alexandrine parakeet uses its thick beak to crack the shell of a nut by squeezing it. The hooked shape of the beak can help the bird hold the nut in place while cracking it.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe scarlet macaw has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts.\nThe bald ibis has a long, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The bald ibis uses its beak to eat insects and worms. The answer is B.", + "2149": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Smelly is a property. A smelly material has a strong smell.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine smelling the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the toothpaste would smell more. Toothpaste has a strong smell. The answer is A.", + "2152": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "2158": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. The answer is C.", + "2163": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is C.", + "2165": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is C.", + "2173": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "2186": "The answer is C.", + "2189": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "2194": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a drinking straw is 10 inches.\n10 feet, 10 yards, and 10 miles are all too long. The answer is A.", + "2205": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Bert sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him. The answer is A.", + "2210": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is A.", + "2221": "A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.\nAt the conclusion of the War of 1812, the youngest general in the army was Winfield Scott. Whose tactical methods and regulations came to define the U.S. Army for most of the nineteenth century.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nAt the conclusion of the War of 1812, the youngest general in the army was Winfield Scott. Whose tactical methods and regulations would come to define the U.S. Army for most of the nineteenth century. The answer is A.", + "2224": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Dolly's genotype for the coat graying gene is gg. Dolly's genotype of gg has only g alleles. The g allele is for not having a graying coat. So, Dolly's phenotype for the coat graying trait must be not having a graying coat.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Dolly's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for having a graying coat (G) is dominant over the allele for not having a graying coat (g). This means G is a dominant allele, and g is a recessive allele.\nDolly's genotype of gg has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Dolly's phenotype for the coat graying trait must be not having a graying coat. The answer is A.", + "2239": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that larger houses keep people alive longer. However, this isn't necessarily true. For instance, larger houses might not make people live longer. Instead, people with larger houses may have more money, which might actually make them live longer. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation. The answer is A.", + "2244": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the antique vases.\nTo show that these tables are reserved, the manager put the antique vases on them. The answer is A.", + "2255": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Lacey is intelligent because she's smart. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning. The answer is B.", + "2259": "This country is Jamaica. The answer is A.", + "2260": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that President Townsend is an effective communicator because he communicates well. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning. The answer is B.", + "2269": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction until.\nUncle Kendrick will keep snoring until he rolls over onto his stomach. The answer is A.", + "2274": "The colony is New Hampshire.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony. The answer is C.", + "2286": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each vial increased, which means that the thermal energy of each vial increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each vial. The answer is A.", + "2289": "The answer is C.", + "2292": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Algernon has two alleles for brown fur (f). So, Algernon's genotype for the fur color gene is ff. The answer is B.", + "2297": "To stay alive, animal cells must get water and oxygen. Animal cells also produce carbon dioxide, a waste that must be removed. An animal's respiratory and circulatory systems work together to do these jobs.\nAn animal's respiratory system is made up of organs that work together to bring in oxygen gas from the environment. The respiratory system also removes carbon dioxide gas from the animal's body. Some animals have lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the air. Other animals have gills to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with water.\nAn animal's circulatory system is made up of organs that work together to move blood through its body. The heart pumps blood through blood vessels throughout the body. As blood moves through blood vessels, it delivers oxygen, nutrients from food, and water to cells. Blood also absorbs waste, including carbon dioxide. When the blood is pumped into the lungs or gills, it releases carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen. The circulatory system brings nutrients to cells. When blood is pumped into cells, it delivers nutrients like sugar and oxygen.\nThe circulatory system does not break down food into small pieces. This job is done by the digestive system. After the digestive system breaks down food, blood vessels in the intestines absorb the nutrients from the food. The blood then carries the nutrients to cells throughout the body. The answer is A.", + "2307": "The answer is C.", + "2308": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each motorboat moved for 10 hours. The motorboat that moved 150 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the lowest speed. The answer is B.", + "2309": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince tile is between the guide words tarpaulin - transport, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "2317": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "2321": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nThe windiest months on Mount Everest are November, December, and January.\nThis passage tells you about the usual wind patterns on Mount Everest. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is A.", + "2327": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the wool sweater is more flexible. If you fold wool fabric, it will not break. The answer is B.", + "2328": "Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania. The answer is B.", + "2332": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is B.", + "2343": "Arianna wanted broccoli in her lunch and Clarence was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nArianna has tomatoes. Clarence has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is B.", + "2347": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The water in a glass is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.\nIf you pour water from a glass into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space. The answer is C.", + "2349": "During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her organization by reordering sentences to keep related ideas together.\nFor example, the writer could move the underlined sentences to follow the seminar and workshop descriptions, so that all of the information about each summer session is in one place.\nI discovered my passion shortly after my freshman year. That summer, at my parents' suggestion, I attended a weeklong seminar sponsored by a local university. Although I was nervous about being the only high school student, I stretched myself and learned a lot. Through the seminar, I mastered the basics of reporting and feature writing. The following summer, I took a creative writing workshop and completed several short stories. In my school's creative writing class this year, I am sharing my stories with others and receiving helpful critiques to improve my craft. The answer is C.", + "2355": "Albany is the capital of New York. The answer is D.", + "2360": "In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.\nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.\n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants\nHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many\nDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes\nCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Bertholletia excelsa is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells. The answer is B.", + "2366": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kiera wants or needs:\nKiera will give up the chance to look at the fir tree. She thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the crocuses. The answer is B.", + "2368": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.\nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.\nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3.\nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12\nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15\n To decide which planets are larger than Earth, look at the volumes and compare the exponents. Three planets have volumes that are larger than Earth's volume. So, three-quarters of the planets are larger than Earth. The answer is B.", + "2369": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to cook. Instead, many people learn how to cook. So, cooking is an acquired trait. The answer is B.", + "2372": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the flamboyant cuttlefish.\nThe flamboyant cuttlefish has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the flamboyant cuttlefish is poisonous.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe opalescent nudibranch has stinging cells in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.\nThe lichen katydid has green and white patches on its body. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators. The answer is B.", + "2380": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.\nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Singapore, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.\nNovember, December, and January each have over 200 millimeters of precipitation. The answer is A.", + "2382": "Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of scoria match the properties of a rock. So, scoria is a rock. The answer is A.", + "2383": "Columbus is the capital of Ohio. The answer is B.", + "2384": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the gray heron.\nLong legs help the gray heron keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe painted stork has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.\nThe common kingfisher has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The common kingfisher uses its legs to walk and perch. The answer is B.", + "2388": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Paula wants or needs:\nPaula will spend more ride tickets on the scorpion than she would have spent on the flying bobsled. The answer is B.", + "2391": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.\nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:\nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes\nYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:\nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4. The answer is A.", + "2392": "According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. The fridge magnet is pulling on the paper clip. So, Newton's third law tells you that the paper clip is pulling on the fridge magnet. The answer is A.", + "2395": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest south. The answer is A.", + "2400": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is A.", + "2401": "This country is Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The answer is A.", + "2406": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a mustard bottle is 9 fluid ounces.\n9 cups and 9 gallons are both too much. The answer is C.", + "2413": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is B.", + "2418": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence. The answer is B.", + "2423": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.\nLandslides are caused by many factors, including earthquakes, storms, and volcanic eruptions, and they can occur in any U.S. state.\nIt can be proved by looking up information about landslides.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nTornadoes are scarier than other natural disasters like earthquakes, hurricanes, and volcanic eruptions.\nScarier shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which natural disaster is scarier. The answer is A.", + "2429": "Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nBirds have the following traits:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA Galapagos giant tortoise has the following traits:\nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA Galapagos giant tortoise does not have all of the traits of a bird. A Galapagos giant tortoise is a reptile.\nA common loon has the following traits:\nIt has feathers.\nIt has wings.\nIt has a beak.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA common loon has the traits of a bird. A common loon is a bird. The answer is B.", + "2432": "Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.\nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.\ndesk: short e\nkit / ten: short i / short e\nAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.\ngo: long o\nhe / ro: long e / long o\nSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.\nsky: long i\nba / by: long a / long e The word he ends with a vowel and has a long vowel sound. So, it has an open syllable. The answer is B.", + "2452": "Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. From across the room, Uncle Devin's laughter was booming thunder.\nThe words laughter and thunder are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor. The answer is B.", + "2460": "This country is Papua New Guinea.\nWhy does Papua New Guinea share its island with another country?\nPapua New Guinea takes up the eastern half of the island of New Guinea. The western half is part of Indonesia, an Asian country.\nBeginning in the 17 th century, several countries took control of different parts of the island of New Guinea. By 1922, Australia controlled the entire eastern half of the island, and the Netherlands controlled the western half. In 1963, control over the western half was transferred to Indonesia, which had just gained independence from the Netherlands. Many people in western New Guinea did not want to become part of Indonesia, though, and some people in this area are still fighting to leave Indonesia today. The eastern part gained independence from Australia in 1975 and became Papua New Guinea. The answer is B.", + "2473": "Salem is the capital of Oregon. The answer is A.", + "2479": "A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.\nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.\nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The pliers is pulling the nail. The direction of the pull is toward the pliers. The answer is A.", + "2481": "Richmond is the capital of Virginia. The answer is D.", + "2486": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, wait. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is B.", + "2494": "Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words hope and rope rhyme. They both end with the ope sound.\nThe word nose does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound. The answer is C.", + "2499": "Annapolis is the capital of Maryland. The answer is C.", + "2500": "Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word asleep. It describes the machines as if they were people who were sleeping. The answer is B.", + "2502": "Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri. The answer is C.", + "2510": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a rowboat is 4 yards.\n4 inches and 4 feet are too short. 4 miles is too long. The answer is C.", + "2513": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a parking space is 6 meters.\n6 centimeters is too short. The answer is A.", + "2523": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "2531": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nRust forming on a bike frame is a chemical change. Oxygen in the air reacts with iron in the bike frame. The outside of the frame turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.\nA penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is A.", + "2538": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Southern Ocean.\nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude. The answer is B.", + "2539": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Ivan wants or needs:\nIvan will give up the chance to be in the Theater Club. He would have had more fun in the Theater Club than in the Photography Club. The answer is A.", + "2548": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Gale has two alleles for blue body feathers (b). So, Gale's genotype for the body feather color gene is bb. The answer is A.", + "2551": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nPlop represents the sound of the phone landing in the toilet. The answer is A.", + "2552": "The answer is A.", + "2566": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nBoth poles of each magnet line up with both poles of the other magnet. The north pole of each magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is B.", + "2569": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Greenville College is better than Springtown University because Greenville College receives more applications. However, the popularity of a school does not necessarily indicate its quality. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy. The answer is B.", + "2574": "This country is Fiji. The answer is D.", + "2579": "Evidence is information that tells you something happened.\nHow do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?\nThere are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change.\nHere are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:\nCause of the change | Evidence of the change\nearthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofs\nvolcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the ground\nerosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mud\nBe careful when you are looking for evidence!\nA picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not!\nFor example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.\n The answer is A.", + "2584": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is B.", + "2585": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence. The answer is A.", + "2588": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince clever is between the guide words cheese - cover, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "2595": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that there are five planets larger than Venus: Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. There are eight planets total. Five-eighths is less than three-quarters. So, five-eighths of the planets are larger than Venus. The answer is A.", + "2597": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nYouth would be an ideal state if it came a little later in life at first appears to be contradictory, as youth and later in life are opposites. However, it contains some truth: as we get older, we sometimes wish we could turn back the clock and return to a time when we were carefree. The answer is B.", + "2604": "Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.\nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:\nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.\nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.\nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Susan investigated whether adding worms to compost containers affects how well food breaks down. The containers that did not get worms did not get worms. So, they were part of a control group. The answer is A.", + "2621": "The cello is a stringed instrument. It has a body shaped like a violin, but the bow is held between the knees. The answer is B.", + "2624": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The water pitcher is smooth, but the ice hockey rink is not.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The jello is flexible, but the ice hockey rink is not.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. The jello is not salty.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is salty. The answer is B.", + "2626": "Denver is the capital of Colorado. The answer is B.", + "2634": "An estuary is a place where a river meets the sea. Estuaries have the following features:\ndaily flooding and draining of seawater\nwater that is rich in nutrients\na mix of fresh and salty water\nMany organisms live in estuaries. These organisms must adapt to living in an environment that changes frequently.\nSome organisms that live in estuaries include:\nbirds that eat fish and other birds\nfish that live in both fresh and salt water\nmammals that hunt other mammals\nreptiles that bask in the sun\ninsects that lay their eggs in mud\nEstuaries are also important for human communities. Many people live near estuaries because they provide a rich source of food. The answer is B.", + "2638": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A rubber balloon is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nWhen a rubber balloon is inflated, or filled with air, the balloon gets bigger. But the balloon still has a size and shape of its own. The answer is C.", + "2644": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.\nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.\nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3.\nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12\nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15\nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 1000\n= 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 10^3\n= 1.43 x 10^(15 + 3)\n= 1.43 x 10^18\n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Mercury.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Mars. The volume of Mars is 1.63 x 10^11 km^3, which is less than 6.08 x 10^11 km^3. So, the volume of Mars is less than ten times as large as Mercury's. The answer is B.", + "2660": "Annapolis is the capital of Maryland. The answer is D.", + "2675": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, whisper. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is B.", + "2677": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia. The answer is A.", + "2683": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Job is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Job remains faithful and loyal to God, even after the unjust loss of his possessions, family, and health.\nThe allusion Job means someone who patiently endures adversity. The answer is A.", + "2690": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 42 kilometers.\n42 millimeters, 42 centimeters, and 42 meters are all too short. The answer is A.", + "2699": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nQuinn is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years. The answer is D.", + "2704": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is A.", + "2712": "Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.\nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.\nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Conglomerate is a sedimentary rock. Like other sedimentary rocks, it forms from layers of sediment.\nSand, mud, and pebbles are all types of sediment. They are deposited in places like riverbeds. Sediments like sand and mud usually build up in layers. Over time, the top layers press down on the bottom layers. Sedimentary rock can form when the bottom layers are pressed together to form rock. The answer is A.", + "2715": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nMaking paper from wood is a chemical change. Paper is made by mixing tiny pieces of wood with special chemicals. The wood reacts with the chemicals to form pulp. Wood and pulp are different types of matter.\nRoasting a marshmallow is a chemical change. The type of matter on the outside of the marshmallow changes. As a marshmallow is roasted, it turns brown and crispy.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nRoasting is caused by heating. But making paper from wood is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is B.", + "2716": "This country is Jamaica. The answer is B.", + "2722": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is B.", + "2725": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, pitch. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is C.", + "2731": "A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.\nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together. The answer is A.", + "2737": "Janet wanted broccoli in her lunch and Kari was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nJanet has tomatoes. Kari has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "2740": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which these ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there A desert is a type of ecosystem. It has a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms.\nChoice 1 is a desert ecosystem. It is dry and is home to many different types of organisms.\nChoice 2 is a wetland ecosystem. It is covered with water for most of the year. The answer is A.", + "2741": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the golden dart frog.\nThe golden dart frog has poisonous glands in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the golden dart frog is poisonous.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe lionfish has venomous spines and brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.\nThe impala has yellow-brown fur. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators. The answer is A.", + "2742": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two pieces of rope are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter piece of rope has more thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "2745": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a teakettle is 8 cups.\n8 fluid ounces is too little and 8 gallons is too much. The answer is C.", + "2756": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The crayons are not translucent.\nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The crayons are colorful. The answer is B.", + "2758": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nNot exactly a team player is an indirect way of saying that someone doesn't work well with others. The answer is B.", + "2759": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. The soccer shorts are not bendable.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The soccer shorts are bouncy. The answer is B.", + "2760": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans are not born knowing how to drive a car. Instead, many people learn how to drive when they are older. So, driving is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "2763": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is B.", + "2764": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince police is between the guide words pageant - prevail, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "2767": "The Great Depression was the most severe period of economic hardship in the 20th century. It began in 1929 with the stock market crash and lasted for more than a decade.\nDuring the Great Depression, businesses closed, banks failed, and millions of people lost their jobs. The unemployment rate soared to 25 percent.\nThe Great Depression caused a lot of suffering. People lost their homes and had no money to buy food. The federal government did not have much money to help out, either. It took the United States many years to recover from the Great Depression. The answer is B.", + "2771": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "2779": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Iago's genotype for the body feather color gene is bb. Iago's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for blue body feathers. So, Iago's phenotype for the body feather color trait must be blue body feathers.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Iago's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for blue body feathers (b) is recessive to the allele for green body feathers (B). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nIago's genotype of bb has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Iago's phenotype for the body feather color trait must be blue body feathers. The answer is A.", + "2783": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "2785": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nMilk going sour is a chemical change. The type of matter in the milk slowly changes. The new matter that is formed gives the milk its sour taste.\nBaking a loaf of bread is a chemical change. The type of matter in the dough changes when it is baked. The dough turns into bread!\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBaking is caused by heating. But milk going sour is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is D.", + "2788": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "2789": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is C.", + "2790": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the horned viper.\nThe horned viper has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe Namaqua chameleon has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.\nThe fire salamander has brightly colored skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The answer is A.", + "2791": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is A.", + "2792": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All three objects are hard.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The car bumper and the metal bar are not slippery.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The car bumper and the metal bar are not shiny.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is hard. The answer is C.", + "2795": "Des Moines is the capital of Iowa. The answer is B.", + "2796": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nHavana is the capital of Cuba. The winds there were blowing from the east last weekend.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the wind direction in Havana last weekend. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is B.", + "2798": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe brush grabbed at his legs in the dark until one knee of his jeans ripped describes the brush as if it were a person. The answer is A.", + "2800": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nDefinite maybe is a contradiction, because definite describes something that is sure, and maybe refers to something that is unsure. The answer is B.", + "2814": "A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on the slice of pizza, look at the forces:\nQuinn is pulling the slice of pizza to the left with a force of 50 N.\nBrad is pulling the slice of pizza to the right with a force of 45 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 50 N and 45 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on the slice of pizza. The answer is B.", + "2817": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism your services will no longer be required means that the gardener is being fired. The answer is B.", + "2822": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nIt is 65\u00b0F in Jackie's backyard.\nThis passage tells you about the temperature in Jackie's backyard right now. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is A.", + "2827": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince purse is not between the guide words patriot - pleasant, it would not be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "2828": "Des Moines is the capital of Iowa. The answer is D.", + "2830": "Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.\nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.\nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.\nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.\nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.\nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect North America or Asia. The answer is C.", + "2839": "The colony is Virginia.\nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony. The answer is C.", + "2845": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A reticulated python's scientific name is Python reticulatus.\nSciurus vulgaris does not have the same scientific name as a reticulated python. So, Python reticulatus and Sciurus vulgaris are not in the same species.\nPython bivittatus does not have the same scientific name as a reticulated python. So, Python reticulatus and Python bivittatus are not in the same species.\nPython reticulatus has the same scientific name as a reticulated python. So, these organisms are in the same species. The answer is B.", + "2857": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Julie dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Julie enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "2870": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each refrigerator increased, which means that the thermal energy of each refrigerator increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each refrigerator. The answer is B.", + "2871": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a sofa is 5 yards.\n5 inches and 5 feet are both too short. The answer is B.", + "2876": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each ship moved for 5 hours. The ship that moved 190 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the lowest speed. The answer is A.", + "2877": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is C.", + "2878": "In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.\nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.\n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants\nHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many\nDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes\nCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Asimina triloba is a plant. Plant cells can make their own food. Plant cells make food using photosynthesis. The answer is A.", + "2883": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nAnn is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years. The answer is A.", + "2886": "Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.\nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.\nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.\nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment. The answer is A.", + "2888": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. The answer is C.", + "2900": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nIce melting in a cup is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The solid ice becomes liquid, but it is still made of water.\nDew appearing on grass in the morning is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Water vapor in the air touches the cool grass and becomes liquid.\nThe water vapor changes state to become dew, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nIce melting is caused by heating. But dew appearing is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nDew appearing is caused by cooling. But ice melting is not. The answer is C.", + "2905": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **My Brother the Pig**. The answer is B.", + "2908": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nThe Red Sea is a popular place for windsurfing. Wind speeds reached 30 miles per hour there on Thursday.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the wind speed in the Red Sea on Thursday. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is B.", + "2921": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles. The answer is C.", + "2923": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is C.", + "2929": "Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. An excuse has a more negative connotation. An excuse is usually not a very good reason. The answer is A.", + "2933": "This country is Trinidad and Tobago. The answer is D.", + "2936": "Look at the table and images.\nBrandon wants broccoli. Derek wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is A.", + "2952": "Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word carelessly. It describes the wind as if it were a person who didn't care. The answer is B.", + "2956": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (was, the, a).\nThe second sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall. The answer is A.", + "2960": "Look at the table and images.\nConnor wants broccoli. Maura wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is C.", + "2969": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "2971": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.\nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in Detroit, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.\nThe average temperatures in January and February are between 25\u00b0F and 30\u00b0F. These months have the lowest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are the coolest months on average. The answer is A.", + "2976": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. The population of Oak Grove fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Oak Grove has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too. The answer is A.", + "2978": "This country is Saint Lucia. The answer is B.", + "2983": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles. The answer is C.", + "2993": "This state is Michigan. The answer is C.", + "2994": "There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.\nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.\nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.\nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.\nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there are too many jars of peanut butter on the shelf. There are 100 jars on the shelf, but only 74 people want to buy a jar.\nSo, there is a surplus of peanut butter. The grocery store will not get any money for the leftover jars. The answer is A.", + "3004": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, Catoctin Mountain Park has cold, wet winters. It also has soil that is rich in nutrients. The answer is A.", + "3016": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A helmeted iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit.\nA clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nClownfish live with animals called anemones. In the image of the clownfish, you can see the green anemone behind the clownfish. The answer is B.", + "3020": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A common kestrel's scientific name is Falco tinnunculus. The first word of its scientific name is Falco.\nFalco novaeseelandiae is in the genus Falco. The first word of its scientific name is Falco. So, Falco novaeseelandiae and Falco tinnunculus are in the same genus.\nHaliaeetus pelagicus is in the genus Haliaeetus. The first word of its scientific name is Haliaeetus. So, Haliaeetus pelagicus and Falco tinnunculus are not in the same genus.\nArdea goliath is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea goliath and Falco tinnunculus are not in the same genus. The answer is A.", + "3022": "The city is Atlanta, Georgia. New York City, Houston, and Los Angeles are marked with gray circles on the map below. The answer is A.", + "3036": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature. The answer is B.", + "3037": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three glasses of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 14\u00b0C glass of water is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy. The answer is B.", + "3041": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Decomposers help break down dead organisms into simpler matter, such as nutrients. These nutrients can then help plants and other organisms grow. In a food web, there is an arrow pointing from another organism to a decomposer. There are no arrows pointing from a decomposer to another organism.\nThe bat star has arrows pointing from it. So, the bat star is not a decomposer.\nThe sea otter has an arrow pointing from it. So, the sea otter is not a decomposer.\nThe kelp bass has an arrow pointing from it. So, the kelp bass is not a decomposer.\nThe black rockfish does not have arrows pointing from it to other organisms. So, the black rockfish is a decomposer.\nThe plainfin midshipman has an arrow pointing from it. So, the plainfin midshipman is not a decomposer. The answer is C.", + "3044": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air inside a bubble is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a bubble fills all the space in the bubble. If the bubble pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.\nA piece of paper is a solid. You can fold a piece of paper. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.\nRain is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you put rainwater into a bucket, the rainwater will take the shape of the bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space.\nThe air outside a bubble is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air outside a bubble expands to fill all the space outside the bubble. The answer is A.", + "3056": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode! The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nThe hyperbole dinosaurs were still roaming the Earth suggests that Caleb hasn't cleaned his room in a very long time. He did not actually clean his room millions of years ago when dinosaurs existed. The answer is A.", + "3060": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. The answer is B.", + "3064": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince even is not between the guide words engineer - except, it would not be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "3069": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is A.", + "3072": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "3077": "To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures.\nThe map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.\n15\u00b0C.\n-24\u00b0C is within this range.\n-4\u00b0C and 3\u00b0C are outside of this range. The answer is A.", + "3088": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a hammer is 21 centimeters.\n21 kilometers is too long. The answer is B.", + "3089": "This country is Samoa. The answer is D.", + "3093": "Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota. The answer is B.", + "3103": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Faustian bargain is literature.\nIn a play by Christopher Marlowe based on the legend of Faust, a man strikes a deal with the devil. Disregarding the long-term consequences of his actions, he sells his soul in exchange for power.\nThe allusion Faustian bargain means a compromise of one's values for personal gain. The answer is B.", + "3105": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nSome objects are made of just one material.\nMost nails are made of metal.\nOther objects are made of more than one material.\nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the rocking chair.\nThe rocking chair is made of two different materials. The seat and back are made of wood, and the rocker is made of metal. The answer is A.", + "3107": "Montgomery is the capital of Alabama. The answer is A.", + "3109": "When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.\nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.\nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. This organism's scientific name refers to Georgia O'Keeffe.\nThe word okeeffeae refers to Georgia O'Keeffe. So, this archosaur's scientific name is Effigia okeeffeae. The answer is A.", + "3110": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "3113": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "3115": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is C.", + "3118": "A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.\nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.\nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.\nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:\nThe insect fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the ginkgo leaf fossil. So, the insect fossil is most likely older than the ginkgo leaf fossil. The answer is B.", + "3123": "This state is South Dakota. The answer is A.", + "3125": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bear sedge.\nThe only arrow pointing to the barren-ground caribou starts from the lichen. The lichen does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the barren-ground caribou.There is one path matter can take from the bear sedge to the Arctic fox: bear sedge->Arctic fox. There are two paths matter can take from the bear sedge to the collared lemming: bear sedge->collared lemming. bear sedge->dwarf shrub->collared lemming. There are three paths matter can take from the bear sedge to the earthworm: bear sedge->Arctic fox->earthworm. bear sedge->dwarf shrub->earthworm. bear sedge->moss->collared lemming->earthworm. The answer is A.", + "3132": "Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah. The answer is A.", + "3138": "This country is Dominica. The answer is B.", + "3141": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that falling asleep with the window open leads to migraines. However, that's not necessarily true. For instance, Rudy may have had a migraine that day for a completely different reason. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation. The answer is B.", + "3144": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Colorado is farthest south. The answer is A.", + "3147": "In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.\nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.\nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.\nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 8 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 4 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.\nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 6 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There were 2 more solute particles on the right side of the membrane than before.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left. The answer is A.", + "3153": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "3156": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A Christmas tree worm's scientific name is Spirobranchus giganteus.\nNerodia clarkii does not have the same scientific name as a Christmas tree worm. So, Spirobranchus giganteus and Nerodia clarkii are not in the same species.\nSpirobranchus giganteus has the same scientific name as a Christmas tree worm. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nNerodia cyclopion does not have the same scientific name as a Christmas tree worm. So, Spirobranchus giganteus and Nerodia cyclopion are not in the same species. The answer is B.", + "3157": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.\nAs a teacher of American history, Mr. Patton tries to remain disinterested when discussing controversial issues, giving equal attention and consideration to each major viewpoint.\nThe second text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.\nAs an experienced teacher of American history, Mr. Patton believes that playing history-based trivia games will revive even the most disinterested of students.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard. The answer is B.", + "3168": "In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word express is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is East Bay Express. The answer is B.", + "3174": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Colin wants or needs:\nColin will spend more time in the Photography Club than he would have spent in the Theater Club. The answer is B.", + "3185": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n An Indian rock python's scientific name is Python molurus.\nLacerta agilis does not have the same scientific name as an Indian rock python. So, Python molurus and Lacerta agilis are not in the same species.\nPython molurus has the same scientific name as an Indian rock python. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nNerodia cyclopion does not have the same scientific name as an Indian rock python. So, Python molurus and Nerodia cyclopion are not in the same species. The answer is A.", + "3187": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom the ball is in his court suggests that Richard needs to act next. In tennis, when the ball is in a player's court, it is that person's turn. The answer is A.", + "3193": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the following statement describes the Eastern Siberian Taiga ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has long, cold winters and short, cool summers. The following statements do not describe the Eastern Siberian Taiga: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. It has mostly small plants. The answer is C.", + "3196": "The Great War was originally called the Great War.\nThe Great War was a global war that lasted from 1914 to 1918. It involved most of the countries of Europe, as well as the United States, Canada, Australia, and other countries.\nThe war started when a Serbian nationalist assassinated an Austrian archduke. This event triggered a series of alliances and declarations of war. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers, including Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. The Allies, led by France, Britain, and the United States, emerged victorious.\nThe war was called the Great War because it was the most destructive war up to that time. More than 9 million soldiers and 7 million civilians died in the war. The answer is A.", + "3197": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "3203": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Dwayne wants or needs:\nDwayne will spend more ride tickets on the spinning teacups than he would have spent on the scrambler. The answer is B.", + "3204": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two glasses of apple juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 5\u00b0C glass of apple juice is colder than the 10\u00b0C glass of apple juice, it has less thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "3205": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.\nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. Both objects are rough.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The pineapple is not stretchy.\nThe property that both objects have in common is rough. The answer is A.", + "3210": "Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words truck and sock rhyme. They both end with the uck sound.\nThe word rock does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound. The answer is C.", + "3212": "Some words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Rain, sun, and snow go together. They are weather words. Time is not a weather word, so it is not like the other words. The answer is A.", + "3213": "The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.\nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.\nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:\nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.\nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.\nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.\nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved. The answer is A.", + "3215": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "3217": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nA sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk. The answer is B.", + "3219": "Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.\nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.\nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Scoria is an igneous rock. Like other igneous rocks, it forms when melted rock cools and hardens.\nMelted rock is a hot, thick liquid. As melted rock cools, solid mineral grains begin to form. When the melted rock becomes solid, it forms igneous rock. The word igneous comes from the Latin word ignis, which means fire. The answer is A.", + "3220": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence. The answer is B.", + "3222": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Rita's shoes are the best, because they're made with snakeskin rather than synthetic materials. However, even though the shoes are made from snakes, that doesn't necessarily mean that they are better. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature. The answer is A.", + "3229": "Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.\nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.\nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.\nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.\nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.\nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect South America or North America. The answer is B.", + "3231": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A catfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nA common toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water. The answer is A.", + "3233": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. All three objects are rough.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. None of the objects are stretchy.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. None of the objects are bouncy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is rough. The answer is B.", + "3243": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Edna is telling the truth because she says she never lies. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning. The answer is A.", + "3246": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (some things, bring up).\nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall. The answer is B.", + "3247": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The fog made it hard to see, Dad drove slowly is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: The fog made it hard to see and Dad drove slowly. The answer is B.", + "3255": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles. The answer is B.", + "3259": "This country is Tuvalu. The answer is B.", + "3284": "Columbus is the capital of Ohio. The answer is B.", + "3292": "The city is New Orleans, Louisiana. Charlotte, Houston, and Nashville are marked with gray circles on the map below. The answer is D.", + "3305": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince dread is between the guide words dare - disturb, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "3311": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, learns. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is A.", + "3316": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they could refer to the Davidsons or their relatives.\nThe Davidsons see their relatives whenever they visit Florida.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nWhenever the Davidsons visit Florida, they see their relatives. The answer is B.", + "3318": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, make. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is A.", + "3323": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to drink a small glass of water is 55 seconds.\n55 hours is too slow. The answer is B.", + "3327": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is A.", + "3330": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "3336": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is B.", + "3337": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each goose moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each goose moved for 10 hours. The goose that moved 925 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at the highest speed. The answer is B.", + "3339": "Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina. The answer is C.", + "3345": "Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words cream and dream rhyme. They both end with the eam sound.\nThe word such does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound. The answer is C.", + "3347": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells someone to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period. The answer is C.", + "3351": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince linen is between the guide words leather - lying, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "3354": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.\nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Nairobi, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nairobi gets about the same amount of precipitation each month.\" is incorrect.\nOn average, less precipitation falls between June and October than between November and May.\nChoice \"February is the wettest month of the year.\" is incorrect.\nThe wettest month is the one with the highest average monthly precipitation. April, not February, has the highest average precipitation.\nChoice \"More precipitation falls in April than in August.\" is incorrect.\nApril has a higher average monthly precipitation than August. The answer is B.", + "3355": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of a cup of hot cocoa is 70\u00b0F.\n70\u00b0C is too hot. The answer is A.", + "3377": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles. The answer is B.", + "3379": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.\nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nJuly has an average monthly precipitation of about 80 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, July has the lowest average precipitation. The answer is A.", + "3383": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a pen is 19 centimeters.\n19 kilometers is too long. The answer is A.", + "3385": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down. The answer is B.", + "3387": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "3395": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "3398": "This country is the Marshall Islands.\nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?\nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force. The answer is C.", + "3413": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nRuth is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years. The answer is B.", + "3418": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Maine is farthest east. The answer is C.", + "3428": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The cracker and the fries are not colorful.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. All three objects are salty.\nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. The cracker and the fries are not sticky.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is salty. The answer is B.", + "3430": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion cry wolf is a fable.\nIn the fable \"The Boy Who Cried Wolf,\" a shepherd boy repeatedly tricks people in his village by falsely claiming that a wolf is coming to eat his flock. When a wolf actually comes and the boy cries for help, nobody believes him or comes to his aid.\nThe allusion cry wolf means to raise a false alarm. The answer is B.", + "3431": "A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.\nI need to shovel this snow, or someone might slip and fall. The answer is B.", + "3433": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms. You can tell whether sodium iodide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for sodium iodide, NaI, contains two atomic symbols: Na for sodium and I for iodine. So, the formula tells you that sodium iodide is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince sodium iodide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, sodium iodide is a compound. The answer is B.", + "3434": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the bearded dragon.\nThe bearded dragon has a sand-colored body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe horned viper has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.\nThe blue poison dart frog has brightly colored skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The answer is A.", + "3436": "Look at the table and images.\nVivian wants broccoli. Jamal wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is A.", + "3439": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe. The answer is D.", + "3442": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Mia must be a reckless driver, because her brother is a reckless driver. However, even though Mia's brother is reckless, that doesn't necessarily mean that Mia is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association. The answer is A.", + "3451": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nSo full I could explode is an exaggeration, since it is clear that the speaker is not actually in danger of exploding. The answer is B.", + "3455": "Carson City is the capital of Nevada. The answer is D.", + "3468": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Texas is farthest south. The answer is A.", + "3472": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Smelly is a property. A smelly material has a strong smell.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine smelling the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the gasoline would smell more. Gasoline has a strong smell. The answer is B.", + "3476": "Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. A crown is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nA crown keeps its shape, even when you put it on your head. The answer is B.", + "3479": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes for an ice cube to melt on a hot sidewalk is 4 minutes.\n4 hours is too slow. The answer is B.", + "3481": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A gray tree frog's scientific name is Hyla versicolor. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla.\nAtelopus zeteki is in the genus Atelopus. The first word of its scientific name is Atelopus. So, Atelopus zeteki and Hyla versicolor are not in the same genus.\nHemidactylus turcicus is in the genus Hemidactylus. The first word of its scientific name is Hemidactylus. So, Hemidactylus turcicus and Hyla versicolor are not in the same genus.\nHyla cinerea is in the genus Hyla. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla. So, Hyla cinerea and Hyla versicolor are in the same genus. The answer is A.", + "3484": "Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. An emu is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nEmus cannot fly, but they can run very fast. They run to avoid predators.\nA box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nBox turtles can live to be over 100 years old!\nA piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat a large animal.\nA sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water. The answer is B.", + "3485": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Deb wants or needs:\nDeb will give up the chance to eat the apple crisp. Deb thinks apple crisp would have tasted better than sunflower seeds will. The answer is B.", + "3486": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the kudu.\nThe kudu has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter. The long jaws can help the kudu reach leaves and shoots. The flat teeth can help it cut and grind up the food into soft pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe spotted deer has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter.\nThe Nile crocodile has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is not adapted to eat plant matter. The Nile crocodile uses its mouth to eat other animals. The answer is A.", + "3492": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is A.", + "3494": "Look at the table and images.\nJanice wants broccoli. Abdul wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is C.", + "3495": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Southern Ocean.\nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude. The answer is C.", + "3498": "A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.\nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together. The answer is A.", + "3504": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nDust settling out of the air is a physical change. As the dust settles, or falls, it might land on furniture or the ground. This separates dust particles from the air, but does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But dust settling out of the air is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is D.", + "3505": "A cnidarian is an invertebrate that has a soft body and is covered in tentacles. A jellyfish is a type of cnidarian. The answer is B.", + "3507": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Rover's observable version of the fur length trait is long fur. So, Rover's phenotype for the fur length trait is long fur. The answer is B.", + "3514": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "3515": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Lucy is capitalized because it is a proper noun. The answer is B.", + "3518": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is A.", + "3523": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The silk tie is not transparent.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The silk tie is smooth. The answer is B.", + "3530": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is B.", + "3534": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is A.", + "3539": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Casanova is history.\nThe autobiography of Giovanni Giacomo Casanova, an eighteenth-century Italian adventurer, details and perhaps exaggerates his amorous adventures and success with women.\nThe allusion Casanova means a womanizer. The answer is B.", + "3541": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Southern Ocean.\nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude. The answer is D.", + "3542": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. We went to Texas we saw an old fort is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: We went to Texas and We saw an old fort. The answer is A.", + "3544": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. None of the objects are soft.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. All three objects are fragile.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. None of the objects are scratchy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is fragile. The answer is B.", + "3549": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Long's snoring. The answer is B.", + "3558": "Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word proud. It describes the ancient structure as if it were a person who is proud of his accomplishments. The answer is A.", + "3567": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.\nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.\n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with black fur or brown fur, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fur color trait. The question tells you that the f allele, which is for brown fur, is recessive to the F allele, which is for black fur.\nBlack fur is the dominant allele's version of the fur color trait. A rabbit with the dominant version of the fur color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the fur color gene. So, offspring with black fur must have the genotype FF or Ff.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype FF or Ff.\nBrown fur is the recessive allele's version of the fur color trait. A rabbit with the recessive version of the fur color trait must have only recessive alleles for the fur color gene. So, offspring with brown fur must have the genotype ff.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ff.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with black fur to offspring with brown fur is 4:0. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will always produce offspring with black fur. This cross is expected to never produce offspring with brown fur. The answer is E.", + "3576": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nStretching a rubber band is a physical change. The rubber band gets longer. But it is still made of the same type of matter as before.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But stretching a rubber band is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is D.", + "3583": "This state is Idaho. The answer is A.", + "3593": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A blue jay's scientific name is Cyanocitta cristata.\nCyanocitta cristata is in the same genus as Larus michahellis, but they are not in the same species.\nOrganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Larus michahellis does not have the same scientific name as a blue jay. So, Cyanocitta cristata and Larus michahellis are not in the same species.\nGoura victoria does not have the same scientific name as a blue jay. So, Cyanocitta cristata and Goura victoria are not in the same species.\nCyanocitta cristata has the same scientific name as a blue jay. So, these organisms are in the same species. The answer is A.", + "3604": "Augusta is the capital of Maine. The answer is C.", + "3609": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A great gray owl's scientific name is Strix nebulosa. The first word of its scientific name is Strix.\nStrix varia is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix varia and Strix nebulosa are in the same genus.\nCyanea capillata is in the genus Cyanea. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanea. So, Cyanea capillata and Strix nebulosa are not in the same genus.\nNeofelis nebulosa and Strix nebulosa are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Neofelis nebulosa and Strix nebulosa have the same species name within their genus, nebulosa. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Neofelis nebulosa is in the genus Neofelis, and Strix nebulosa is in the genus Strix. The answer is C.", + "3611": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence. The answer is B.", + "3629": "The answer is C.", + "3633": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, teaches. The verb ends in -es and tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is C.", + "3634": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Ashland. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down. The answer is B.", + "3643": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is A.", + "3650": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Lauren wants or needs:\nLauren will give up the chance to wear the costume she is more excited about. The answer is B.", + "3654": "Tallahassee is the capital of Florida. The answer is B.", + "3656": "Bill wanted broccoli in his lunch and Anita was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nBill has tomatoes. Anita has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is C.", + "3660": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. All three objects are fuzzy.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. The socks are blue, but the stuffed dice are not.\nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. None of the objects are sticky.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is fuzzy. The answer is C.", + "3669": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "3679": "Denver is the capital of Colorado. The answer is B.", + "3681": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is A.", + "3682": "The answer is A.", + "3683": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "3688": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "3692": "A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.\nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.\nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. In a Venn diagram, each circle shows things that are true for a particular topic. The middle, where the two circles overlap, shows things that are true for both topics. This Venn diagram compares two famous Renaissance artists, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.\nThe detail Michelangelo created David is in the middle of the diagram. This shows that Leonardo da Vinci did not create David. The detail Leonardo da Vinci was from Florence is in the Michelangelo circle. This shows that Leonardo da Vinci was from Florence. The answer is A.", + "3701": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a fish bowl is 3 liters.\n3 milliliters is too little. The answer is A.", + "3703": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles. The answer is C.", + "3710": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms. You can tell whether phosphorus tribromide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for phosphorus tribromide, PBr3, contains two atomic symbols: P for phosphorus and Br for bromine. So, the formula tells you that phosphorus tribromide is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince phosphorus tribromide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, phosphorus tribromide is a compound. The answer is A.", + "3716": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The fruit fly has two alleles for vestigial wings (n). So, the fly's genotype for the wing type gene is nn. The answer is B.", + "3721": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "3727": "Charleston is the capital of West Virginia. The answer is A.", + "3733": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.\nWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.\nMany gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas. A coffee mug is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nYou can use a coffee mug as a container for other solid objects. The answer is C.", + "3736": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that being socially awkward determines knowledge of workplace safety. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Wells's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem. The answer is A.", + "3745": "A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.\nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.\nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The pond is in column 3. The answer is C.", + "3750": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two bowls of oatmeal are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the bowl of oatmeal with less thermal energy has a lower temperature. The answer is A.", + "3751": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe. The answer is C.", + "3752": "The answer is C.", + "3758": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is C.", + "3762": "Montpelier is the capital of Vermont. The answer is B.", + "3773": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is B.", + "3774": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of the Red Sea is 2,240 kilometers.\n2,240 millimeters and 2,240 centimeters are too short. 2,240 meters is too long. The answer is B.", + "3775": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "3783": "Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.\nAlec was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Alec, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Alec. The answer is B.", + "3788": "One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.\nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.\nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The baseball player hits the ball with his bat. The bat pushes the ball. The direction of the push is away from the baseball bat. The answer is A.", + "3789": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of an adult great white shark is 5 meters.\n5 millimeters and 5 centimeters are too short. 5 kilometers is too long. The answer is B.", + "3797": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.\nCandice decided to make escargots using the small snails from her garden, but she prepared them terribly. Since she'd forgotten to add garlic, the taste was disappointing.\nThe first text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.\nCandice made escargots using the small snails from her garden. She prepared them according to the recipe but found the chewy texture terribly disappointing.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard. The answer is B.", + "3810": "Farms are places where crops or animals are grown. Most farms are located in rural areas. Rural areas are places that are not part of a city or town.\nFarms can be found in rural areas throughout the world. The answer is B.", + "3813": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a tennis racket is 55 centimeters.\n55 millimeters is too short. 55 meters and 55 kilometers are too long. The answer is D.", + "3815": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles. The answer is C.", + "3823": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles. The answer is A.", + "3840": "Some words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Brother, sister, and son go together. They are words for people in a family. Daughter is not a word for a person in a family.\nTeacher is not a word for a person in a family. The answer is B.", + "3844": "Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Mrs. Robertson is an owl, working at night and sleeping during the day.\nThe words Mrs. Robertson and owl are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor. The answer is A.", + "3846": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each car moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each car moved for 5 hours. The car that moved 250 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at the lowest speed. The answer is A.", + "3848": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince blessing is between the guide words billow - brown, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "3852": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion Pyrrhus suggests that the victory came at a great cost. Pyrrhus was an ancient Greek king who won a battle but suffered very heavy losses. The answer is A.", + "3860": "Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.\nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.\nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,\nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,\nOut of the Ninth-month midnight\n\u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n\u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.\nI wandered lonely as a Cloud\nThat floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,\nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,\nA host of golden Daffodils.\n\u2014From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"\nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.\nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Occasionally, a line may begin with a strong syllable.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nA poem has a trochaic meter when the beat sounds like DUM-da. A strong syllable is followed by a weak syllable. Occasionally, a line may end in a strong syllable.\nBack into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning,\nSoon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before.\n\u2014From Edgar Allen Poe, \"The Raven\"\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern. This poem uses anaphora. It repeats the same word or words at the beginning of multiple lines or phrases.\nAnd we shall be dangerous. The answer is A.", + "3864": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs speedy as a snail suggests that the Internet connection was very slow. A snail is not speedy, and neither was Katie's Internet connection. The answer is A.", + "3866": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is C.", + "3869": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Pollyanna is literature.\nThe character Pollyanna, from Eleanor Porter's children's book, is a young girl who finds good in everything and everyone.\nThe allusion Pollyanna means an overly optimistic person. The answer is B.", + "3873": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is C.", + "3875": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence. The answer is A.", + "3877": "Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.\nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.\nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.\nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.\nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.\nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Atlantic Ocean. It does not intersect the Pacific Ocean or the Indian Ocean. The answer is A.", + "3882": "The answer is B.", + "3883": "Look at the table and images.\nKiara wants broccoli. Fernando wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is C.", + "3885": "Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota. The answer is B.", + "3888": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne ship moved 245 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other ship moved 350 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each ship spent the same amount of time moving. The ship that moved 245 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at a lower speed. The answer is B.", + "3901": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. North Carolina is farthest east. The answer is C.", + "3903": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctica. The answer is D.", + "3913": "Juneau is the capital of Alaska. The answer is B.", + "3914": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the saddle-billed stork.\nThe saddle-billed stork has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. This allows the saddle-billed stork to grab the prey without scaring it away.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe black-headed heron has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.\nThe northern pintail has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. The answer is B.", + "3920": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "3921": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Delaware is farthest south. The answer is D.", + "3925": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nJasmine lives in a windy place.\nThis passage tells you about the usual amount of wind where Jasmine lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is B.", + "3934": "Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.\nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:\nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.\nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.\nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Luther investigated whether baking soda can remove crayon from a wall. The sections of wall scrubbed with water only did not get baking soda. So, they were part of a control group. The answer is B.", + "3951": "The colony is Georgia. The answer is A.", + "3956": "During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her academic voice by maintaining an objective tone.\nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined text with objective language, such as \"many people,\" \"some towns,\" and \"doing so is unethical.\"\nMany people don't recycle because throwing things away is easier, even though doing so can be damaging to the environment. People are lazy and selfish, always wanting what is good for themselves, not necessarily what is good for society. As a result, many people do not take the steps that are required to recycle different materials. For example, some towns require residents to sort items before leaving them at the curbside; this causes some to skip recycling altogether, even though doing so is unethical. The answer is C.", + "3963": "During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her ideas and development by including more evidence to support the claim.\nFor example, the writer could support the underlined text with examples that show how more and better bike lanes have helped protect cyclists from danger.\nWearing a bicycle helmet is the best way to protect yourself against fatal head injuries. Several studies have shown that riders who wore helmets had a reduction in their risk of head and brain injuries. More and better bike lanes in our cities would help protect cyclists from danger. Children especially benefit from wearing helmets, since they experience the majority of bicycling accidents that cause serious head injuries. The answer is A.", + "3964": "An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there A swamp is a type of ecosystem. Swamps have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of organisms. So, the Okefenokee Swamp has land that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has soil that is rich in nutrients. The answer is A.", + "3965": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.\nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A red crowned crane is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nCranes wade in shallow water to look for food. Cranes eat insects, worms, and plants.\nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nGreat white sharks can live for up to 70 years.\nA brown tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.\nA red kangaroo is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nKangaroos hop to move around. They use their large tails for balance while hopping. The answer is D.", + "3968": "An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.\nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.\nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Haliaeetus pelagicus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.\nHaliaeetus pelagicus is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that Steller's sea eagle is the common name. The answer is A.", + "3972": "This country is Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The answer is A.", + "3973": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Cutting your fingernails is a physical change. Your fingernails are shorter after you cut them. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter as the uncut fingernails. The answer is A.", + "3983": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "3988": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The metal bar and the glass bottle are not soft.\nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The metal bar and the glass bottle are not translucent.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All three objects are shiny.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is shiny. The answer is A.", + "3993": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.\nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.\nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities. The answer is A.", + "3995": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nWhere Desmond lives, winds blowing from the northeast are rare in July.\nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern where Desmond lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is B.", + "4003": "A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.\nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.\nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The first train car pulls the second train car. The direction of the pull is toward the first train car. The answer is B.", + "4009": "Many plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?\nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.\nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The fruit grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Flowers make seeds. After a flower is pollinated, male cells from the pollen combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.\nThe fruit can grow around the seeds. But the fruit does not make seeds. Both the fruit and the seeds grow from parts of the flower. The answer is A.", + "4015": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince mint is not between the guide words marriage - modest, it would not be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "4024": "According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Miranda's hand is pushing on the door. So, Newton's third law tells you that the door is pushing on Miranda's hand. The answer is B.", + "4025": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "4028": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nIn ancient times, mustard was used as a medicine for toothaches and insect stings. The answer is A.", + "4029": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince roam is not between the guide words reality - rudder, it would not be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "4039": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion an albatross around her neck is a poem.\nIn Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,\" a sailor shoots and kills an albatross, an action that curses the ship and crew. As his crew members die, the Ancient Mariner feels his guilt hanging like the albatross around his neck.\nThe allusion an albatross around her neck means a burden a person must bear. The answer is B.", + "4040": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. The answer is B.", + "4048": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A peacock mantis shrimp is a crustacean. Like other crustaceans, a peacock mantis shrimp is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA fire salamander is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a fire salamander is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA ladybug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nLike other tarantulas, a metallic tarantula is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. The answer is C.", + "4050": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. South Dakota is farthest north. The answer is A.", + "4065": "Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.\nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.\nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,\nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,\nOut of the Ninth-month midnight\n\u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n\u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.\nI wandered lonely as a Cloud\nThat floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,\nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,\nA host of golden Daffodils.\n\u2014From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"\nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.\nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Occasionally, a line may begin with a strong syllable.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nA poem has a trochaic meter when the beat sounds like DUM-da. A strong syllable is followed by a weak syllable. Occasionally, a line may end in a strong syllable.\nBack into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning,\nSoon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before.\n\u2014From Edgar Allen Poe, \"The Raven\"\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern. This poem uses onomatopoeia. It uses language that sounds like what it talks about.\nChariots rumbling; horses neighing;\nSoldiers shouting martial cries;\nDrums are sounding; trumpets braying;\nSeas of glittering spears arise.\n\u2014From Tu Fu, \"Conscripts Leaving for the Frontier.\" Trans. Charles Budd The answer is B.", + "4072": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia. The answer is C.", + "4081": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.\nMorocco is a country on the northwest coast of Africa.\nIt can be proved by finding Morocco on a map.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nMorocco is the most exciting country to visit.\nMost exciting shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a country exciting to visit. The answer is A.", + "4084": "Marvin wanted broccoli in his lunch and Ken was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nMarvin has tomatoes. Ken has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is A.", + "4088": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion evaporate is literature.\nThe word evaporate means to disappear or go away.\nThe scientist heated the water until it evaporated.\nThe allusion evaporate means to disappear. The answer is B.", + "4092": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, float. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is C.", + "4094": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "4095": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, strained. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened. The answer is A.", + "4096": "Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A sea otter is an animal. It eats animals that live in the ocean.\nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water.\nA hydrangea bush is a plant. It can grow colorful flowers.\nHydrangea bushes can have blue, white, purple, or pink flowers. The answer is B.", + "4098": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Kendra's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain; the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked. The answer is B.", + "4106": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pot is between the guide words plus - prospect, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "4112": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince smooth is between the guide words seize - spank, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "4115": "In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word of is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is The Return of Jafar. The answer is B.", + "4120": "This country is Antigua and Barbuda. The answer is B.", + "4122": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nBeep represents the sound that tells the caller to start recording a message. The answer is A.", + "4123": "Boston is the capital of Massachusetts. The answer is B.", + "4124": "The colony is Georgia. The answer is D.", + "4126": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the rock is the hardest. If you press on a rock, it will not change shape. The answer is A.", + "4130": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun hares' could refer to hares or rabbits.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Hares are often mistaken for rabbits, even though hares' legs, feet, and ears are usually bigger. The answer is B.", + "4139": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None of the objects are fuzzy.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. All three objects are blue.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. None of the objects are bouncy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is blue. The answer is B.", + "4145": "A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.\nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together. The answer is A.", + "4150": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North America. The answer is B.", + "4153": "Look at the table and images.\nAustin wants broccoli. Colin wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "4155": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aiden is capitalized because it is a proper noun. The answer is A.", + "4156": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.\nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in Cape Town, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.\nThe average temperatures in December, January, February, and March are around 20\u00b0C. These months have the highest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are the hottest months on average. The answer is B.", + "4164": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. The answer is B.", + "4165": "Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. Whine about something has a more negative connotation. If you whine about something, you talk about it in a complaining way. The answer is A.", + "4167": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A great gray owl's scientific name is Strix nebulosa.\nCyanocitta cristata does not have the same scientific name as a great gray owl. So, Strix nebulosa and Cyanocitta cristata are not in the same species.\nGoura victoria does not have the same scientific name as a great gray owl. So, Strix nebulosa and Goura victoria are not in the same species.\nStrix nebulosa has the same scientific name as a great gray owl. So, these organisms are in the same species. The answer is A.", + "4168": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "4176": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. All three objects are sticky.\nAn opaque object does not let light through. The caramel corn is opaque, but the chocolate syrup and the peanut butter are not.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. The chocolate syrup and the caramel corn are not blue.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is sticky. The answer is A.", + "4177": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.\nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.\nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities. The answer is A.", + "4187": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A peregrine falcon's scientific name is Falco peregrinus.\nFalco peregrinus has the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nArdea alba does not have the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, Falco peregrinus and Ardea alba are not in the same species.\nPhoebastria nigripes does not have the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, Falco peregrinus and Phoebastria nigripes are not in the same species. The answer is C.", + "4193": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Bumpy is a property. A bumpy material is covered in lumps and bumps. It is not flat or smooth.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the asphalt road is bumpier. If you touch an asphalt road, it will feel lumpy and bumpy. The answer is B.", + "4199": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "4202": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince see is between the guide words scurry - shelter, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "4203": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the earthworm.\nThe only arrow pointing from the grizzly bear leads to the mushroom. No arrows point from the mushroom to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the grizzly bear to the earthworm.\nThere are two arrows pointing from the barren-ground caribou to other organisms. One arrow points to the grizzly bear. The only arrow pointing from the grizzly bear leads to the mushroom. The other arrow pointing from the barren-ground caribou leads to the mushroom. No arrows point from the mushroom to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the barren-ground caribou to the earthworm.There is one path matter can take from the rough-legged hawk to the earthworm: rough-legged hawk->earthworm. mushroom. No arrows point from the mushroom to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the mushroom to the earthworm.. There is one path matter can take from the parasitic jaeger to the earthworm: parasitic jaeger->earthworm. The answer is E.", + "4205": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is A.", + "4210": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two blocks of iron have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75\u00b0C block is hotter than the 70\u00b0C block, it has more thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "4211": "Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first holiday greeting is more formal. It uses more elevated language (Independence Day, the entire staff). The other holiday greeting uses casual language (happy 4 th, the crew) that is more familiar in tone. The answer is B.", + "4214": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Spanish shawl nudibranch.\nThe Spanish shawl nudibranch has stinging cells in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the Spanish shawl nudibranch is toxic and dangerous.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe crown-of-thorns sea star has venomous spines and brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.\nThe peppered moth has gray and brown patches on its body. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators. The answer is A.", + "4216": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the crested black macaque.\nThe crested black macaque has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The lar gibbon has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.\nThe chital has four hoofed feet. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The chital uses its feet to walk and run. The answer is B.", + "4217": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is A.", + "4231": "The colony is New York.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony. The answer is D.", + "4240": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "4244": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nJulia Child alludes to the famous chef who is known for popularizing French cuisine in the United States. The answer is A.", + "4246": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.\nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Christchurch, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.\nMay has an average monthly precipitation of about 70 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, May is the wettest month on average. The answer is B.", + "4248": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are the planets made mainly of rock. Of these planets, Earth is the largest. So, Earth is the largest planet that is made mainly of rock. The answer is A.", + "4250": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Scheherazade is ancient legend.\nThe Arabian Nights presents the ancient legend of how Scheherazade successfully postpones her imminent death by mesmerizing her captor with a thousand and one fascinating tales.\nThe allusion Scheherazade means a person who uses his or her arts to distract someone and avoid consequences. The answer is A.", + "4258": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 15 miles.\n15 inches, 15 feet, and 15 yards are all too short. The answer is B.", + "4260": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "4263": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles. The answer is C.", + "4271": "Look at the table and images.\nJonah wants broccoli. Cassie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "4274": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, make. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is B.", + "4281": "A homologous structure is an inherited structure that has the same function in different organisms.\nThe wing of a bird is a homologous structure to the arm of a human. Both wings and arms have the same basic design, but they are different sizes and shapes. The answer is B.", + "4282": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull.\nA sandwich rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the sandwich breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is A.", + "4285": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when pressed or squeezed.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the cotton towel is softer. If you squeeze cotton fabric, it will change shape. The answer is A.", + "4287": "Pierre is the capital of South Dakota. The answer is C.", + "4288": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A Japanese tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.\nA human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk. The answer is B.", + "4291": "Nashville is the capital of Tennessee. The answer is C.", + "4293": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence. The answer is B.", + "4301": "Boise is the capital of Idaho. The answer is B.", + "4306": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a passenger airplane is 47 tons.\n47 ounces and 47 pounds are both too light. The answer is A.", + "4310": "The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.\nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:\nsay that a brand has been trusted for many years\ninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Association\nfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values\nuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokesperson\nAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:\nuse graphs or charts to display information\ncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studies\nexplain the science behind a product or service\nemphasize that the product is a financially wise choice\nanticipate and refute potential counterclaims\nAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:\ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment\nappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive\nlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion, by associating the product with a bad experience that the audience can relate to. The answer is C.", + "4311": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nIt is snowing in Sam's town today.\nThis passage tells you about the precipitation today in Sam's town. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is B.", + "4313": "Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Tracy went down the slide face-first, like a penguin.\nThe words Tracy and penguin are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile. The answer is B.", + "4315": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. We live on a peninsula, water is on three sides of it is a complete sentence. The subject is we, and the verb is live. The answer is A.", + "4317": "Look at the map.\nThe Mongol Empire controlled most of Asia and some parts of Eastern Europe from around 1210 to 1375.\nThis map shows the areas that the Mongol Empire controlled.\nThe map shows that the Mongol Empire controlled East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. The answer is A.", + "4319": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to blow your nose is 5 seconds.\n5 minutes is too slow. The answer is B.", + "4333": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A stone statue is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A stone statue is made of one or more pieces of rock.\nThe answer is A.", + "4339": "Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:\nIt is a solid.\nIt is formed in nature.\nIt is not made by organisms.\nIt is a pure substance.\nIt has a fixed crystal structure.\nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nA mineral is not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.\nA mineral is a pure substance.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\n Shampoo does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, shampoo is not a mineral. The answer is B.", + "4340": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nYellow is a color.\nThis color is yellow. None of the objects are yellow.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The trampoline and the spring are not fuzzy.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. All three objects are flexible.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is flexible. The answer is A.", + "4344": "An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, the Okavango Delta has soil that is rich in nutrients. It also has other water ecosystems nearby. The answer is A.", + "4347": "Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.\nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:\nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.\nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.\nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Jessica investigated whether adding vinegar to salt water affects how quickly steel squares rust. The steel squares soaked in salt water did not get vinegar. So, they were part of a control group. The answer is A.", + "4351": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles. The answer is A.", + "4355": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the long-beaked echidna.\nA tube-shaped snout helps the long-beaked echidna reach into a burrow. A long, sticky tongue helps it catch the insects.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe aardvark has a tube-shaped mouth and a long, sticky tongue. Its mouth is adapted to eat insects that live inside burrows.\nThe brown hyena has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is not adapted to get insects out of burrows. The brown hyena uses its mouth to eat other animals. The answer is A.", + "4357": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. You need to determine Ringo's phenotype for the fur color trait. First, consider the alleles in Ringo's genotype for the fur color gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for dark fur (F) is dominant over the allele for light fur (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nRingo's genotype of Ff has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Ringo's phenotype for the fur color trait must be dark fur. The answer is B.", + "4361": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America. The answer is B.", + "4366": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, give. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is B.", + "4376": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A short story should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Words for Living By.\" The answer is A.", + "4385": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the phytoplankton.There are four paths matter can take from the phytoplankton to the kelp bass: phytoplankton->zooplankton->kelp bass. phytoplankton->zooplankton->plainfin midshipman->kelp bass. phytoplankton->zooplankton->black rockfish->kelp bass. phytoplankton->plainfin midshipman->kelp bass. orca. The only arrow pointing to the orca starts from the sea otter. The only arrow pointing to the sea otter starts from the sea urchin. The only arrow pointing to the sea urchin starts from the kelp. No arrow points to the kelp. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the phytoplankton to the orca.. sea cucumber. The only arrow pointing to the sea cucumber starts from the phytoplankton. A path of arrows that starts from the phytoplankton also ends with the sea cucumber. So, in this food web, matter moves from the phytoplankton to the sea cucumber.. The answer is B.", + "4386": "Snicker doesn't belong.\nChew, chuckle, and giggle all name ways to laugh. The answer is C.", + "4394": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The wet ice cube is translucent.\nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The wet ice cube is not colorful. The answer is A.", + "4420": "Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. An ostrich is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nThe ostrich is the largest bird alive today. Ostriches cannot fly, but they can run very fast.\nA fire salamander is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFire salamanders can release poison from their skin. This poison helps protect them from predators.\nAn elephant seal is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nElephant seals have flippers instead of arms! They use their flippers to swim underwater or to crawl on the beach.\nA parrotfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nParrotfish have fins and live underwater near coral reefs. They get their name from their bird-like beak! The answer is C.", + "4428": "The answer is A.", + "4436": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that obesity rates and rainforests are somehow interconnected. However, these two ideas aren't related. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a red herring. The answer is B.", + "4443": "Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii. The answer is B.", + "4444": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is A.", + "4446": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Svengali is literature.\nIn George du Maurier's novel Trilby, Svengali is a hypnotist who exerts such power over the central character that she is suddenly able to sing, which she was unable to do before.\nThe allusion Svengali means a person with an unduly strong influence over someone else. The answer is B.", + "4458": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism your services will no longer be required means that the gardener is being fired. The answer is B.", + "4459": "This country is Papua New Guinea.\nWhy does Papua New Guinea share its island with another country?\nPapua New Guinea takes up the eastern half of the island of New Guinea. The western half is part of Indonesia, an Asian country.\nBeginning in the 17 th century, several countries took control of different parts of the island of New Guinea. By 1922, Australia controlled the entire eastern half of the island, and the Netherlands controlled the western half. In 1963, control over the western half was transferred to Indonesia, which had just gained independence from the Netherlands. Many people in western New Guinea did not want to become part of Indonesia, though, and some people in this area are still fighting to leave Indonesia today. The eastern part gained independence from Australia in 1975 and became Papua New Guinea. The answer is D.", + "4465": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A toucan is a bird. Like other birds, a toucan is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA luna moth is an insect. Like other insects, a luna moth is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA carp is a fish. Like other fish, a carp is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA koala is a mammal. Like other mammals, a koala is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. The answer is A.", + "4474": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Idaho is farthest north. The answer is C.", + "4482": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is C.", + "4483": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nSince 1923, the United States Flag Code has provided advisory rules for displaying and handling the U.S. flag. The answer is B.", + "4485": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each runner moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne runner moved 140 kilometers in 10 hours.\nThe other runner moved 100 kilometers in 10 hours.\nNotice that each runner spent the same amount of time moving. The runner who moved 140 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that runner must have moved at a higher speed. The answer is B.", + "4497": "There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.\nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.\nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.\nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.\nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there are too many frames for sale. There are 25 frames for sale, but only 18 people want to buy one.\nSo, there is a surplus of frames. The store will not get any money for the leftover frames. The answer is A.", + "4500": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that the smallest planet is Mercury and that Mercury is made mainly of rock. So, the smallest planet is made mainly of rock. The answer is B.", + "4502": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms. You can tell whether hydrogen peroxide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide, H2 O2, contains two atomic symbols: H for hydrogen and O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that hydrogen peroxide is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince hydrogen peroxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, hydrogen peroxide is a compound. The answer is B.", + "4505": "Lansing is the capital of Michigan. The answer is D.", + "4507": "The Fifth Amendment says that a person on trial for a crime cannot be put in a position where he or she has to testify against himself or herself. In other words, a person on trial cannot be forced to incriminate himself or herself. This is where the phrase \"pleading the Fifth\" comes from. It means that a person refuses to answer a question because doing so might incriminate him or her.\nThe Fifth Amendment also says that any evidence obtained by forcing a person to incriminate himself or herself cannot be used in court. In other words, a person on trial cannot be found guilty because he or she exercised his or her Fifth Amendment rights.\nThe text of the Fifth Amendment is below. It does not use the words \"pleading the Fifth.\" Where does the phrase \"pleading the Fifth\" come from? The text of the Fifth Amendment is below. It does not use the words \"pleading the Fifth.\" Where does the phrase \"pleading the Fifth\" come from? The answer is A.", + "4512": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, Serengeti National Park has a rainy season and a dry season. It also has long, cold winters. The answer is A.", + "4519": "The colony is New York.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony. The answer is B.", + "4520": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each duck moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each duck moved for 5 hours. The duck that moved 260 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at the highest speed. The answer is C.", + "4529": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is B.", + "4532": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is C.", + "4537": "The colony is Connecticut. The answer is B.", + "4548": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The rose plant's observable version of the thorns trait is not having thorns. So, the plant's phenotype for the thorns trait is not having thorns. The answer is B.", + "4553": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the chimpanzee.\nThe chimpanzee uses its long limbs to reach branches while climbing. It uses its fingers and toes to grab the branches.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe Sumatran orangutan has long limbs with fingers and toes. Its limbs are adapted for climbing trees.\nThe okapi has long, thin limbs. Its limbs are not adapted for climbing trees. The okapi uses its limbs for walking and running. The answer is B.", + "4554": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the dead leaf mantis.\nThe dead leaf mantis has a reddish-brown body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe plated leaf chameleon has reddish-brown scales coverings its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color.\nThis Arctic wolf has white fur covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves. The answer is A.", + "4559": "Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. An orca is an animal. It swims in the ocean.\nOrcas are mammals that live in the ocean. They have small flippers instead of arms!\nA walnut tree is a plant. It has many green leaves.\nPeople pick and eat walnuts from walnut trees. Walnuts are the tree's seeds!\nA lavender bush is a plant. It has many purple flowers.\nLavender has a sweet smell. Some people use the oil from lavender bushes for perfume.\nA dandelion is an animal. It has a yellow flower.\nDandelion seeds can be blown long distances by the wind. The answer is D.", + "4562": "Hartford is the capital of Connecticut. The answer is D.", + "4568": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nBrenna is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years. The answer is C.", + "4575": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "4578": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America. The answer is C.", + "4583": "Look at the passage. It tells you how thick fur helps animals in wintertime.\nPeople put on winter coats when it's cold outside, and some animals have winter coats, too! They grow extra-thick coats of fur to keep warm in winter. The thick fur traps their body heat and keeps it close to their skin. Many wild animals grow winter coats. But so do some cats and dogs.\nSome animals, like arctic foxes, also change coat colors in winter. They shed their brown fur and grow thick white coats. Their white coats help them hide from other animals in the snow. The answer is A.", + "4594": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n An axolotl's scientific name is Ambystoma mexicanum. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma.\nPython reticulatus is in the genus Python. The first word of its scientific name is Python. So, Python reticulatus and Ambystoma mexicanum are not in the same genus.\nAmbystoma opacum is in the genus Ambystoma. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma. So, Ambystoma opacum and Ambystoma mexicanum are in the same genus.\nTigrisoma mexicanum and Ambystoma mexicanum are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Tigrisoma mexicanum and Ambystoma mexicanum have the same species name within their genus, mexicanum. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Tigrisoma mexicanum is in the genus Tigrisoma, and Ambystoma mexicanum is in the genus Ambystoma. The answer is C.", + "4603": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nMixing chocolate syrup into milk is a physical change. The chocolate syrup and milk make a mixture. Making a mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nStapling an envelope shut is a physical change. The envelope and the staple get new shapes. Both are still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is D.", + "4604": "A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.\nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.\nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.\nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:\nThe crocodile egg fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the palm leaf fossil. So, the crocodile egg fossil is most likely older than the palm leaf fossil. The answer is A.", + "4622": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait. The answer is B.", + "4623": "All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A scarecrow is not a living thing.\nScarecrows do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nIce cubes are not living things.\nIce cubes do not have all of the traits of living things. They may grow or melt in response to the world around them. But they do not need food.\nRabbits are living things.\nRabbits grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Rabbits are made up of many cells.\nRain is not a living thing.\nRain is made of water. It helps living things survive. But it does not have all the traits of a living thing. Rain does not grow or need food. The answer is D.", + "4624": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A helmeted iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit.\nA poison dart frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nPoison dart frogs come in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous. The answer is A.", + "4631": "This country is Antigua and Barbuda. The answer is D.", + "4632": "A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.\nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.\nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.\nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.\nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products. Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to ammonium nitrate in this chemical reaction.\nTo help relieve pain during a dental visit, a dentist may give a patient nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide is made in factories by carefully heating ammonium nitrate. At 170\u00b0C, ammonium nitrate breaks down and forms a mixture of nitrous oxide gas and water vapor. After the mixture is collected, the water vapor is separated from the nitrous oxide gas.\nThe underlined text tells you that when ammonium nitrate breaks down, it forms nitrous oxide gas. When ammonium nitrate reacts, or goes through a chemical change, its atoms are rearranged to form nitrous oxide gas. Because ammonium nitrate reacts in this chemical reaction, ammonium nitrate is a reactant. The answer is A.", + "4639": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the following statements describe the Cerrado ecosystem: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has warm summers and warm winters. It has soil that is poor in nutrients. The following statement does not describe the Cerrado: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has a small amount of rain. The answer is A.", + "4645": "Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?\nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.\nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.\nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.\nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. \nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.\nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:\nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes\nYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:\nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4 The answer is C.", + "4647": "Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A cedar tree is a plant. It has small leaves.\nCedar trees grow in many parts of the world. Many cedar trees grow on mountains.\nA mole is an animal. It eats insects and worms.\nMoles live mostly underground. The answer is A.", + "4654": "Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Marie went down the slide face-first, like a penguin.\nThe words Marie and penguin are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile. The answer is A.", + "4657": "Jaylen wanted broccoli in his lunch and Porter was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nJaylen has tomatoes. Porter has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is A.", + "4670": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. None of the objects are soft.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. All three objects are rough.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is rough. The answer is A.", + "4672": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nPreston took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain. The answer is D.", + "4678": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince sailor is between the guide words sour - stone, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "4682": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode! The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nThe hyperbole dinosaurs were still roaming the Earth suggests that Dustin hasn't cleaned his room in a very long time. He did not actually clean his room millions of years ago when dinosaurs existed. The answer is B.", + "4686": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is A.", + "4690": "This country is the Federated States of Micronesia. The answer is B.", + "4698": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "4699": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince itch is between the guide words illustrate - interrupt, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "4708": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the golden eagle.\nThe golden eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey. The sharp claws can help the golden eagle attack and kill its prey. The long toes can help it hold on to its prey.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe common buzzard has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey.\nThe Malayan tapir has large, heavy feet. Its feet are not adapted for grabbing prey. The Malayan tapir uses its feet to walk and run. The answer is B.", + "4709": "Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania. The answer is A.", + "4717": "A rock sequence is a record of the layers of rock in a area. The layers in a rock sequence are usually ordered by their ages.\nThe youngest layers are at the top of the rock sequence, and the oldest layers are at the bottom. To find the answer, look at the diagram.\nThe limestone layer is older than the sandstone layer. So, the limestone layer is the deeper layer. The answer is A.", + "4718": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. New York is farthest north. The answer is B.", + "4719": "A fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The second sentence states a fact.\nJackie Robinson played baseball for the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1947 to 1956.\nIt can be proved by reading a baseball schedule for the years 1947 to 1956.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nJackie Robinson was the most noteworthy baseball player of the 1940 s and 1950 s.\nMost noteworthy shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which player was the most noteworthy. The answer is B.", + "4720": "Boston is the capital of Massachusetts. The answer is D.", + "4740": "In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.\nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.\nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.\nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 2 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 6 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.\nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There were 2 more solute particles on the left side of the membrane than before.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right. The answer is A.", + "4748": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Daniel that the essay wasn't finished. The essay is like a person who is bothering Daniel. The answer is A.", + "4749": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is B.", + "4753": "The colony is Massachusetts.\nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony. The answer is D.", + "4755": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince accurate is between the guide words album - avoid, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "4757": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.\nThe sea urchin has an arrow pointing to it from the kelp. The kelp is a producer, so the sea urchin is a primary consumer.\nThe phytoplankton does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the phytoplankton is not a primary consumer.\nThe black rockfish has an arrow pointing to it from the zooplankton. The zooplankton is a producer, so the black rockfish is a primary consumer.\nThe orca has an arrow pointing to it from the sea otter. The sea otter is not a producer. So, the orca is not a primary consumer.\nThe kelp does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the kelp is not a primary consumer. The answer is D.", + "4767": "A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.\nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Celsius (\u00b0C). Celsius is one scale used to measure temperature.\nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.\nThere is a Celsius scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 30 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 30\u00b0C. Find the top of the red liquid.\nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 40. So, the temperature is 40\u00b0C. The answer is A.", + "4774": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Eliana dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Eliana enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "4782": "Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nArachnids have the following traits:\nThey have eight legs.\nThey have an exoskeleton.\nThey have no antennae.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA trichina worm has the following traits:\nIt has a soft body.\nIt has a cylindrical shape.\nIt does not have antennae.\nIt does not have an exoskeleton.\nA trichina worm does not have all of the traits of an arachnid. A trichina worm is a roundworm.\nA wolf spider has the following traits:\nIt has eight legs.\nIt has an exoskeleton.\nIt does not have antennae.\nA wolf spider has the traits of an arachnid. A wolf spider is an arachnid. The answer is A.", + "4784": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a washing machine is 36 cups.\n36 fluid ounces is too little and 36 gallons is too much. The answer is A.", + "4805": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a car's gas tank is 15 gallons.\n15 fluid ounces and 15 cups are both too little. The answer is B.", + "4809": "Nashville is the capital of Tennessee. The answer is C.", + "4817": "This country is Fiji. The answer is C.", + "4820": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (some things, bring up).\nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall. The answer is B.", + "4828": "Denver is the capital of Colorado. The answer is A.", + "4832": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles. The answer is B.", + "4833": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.\nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.\nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3.\nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12\nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15\n To decide which planet is the smallest, look at the volumes shown in the table and compare the exponents. Mercury's volume has an exponent of 10, which is the smallest out of all the planets.\nMercury is made mainly of rock. So, the smallest planet is made mainly of rock. The answer is B.", + "4834": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the spectacled cobra.\nWhen frightened, the spectacled cobra can spread out its hood to appear larger and more dangerous. If a predator is nearby, the hood can help scare it away.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe bearded dragon has spiny scales around its neck. It uses its neck to appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.\nThe green anole has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted to help it appear larger and more dangerous to a predator. The answer is A.", + "4836": "Look at the table and images.\nMaya wants broccoli. Hanson wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "4844": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.\nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A black howler is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nHowler monkeys have loud calls, or howls. Their calls can be heard over three miles away!\nA snowy owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nSnowy owls live in cold places. They have feathers on their feet to protect them from the cold.\nA gray crowned crane is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nCranes wade in shallow water to look for food. Cranes eat insects, worms, and plants.\nA Banggai cardinalfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nCardinalfish often live near coral reefs. They are nocturnal, which means that they are active mostly at night. The answer is B.", + "4851": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A Christmas tree worm's scientific name is Spirobranchus giganteus.\nSpirobranchus giganteus has the same scientific name as a Christmas tree worm. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nMacropus giganteus does not have the same scientific name as a Christmas tree worm. So, Spirobranchus giganteus and Macropus giganteus are not in the same species.\nSphodromantis viridis does not have the same scientific name as a Christmas tree worm. So, Spirobranchus giganteus and Sphodromantis viridis are not in the same species. The answer is B.", + "4854": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kurt wants or needs:\nKurt will spend some time and money to get the costume. The answer is B.", + "4859": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that the snacks they sell are the best, because they use only \"real\" ingredients. However, even though a food is made with \"real\" ingredients, that doesn't necessarily mean it's the best. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature. The answer is C.", + "4865": "Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of andesite match the properties of a rock. So, andesite is a rock. The answer is B.", + "4871": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince choke is between the guide words civilian - crank, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "4877": "A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.\nMrs. Lloyd will bake brownies for dessert, or she will make peach cobbler. The answer is B.", + "4883": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.\nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nJuly has an average monthly precipitation of about 80 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, July has the lowest average precipitation. The answer is A.", + "4886": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is A.", + "4891": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to do ten jumping jacks is 18 seconds.\n18 hours is too slow. The answer is A.", + "4897": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. New Hampshire is farthest north. The answer is B.", + "4914": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.\nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. Both objects are smooth.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. Neither of the objects are rough.\nThe property that both objects have in common is smooth. The answer is A.", + "4918": "This country is Grenada. The answer is B.", + "4919": "In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.\nA single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population.\nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.\nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem. The answer is A.", + "4920": "Plant and animal cells have many parts in common, but not all. This table shows some of their similarities and differences.\nCell part | Plant cell | Animal cell\ncell wall | yes | no\ncell membrane | yes | yes\ncytoplasm | yes | yes\nmitochondria | yes | yes\nvacuole | yes | yes\nchloroplasts | yes | no\nnucleus | yes | yes\nchromosomes | yes | yes\nThink about how plant and animal cells are different:\nPlant cells have a cell wall, but animal cells do not. The cell wall helps plant cells keep a fixed shape. Most animal cells do not have a fixed shape.\nPlant cells have chloroplasts, but animal cells do not. Chloroplasts make sugar that plants cells can use as food. Animal cells cannot make their own food.\n The answer is A.", + "4922": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince describe is between the guide words dangle - differ, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "4924": "Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.\nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.\nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.\nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment. The answer is A.", + "4933": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes. The apples become soft, and the crust turns brown.\nPlants making food is a chemical change. Plants use energy from sunlight to change air and water into food. The food is sugar. Sugar is a different type of matter than air or water.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBaking is caused by heating. But plants making food is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is A.", + "4943": "The Second Amendment says that the American people have the right to own weapons. In particular, it says that the American people can own \"arms.\" The authors understood \"arms\" to include the type of weapons we now call guns. The complete text of the Second Amendment is below. According to the text, why is it important for Americans to have the right to own weapons? A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. The answer is A.", + "4950": "Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether building a deck is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs building a deck something you can touch? No.\nIs building a deck a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, building a deck is a service. The answer is A.", + "4955": "A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.\nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.\nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A bubble map uses lines or arrows to connect things that are related. This bubble map shows information about different kinds of marsupials.\nKangaroos and koalas are both marsupials. Marsupials are mammals with a pouch. In a pouch, a marsupial can hide and protect its young. The answer is B.", + "4956": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a pen is 18 centimeters.\n18 millimeters is too short. 18 meters and 18 kilometers are too long. The answer is D.", + "4969": "People around the world live in three main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas.\nAn urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often tall and have many floors. Since there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic.\nA suburban area, or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with yards. Most people drive to get places.\nA rural area is less crowded than both urban and suburban areas. Houses are much more spread out. People usually have to drive to get places. People in rural areas often live on farms or ranches.\nSome places, like small towns, don't really fit into any of the types. A small town does not have as many people as an urban area, but it has more people than a rural area. It is not near a city, so it is not called a suburb. Rural areas usually have less traffic. There are less cars and people in rural areas. The answer is A.", + "4974": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. The rose plant's genotype for the growth pattern gene is GG. The rose plant's genotype of GG has only G allelles. The G allele is for climbing growth. So, the rose plant's phenotype for the growth pattern trait must be climbing growth.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the rose plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for bush growth (g) is recessive to the allele for climbing growth (G). This means G is a dominant allele, and g is a recessive allele.\nThe rose plant's genotype of GG has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the rose plant's phenotype for the growth pattern trait must be climbing growth. The answer is B.", + "4975": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Benedict Arnold is U.S. history.\nBenedict Arnold was an American officer who secretly aided the British during the American Revolution.\nThe allusion Benedict Arnold means a traitor. The answer is B.", + "4977": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs tidy as an overgrown garden shows verbal irony because an overgrown garden is not tidy. The answer is B.", + "4980": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a bathtub is 335 liters.\n335 milliliters is too little. The answer is B.", + "4991": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince clatter is between the guide words cinder - couple, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "4996": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the polar bear.\nThe polar bear has skin with thick fur on top and a thick layer of fat underneath it. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The polar bear uses its fur and fat to keep warm in cold weather.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe snowy owl has a thick coat of feathers covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.\nThe hairy armadillo has scales covering much of its skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places. The answer is A.", + "4999": "Pierre is the capital of South Dakota. The answer is A.", + "5000": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents the compound pyrite.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether silicon carbide is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that silicon carbide is composed of carbon atoms and silicon atoms bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that silicon carbide is composed of two chemical elements: carbon and silicon. Since silicon carbide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, silicon carbide is a compound. The answer is A.", + "5013": "Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.\nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:\nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Because producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms.\nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.\nTheir chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis.\nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce. This moss is photosynthetic:\nThe text tells you that Racomitrium lanuginosum moss is green because its cells contain chlorophyll. This moss uses chlorophyll to capture energy from sunlight.\nThis evidence suggests that Racomitrium lanuginosum moss is a photosynthetic organism.\nThis moss mantis is not photosynthetic:\nThe text does not provide evidence that the moss mantis is photosynthetic. The moss mantis is green and brown, which helps it hide among mosses and leaves. This camouflage helps the mantis sneak up on its insect prey. The answer is B.", + "5018": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is A.", + "5022": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "5025": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is B.", + "5032": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air from a hair dryer is a gas. It expands to fill a space.\nA baseball is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If you hit a baseball with a bat, the baseball will still have a size and shape of its own.\nThe water in a waterfall is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you put water from a waterfall into a bucket, the water will take the shape of the bucket. But the water will still take up the same amount of space.\nA chair is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A chair has a back, a seat, and legs. The answer is C.", + "5044": "Denver is the capital of Colorado. The answer is B.", + "5045": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a hiking trail is 2 kilometers.\n2 centimeters is too short. The answer is A.", + "5046": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nMarcy couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.\nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Marcy so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "5047": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to bake lasagna in the oven is 44 minutes.\n44 hours is too slow. The answer is B.", + "5049": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is C.", + "5050": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nDull roar is a contradiction, because dull describes a lack of sound, and roar describes a loud sound. The answer is B.", + "5052": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The hockey rink and the ice hockey are hard, but the wet ice cube and the yogurt are not.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. All four objects are slippery.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The wet ice cube is not flexible.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is slippery. The answer is C.", + "5056": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a fire truck is 16 tons.\n16 ounces and 16 pounds are both too light. The answer is C.", + "5063": "The answer is C.", + "5069": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Erik wants or needs:\nErik will give up the chance to look at the birch tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the tulips. The answer is B.", + "5072": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Quincy's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Quincy's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job. The answer is B.", + "5073": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "5080": "This country is Fiji. The answer is D.", + "5082": "A force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the stroller that is heavier.\nA stroller holding a kid that weighs 29 pounds is heavier than a stroller holding a kid that weighs 22 pounds. So, the stroller holding the kid that weighs 29 pounds needs to be pushed with a larger force to start moving forward at the same speed as the other other stroller. The answer is B.", + "5086": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. Weber is capitalized because it is a proper noun. The answer is A.", + "5090": "Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.\nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.\nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.\nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.\nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.\nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The equator is the line at 0\u00b0 latitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect North America or Europe. The answer is B.", + "5097": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is B.", + "5119": "Des Moines is the capital of Iowa. The answer is B.", + "5126": "Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a banana is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a banana something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a banana a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a banana is a good. The answer is B.", + "5140": "Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A green toad is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a green toad has a backbone.\nLike other tarantulas, a red-kneed tarantula does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover. The answer is B.", + "5143": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (real quick).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall. The answer is A.", + "5144": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nClownfish live with animals called anemones. In the image of the clownfish, you can see the green anemone behind the clownfish.\nA helmeted iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit. The answer is A.", + "5145": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nOf a certain age is an indirect and generally more polite way of referring to older people. The answer is A.", + "5146": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the earthworm.\nThe only arrow pointing from the short-tailed weasel leads to the mushroom. No arrows point from the mushroom to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the short-tailed weasel to the earthworm.There is one path matter can take from the mushroom to the earthworm: mushroom->brown lemming->earthworm. There is one path matter can take from the brown lemming to the earthworm: brown lemming->earthworm. There is one path matter can take from the bilberry to the earthworm: bilberry->brown lemming->earthworm. The answer is A.", + "5152": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each bowhead whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bowhead whale moved 80 kilometers in 10 hours.\nThe other bowhead whale moved 45 kilometers in 10 hours.\nNotice that each bowhead whale spent the same amount of time moving. The bowhead whale that moved 80 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bowhead whale must have moved at a higher speed. The answer is B.", + "5155": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a passenger helicopter is 2 tons.\n2 ounces and 2 pounds are both too light. The answer is A.", + "5175": "This state is Mississippi. The answer is C.", + "5180": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. The pretzel is bumpy.\nSugar has a sweet taste. The pretzel is not sweet. The answer is A.", + "5184": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is B.", + "5185": "Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:\nIt is a solid.\nIt is formed in nature.\nIt is not made by organisms.\nIt is a pure substance.\nIt has a fixed crystal structure.\nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nA mineral is not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.\nA mineral is a pure substance.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\n Peridotite does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, peridotite is not a mineral. The answer is A.", + "5188": "Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for pyrite contains two symbols: Fe for iron and S for sulfur. So, pyrite is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, pyrite is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for chloromethane contains three symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and Cl for chlorine. So, chloromethane is made of three chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, chloromethane is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for nickel contains one symbol: Ni. So, nickel is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, nickel is an elementary substance. The answer is B.", + "5189": "An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.\nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.\nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Carassius auratus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.\nCarassius auratus is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that goldfish is the common name. The answer is B.", + "5190": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nA dime a dozen means abundant or common. The answer is A.", + "5200": "A force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the friend who is heavier.\nA friend who weighs 25 pounds is heavier than a friend who weighs 24 pounds. So, to move the wagon at the same speed each time, Logan needs to use a larger force to start moving the wagon with a friend who weighs 25 pounds. The answer is B.", + "5203": "The colony is New Hampshire.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony. The answer is C.", + "5208": "Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.\nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:\nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Because producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms.\nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.\nTheir chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis.\nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce. This organism is photosynthetic:\nThe text tells you that giant kelp are producers and use carbon dioxide and water to make food inside their cells. This is evidence that the giant kelp is a photosynthetic organism.\nThis organism is not photosynthetic:\nThe text does not provide evidence that the leafy sea dragon is photosynthetic. The answer is B.", + "5210": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A green tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.\nA human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nHumans are a type of animal called a primate. Monkeys and apes are also primates. The answer is B.", + "5211": "This country is Dominica. The answer is C.", + "5212": "A force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the cart that is heavier.\nA cart holding 62 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 50 pounds. So, the cart holding 62 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart. The answer is B.", + "5214": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three meatballs have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 44\u00b0C meatball is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy. The answer is B.", + "5223": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The velcro is not rough.\nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The velcro is colorful. The answer is B.", + "5226": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince dad is not between the guide words degree - doll, it would not be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "5238": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is C.", + "5243": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to brush your teeth is 2 minutes.\n2 seconds is too fast. The answer is B.", + "5248": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince back is between the guide words book - bulletin, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "5249": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.\nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint, self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.\nThe allusion spartan means simple and austere. The answer is A.", + "5254": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "5256": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Duncan wants or needs:\nDuncan will give up the chance to be in the Theater Club. He would have had more fun in the Theater Club than in the Photography Club. The answer is B.", + "5258": "Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming. The answer is A.", + "5270": "Sometimes a word doesn't belong with the other words in a group. These words are outliers.\nWhen you find an outlier, look at the words around it. The words in a group usually go together. For example, think about the words rarely, sometimes, usually, and new.\nsometimes\nusually\nnew\nrarely\nThese words show how often something happens. Usually and sometimes mean about the same thing. New and rarely don't fit in with the other words. The answer is D.", + "5272": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is C.", + "5274": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "5287": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a bench is 11 feet.\n11 inches is too short. 11 yards and 11 miles are too long. The answer is B.", + "5298": "The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:\nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:\nsay that a brand has been trusted for many years\nnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrity\ninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values\nAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:\nuse graphs or charts to display information\nmention the results of scientific studies\nexplain the science behind a product or service\nAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:\ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment\nappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive\nlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to logos, or reason. It uses a graph to display information and uses specific figures (2x the meat). The answer is C.", + "5302": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince reduce is between the guide words riddle - rye, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "5306": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.\nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.\n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with yellow pods or green pods, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the pod color trait. The question tells you that the d allele, which is for yellow pods, is recessive to the D allele, which is for green pods.\nYellow pods is the recessive allele's version of the pod color trait. A pea plant with the recessive version of the pod color trait must have only recessive alleles for the pod color gene. So, offspring with yellow pods must have the genotype dd.\nThere are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype dd. These boxes are highlighted below.\nGreen pods is the dominant allele's version of the pod color trait. A pea plant with the dominant version of the pod color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the pod color gene. So, offspring with green pods must have the genotype DD or Dd.\nThere are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype DD or Dd. These boxes are highlighted below.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with yellow pods to offspring with green pods is 2:2. This means that, on average, this cross will produce 2 offspring with yellow pods for every 2 offspring with green pods. The answer is E.", + "5308": "Concord is the capital of New Hampshire. The answer is D.", + "5311": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. All four objects are soft.\nA lemon has a sour taste. The marshmallow is not sour.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The gold ring is shiny, but the apple is not.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is soft. The answer is B.", + "5313": "Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. Mutter about something has a more negative connotation. If you mutter about something, you speak about it in a quiet, annoyed way. The answer is B.", + "5316": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is C.", + "5333": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him entire years to fetch coffee. The answer is A.", + "5335": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is C.", + "5346": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Job is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Job remains faithful and loyal to God, even after the unjust loss of his possessions, family, and health.\nThe allusion Job means someone who patiently endures adversity. The answer is A.", + "5351": "Many plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?\nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.\nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The fruit grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Seeds can be many shapes, colors, and sizes.\nSeeds can be small, like the seeds of a violet.\nThey can be large, like the seeds of a sunflower.\nSeeds can be red, like the seeds of a poppy.\nSeeds can be black, like the seeds of a crowberry.\nSeeds can be white, like the seeds of a sweet pea.\nSeeds can be round, like the seeds of a dandelion.\nSeeds can be oval, like the seeds of a pea. The answer is B.", + "5352": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles. The answer is B.", + "5355": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince market is between the guide words mechanic - monk, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "5362": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The muskmelon plant has two alleles for sweet fruit (f). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit taste gene is ff. The answer is B.", + "5389": "This state is New Jersey. The answer is D.", + "5400": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nSome objects are made of just one material.\nMost nails are made of metal.\nOther objects are made of more than one material.\nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the box.\nThe jewelry box is made of two different materials. The box is made of wood, and the hinges are metal. The answer is A.", + "5408": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic hare.\nDuring the winter, the Arctic hare has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The Arctic hare uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nDuring the winter, the caribou has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.\nThe scarlet snake has thin, stretchy skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places. The answer is A.", + "5415": "A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.\nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.\nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.\nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:\nThe crocodile egg fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the fern fossil. So, the crocodile egg fossil is most likely older than the fern fossil. The answer is A.", + "5416": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince oh is between the guide words oar - orphan, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "5418": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two mugs of cider have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 40\u00b0C mug of cider is hotter than the 30\u00b0C mug of cider, it has more thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "5421": "A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.\nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.\nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The hiker's hand applies a force to the litter. This force is a pull. The direction of this pull is toward her hand. The answer is A.", + "5441": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "5447": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean. The answer is B.", + "5456": "A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.\nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.\nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The force of Earth's gravity pulls the diver downward. The direction of the pull is toward the center of Earth. The answer is A.", + "5469": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nBert noticed that the wind was blowing in from the ocean this afternoon.\nThis passage tells you about the wind direction where Bert was this afternoon. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is B.", + "5471": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A golden frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.\nA cardinalfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nCardinalfish often live near coral reefs. They are nocturnal, which means that they are active mostly at night. The answer is A.", + "5472": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. I wear an apron it keeps my dress clean is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: I wear an apron and It keeps my dress clean. The answer is A.", + "5474": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The dress is not hard.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The dress is soft. The answer is B.", + "5475": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nTearing a piece of paper is a physical change. The paper tears into pieces. But each piece is still made of paper.\nStapling an envelope shut is a physical change. The envelope and the paper inside change shape. But they are still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is B.", + "5476": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.\nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA sticky object can stick to other things. The soccer shorts are not sticky.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. Both objects are blue.\nThe property that both objects have in common is blue. The answer is A.", + "5490": "This country is Grenada. The answer is A.", + "5499": "This country is the Federated States of Micronesia. The answer is C.", + "5507": "Look at the table and images.\nMonica wants broccoli. Diana wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "5511": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the sturgeon.\nThe sturgeon's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding. The sturgeon uses its mouth to find food hidden in the sediment at the bottom of rivers, lakes, and the ocean.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe bat ray's mouth is located on the underside of its head. Its mouth points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding.\nThe emperor angelfish's mouth is not located on the underside of its head. Its mouth is not adapted for bottom feeding. The answer is A.", + "5522": "Diana wanted broccoli in her lunch and Gabby was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nDiana has tomatoes. Gabby has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is C.", + "5529": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mr. Vincent is capitalized because it is a proper noun. The answer is B.", + "5533": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Reba has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations. The answer is B.", + "5540": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nManny took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain. The answer is D.", + "5543": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of an ice skate is 12 inches.\n12 feet, 12 yards, and 12 miles are all too long. The answer is B.", + "5545": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "5547": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. The invention of the printing press was a new technology that made copying books faster and easier. So, the supply of books went up. The answer is A.", + "5548": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is C.", + "5559": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is C.", + "5563": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the bank.\nWhen Maria called the bank, she learned that her checking account was overdrawn. The answer is B.", + "5564": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "5573": "The city is San Antonio, Texas. Chicago, New York City, and San Francisco are marked with gray circles on the map below. The answer is A.", + "5584": "A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nThe pond has frozen over, so Nellie will go ice skating. The answer is A.", + "5589": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince boulder is not between the guide words bike - bridge, it would not be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "5592": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that your father wants you to work around the house more, because he doesn't want you to spend time with your friends. However, the fact that your father wants you to work around the house more doesn't necessarily suggest that he doesn't want you to spend time with your friends. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man. The answer is C.", + "5603": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two oranges are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter orange has more thermal energy. The answer is B.", + "5606": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The pineapple is not rough.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The pineapple is stretchy. The answer is B.", + "5611": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "5618": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "5623": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the short-tailed weasel.\nDuring the winter, the short-tailed weasel has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nDuring the winter, the Arctic fox has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.\nThis screech owl has gray and brown feathers on its skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The answer is A.", + "5625": "Mimicry is when one animal looks or acts like another animal. Mimicry can help an animal stay safe. For example, a harmless insect may look like a harmful insect. A harmless snake may look like a venomous snake. The answer is B.", + "5634": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Sacramento is the capital of California the state government meets there is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Sacramento is the capital of California and The state government meets there. The answer is B.", + "5637": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "5639": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Megan or Carly.\nMegan smiled and said hello when she ran into Carly at the post office.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nWhen Megan ran into Carly at the post office, she smiled and said hello. The answer is B.", + "5642": "This country is Samoa. The answer is A.", + "5648": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each pizza decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each pizza decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each pizza to the surroundings. The answer is B.", + "5651": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a water pitcher is 11 cups.\n11 fluid ounces is too little and 11 gallons is too much. The answer is C.", + "5663": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. The answer is C.", + "5664": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a can of soda pop is 345 milliliters.\n345 liters is too much. The answer is A.", + "5667": "Charleston is the capital of West Virginia. The answer is B.", + "5671": "A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is a run-on sentence. It is formed from two sentences run together, joined without punctuation.\nThe first car that Mr. Castro bought is still the most precious in his collection it's a 1971 Chevrolet Chevelle.\nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:\nThe first car that Mr. Castro bought is still the most precious in his collection; it's a 1971 Chevrolet Chevelle. The answer is A.", + "5674": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A black howler's scientific name is Alouatta caraya.\nOvis orientalis does not have the same scientific name as a black howler. So, Alouatta caraya and Ovis orientalis are not in the same species.\nAlouatta caraya has the same scientific name as a black howler. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nOvis canadensis does not have the same scientific name as a black howler. So, Alouatta caraya and Ovis canadensis are not in the same species. The answer is B.", + "5683": "Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words tune and back rhyme. They both end with the un sound.\nThe word pack does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound. The answer is C.", + "5691": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. The caramel corn and the chocolate syrup are not blue.\nSugar has a sweet taste. All three objects are sweet.\nA lemon has a sour taste. None of the objects are sour.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is sweet. The answer is A.", + "5694": "Trenton is the capital of New Jersey. The answer is B.", + "5696": "This country is New Zealand. The answer is D.", + "5697": "The colony is Massachusetts.\nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony. The answer is A.", + "5698": "A target is a good symbol for accuracy. The bull's-eye is the center of the target. If you throw a dart that hits the bull's-eye, the dart is accurate. The answer is A.", + "5710": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a bottle of hair spray is 10 fluid ounces.\n10 cups and 10 gallons are both too much. The answer is A.", + "5711": "A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nSusan finished her book, but she got two more from the library. The answer is B.", + "5720": "Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second confirmation text message is more formal. It uses more elevated language (thank you for confirming your appointment). The other confirmation text message uses contractions (thanks, C U) and is more familiar (we'll see you). The answer is B.", + "5722": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Amy or Annie.\nAmy asked Annie to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting because she has a gluten allergy.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nBecause Annie has a gluten allergy, Amy asked her to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting. The answer is A.", + "5724": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A cat is a mammal. Like other mammals, a cat is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nLike other spiders, an orb weaver is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. The answer is B.", + "5725": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the short-tailed weasel.\nDuring the winter, the short-tailed weasel has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe polar bear has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.\nThe porcupine has black-and-white spines covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The answer is A.", + "5726": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Bullseye's observable version of the fur color trait is brown fur. So, Bullseye's phenotype for the fur color trait is brown fur. The answer is B.", + "5734": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince accuse is not between the guide words another - away, it would not be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "5736": "Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota. The answer is A.", + "5747": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion to an ark suggests that Christine thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds. The answer is B.", + "5748": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Idaho is farthest west. The answer is C.", + "5755": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.\nThe United States government can collect taxes.\nIt can be proved by reading the U.S. Constitution.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nPeople are taxed too much.\nToo much shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how much is too much. The answer is A.", + "5761": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, raise. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is B.", + "5770": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nAn opaque object does not let light through. The ceramic mug is opaque, but the window, the ice cycle, and the water pitcher are not.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. All four objects are fragile.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The window and the ice cycle are transparent, but the ceramic mug and the water pitcher are not.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is fragile. The answer is A.", + "5774": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that two out of the eight planets are made mainly of rock. So, one-fourth, or 25%, of the planets are made mainly of rock. The answer is B.", + "5781": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature. The answer is C.", + "5789": "Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nA skull is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, a skull is not a mineral.\nQuartz is a mineral.\nHornblende is a mineral. The answer is C.", + "5795": "Concord is the capital of New Hampshire. The answer is D.", + "5801": "Phoenix is the capital of Arizona. The answer is A.", + "5805": "This country is the Marshall Islands.\nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?\nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force. The answer is D.", + "5806": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Texas is farthest south. The answer is D.", + "5808": "Announce doesn't belong.\nSay and tell both name speaking out loud. The answer is B.", + "5812": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is B.", + "5816": "Look at the table and images.\nKevin wants broccoli. Aaliyah wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is B.", + "5828": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is B.", + "5830": "All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.\nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A street lamp is not a living thing.\nStreet lamps do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water.\nA spruce tree is a living thing.\nSpruce trees grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water. Spruce trees are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight. The answer is B.", + "5836": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia. The answer is C.", + "5840": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two bath towels are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter bath towel has more thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "5845": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence. The answer is B.", + "5859": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nLet go is an indirect way of saying that people were fired. The answer is A.", + "5864": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is B.", + "5871": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a paper drinking cup is 150 milliliters.\n150 liters is too much. The answer is B.", + "5876": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 35 millimeters.\n35 centimeters and 35 meters are both too long. The answer is A.", + "5880": "Holi celebrates the beginning of spring.\nHoli is a festival of colors. It is a time when people throw colored powder and water on each other. The answer is C.", + "5881": "In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word for is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Bad Kitty for President. The answer is B.", + "5886": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.\nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. An ocean sunfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nOcean sunfish have a flat body and wide fins. They sometimes swim to the ocean's surface to rest in the sun.\nA wombat is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nWombats have strong claws on their front feet. They use their claws to dig underground holes called burrows.\nA barn owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nBarn owls live on every continent except Antarctica.\nA flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nFlamingos live in large groups. These groups are called flocks. The answer is A.", + "5888": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is B.", + "5889": "All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A ferris wheel is not a living thing.\nA ferris wheel does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves in a circle, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.\nA toy car is not a living thing.\nA toy car does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.\nA crayon is not a living thing.\nA crayon does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.\nA hedge maze is not a living thing.\nA hedge maze does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves in a straight line, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water. The answer is D.", + "5890": "Dover is the capital of Delaware. The answer is B.", + "5893": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nImpossible to put down means that the book is so good that it is hard to stop reading. The phrase impossible to put down is also a joke about anti-gravity: if gravity pulls things down, perhaps anti-gravity does the opposite and makes them impossible to put down. The answer is A.", + "5900": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (some things, bring up).\nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall. The answer is A.", + "5901": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince shower is not between the guide words seven - strange, it would not be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "5903": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince scooter is not between the guide words shop - swept, it would not be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "5912": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature. The answer is A.", + "5913": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A dwarf crocodile is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nA gorilla is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk. The answer is A.", + "5919": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion We're not in Kansas anymore is a movie.\nIn the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy, a young farm girl from Kansas, finds herself in Oz, an unusual place that looks nothing like her home. She says to her dog, \"Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore.\"\nThe allusion We're not in Kansas anymore means we're in an unfamiliar place. The answer is A.", + "5922": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is B.", + "5925": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the common swift.\nA short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The common swift uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe barn swallow has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.\nThe hanging parrot has a small hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The hanging parrot uses its beak to eat fruit and seeds. The answer is B.", + "5933": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A tawny owl's scientific name is Strix aluco. The first word of its scientific name is Strix.\nGoura cristata is in the genus Goura. The first word of its scientific name is Goura. So, Goura cristata and Strix aluco are not in the same genus.\nCyanocitta cristata is in the genus Cyanocitta. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta. So, Cyanocitta cristata and Strix aluco are not in the same genus.\nThis organism and the tawny owl are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Strix aluco. The answer is B.", + "5934": "Nashville is the capital of Tennessee. The answer is B.", + "5940": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.\nFor thousands of years, the natives of Greenland used kayaks for hunting and fishing.\nIt can be proved by looking up the history of kayaks.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nPaddling a kayak down a river is the most unforgettable experience.\nMost unforgettable shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes an experience unforgettable. The answer is B.", + "5946": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nLara's little brother looked a little nauseous after eating mounds of candy and then going on the dizzying rides at the state fair.\nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nLara's little brother looked a little sick after eating mounds of candy and then going on the nauseous rides at the state fair.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard. The answer is B.", + "5956": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is C.", + "5959": "In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word in is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is \"The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing.\" The answer is B.", + "5961": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Krysta doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, there may be a number of reasons why Krysta doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy. The answer is A.", + "5975": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the plastic ball is more flexible. If you squeeze a plastic ball, it will not break. The answer is B.", + "5978": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nBleaching clothes is a chemical change. The bleach reacts with dark stains on the clothes. The reaction changes the stains into different types of matter that wash away easily.\nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown layer of the apple, the inside is still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change didn't happen to that part of the apple.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is C.", + "5981": "Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma. The answer is B.", + "5986": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. All three objects are slippery.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The wet bar of soap and the yogurt are not bouncy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is slippery. The answer is C.", + "5990": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The Channel catfish's observable version of the body color trait is a brown body. So, the catfish's phenotype for the body color trait is a brown body. The answer is A.", + "5991": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bear sedge.\nThere are two arrows pointing to the collared lemming. One arrow starts from the bear sedge. The other arrow starts from the lichen. The lichen does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the collared lemming. The answer is B.", + "5992": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "5994": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nIguazu Falls is one of the largest waterfalls in the world. It is located in South America. Low rainfall in 1978 caused the falls to run dry that year.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the amount of rainfall at Iguazu Falls in 1978. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is B.", + "5995": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the hawfinch.\nThe hawfinch has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds. The hawfinch uses its short, thick beak to press down on a seed and crack open its hard shell.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe Asian golden weaver has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds.\nThe common swift has a long, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack hard seeds. The common swift uses its beak to eat insects and other small invertebrates. The answer is B.", + "5998": "Olympia is the capital of Washington. The answer is C.", + "6001": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that of the eight planets, two are made mainly of gas and two are made mainly of ice. So, four of the eight, or half, of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice. The answer is B.", + "6005": "Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A wombat is an animal. It eats plants.\nWombats have strong claws. They use their claws to dig tunnels called burrows.\nA maple tree is a plant. It has star-shaped leaves.\nMaple trees have green leaves in the spring and summer. In the fall, their leaves turn yellow, red, or brown. The answer is A.", + "6008": "This state is Missouri. The answer is A.", + "6020": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the lichen.\nThe only arrow pointing to the grizzly bear starts from the barren-ground caribou. The only arrow pointing to the barren-ground caribou starts from the lichen. The answer is A.", + "6023": "Both of the African wild dogs have four legs.\nAfrican wild dogs have long, thin legs. They can run fast, and they use their legs to walk and hunt.\nThis picture shows two African wild dogs running. The answer is B.", + "6028": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nSome objects are made of just one material.\nMost nails are made of metal.\nOther objects are made of more than one material.\nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the door.\nThe door is made of two different materials. The answer is A.", + "6029": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nAn avid reader, Philip attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month. The answer is D.", + "6037": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Senator Fischer hates children, because she wants to cut education funding. However, the fact that Senator Fischer wants to cut education funding doesn't necessarily suggest that she hates children. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man. The answer is A.", + "6046": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Cinderella is a fairy tale.\nThe allusion Cinderella means a fairy tale. The answer is A.", + "6051": "This country is The Bahamas. The answer is B.", + "6052": "Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. An orange tree is a plant. It can grow fruit.\nOrange trees grow in sunny, warm places. They can be damaged by cold weather.\nAn orca is an animal. It swims in the ocean.\nOrcas are mammals that live in the ocean. They have flippers instead of arms! The answer is A.", + "6054": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "6072": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Sage's genotype for the coat color gene is ll. Sage's genotype of ll has only l alleles. The l allele is for a reddish-brown coat. So, Sage's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a reddish-brown coat.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Sage's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a reddish-brown coat (l) is recessive to the allele for a black coat (L). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nSage's genotype of ll has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Sage's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a reddish-brown coat. The answer is B.", + "6078": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "6083": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. A famous group will sing here on Saturday is a complete sentence. The subject is a famous group, and the verb is will sing. The answer is A.", + "6091": "In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.\nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.\nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.\nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 7 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.\nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 6 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the left side of the membrane than before.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right. The answer is A.", + "6092": "In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word man is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is The Elephant Man. The answer is B.", + "6096": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n An agile wallaby's scientific name is Macropus agilis. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus.\nLacerta agilis and Macropus agilis are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Lacerta agilis and Macropus agilis have the same species name within their genus, agilis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Lacerta agilis is in the genus Lacerta, and Macropus agilis is in the genus Macropus.\nThis organism and the agile wallaby are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Macropus agilis.\nHyla cinerea is in the genus Hyla. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla. So, Hyla cinerea and Macropus agilis are not in the same genus. The answer is A.", + "6099": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles. The answer is C.", + "6112": "Olympia is the capital of Washington. The answer is D.", + "6115": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.\nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nJuly has an average monthly precipitation of about 80 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, July has the lowest average precipitation in London. The answer is B.", + "6116": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince is between the guide words serape - spice. It would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "6118": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is B.", + "6120": "This country is Trinidad and Tobago. The answer is B.", + "6123": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A green tree frog's scientific name is Hyla cinerea. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla.\nStrix aluco is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix aluco and Hyla cinerea are not in the same genus.\nArdea cinerea and Hyla cinerea are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Ardea cinerea and Hyla cinerea have the same species name within their genus, cinerea. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Ardea cinerea is in the genus Ardea, and Hyla cinerea is in the genus Hyla.\nThis organism and the green tree frog are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Hyla cinerea. The answer is C.", + "6125": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Moxie's genotype for the wool color gene is ll. Moxie's genotype of ll has only l alleles. The l allele is for black wool. So, Moxie's phenotype for the wool color trait must be black wool.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Moxie's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for black wool (l) is recessive to the allele for white wool (L). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nMoxie's genotype of ll has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Moxie's phenotype for the wool color trait must be black wool. The answer is A.", + "6127": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction if.\nIf we hike Bright Angel Trail in the Grand Canyon, we won't see Mooney Falls. The answer is B.", + "6129": "This state is Colorado. The answer is A.", + "6133": "Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A bison is an animal. It eats mostly grass.\nMale bison can use their horns to defend themselves.\nA pear tree is a plant. It has green leaves.\nPeople first grew pear trees in ancient times. The answer is A.", + "6138": "Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:\nMr. Casey's long legs were sunflower stalks.\nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared without the word like or as.\nThis sentence uses a simile:\nMr. Casey's legs were as long as sunflower stalks.\nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared using the word as. The answer is A.", + "6144": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A white stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nStorks wade in shallow water to look for food. Storks eat fish, insects, worms, and other small animals.\nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nGreat white sharks can live for up to 70 years. The answer is B.", + "6145": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Maine is farthest east. The answer is B.", + "6152": "Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.\nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:\nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.\nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.\nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Martina investigated whether spraying air plants every day affects them. So, the plants that were soaked in water and sprayed were part of an experimental group.\nThe plants that were only soaked in water were not sprayed. So, they were not part of an experimental group. The answer is A.", + "6162": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Devon has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations. The answer is B.", + "6163": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Rachel has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations. The answer is A.", + "6164": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is C.", + "6179": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nThe Livingston Daily Mail was forced to issue a retraction after printing a factoid about Livingston's founder. It turned out that the reporter had written the article based on local legend rather than researching the actual history.\nThe first text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nA reporter for the Livingston Daily Mail dug up an amusing factoid about Livingston's founder while researching for an article about the town's early years.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "6184": "The answer is C.", + "6185": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is A.", + "6186": "Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. On that winter morning, Brittany's hands were as cold as ice.\nThe words hands and ice are compared using the word as. So, the sentence uses a simile. The answer is B.", + "6187": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince persuade is between the guide words prey - punch, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "6188": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Over the summer, my cousin Reba visited many times is a complete sentence. The subject is my cousin Reba, and the verb is visited. The answer is A.", + "6193": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the citizens or several competent city council members.\nThe citizens of Oakland have elected several competent city council members, but the mayor's office has prevented them from significantly influencing policy.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nSeveral competent city council members have been elected in Oakland, but the mayor's office has prevented the council members from significantly influencing policy. The answer is B.", + "6201": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "6204": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses an idiom (in hot water).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall. The answer is B.", + "6207": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North America. The answer is B.", + "6212": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.\nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:\nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes\nYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:\nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4. The answer is E.", + "6214": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **In an Old House**. The answer is B.", + "6215": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.\nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:\nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes\nYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:\nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4. The answer is A.", + "6219": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "6222": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nA piece of pizza rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the pizza breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.\nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked egg and raw egg are different types of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nCooking is caused by heating. But a piece of pizza rotting is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is A.", + "6223": "Evidence is information that tells you something happened.\nHow do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?\nThere are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change.\nHere are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:\nCause of the change | Evidence of the change\nearthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofs\nvolcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the ground\nerosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mud\nBe careful when you are looking for evidence!\nA picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not!\nFor example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.\n The answer is A.", + "6232": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nPut their dog to sleep is a more indirect way of saying have the veterinarian kill their dog. The answer is A.", + "6245": "A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Valeria, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Valeria down with a force of 600 N.\nThe seat of the cart is pushing Valeria up with a force of 1,200 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Valeria. The answer is A.", + "6257": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A black-tailed jackrabbit's scientific name is Lepus californicus.\nErinaceus europaeus does not have the same scientific name as a black-tailed jackrabbit. So, Lepus californicus and Erinaceus europaeus are not in the same species.\nSciurus vulgaris does not have the same scientific name as a black-tailed jackrabbit. So, Lepus californicus and Sciurus vulgaris are not in the same species.\nLepus californicus has the same scientific name as a black-tailed jackrabbit. So, these organisms are in the same species. The answer is A.", + "6263": "Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina. The answer is A.", + "6266": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that the four largest planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Jupiter and Saturn are made mainly of gas. Uranus and Neptune are made mainly of ice. So, of the four largest planets, two are made mainly of gas. The answer is B.", + "6269": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nSome objects are made of just one material.\nMost nails are made of metal.\nOther objects are made of more than one material.\nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the coat.\nThe coat is made of two materials. The buttons are made of plastic. The rest of the coat is made of red wool.\nRed wool comes from the fluffy coats of sheep! First, a farmer cuts the sheep's coats. Then, the wool is spun into yarn. The yarn can be dyed and used to make clothes. The answer is B.", + "6278": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nDownsizing is an indirect way of saying that the company is planning on firing employees, closing shops or branches, and/or reducing its budget. The answer is A.", + "6283": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.\nSome mosquitoes carry germs that can cause diseases like yellow fever.\nIt can be proved by looking up information about mosquitoes.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nThe worst diseases are spread to humans by mosquitoes.\nWorst shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which diseases are the worst. The answer is A.", + "6290": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nSome objects are made of just one material.\nMost nails are made of metal.\nOther objects are made of more than one material.\nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the coat.\nThe coat is made of two materials. The buttons are made of plastic. The rest of the coat is made of wool.\nWool comes from the fluffy coats of sheep! First, a farmer cuts the sheep's coats. Then, the wool is spun into yarn. The yarn can be dyed and used to make clothes. The answer is B.", + "6291": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nA gray tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water. The answer is A.", + "6293": "Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nGabbro is a rock.\nRhyolite is a rock.\nSteel is made in a factory. But all rocks are formed in nature.\nSo, steel is not a rock. The answer is A.", + "6304": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or slippery. The tree bark is not smooth.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The tree bark is not slippery.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. All three objects are scratchy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is scratchy. The answer is B.", + "6306": "Look at the table and images.\nNaomi wants broccoli. Emilia wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is C.", + "6307": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Susan's bedroom is neat she puts everything away is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Susan's bedroom is neat and She puts everything away. The answer is A.", + "6308": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nYellow is a color.\nThis color is yellow. The corn on the cob is yellow.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The corn on the cob is not scratchy. The answer is B.", + "6316": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Professor Powell's research is untrustworthy because someone else at her university was caught falsifying data. However, this isn't necessarily true. The practices of one researcher at a university do not necessarily reflect the practices of another researcher at the same university. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association. The answer is A.", + "6323": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. The bubbles in soda are a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.\nIf you pour soda into a different container, the bubbles will take the shape of that container. But the bubbles will still take up the same amount of space. The answer is C.", + "6326": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Nevada is farthest west. The answer is B.", + "6327": "Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between Sanjay and the center of Earth changed.\nThe summit of the mountain was higher than the point where Sanjay started hiking. As he hiked toward the summit, the distance between Sanjay and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Sanjay and Earth increased as he hiked toward the summit. The answer is C.", + "6329": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the bearded dragon.\nWhen frightened, the bearded dragon can spread out its spiny scales to appear larger and more dangerous. If a predator is nearby, the bearded dragon will spread out its spiny scales to scare it away.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe spectacled cobra has a hood around its neck. It uses its neck to appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.\nThe lace monitor has a small neck. Its neck is not adapted to help it appear larger and more dangerous to a predator. The answer is B.", + "6331": "Boise is the capital of Idaho. The answer is B.", + "6334": "Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming. The answer is B.", + "6338": "Montpelier is the capital of Vermont. The answer is A.", + "6345": "Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.\nScientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.\nA ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.\nThe balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms.\nNotice how each ball is labeled with a symbol made of one or more letters. The symbol is an abbreviation for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.\nThe molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.\nThe chemical formula for a molecule contains the symbol for each chemical element in the molecule. Many chemical formulas use subscripts. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text.\nIn chemical formulas, the subscripts are numbers. The subscript is always written after the symbol for an element. The subscript tells you how many atoms that symbol represents. If the symbol represents just one atom, then no subscript is included.\nThe symbols in the chemical formula for a molecule match the symbols in the ball-and-stick model for that molecule. The ball-and-stick model shown before and the chemical formula shown above represent the same substance. H is the symbol for hydrogen. O is the symbol for oxygen. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.\nThe chemical formula will contain the symbols H and O. There are two hydrogen atoms, so H will have a subscript of 2. There is one oxygen atom, so O will not have a subscript.\nThe correct formula is H2 O2.\nThe diagram below shows how each part of the chemical formula matches with each part of the model above. The answer is A.", + "6365": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Hazel wants or needs:\nHazel will give up the chance to watch the movie that she is more excited about. The answer is A.", + "6371": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is B.", + "6372": "Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana. The answer is B.", + "6375": "The elevation of a place is its height above or below sea level.\nSome places are higher elevation than others. Mountains, for example, are usually higher elevation than valleys. The tops of mountains are usually the highest elevation places in an area. So, the mountains are at a higher elevation than the valley below. The answer is C.", + "6376": "All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A pebble is not a living thing.\nPebbles do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA cabbage is a living thing.\nCabbages grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Cabbages are made up of many cells.\nCabbages are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.\nA ferris wheel is not a living thing.\nFerris wheels do not have all of the traits of living things. They move in a circle, but they do not grow. They do not need food or water.\nA television is not a living thing.\nTelevisions do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water. The answer is B.", + "6377": "Sarah wanted broccoli in her lunch and Dave was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nSarah has tomatoes. Dave has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is A.", + "6378": "In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word but is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is No Time but Now. The answer is A.", + "6381": "An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, Masoala National Park has year-round rain. It also has many different types of organisms. The answer is A.", + "6387": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia. The answer is A.", + "6391": "Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming. The answer is D.", + "6400": "Annapolis is the capital of Maryland. The answer is C.", + "6406": "Salem is the capital of Oregon. The answer is B.", + "6408": "The colony is New York.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony. The answer is C.", + "6410": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. You need to determine Chirpie's phenotype for the body feather color trait. First, consider the alleles in Chirpie's genotype for the body feather color gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for blue body feathers (b) is recessive to the allele for green body feathers (B). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nChirpie's genotype of Bb has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Chirpie's phenotype for the body feather color trait must be green body feathers. The answer is B.", + "6412": "Look at the table and images.\nTara wants broccoli. Jeremiah wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "6442": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the nylon shorts are more flexible. If you fold nylon fabric, it will not break. The answer is A.", + "6445": "Tallahassee is the capital of Florida. The answer is A.", + "6454": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature. The answer is C.", + "6455": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that wearing expensive clothes will lead to a raise. However, that's not necessarily true. For instance, a boss might give raises to employees who wear expensive clothes for any number of reasons unrelated to the employees' clothing. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation. The answer is A.", + "6457": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether ethane is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that a molecule of ethane is composed of eight hydrogen atoms and two carbon atoms bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that ethane is composed of two chemical elements: hydrogen and carbon. Since ethane is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, ethane is a compound. The answer is B.", + "6467": "Look at the passage. It tells you why young Mae looked at the stars.\nMae Jemison always wanted to go to space. As a child, she looked at the stars and dreamed of flying there. She also liked to read books about stars, planets, and space. The answer is B.", + "6469": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "6470": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide. When dry ice gets warm, it changes state and becomes carbon dioxide gas. This change of state, from solid to gas, is called sublimation. The answer is A.", + "6472": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is A.", + "6482": "Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. My little brother is as sweet as pie.\nThe words brother and pie are compared using the word as. So, the sentence uses a simile. The answer is B.", + "6502": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. The air moving through a trombone is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.\nThe air in a trombone expands to fill all the space inside the trombone. When air leaves the trombone, the air expands to fill a much larger space. The answer is A.", + "6504": "Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.\nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Tammy started sledding. As Tammy rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Tammy rode down the hill. The answer is C.", + "6517": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the leopard.\nThe leopard has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat. The leopard uses its large mouth to grab its prey. It uses its sharp teeth to cut up the meat of the prey into pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe Eurasian lynx has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat.\nThe aardvark has a long tube-shaped mouth and a few, small teeth. It does not have sharp teeth. So, its mouth is not adapted to tear through meat. The aardvark uses its mouth to get insects out of holes and burrows. The answer is B.", + "6525": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nOn February 12, 1894, a record high wind speed of 87 miles per hour was recorded in Chicago.\nThis passage tells you about the wind speed in Chicago on February 12, 1894. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is A.", + "6534": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nThe Sahara Desert covers a large part of northern Africa. It does not get much rainfall each year.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation in the Sahara Desert. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is A.", + "6535": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is A.", + "6536": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (has, a gig).\nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall. The answer is B.", + "6537": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nEveryone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but Zachary found the smell rather nauseous.\nThe first text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nEveryone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but Zachary felt rather nauseous.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard. The answer is B.", + "6539": "This country is Australia.\nIs Australia a country or a continent?\nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead. The answer is D.", + "6541": "Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska. The answer is C.", + "6542": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.\nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. Both objects are shiny.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The metal foil is not scratchy.\nThe property that both objects have in common is shiny. The answer is A.", + "6546": "Columbia is the capital of South Carolina. The answer is A.", + "6553": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nSome objects are made of just one material.\nMost nails are made of metal.\nOther objects are made of more than one material.\nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the magnifying glass.\nThe magnifying glass is made of two different materials. The handle is made of red plastic, and the rest of the magnifying glass is made of glass. The answer is A.", + "6557": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the piranha.\nThe piranha has large, sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat. The piranha uses its teeth to cut up meat into pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe starry moray has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat.\nThe copperband butterflyfish has a small, narrow mouth. Its mouth is not adapted for tearing through meat. The answer is A.", + "6558": "The colony is Rhode Island. The answer is D.", + "6560": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "6573": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Flicka's observable version of the wool color trait is white wool. So, Flicka's phenotype for the wool color trait is white wool. The answer is B.", + "6574": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A prairie grassland is a type of ecosystem. Prairie grasslands have the following features: hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. So, the Buffalo Gap National Grassland has hot summers. It also has soil that is rich in nutrients. The answer is A.", + "6576": "New York City is the capital of New York. The answer is A.", + "6577": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each blue whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne blue whale moved 40 miles in 5 hours.\nThe other blue whale moved 55 miles in 5 hours.\nNotice that each blue whale spent the same amount of time moving. The blue whale that moved 40 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that blue whale must have moved at a lower speed. The answer is B.", + "6578": "This country is Samoa. The answer is C.", + "6585": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the vinyl album or Mr. Terry's old record player.\nJust as Mr. Terry was about to play the vinyl album on his old record player, it broke.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nThe vinyl album broke just as Mr. Terry was about to play it on his old record player. The answer is A.", + "6588": "Des Moines is the capital of Iowa. The answer is B.", + "6591": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a limousine is 6 yards.\n6 inches and 6 feet are both too short. The answer is A.", + "6608": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is B.", + "6609": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "6611": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince lucky is between the guide words laid - lizard, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "6619": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince dozen is between the guide words dine - drown, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "6620": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The Channel catfish has one allele for a brown body (B) and one allele for a white body (b). So, the catfish's genotype for the body color gene is Bb. The answer is A.", + "6624": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a bicycle is 19 pounds.\n19 ounces is too light and 19 tons is too heavy. The answer is B.", + "6626": "Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma. The answer is C.", + "6635": "Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A seal is an animal. It eats fish.\nSeals have flippers instead of arms! They use their flippers to swim underwater or to crawl on the beach.\nAn avocado tree is a plant. It has green leaves.\nThe leaves of avocado trees are called green. The answer is A.", + "6636": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to make a paper airplane is 50 seconds.\n50 hours is too slow. The answer is A.", + "6637": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion down the rabbit hole is literature.\nLewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland tells the story of a young girl who follows a white rabbit down a rabbit hole and finds herself in a series of adventures in a surreal world.\nThe allusion down the rabbit hole means on a strange or difficult exploration. The answer is A.", + "6646": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nThe air was muggy and humid today where Eli lives.\nHumidity is the amount of water in the air.\nThis passage tells you about the humidity today where Eli lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is B.", + "6648": "Sometimes, you need to make a decision.\nWhen you have to decide, it is often helpful to list the options.\nThen, decide which option is the best.\nNever let a problem go unsolved.\nIf you have a problem, write it down and think about how you can solve it.\nDone means completed.\nThe work is done.\nAlways means always.\nI always arrive at work by 9:00 a.m.\nSometimes means at times.\nSometimes, I eat lunch at home. The answer is C.", + "6652": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they could refer to the Griffins or their relatives.\nThe Griffins see their relatives whenever they visit Florida.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nWhenever the Griffins visit Florida, they see their relatives. The answer is B.", + "6660": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick. The two bricks are made of the same material and have the same temperature. So, the hotter brick has more thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "6662": "Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:\nThe cat's silver eyes were two shiny coins.\nThe words eyes and coins are compared without the word like or as.\nThis sentence uses a simile:\nThe cat's silver eyes were like two shiny coins.\nThe words eyes and coins are compared using the word like. The answer is A.", + "6671": "Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first order confirmation is more formal. It uses more elevated language (will send a confirmation, as soon as). The other order confirmation uses contractions (we'll, ASAP) and sounds more conversational. The answer is B.", + "6685": "Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas. The answer is D.", + "6686": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "6687": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince butler is between the guide words bathtub - blend, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "6691": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, change. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is C.", + "6697": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is B.", + "6710": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Lady's observable version of the wool color trait is white wool. So, Lady's phenotype for the wool color trait is white wool. The answer is B.", + "6712": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "6713": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, secondary consumers have arrows pointing to them from primary consumers. Primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.\nThe sea urchin has an arrow pointing to it from the kelp. The kelp is not a primary consumer. So, the sea urchin is not a secondary consumer.\nThe orca has an arrow pointing to it from the sea otter. The sea otter is a primary consumer, so the orca is a secondary consumer.\nThe kelp bass has arrows pointing to it from the plainfin midshipman and the black rockfish. The plainfin midshipman and the black rockfish are primary consumers, so the kelp bass is a secondary consumer.\nThe kelp does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the kelp is not a secondary consumer.\nThe zooplankton has an arrow pointing to it from the phytoplankton. The phytoplankton is a producer, so the zooplankton is a primary consumer. The answer is C.", + "6717": "Denver is the capital of Colorado. The answer is B.", + "6726": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The glass bottle is transparent, but the car bumper is not.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The tree bark is rough, but the shield is not.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All three objects are shiny.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is shiny. The answer is B.", + "6728": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A chameleon is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a chameleon is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA dung beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a dung beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nLike other crabs, a blue crab is an arthropod. Arthropods are invertebrates. They do not have a backbone. They have an exoskeleton.\nLike other jellyfishes, a crown jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body. The answer is B.", + "6729": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "6732": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, spend. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is B.", + "6734": "Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming. The answer is D.", + "6735": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature. The answer is C.", + "6738": "Look at the table.\nThe abbreviation \"ca.\" stands for the Latin word, circa. Circa means \"about.\" It indicates when a date is estimated. So, around 1792 BCE, the Babylonian Empire started controlling Mesopotamia.\nThe Babylonian (ba-bih-LOH-nee-in) Empire came after the Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian empires. The capital of the Babylonian Empire was the city of Babylon (BA-bih-lahn). The answer is C.", + "6739": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n An American alligator's scientific name is Alligator mississippiensis. The first word of its scientific name is Alligator.\nLithobates catesbeianus is in the genus Lithobates. The first word of its scientific name is Lithobates. So, Lithobates catesbeianus and Alligator mississippiensis are not in the same genus.\nIctinia mississippiensis and Alligator mississippiensis are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Ictinia mississippiensis and Alligator mississippiensis have the same species name within their genus, mississippiensis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Ictinia mississippiensis is in the genus Ictinia, and Alligator mississippiensis is in the genus Alligator.\nAlligator sinensis is in the genus Alligator. The first word of its scientific name is Alligator. So, Alligator sinensis and Alligator mississippiensis are in the same genus. The answer is C.", + "6759": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is B.", + "6763": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two water balloons are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter water balloon has more thermal energy. The answer is B.", + "6774": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nThe famous Venus de Milo statue was found on Milos, a volcanic Greek island in the Aegean Sea. The answer is A.", + "6779": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nBaking cookies is a chemical change. The type of matter in the cookie dough changes when it is baked. The cookie dough turns into cookies!\nA piece of avocado turning brown is a chemical change. The avocado reacts with oxygen in the air to form a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown part of the avocado, the inside will still be green. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the avocado.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBaking is caused by heating. But a piece of avocado turning brown is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is C.", + "6780": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "6782": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is C.", + "6785": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.\nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. An emerald tree boa is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nTree boas eat small mammals, birds, lizards, and frogs. Tree boas only need to eat once every few months!\nA bison is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nMale bison have horns. They can use their horns to defend themselves.\nA wombat is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nWombats have strong claws. They use their claws to dig underground holes called burrows.\nA piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat a large animal. The answer is D.", + "6786": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is B.", + "6798": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that a television show must be bad because someone the speaker hates enjoys it. However, this is not evidence that the show is bad. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association. The answer is C.", + "6802": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.\nThe Empire State Building is 1,250 feet tall.\nIt can be proved by checking an accurate website about the Empire State Building.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nThe Empire State Building is too tall.\nToo tall shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how tall is too tall. The answer is B.", + "6809": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nGenuine imitation is a contradiction, because genuine means real, and imitation means fake or synthetic. The answer is A.", + "6814": "This country is Haiti.\nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?\nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve. The answer is B.", + "6815": "Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah. The answer is C.", + "6825": "An organism's genes contain information about its proteins. Each gene encodes, or contains the instructions for making, one protein or a group of proteins.\nA permanent change in a gene is called a mutation. Because a mutation changes a gene, the mutation may change the structure of the protein encoded by that gene.\nThe function of a protein depends on its structure. So, if a mutation in a gene changes a protein's structure, the mutation may also change the protein's function.\nAn organism's observable traits are affected by the functions of its proteins. So, a gene mutation that affects a protein's function may also affect an organism's observable traits. A mutation in a gene may affect the protein it encodes.\nSo, the mutation in the CLCN1 gene affected the structure and function of the chloride channel protein. The answer is B.", + "6827": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Bobby Monroe is the most qualified candidate, because so many voters turned out to vote. However, even though many people voted for him, that doesn't necessarily mean that Bobby Monroe is the most qualified candidate. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy. The answer is B.", + "6830": "Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nAmphibians have the following traits:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA smooth newt has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA smooth newt has the traits of an amphibian. A smooth newt is an amphibian.\nA loggerhead sea turtle has the following traits:\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.\nA loggerhead sea turtle does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A loggerhead sea turtle is a reptile. The answer is A.", + "6835": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. The pea plant's genotype for the stem height gene is hh. The pea plant's genotype of hh has only h alleles. The h allele is for a short stem. So, the pea plant's phenotype for the stem height trait must be a short stem.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the pea plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a tall stem (H) is dominant over the allele for a short stem (h). This means H is a dominant allele, and h is a recessive allele.\nThe pea plant's genotype of hh has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the pea plant's phenotype for the stem height trait must be a short stem. The answer is A.", + "6850": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Andrew is responsible for the broken washing machine. However, the fact that the machine stopped working soon after Andrew moved in doesn't necessarily mean that he caused the machine to break. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation. The answer is A.", + "6851": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a floor lamp is 11 pounds.\n11 ounces is too light and 11 tons is too heavy. The answer is A.", + "6863": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each bicycle moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each bicycle moved for 10 hours. The bicycle that moved 325 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at the highest speed. The answer is C.", + "6867": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the branches or the power lines.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the power lines.\nSince the branches had grown over the power lines, Ariel requested a permit to have the power lines removed. The answer is B.", + "6868": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **And Then It's Spring**. The answer is B.", + "6873": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Sophia Browning is responsible for the decline in student performance and teacher morale. However, even though Sophia Browning became vice president of the parent-teacher association after these problems began, that doesn't necessarily mean that she caused them. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation. The answer is B.", + "6875": "A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.\nMom wraps the packages, and Dad drops them off at the post office. The answer is B.", + "6877": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince dove is between the guide words deck - drawer, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "6880": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is C.", + "6886": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. The answer is A.", + "6891": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia. The answer is B.", + "6899": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nBox turtles can live to be over 100 years old!\nA green tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches. The answer is B.", + "6902": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Pacific Ocean. The answer is C.", + "6916": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each cake decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each cake decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each cake to the surroundings. The answer is B.", + "6923": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with experts.\nExperts say that diesel cars have better fuel economy than cars powered by gasoline. The answer is A.", + "6924": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a salt shaker is 43 milliliters.\n43 liters is too much. The answer is A.", + "6940": "The city is Phoenix, Arizona. San Francisco, Salt Lake City, and Las Vegas are marked with gray circles on the map below. The answer is C.", + "6942": "Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A red salamander is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a red salamander has a backbone.\nLike other tarantulas, a curlyhair tarantula does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover. The answer is B.", + "6948": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information. The answer is B.", + "6953": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nBert seemed to know a lot about African wildlife, but it turned out that his knowledge was mostly based on factoids gleaned from unreliable websites.\nThe first text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nBert subscribed to an online newsletter about African wildlife; he enjoyed receiving daily factoids about the wild animals' natural habitats and behavior.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard. The answer is B.", + "6955": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.\nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.\nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3.\nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12\nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15\nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 1000\n= 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 10^3\n= 1.43 x 10^(15 + 3)\n= 1.43 x 10^18\n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Mars.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Earth. The volume of Earth is 1.08 x 10^12 km^3, which is less than 1.63 x 10^12 km^3. So, Earth's volume is less than ten times as great as Mars's volume. The answer is A.", + "6956": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play tennis. Instead, some people learn how to play tennis. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing tennis is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "6958": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a school bus is 13 meters.\n13 centimeters is too short. The answer is A.", + "6964": "The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:\nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:\nsay that a brand has been trusted for many years\nnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrity\ninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values\nAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:\nuse graphs or charts to display information\nmention the results of scientific studies\nexplain the science behind a product or service\nAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:\ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment\nappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive\nlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion. It links the air freshener to positive feelings. The answer is B.", + "6965": "Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between Billy and the center of Earth changed.\nThe second floor is higher than the first floor. As he rode the escalator toward the second floor, the distance between Billy and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Billy and Earth increased as he rode the escalator. The answer is B.", + "6967": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is B.", + "6981": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Producers do not eat other organisms. So, in a food web, producers do not have arrows pointing to them from other organisms.\nThe silver maple does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the silver maple is a producer.\nThe beaver has an arrow pointing to it, so it is not a producer.\nThe gray fox has arrows pointing to it, so it is not a producer.\nThe pine vole does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the pine vole is a producer.\nThe persimmon tree has an arrow pointing to it, so it is not a producer. The answer is D.", + "6984": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nAs quietly as little gray, sculptured stones compares the rabbits' behavior to the behavior of little gray sculptured stones. The answer is A.", + "6987": "A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.\nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.\nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The student's finger applies a force to a key as she types. The direction of this force is away from the student's finger. This force is a push. The answer is A.", + "6990": "When you review a fellow student's writing, try to make your feedback clear and specific. You can use questions such as the following to guide your feedback:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear main idea and develop it with evidence, examples, and analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that the ideas build on one another and are easy to follow?\nSentence fluency: Do the writer's sentences vary in structure and length, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely, avoiding excessive repetition or inappropriate language to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer use accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her word choice by using more specific language.\nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined text more descriptive language, such as the perfect bicycle; comfortable; durable; my cell phone, a water bottle, and a snack; foldable, umbrella-like top; unusual color like turquoise or magenta; my own custom bicycle; and thrilling.\nIf I could invent something, I would create a really nice bicycle. My bike would have a good seat and great tires so that I could ride it anywhere. It would also have a bell and special pockets for carrying things. A special top would be wonderful, so I could ride it in the rain but also enjoy the sun. I would choose a fun color to reflect my personality. Inventing a new bike would be cool. The answer is B.", + "7000": "Columbus is the capital of Ohio. The answer is B.", + "7005": "Look at the table and images.\nTerrell wants broccoli. Allie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "7007": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nAn antacid tablet reacting with water is a chemical change. When the tablet touches water, the type of matter in the tablet changes and carbon dioxide gas is released. This gas makes the water fizz.\nBurning food on a stove is a chemical change. When the food burns, the type of matter in the food changes. The food turns black and gives off smoke.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBurning is caused by heating. But an antacid tablet reacting with water is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is C.", + "7012": "Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.\nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Julia started sledding. As Julia rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Julia rode down the hill. The answer is C.", + "7014": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the black-bellied whistling duck.\nThe black-bellied whistling duck has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the black-bellied whistling duck uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe European beaver has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.\nThe sable has long claws. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The sable uses its feet to dig burrows. The answer is A.", + "7021": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Darnell's observable version of the cystic fibrosis trait is having cystic fibrosis. So, Darnell's phenotype for the cystic fibrosis trait is having cystic fibrosis. The answer is B.", + "7023": "Boston is the capital of Massachusetts. The answer is A.", + "7026": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nBrody always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor. The answer is A.", + "7031": "Pierre is the capital of South Dakota. The answer is C.", + "7033": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "7037": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Rust forming on a bike frame is a chemical change. Oxygen in the air reacts with iron in the bike frame. The outside of the frame turns into a different type of matter called rust. The answer is B.", + "7038": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the great egret.\nThe great egret has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. This allows the great egret to grab the prey without scaring it away.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe painted stork has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.\nThe mallard has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. The answer is B.", + "7041": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a trumpet is 2 pounds.\n2 ounces is too light and 2 tons is too heavy. The answer is C.", + "7047": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nMadison, the capital of Wisconsin, is located in the southern part of the state. For two weeks in December, the temperature never rose above 20\u00b0F.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the temperature in Madison in December. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is B.", + "7052": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Chitters has two alleles for white legs (L). So, Chitters's genotype for the leg color gene is LL. The answer is A.", + "7055": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is C.", + "7057": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n An American alligator's scientific name is Alligator mississippiensis.\nAlligator sinensis does not have the same scientific name as an American alligator. So, Alligator sinensis and Alligator mississippiensis are not in the same species.\nAequorea victoria does not have the same scientific name as an American alligator. So, Aequorea victoria and Alligator mississippiensis are not in the same species.\nAlligator mississippiensis has the same scientific name as an American alligator. So, these organisms are in the same species. The answer is B.", + "7059": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nAn opaque object does not let light through. The tin foil is opaque.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The tin foil is not bouncy. The answer is B.", + "7064": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Angel has two alleles for yellow legs (l). So, Angel's genotype for the leg color gene is ll. The answer is A.", + "7078": "Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word slouched. It describes the oak tree as if it were a person who is tired or dejected. The answer is B.", + "7083": "Helena is the capital of Montana. The answer is A.", + "7085": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nSewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread that make up the apron get a new shape, but the type of matter in each of them does not change.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is D.", + "7092": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when pressed or squeezed.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the cotton apron is the softest. If you squeeze cotton fabric, it will change shape. The answer is B.", + "7094": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. All four objects are translucent.\nSugar has a sweet taste. The honey is sweet, but the ice cream sundae is not.\nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. The bubble gum and the honey are sticky, but the ice cream sundae is not.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is translucent. The answer is B.", + "7107": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, deliver. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is A.", + "7108": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a classroom is 75\u00b0F.\n75\u00b0C is too hot. The answer is B.", + "7115": "Atlanta is the capital of Georgia. The answer is C.", + "7119": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two blocks of iron have the same temperature and are made of the same type of matter. So, the block of iron with more mass has more thermal energy. The answer is B.", + "7121": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the swim goggles.\nThe swim goggles are made of plastic.\nPlastic is a strong, light material that is used to make many types of things. Some swim goggles are made of silicone. But silicone is not as durable as plastic. So, silicone goggles are usually more expensive. The answer is B.", + "7124": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, measure. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is B.", + "7126": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether ethanol is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that a molecule of ethanol is composed of four hydrogen atoms, one carbon atom, and one oxygen atom bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that ethanol is composed of three chemical elements: hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. Since ethanol is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, ethanol is a compound. The answer is B.", + "7130": "The city is Boston, Massachusetts. Atlanta, Washington, D.C., and San Antonio are marked with gray circles on the map below. The answer is B.", + "7134": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A North American beaver's scientific name is Castor canadensis. The first word of its scientific name is Castor.\nOvis canadensis and Castor canadensis are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Ovis canadensis and Castor canadensis have the same species name within their genus, canadensis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Ovis canadensis is in the genus Ovis, and Castor canadensis is in the genus Castor.\nStrix varia is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix varia and Castor canadensis are not in the same genus.\nThis organism and the North American beaver are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Castor canadensis. The answer is A.", + "7135": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature. The answer is C.", + "7138": "Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second online professional profile is more formal. It uses more elevated language (certified college graduate). The other professional profile uses contractions (I've) and seeks to get a job teaching without explicitly stating that the speaker is a college graduate. The answer is A.", + "7140": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each refrigerator increased, which means that the thermal energy of each refrigerator increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each refrigerator. The answer is B.", + "7145": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.\nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A leaf-tailed gecko is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nGeckos have special pads on their toes. The pads help them climb up plants and rocks.\nA dwarf crocodile is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nCrocodiles hunt their prey in or near water.\nA tiger shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nTiger sharks are nocturnal. This means that they are active mostly at night.\nA Hermann's tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nA tortoise's shell protects it from predators. When a tortoise feels threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell. The answer is A.", + "7147": "Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.\nScientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.\nA ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.\nThe balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms.\nNotice how each ball is labeled with a symbol made of one or more letters. The symbol is an abbreviation for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.\nThe molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.\nThe chemical formula for a molecule contains the symbol for each chemical element in the molecule. Many chemical formulas use subscripts. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text.\nIn chemical formulas, the subscripts are numbers. The subscript is always written after the symbol for an element. The subscript tells you how many atoms that symbol represents. If the symbol represents just one atom, then no subscript is included.\nThe symbols in the chemical formula for a molecule match the symbols in the ball-and-stick model for that molecule. The ball-and-stick model shown before and the chemical formula shown above represent the same substance. B is the symbol for boron. F is the symbol for fluorine. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with one boron atom and three fluorine atoms.\nThe chemical formula will contain the symbols B and F. There is one boron atom, so B will not have a subscript. There are three fluorine atoms, so F will have a subscript of 3.\nThe correct formula is BF3.\nThe diagram below shows how each part of the chemical formula matches with each part of the model above. The answer is A.", + "7150": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two cups of black tea have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 105\u00b0F cup of black tea is hotter than the 100\u00b0F cup of black tea, it has more thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "7161": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Undyne's genotype for the Bekko patterning gene is BB. Undyne's genotype of BB has only B allelles. The B allele is for having Bekko patterning. So, Undyne's phenotype for the Bekko patterning trait must be having Bekko patterning.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Undyne's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for not having Bekko patterning (b) is recessive to the allele for having Bekko patterning (B). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nUndyne's genotype of BB has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Undyne's phenotype for the Bekko patterning trait must be having Bekko patterning. The answer is B.", + "7164": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. You need to determine Dutchess's phenotype for the ear type trait. First, consider the alleles in Dutchess's genotype for the ear type gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for curled ears (E) is dominant over the allele for straight ears (e). This means E is a dominant allele, and e is a recessive allele.\nDutchess's genotype of Ee has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Dutchess's phenotype for the ear type trait must be curled ears. The answer is A.", + "7188": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince brow is between the guide words bolt - buckled, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "7191": "In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.\nA single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population.\nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.\nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem. The answer is A.", + "7192": "Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase gobbled up. It describes the tide as if it were a hungry person. The answer is B.", + "7206": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. My ancestors are from Russia, they came here many years ago is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: My ancestors are from Russia and They came here many years ago. The answer is B.", + "7207": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince rock is not between the guide words regret - ruffle, it would not be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "7208": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is B.", + "7209": "This country is the Marshall Islands.\nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?\nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force. The answer is B.", + "7212": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Barbara should either stop reading paranormal romance novels or admit she doesn't believe in empowering women. However, someone can both enjoy reading paranormal romance novels and also believe in empowering women. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy. The answer is A.", + "7215": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince chief is between the guide words cafe - consent, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "7216": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. West Virginia is farthest north. The answer is D.", + "7219": "In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word york is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is The New York Times. The answer is A.", + "7226": "Some animals are smarter than others. Parrots are known to be very smart. African greys are considered to be the smartest type of parrot. They can learn to speak and mimic human words. They can also learn to do math.\nMath is a series of steps that starts with simple ideas and ends with complex ones. Math is used in many ways in our daily lives. For example, we might use it to calculate how much money we have after buying items at a store.\nSome birds are known to use tools. A tool is a object that you use to get something done. For example, a wrench is a tool. You can use a wrench to tighten a bolt. To do this, the wrench must be the right size and shape.\nTool use is not as common as math among animals. But it is not as rare as you might think. Some birds use tools to get food. For example, a crow might use a tool to reach a piece of food that is out of reach.\nSome animals are trained to do math. Animals in the wild do not usually learn math. Alex the parrot learned to do math. This made him different from most parrots. The answer is C.", + "7235": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. The population of Millersburg fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Millersburg has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too. The answer is B.", + "7238": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each train moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne train moved 835 kilometers in 10 hours.\nThe other train moved 945 kilometers in 10 hours.\nNotice that each train spent the same amount of time moving. The train that moved 835 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that train must have moved at a lower speed. The answer is A.", + "7244": "Emmet wanted broccoli in his lunch and Kathleen was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nEmmet has tomatoes. Kathleen has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is A.", + "7250": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Darkness comes quickly on long winter nights is a complete sentence. The subject is darkness, and the verb is comes. The answer is A.", + "7255": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The pea plant has one allele for inflated pods (D) and one allele for constricted pods (d). So, the plant's genotype for the pod shape gene is Dd. The answer is A.", + "7266": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The tomato plant has one allele for red fruit (F) and one allele for yellow fruit (f). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit color gene is Ff. The answer is A.", + "7267": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.\nAt the grocery store, Denise hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.\nThe first text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.\nDenise made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect. The answer is A.", + "7270": "When you write, you can use sensory details. These sense words help your reader understand what something looks, sounds, tastes, smells, or feels like.\nSensory Category | Description\nSight | These are words like bright, clean, and purple. A reader can imagine looking at these details.\nSound | These are words like hissing, buzzing, and ringing. A reader can imagine hearing these details.\nTaste | These are words like juicy, sweet, and burnt. A reader can imagine tasting these details.\nSmell | These are words like fruity, sweet, and stinky. A reader can imagine smelling these details.\nTouch | These are words like fuzzy, wet, and soft. A reader can imagine feeling these details.\nMany sense words can describe more than one sense. For example, soft can describe a touch or a sound. And sweet can describe a taste or a smell.\n Look at the picture.\nThe word roaring describes the sound this lion makes. You can tell by looking at the lion's mouth and hearing the word roaring in your mind.\nSplashing and banging can also describe sounds. But they do not describe the sounds this lion makes. The answer is A.", + "7272": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a leather belt is 65 centimeters.\n65 kilometers is too long. The answer is B.", + "7285": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, teaches. The verb ends in -es and tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is A.", + "7291": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.\nBella was stung by a bee, so her finger is slightly swollen. The answer is A.", + "7301": "In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.\nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.\nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.\nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 8 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 2 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.\nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There were 3 more solute particles on the right side of the membrane than before.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left. The answer is A.", + "7306": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe. The answer is B.", + "7310": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "7318": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is A.", + "7319": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion the holy grail is history.\nThe legend of the holy grail involves the search for the cup that Jesus used during the Last Supper.\nThe allusion the holy grail means a goal that is very difficult to achieve. The answer is A.", + "7322": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a car's gas tank is 42 liters.\n42 milliliters is too little. The answer is B.", + "7329": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a guitar is 4 kilograms.\n4 grams is too light. The answer is B.", + "7333": "The colony is Delaware. The answer is B.", + "7336": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is A.", + "7348": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the following statement describes the Steigerwald Forest ecosystem: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. The following statements do not describe the Steigerwald Forest: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has a small amount of rain or snow. It has soil that is poor in nutrients. The answer is A.", + "7349": "The timeline shows that the colonies were founded during the 1600 s. The Revolutionary War started in the 1770 s. Subtract 1600 from 1770.\n1770 minus 1600 is 170.\nThere were 150 years between the founding of Jamestown, Virginia, and the start of the Revolutionary War. The answer is A.", + "7358": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince foolish is between the guide words flee - frontier, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "7365": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, blinks. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is B.", + "7367": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is A.", + "7373": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the red-eared slider.\nThe red-eared slider has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the red-eared slider uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe California gull has small claws and webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.\nThe New Zealand falcon has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The New Zealand falcon uses its feet to grab prey. The answer is B.", + "7374": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is B.", + "7385": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Argo's observable version of the coat color trait is a reddish-brown coat. So, Argo's phenotype for the coat color trait is a reddish-brown coat. The answer is A.", + "7387": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A short story should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"The Law of Life.\" The answer is B.", + "7390": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs comfortable as a bed of nails shows verbal irony because sitting on nails would not be comfortable. The answer is A.", + "7395": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. New Mexico is farthest west. The answer is A.", + "7403": "A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.\nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together. The answer is A.", + "7405": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A cane toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nFlamingos live in large groups. These groups are called flocks. The answer is A.", + "7415": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three gold bars have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 31\u00b0F gold bar is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "7418": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The first sentence states a fact.\nThe Channel Tunnel, which runs beneath the English Channel, connects England and France by rail.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about the Channel Tunnel.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nThe construction of the Channel Tunnel cost a ridiculous amount of money.\nRidiculous shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how much money is a ridiculous amount. The answer is B.", + "7424": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Becky is capitalized because it is a proper noun. The answer is A.", + "7428": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is C.", + "7432": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A whiptail lizard is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a whiptail lizard is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA leaf-curling spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nAn albatross is a bird. Like other birds, an albatross is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA rockfish is a fish. Like other fish, a rockfish is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. The answer is C.", + "7434": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Jenny or Annie.\nAfter Jenny scolded Annie for missing the deadline, she felt awful.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nJenny felt awful after she scolded Annie for missing the deadline. The answer is A.", + "7447": "Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.\nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.\nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.\nLittle Betty Blue,\nLost her holiday shoe.\n\u2014From Mother Goose\nInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.\nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.\n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"\nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.\nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.\nThe dainty flying squirrel\nIn vest of shining white,\nIn coat of silver gray,\nAnd vest of shining white.\n\u2014Adapted from Mary E. Burt, \"The Flying Squirrel\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n\u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\" This poem has a regular rhythm, or a pattern of sound like a beat. The parts in bold show the strong syllables. The pattern is a weak syllable followed by a strong syllable. It sounds like da-DUM da-DUM.\nLady Clare\nHe does not love me for my birth,\nNor for my lands so broad and fair;\nHe loves me for my own true worth,\nAnd that is well,\" said Lady Clare. The answer is B.", + "7457": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.\nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. Neither of the objects are smooth.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. Both objects are rough.\nThe property that both objects have in common is rough. The answer is B.", + "7462": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is C.", + "7465": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A brown pelican's scientific name is Pelecanus occidentalis.\nPelecanus occidentalis has the same scientific name as a brown pelican. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nArdea cocoi does not have the same scientific name as a brown pelican. So, Pelecanus occidentalis and Ardea cocoi are not in the same species.\nIctinia mississippiensis does not have the same scientific name as a brown pelican. So, Pelecanus occidentalis and Ictinia mississippiensis are not in the same species. The answer is C.", + "7466": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Ken Henderson is the ideal candidate because so many people turned out to vote for him. However, just because many people voted for Ken Henderson, it doesn't necessarily mean he is the ideal candidate. He could be a popular candidate for other reasons. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy. The answer is A.", + "7467": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is B.", + "7470": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "7474": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Cleo's genotype for the fur color gene is ff. Cleo's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for light fur. So, Cleo's phenotype for the fur color trait must be light fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Cleo's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for light fur (f) is recessive to the allele for dark fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nCleo's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Cleo's phenotype for the fur color trait must be light fur. The answer is A.", + "7477": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the recipe.\nIf Fred doesn't know how to make homemade waffles, he can find the recipe in the cookbook. The answer is B.", + "7480": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence. The answer is A.", + "7483": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the barracuda.\nThe barracuda has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat. The baracuda uses its teeth to cut up meat into pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe bull shark has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat.\nThe magnificent rabbitfish has a small, narrow mouth. Its mouth is not adapted for tearing through meat. The magnificent rabbitfish uses its mouth to eat corals. The answer is A.", + "7487": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is C.", + "7488": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is C.", + "7490": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Emmet that the essay wasn't finished. The essay is like a person who is bothering Emmet. The answer is A.", + "7494": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A Chinese alligator's scientific name is Alligator sinensis. The first word of its scientific name is Alligator.\nStrix varia is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix varia and Alligator sinensis are not in the same genus.\nMiscanthus sinensis and Alligator sinensis are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Miscanthus sinensis and Alligator sinensis have the same species name within their genus, sinensis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Miscanthus sinensis is in the genus Miscanthus, and Alligator sinensis is in the genus Alligator.\nThis organism and the Chinese alligator are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Alligator sinensis. The answer is B.", + "7495": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "7497": "Phoenix is the capital of Arizona. The answer is B.", + "7507": "The answer is C.", + "7512": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the ceramic tea cup is harder. If you press on a piece of ceramic, it will not change shape. The answer is B.", + "7514": "Concord is the capital of New Hampshire. The answer is D.", + "7517": "Salem is the capital of Oregon. The answer is B.", + "7521": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Cole wants or needs:\nCole will give up the chance to watch the movie that he is more excited about. The answer is B.", + "7524": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two mugs of cocoa are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the mug of cocoa with more thermal energy has a higher temperature. The answer is B.", + "7528": "A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.\nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Celsius (\u00b0C). Celsius is one scale used to measure temperature.\nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.\nThere is a Celsius scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 30 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 30\u00b0C. Find the top of the red liquid.\nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 35. So, the temperature is 35\u00b0C. The answer is C.", + "7529": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince they is not between the guide words territory - trek, it would not be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "7531": "This country is Haiti.\nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?\nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve. The answer is B.", + "7532": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is B.", + "7533": "A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.\nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together. The answer is B.", + "7534": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A barking tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nA barking tree frog has a sticky pad on its toes. The sticky pad helps the barking tree frog hold on to leaves.\nA robin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nA robin is a songbird. It sings different songs at different times of the day. The answer is B.", + "7545": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.\nChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Preston's hair color is an inherited trait. The answer is A.", + "7546": "The colony is Massachusetts.\nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony. The answer is C.", + "7548": "Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.\nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.\nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock. Like other sedimentary rocks, it forms from layers of sediment.\nSand is a type of sediment. It is found in places like deserts and beaches. Sediments like sand can build up in layers. Over time, the top layers press down on the bottom layers. Sedimentary rock forms when the bottom layers are compacted to make rock. The answer is C.", + "7553": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a fish bowl is 1 gallon.\n1 fluid ounce and 1 cup are both too little. The answer is C.", + "7560": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Michael is voting either for the candidate from the Conservative Party or the Labour Party. However, Michael might be voting for a third party\u2014or he might not be voting at all. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy. The answer is C.", + "7563": "Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:\nIt is a solid.\nIt is formed in nature.\nIt is a pure substance.\nIt has a fixed crystal structure.\nIt is not made by organisms.\nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nA mineral is not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.\nA mineral is a pure substance.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\n Pyrite has all the properties of a mineral. So, pyrite is a mineral. The answer is B.", + "7578": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Giants in the Land**. The answer is A.", + "7582": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down. The answer is B.", + "7587": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. The banana is not salty.\nAn opaque object does not let light through. All four objects are opaque.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The wet paint is not slippery.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is opaque. The answer is A.", + "7597": "Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming. The answer is A.", + "7598": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a basketball court is 23 meters.\n23 millimeters and 23 centimeters are too short. 23 kilometers is too long. The answer is D.", + "7608": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "7614": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of an ice skate is 11 inches.\n11 feet, 11 yards, and 11 miles are all too long. The answer is D.", + "7617": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion raise Cain is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Adam and Eve's son Cain murders his brother in a jealous rage.\nThe allusion raise Cain means to resort to violence. The answer is A.", + "7621": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles. The answer is C.", + "7624": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 16 ounces.\n16 pounds and 16 tons are both too heavy. The answer is C.", + "7625": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Sticky is a property. A sticky material can stick to other things.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the glue is stickier. If you touch glue, it will stick to you. The answer is B.", + "7626": "Look at the table and images.\nLeo wants broccoli. Caden wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is C.", + "7638": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Wishbone has two alleles for short fur (F). So, Wishbone's genotype for the fur length gene is FF. The answer is A.", + "7651": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Our cabin has bunk beds for the kids is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Our cabin has bunk beds for the kids and Our school has rules we always follow them. The answer is A.", + "7653": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A European hedgehog's scientific name is Erinaceus europaeus. The first word of its scientific name is Erinaceus.\nCaprimulgus europaeus and Erinaceus europaeus are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Caprimulgus europaeus and Erinaceus europaeus have the same species name within their genus, europaeus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Caprimulgus europaeus is in the genus Caprimulgus, and Erinaceus europaeus is in the genus Erinaceus.\nEquus zebra is in the genus Equus. The first word of its scientific name is Equus. So, Equus zebra and Erinaceus europaeus are not in the same genus.\nThis organism and the European hedgehog are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Erinaceus europaeus. The answer is A.", + "7670": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a can of soup is 15 ounces.\n15 pounds and 15 tons are both too heavy. The answer is B.", + "7675": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "7679": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two trays of lasagna are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter tray of lasagna has more thermal energy. The answer is B.", + "7685": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Tyler's or Dave's.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. His has been replaced with Dave's.\nTyler worked with Dave to design the new header for Dave's website. The answer is B.", + "7688": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Walker's genotype for the coat pattern gene is AA. Walker's genotype of AA has only A allelles. The A allele is for solid coloring. So, Walker's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be solid coloring.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Walker's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for solid coloring (A) is dominant over the allele for white spots (a). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nWalker's genotype of AA has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Walker's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be solid coloring. The answer is B.", + "7691": "Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second press release is more formal. It uses more elevated language (area musicians, top honors). The other press release uses idioms (battle it out) and abbreviations (Nov.). The answer is B.", + "7692": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "7694": "The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:\nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:\nsay that a brand has been trusted for many years\nnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrity\ninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values\nAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:\nuse graphs or charts to display information\nmention the results of scientific studies\nexplain the science behind a product or service\nAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:\ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment\nappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive\nlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to logos, or reason. It mentions the results of tests and uses specific figures. The answer is A.", + "7707": "Pierre is the capital of South Dakota. The answer is D.", + "7709": "A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.\nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.\nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. In a Venn diagram, each circle shows things that are true for a particular topic. The middle, where the two circles overlap, shows things that are true for both topics. This Venn diagram compares Natty Bumppo and Daniel Boone.\nThe detail that both fought in the French and Indian War is in the middle of the diagram. This shows that Natty Bumppo and Daniel Boone have this in common. The answer is A.", + "7713": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that two out of the eight planets are made mainly of gas. So, one-fourth, or 25%, of the planets are made mainly of gas. The answer is B.", + "7719": "A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is not a sentence fragment. These are complete sentences because they express complete thoughts.\nI enjoyed the risotto and the poached pears. Although I didn't care for the seared trout. The answer is B.", + "7720": "When writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\n Look closely at the Works Cited entry:\nBrenner, Wendy. \"Strange Beads.\" The Best American Essays 2014. Ed. John Jeremiah Sullivan. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2014. 5\u201317. Print.\nYou can tell that John Jeremiah Sullivan is the editor of the book because the editor's name is listed after the book title. The answer is B.", + "7724": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A comet moth's scientific name is Argema mittrei.\nSphodromantis viridis does not have the same scientific name as a comet moth. So, Argema mittrei and Sphodromantis viridis are not in the same species.\nArgema mittrei has the same scientific name as a comet moth. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nAcanthaster planci does not have the same scientific name as a comet moth. So, Argema mittrei and Acanthaster planci are not in the same species. The answer is B.", + "7726": "In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.\nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.\nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.\nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 3 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 5 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.\nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the left side of the membrane than before.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right. The answer is A.", + "7727": "A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.\nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.\nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A bubble map uses lines or arrows to connect things that are related. This bubble map shows information about different bodies of water.\nThe Gulf of Mexico and Lake Michigan are connected by an arrow. This tells you that the two bodies of water are related. The text tells you that the Gulf of Mexico contains salt water.\nThe statement is true.", + "7729": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "7737": "You can hold me in your hand.\nYou can write with me.\nI may be blue or black.\nThe answer is B.", + "7756": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a paper clip is 28 millimeters.\n28 centimeters and 28 meters are both too long. The answer is C.", + "7758": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Nebraska is farthest east. The answer is D.", + "7759": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the following statements describe the Steigerwald Forest ecosystem: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has only a few types of trees. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. The following statement does not describe the Steigerwald Forest: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has soil that is poor in nutrients. The answer is B.", + "7762": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince indignant is between the guide words ignore - ivy, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "7768": "Montgomery is the capital of Alabama. The answer is C.", + "7785": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Oklahoma is farthest south. The answer is D.", + "7795": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "7804": "An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, De Biesbosch National Park has soil that is rich in nutrients. It also has other water ecosystems nearby. The answer is A.", + "7805": "A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.\nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.\nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A time line shows the order of events by placing them along a line. This time line shows events from Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare.\nLook at how the events are ordered on the time line. Events that happen earlier are shown to the left. Events that happen later are shown to the right. Tybalt fights with Romeo is shown farther to the left than Romeo makes a plan with Juliet to run away. So, Romeo fights with Tybalt earlier in the story than the time when he makes a plan with Juliet to run away. The answer is B.", + "7809": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that being socially awkward determines knowledge of workplace safety. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. McCormick's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem. The answer is A.", + "7822": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each bus moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bus moved 880 kilometers in 10 hours.\nThe other bus moved 850 kilometers in 10 hours.\nNotice that each bus spent the same amount of time moving. The bus that moved 880 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bus must have moved at a higher speed. The answer is A.", + "7825": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Job complains to God about his hardships, saying that both strangers and those he loves have turned against him. He says, \"My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.\" Scholars have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he narrowly escaped death.\nThe allusion by the skin of his teeth means just barely. The answer is A.", + "7829": "Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming. The answer is B.", + "7832": "Read the text carefully. The underlined text below shows information about each answer choice.\nEarth is surrounded by a layer of gases called the atmosphere. The gases that make up the atmosphere sustain life on Earth. Living organisms take in and release some of these gases. Gases in the atmosphere also help insulate Earth from extreme temperatures and block some harmful forms of sunlight.\nEarth's atmosphere contains many different gases, including oxygen and carbon dioxide. These gases are both taken in and released by living organisms. Animals breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. Plants use carbon dioxide and release oxygen during photosynthesis.\nStable temperatures. The atmosphere helps to maintain stable temperatures. During the day, the atmosphere absorbs sunlight and heats up. At night, it releases some of that heat back to Earth. This helps to maintain a stable temperature range.\nSunlight. The answer is B.", + "7833": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince moisture is between the guide words mite - mud, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "7841": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles. The answer is C.", + "7842": "Many plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?\nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.\nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The fruit grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Seeds can be big or small. This coconut seed is big.\nSeeds can be many different colors. These mustard seeds are yellow.\nSeeds can be smooth or textured. These apple seeds are rough. The answer is B.", + "7844": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that two out of the eight planets are made mainly of rock. So, one-fourth, or 25%, of the planets are made mainly of rock. The answer is A.", + "7857": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a pen is 15 centimeters.\n15 millimeters is too short. 15 meters and 15 kilometers are too long. The answer is D.", + "7859": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the bucket.\nThe bucket is made of metal.\nMetal is a tough material. It does not break down in rainy or windy weather. This makes metal a great material for a bucket. The answer is A.", + "7860": "A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.\nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.\nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A word graphic organizer is included with the text. It shows the term and its meaning.\nCenozoic era is the term that matches the picture. The answer is A.", + "7866": "There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.\nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.\nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.\nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.\nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there are too many trumpets for sale. There are 15 trumpets for sale, but only 8 people want to buy one.\nSo, there is a surplus of trumpets. The music store will not get any money for the leftover trumpets. The answer is B.", + "7869": "The answer is C.", + "7873": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nGenuine imitation is a contradiction, because genuine means real, and imitation means fake or synthetic. The answer is B.", + "7888": "Fern plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.\nMature ferns have flat leaves called fronds. Ferns have structures that look like small dots on the underside of their fronds. These structures are called spore cases. The mature ferns use asexual reproduction to make spores. When the spore cases open, the spores are released.\nWhen a spore lands on the ground and germinates, it grows into a small heart-shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant begins the fern's sexual reproduction stage by making eggs and sperm. Ferns live in damp environments, and sperm can swim though small water drops. Self-fertilization happens when a sperm swims to an egg on the same heart-shaped plant. Cross-fertilization happens when the sperm swims to an egg on a nearby plant.\nFertilization happens when a sperm and an egg fuse. The fertilized egg germinates and grows into a mature fern.\nThe mature fern can make spores and begin the fern life cycle again. Fern spores can germinate and grow into a heart-shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant can make eggs and sperm and begin the fern life cycle again. The answer is B.", + "7892": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.\nSaliva breaking down a piece of bread is a chemical change. Bread is made up mostly of a chemical called starch. Saliva breaks the bonds between atoms in the starch molecules.\nThe atoms then link together to form smaller, simpler molecules of sugar. The sugar is a different type of matter than the starch.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is C.", + "7893": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "7895": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nFerocious delicacy is a contradiction, because ferocious implies fierce and fierce implies rough or harsh. Delicacy implies gentle and soft. The answer is A.", + "7902": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Achilles's heel is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, Achilles's mother dips him in a river that protects his body wherever it touches. His heel does not get wet, so it is the one part of his body left unprotected. During the Trojan War, an arrow hits Achilles in the heel and kills him.\nThe allusion Achilles's heel means a sole weakness. The answer is B.", + "7906": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the reporters.\nOn the evening news, the reporters showed rare footage\u2014reportedly taken by a fisherman as he stood on the beach\u2014of sharks fighting over their prey. The answer is B.", + "7908": "This country is Kiribati. The answer is C.", + "7914": "An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there A tide pool is a type of ecosystem. Tide pool ecosystems have the following features: daily flooding and draining of seawater, water that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the tide pool ecosystems in Little Corona Beach have daily flooding and draining of seawater. They also have water that is rich in nutrients. The answer is B.", + "7916": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "7917": "In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.\nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.\n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants\nHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many\nDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes\nCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Myrmarachne maxillosa is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells. The answer is B.", + "7918": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is A.", + "7923": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The scarlet rosemallow plant's observable version of the flower color trait is white flowers. So, the plant's phenotype for the flower color trait is white flowers. The answer is A.", + "7927": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the sand tiger shark.\nThe sand tiger shark has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat. The sand tiger shark uses its teeth to cut up meat into pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe starry moray has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat.\nThe parrotfish has a small mouth and small teeth. Its mouth is not adapted for tearing through meat. The parrotfish uses its mouth to eat corals. The answer is B.", + "7933": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is B.", + "7936": "A food web is a model.\nModels can make things in nature easier to understand. Models can be simpler than the things they represent. A food web is a model that shows where living things in an ecosystem get their food. If a food web showed every living thing in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some living things in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one living thing to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one living thing eats another living thing. An arrow starts from the living thing that is eaten. The arrow points to the living thing that is doing the eating.\nAn omnivore is a living thing that eats both producers and consumers. A producer makes its own food. A consumer eats other living things. An omnivore eats both producers and consumers.\nThe zooplankton is an omnivore. The zooplankton eats the phytoplankton, which is a producer. The zooplankton also eats the plainfin midshipman, which is a consumer.\nThe kelp bass is a consumer. The kelp bass eats the zooplankton, which is a consumer. The kelp bass does not eat a producer. So, the kelp bass is not an omnivore. The answer is B.", + "7940": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Destiny wants or needs:\nDestiny will spend more money. Plane tickets for Destiny to get to Virginia are more expensive than tickets to Connecticut. The answer is B.", + "7945": "Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first sales pitch is more formal. It uses more elevated language (highly customizable). The other sales pitch uses exclamation points and is more familiar (like our furniture? Make it yours!). The answer is B.", + "7956": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is A.", + "7964": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Nabi's genotype for the agouti fur gene is AA. Nabi's genotype of AA has only A allelles. The A allele is for having agouti fur. So, Nabi's phenotype for the agouti fur trait must be having agouti fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Nabi's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for having agouti fur (A) is dominant over the allele for not having agouti fur (a). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nNabi's genotype of AA has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Nabi's phenotype for the agouti fur trait must be having agouti fur. The answer is B.", + "7975": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of the Great Wall of China is 21,000 kilometers.\n21,000 millimeters, 21,000 centimeters, and 21,000 meters are all too short. The answer is B.", + "7983": "Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether sweeping the floor is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs sweeping the floor something you can touch? No.\nIs sweeping the floor a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, sweeping the floor is a service. The answer is B.", + "7993": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 yards in 1 foot. So, 1 yard is shorter than 1 foot. The better estimate for the length of a rowboat is 3 yards.\n3 inches is too short. The answer is A.", + "7994": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to fly a helicopter. Instead, some people learn how to fly helicopters. So, flying a helicopter is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "8004": "The colony is Connecticut. The answer is B.", + "8012": "Many plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?\nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.\nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The fruit grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Flowers make seeds. After a flower is pollinated, male cells from the pollen combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.\nThe fruit can grow around the seeds. But the fruit does not make seeds. Both the fruit and the seeds grow from parts of the flower. The answer is A.", + "8014": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the mushroom.There are two paths matter can take from the brown lemming to the mushroom: brown lemming->sauna->mushroom. brown lemming->sauna->brown lemming->mushroom. There is one path matter can take from the bilberry to the mushroom: bilberry->mushroom. There is one path matter can take from the grizzly bear to the mushroom: grizzly bear->mushroom. There are two paths matter can take from the snowy owl to the mushroom: snowy owl->brown lemming->mushroom. snowy owl->brown lemming->sauna->mushroom. The answer is A.", + "8018": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A spot-billed pelican's scientific name is Pelecanus philippensis. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus.\nArdea herodias is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea herodias and Pelecanus philippensis are not in the same genus.\nBubo scandiacus is in the genus Bubo. The first word of its scientific name is Bubo. So, Bubo scandiacus and Pelecanus philippensis are not in the same genus.\nThis organism and the spot-billed pelican are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Pelecanus philippensis. The answer is B.", + "8022": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nBurning a candle is a chemical change. Both the wick and the melted wax burn. They react with oxygen in the air and turn into soot, carbon dioxide, and water.\nDeep-frying chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is B.", + "8025": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that beauty is subjective, because people have different opinions about what is beautiful. However, a person's opinion about what is beautiful is not the same as his or her idea of beauty. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization. The answer is B.", + "8029": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion raise Cain is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Adam and Eve's son Cain murders his brother in a jealous rage.\nThe allusion raise Cain means to resort to violence. The answer is B.", + "8031": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, rainy day is 42\u00b0F.\n42\u00b0C is too hot. The answer is B.", + "8035": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two glasses of orange juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 40\u00b0F glass of orange juice is colder than the 50\u00b0F glass of orange juice, it has less thermal energy. The answer is B.", + "8043": "Look at the table and images.\nBryce wants broccoli. Victor wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is B.", + "8049": "More and more, merchants in the Thirteen Colonies relied on trade with western Africa.\nThe map shows that goods were sent from the Thirteen Colonies to Africa, from Africa to the West Indies, and from the West Indies back to the Thirteen Colonies. This pattern was called the triangular trade.\nThe triangular trade was based on the transportation of goods. Merchants in the Thirteen Colonies grew tobacco. In western Africa, merchants traded rum for tobacco. Then they sold the tobacco in the West Indies.\nThe map also shows that the Thirteen Colonies were not the only English colonies. Merchants in other English colonies, such as those on the West Indies, also traded with the Thirteen Colonies. The map does not show the triangular trade with China. The answer is A.", + "8053": "Asimina triloba is a plant. Plant cells have a nucleus. The answer is A.", + "8054": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence. The answer is B.", + "8055": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince dump is not between the guide words decay - disaster, it would not be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "8062": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs speedy as a snail suggests that the Internet connection was very slow. A snail is not speedy, and neither was Beth's Internet connection. The answer is A.", + "8064": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is C.", + "8065": "There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.\nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.\nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.\nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.\nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there are not enough mangoes for sale. There are 200 mangoes for sale, but 170 people want to buy one.\nSo, there is a shortage of mangoes. The answer is A.", + "8070": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "8071": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSomewhat destroyed is a contradiction, because somewhat means partially or moderately, and destroyed implies totally wrecked. The answer is B.", + "8080": "The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.\nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.\nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:\nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.\nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.\nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.\nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved. The answer is C.", + "8088": "Sadie wanted broccoli in her lunch and Kira was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nSadie has tomatoes. Kira has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is B.", + "8090": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A red salamander is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nA red salamander is a type of amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nA koala is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk. The answer is A.", + "8093": "Banks come in all shapes and sizes. Some banks have many branches. Other banks have no branches. But all banks offer one thing: a safe place to keep your money.\nBanks have a legal obligation to protect their customers' money. For example, if a bank fails, the government will step in to make sure that customers get their money back. So, if you put money in a bank account, you trust the bank to look after the money.\nThere are many good reasons to keep your money in a bank account. Here are some of them:\nYou want to protect the money in a safe place.\nBanks have strong rooms and other security measures to protect money from theft.\nYou want to keep your money in a place where you can see it all the time.\nMany banks have online banking. This means you can see your bank statement and check your account balance from home.\nYou want to be able to get your money quickly.\nMany banks have automated teller machines (ATMs). You can use your bank card to get cash from an ATM.\nYou want to earn interest on your money.\nBanks can use the money in your account to make loans to other people. In return, the bank pays you interest on the money. The answer is A.", + "8099": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. All three objects are bumpy.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The baseball glove is shiny, but the rubber ball and the car bumper are not.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The rubber ball and the car bumper are not bouncy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is bumpy. The answer is B.", + "8100": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked egg and raw egg are different types of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nButter melting on a hot day is a physical change. But cooking an egg is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nCooking an egg is a chemical change. But butter melting on a hot day is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is B.", + "8114": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is B.", + "8118": "Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming. The answer is A.", + "8134": "Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A giant panda is an animal. It walks and climbs.\nGiant pandas eat mostly bamboo. But they can also eat other plants and small animals.\nA dandelion is a plant. It can grow small yellow flowers.\nDandelion seeds can be blown long distances by the wind. The answer is A.", + "8146": "A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.\nYour hand contains twenty-seven bones, and your foot contains twenty-six. The answer is B.", + "8150": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the African jacana.\nThe African jacana uses its toes to spread its weight out over a large area. This can help it walk on leaves without sinking into the water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe wattled jacana has long, thin toes on its feet. Its feet are adapted for walking on floating leaves.\nThe New Zealand falcon has medium-sized toes with sharp claws. Its feet are not adapted for walking on floating leaves. The New Zealand falcon uses its feet to grab prey. The answer is B.", + "8163": "Madison is the capital of Wisconsin. The answer is B.", + "8167": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Pudge has one allele for a gray body (B) and one allele for a golden body (b). So, Pudge's genotype for the body color gene is Bb. The answer is A.", + "8168": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the armored catfish.\nThe armored catfish's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding. The armored catfish uses its mouth to find food hidden in the sediment at the bottom of rivers, lakes, and the ocean.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe bat ray's mouth is located on the underside of its head. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding.\nThe clown triggerfish's mouth is not located on the underside of its head. Its mouth is not adapted for bottom feeding. The answer is A.", + "8174": "Look at the table and images.\nEdwin wants broccoli. Brenda wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is C.", + "8176": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up. The answer is A.", + "8183": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince doze is not between the guide words depth - drink, it would not be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "8193": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Nevada is farthest south. The answer is D.", + "8200": "During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her grammar and mechanics by using consistent verb tenses.\nFor example, the writer could change the verb tense in the underlined sentences to match the verb tense in the rest of the text.\nWhen my grandparents first bought a computer, they didn't know how to use the Internet, so I sit down with them and show them the ropes. We go over a few basic terms, and I introduce them to different browsers. I taught them where to find the URL for a website and how to use search boxes. We cover different ways to navigate around a website; for example, I show them how to use a mouse, how to scroll up or down a page using the scroll bar, and how to click on links. Now they are excited to be online. The answer is A.", + "8208": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "8211": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A European nightjar's scientific name is Caprimulgus europaeus. The first word of its scientific name is Caprimulgus.\nUlex europaeus and Caprimulgus europaeus are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Ulex europaeus and Caprimulgus europaeus have the same species name within their genus, europaeus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Ulex europaeus is in the genus Ulex, and Caprimulgus europaeus is in the genus Caprimulgus.\nHaliaeetus leucocephalus is in the genus Haliaeetus. The first word of its scientific name is Haliaeetus. So, Haliaeetus leucocephalus and Caprimulgus europaeus are not in the same genus.\nThis organism and the European nightjar are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Caprimulgus europaeus. The answer is A.", + "8212": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. The toothpaste is sticky, but the slippers and the blue shag carpet are not.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. All three objects are blue.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The slippers and the blue shag carpet are not bouncy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is blue. The answer is B.", + "8213": "Look at the table and images.\nJustine wants broccoli. Caleb wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is B.", + "8221": "Charleston is the capital of West Virginia. The answer is B.", + "8224": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom since sliced bread suggests that the shoes are a fabulous invention. The answer is B.", + "8225": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "8230": "Denver is the capital of Colorado. The answer is C.", + "8236": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a ladybug is 8 millimeters.\n8 centimeters, 8 meters, and 8 kilometers are all too long. The answer is D.", + "8243": "A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Gabe, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Gabe down with a force of 400 N.\nThe diving board is pushing Gabe up with a force of 400 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Gabe. The answer is A.", + "8248": "Carson City is the capital of Nevada. The answer is C.", + "8252": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A snowy owl's scientific name is Bubo scandiacus.\nFalco tinnunculus does not have the same scientific name as a snowy owl. So, Bubo scandiacus and Falco tinnunculus are not in the same species.\nArdea alba does not have the same scientific name as a snowy owl. So, Bubo scandiacus and Ardea alba are not in the same species.\nBubo scandiacus has the same scientific name as a snowy owl. So, these organisms are in the same species. The answer is A.", + "8259": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean. The answer is A.", + "8264": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two soap bubbles are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the soap bubble with less thermal energy has a lower temperature. The answer is B.", + "8267": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Most humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait. The answer is A.", + "8269": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "8276": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a grain of rice is 3 millimeters.\n3 centimeters, 3 meters, and 3 kilometers are all too long. The answer is A.", + "8285": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. The summer squash plant's genotype for the leaf texture gene is ll. The summer squash plant's genotype of ll has only l alleles. The l allele is for smooth leaves. So, the summer squash plant's phenotype for the leaf texture trait must be smooth leaves.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the summer squash plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for smooth leaves (l) is recessive to the allele for fuzzy leaves (L). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nThe summer squash plant's genotype of ll has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the summer squash plant's phenotype for the leaf texture trait must be smooth leaves. The answer is B.", + "8294": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Pacific Ocean. The answer is D.", + "8296": "Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an animal learns to associate two events that were not originally related. This type of learning was first described by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov.\nPavlov noticed that his dogs began to salivate before he gave them food. This salivation was a natural, unconditioned response. Pavlov used this response to teach his dogs to associate the ringing of a bell with the arrival of food. Soon, the dogs began to salivate in response to the bell, even before food arrived. The salivation to the bell was a conditioned response. The answer is B.", + "8300": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, and the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.\nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature. The answer is B.", + "8308": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jason wants or needs:\nJason will give up the chance to wear the costume he is more excited about. The answer is A.", + "8321": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nBeating an egg is a physical change. Beating an egg mixes together the egg white, egg yolk, and some air. But mixing them together does not form a different type of matter.\nMixing lettuce and salad dressing is a physical change. Together, the salad and dressing make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is D.", + "8332": "The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:\nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:\nsay that a brand has been trusted for many years\nnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrity\ninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values\nAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:\nuse graphs or charts to display information\nmention the results of scientific studies\nexplain the science behind a product or service\nAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:\ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment\nappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive\nlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion. It links the product to a positive feeling (a happy heart). The answer is C.", + "8335": "The First Amendment says that the government cannot take away a person's freedom of speech or freedom of religion. In the United States, voting rights and the right to own weapons are not covered by the First Amendment. Freedom of speech means that Americans can say and write what they want. But there are some limits on freedom of speech. For example, a person cannot write lies about someone in a newspaper. Freedom of religion means a person can choose his or her own religion. In the United States, the government cannot tell a person what to believe. The complete text of the First Amendment is below. Does it mention any other rights? Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. The answer is A.", + "8338": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nNobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded at first appears to be contradictory, because if no one goes to the restaurant, then the restaurant should be empty, not crowded. However, it contains some truth: if a restaurant is frequently perceived to be too crowded, many people will no longer want to go there. The answer is A.", + "8346": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia. The answer is A.", + "8357": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is C.", + "8358": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the opalescent nudibranch.\nThe opalescent nudibranch has stinging cells in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the opalescent nudibranch is toxic and dangerous.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe blue poison dart frog has poisonous glands in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.\nThe lechwe has light-brown fur covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators. The answer is B.", + "8362": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with scientists.\nScientists are researching a hybrid South African tobacco plant that may decrease reliance on fossil fuels. It contains oily seeds that can be transformed into sustainable biofuel. The answer is A.", + "8363": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince side is between the guide words skirt - stories, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "8368": "Although the Moon appears to shine, it does not give off light. Instead, we can see the Moon because it is lit up by the Sun. The part of the Moon that is both lit up by the Sun and facing Earth is called the Moon's phase.\nThe Moon orbits, or goes around, Earth. As it does, the Moon's phase changes. The model below shows the Moon's phase at eight positions in its orbit. The smaller moons closer to Earth show where sunlight hits the Moon. The larger moons farther from Earth show how the Moon will look during that phase.\nTo use the model, first pick one of the eight positions. Then, imagine standing on Earth and looking up at the Moon. Use the dotted white lines in the model to guide you. The picture of the Moon shows its phase for that position. If you are in the Southern Hemisphere, the Moon will appear flipped, left to right. The answer is A.", + "8371": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each battery decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each battery decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each battery to the surroundings. The answer is B.", + "8374": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play soccer. Instead, some people learn how to play soccer. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing soccer is an acquired trait. The answer is B.", + "8386": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a car key is 7 centimeters.\n7 kilometers is too long. The answer is B.", + "8394": "The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.\nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:\nsay that a brand has been trusted for many years\ninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Association\nfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values\nuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokesperson\nAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:\nuse graphs or charts to display information\ncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studies\nexplain the science behind a product or service\nemphasize that the product is a financially wise choice\nanticipate and refute potential counterclaims\nAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:\ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment\nappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive\nlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion, by associating the product with feelings of belonging and family love. The answer is A.", + "8397": "The answer is A.", + "8398": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "8403": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The sandpaper is scratchy.\nA breakable object will break into pieces if you drop it. The sandpaper is not breakable. The answer is A.", + "8406": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence. The answer is C.", + "8408": "This country is Solomon Islands. The answer is D.", + "8422": "The answer is A.", + "8447": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each bicycle moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each bicycle moved for 5 hours. The bicycle that moved 70 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at the highest speed. The answer is B.", + "8449": "This country is Jamaica. The answer is C.", + "8451": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a bus route across a small town is 5 kilometers.\n5 centimeters is too short. The answer is B.", + "8453": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince fare is between the guide words flow - four, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "8454": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A crown is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nCrowns can be made of many different materials. Some crowns are made of gold, which is a solid. Other crowns are made of paper, which is a solid. The answer is A.", + "8456": "This country is the Federated States of Micronesia. The answer is C.", + "8460": "Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:\nIt is a solid.\nIt is formed in nature.\nIt is not made by organisms.\nIt is a pure substance.\nIt has a fixed crystal structure.\nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nA mineral is not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.\nA mineral is a pure substance.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\n A turtle shell does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, a turtle shell is not a mineral. The answer is A.", + "8478": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Dave is capitalized because it is a proper noun. The answer is A.", + "8487": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each ship moved for 10 hours. The ship that moved 385 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the highest speed. The answer is B.", + "8490": "The colony is Pennsylvania. The answer is B.", + "8492": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "8496": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The water in a fishbowl is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.\nIf you pour water from a fishbowl into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space. The answer is A.", + "8497": "Montgomery is the capital of Alabama. The answer is C.", + "8498": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence. The answer is B.", + "8500": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each mountain biker moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne mountain biker moved 100 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other mountain biker moved 190 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each mountain biker spent the same amount of time moving. The mountain biker who moved 100 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that mountain biker must have moved at a lower speed. The answer is B.", + "8502": "Sacramento is the capital of California. The answer is B.", + "8505": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a bottle of hot sauce is 4 fluid ounces.\n4 cups and 4 gallons are both too much. The answer is B.", + "8509": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nThe lecturer became flustered when a factoid that she had presented was promptly refuted by an expert in the field.\nThe first text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nThe lecturer's presentation on economics included some interesting factoids from recent research studies in the field.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "8510": "Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nFish have the following traits:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA green frog has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA green frog does not have all of the traits of a fish. A green frog is an amphibian.\nA minnow has the following traits:\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA minnow has the traits of a fish. A minnow is a fish. The answer is B.", + "8515": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.\nFiring a clay pot in a hot kiln is a chemical change. High temperatures cause the clay to slowly harden. After several hours in the kiln, the clay will have changed into a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nFiring a clay pot is caused by heating. But a copper statue turning green is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is D.", + "8516": "Mark wanted broccoli in his lunch and Valeria was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nMark has tomatoes. Valeria has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is A.", + "8518": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "8520": "Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania. The answer is A.", + "8533": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion We're not in Kansas anymore is a movie.\nIn the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy, a young farm girl from Kansas, finds herself in Oz, an unusual place that looks nothing like her home. She says to her dog, \"Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore.\"\nThe allusion We're not in Kansas anymore means we're in an unfamiliar place. The answer is B.", + "8536": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince mar is not between the guide words modest - musician, it would not be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "8541": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down. The answer is B.", + "8542": "Montpelier is the capital of Vermont. The answer is D.", + "8543": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "8551": "An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.\nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.\nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Bradypus variegatus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.\nSo, Bradypus variegatus is the scientific name. The answer is B.", + "8553": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to cook. Instead, many people learn how to cook. So, cooking is an acquired trait. The answer is B.", + "8554": "Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii. The answer is A.", + "8557": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence. The answer is A.", + "8571": "A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.\nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.\nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The woman's finger applies a force to the first domino. This force causes the domino to topple. The direction of this force is away from the woman's finger. This force is a push. The answer is B.", + "8572": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "8573": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence. The answer is C.", + "8580": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Kate or Katie.\nKate asked Katie to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting because she has a gluten allergy.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nBecause Katie has a gluten allergy, Kate asked her to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting. The answer is A.", + "8581": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Sharon fell asleep Mom put a blanket on her is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Sharon fell asleep and Mom put a blanket on her. The answer is B.", + "8583": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, go. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is C.", + "8584": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nBetween jobs is an indirect way of saying unemployed. The answer is B.", + "8587": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All three objects are hard.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The ceramic mug and the glass flask are not bouncy.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. None of the objects are stretchy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is hard. The answer is B.", + "8595": "A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nThe honey mushroom, a fungus spreading over more than two thousand acres across eastern Oregon's Malheur National Forest, is thought to be the largest living organism on Earth. The answer is B.", + "8599": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is A.", + "8606": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature. The answer is B.", + "8609": "Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:\nIt is a solid.\nIt is formed in nature.\nIt is not made by organisms.\nIt is a pure substance.\nIt has a fixed crystal structure.\nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nA mineral is not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.\nA mineral is a pure substance.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\n Quartzite does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, quartzite is not a mineral. The answer is A.", + "8614": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles. The answer is C.", + "8618": "According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Samantha's foot is pushing on the gas pedal. So, Newton's third law tells you that the gas pedal is pushing on Samantha's foot. The answer is A.", + "8625": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "8640": "The city is Miami, Florida. New Orleans, Oklahoma City, and Nashville are marked with gray circles on the map below. The answer is D.", + "8648": "The colony is Virginia.\nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony. The answer is B.", + "8666": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a thermos is 6 cups.\n6 fluid ounces is too little and 6 gallons is too much. The answer is B.", + "8671": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each goose moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each goose moved for 5 hours. The goose that moved 120 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at the lowest speed. The answer is C.", + "8672": "Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words three and bee rhyme. They both end with the ee sound.\nThe word green does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound. The answer is C.", + "8676": "Look at the table and images.\nGordon wants broccoli. Ariel wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "8681": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince because is between the guide words bare - bite, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "8686": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Herman or her friend.\nMrs. Herman told her friend that she needs to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nMrs. Herman told her friend to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day. The answer is A.", + "8689": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Job complains to God about his hardships, saying that both strangers and those he loves have turned against him. He says, \"My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.\" Scholars have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he narrowly escaped death.\nThe allusion by the skin of his teeth means just barely. The answer is B.", + "8692": "In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.\nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.\n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants\nHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many\nDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes\nCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Polytrichum commune is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells. The answer is B.", + "8703": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Katie or Abby.\nKatie looks almost identical to her twin sister Abby, but she has pierced ears.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nKatie has pierced ears, but otherwise she looks almost identical to her twin sister Abby. The answer is A.", + "8709": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is C.", + "8715": "All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A yak is a living thing.\nYaks grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Yaks are made up of many cells.\nA bracelet is not a living thing.\nBracelets do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA ferris wheel is not a living thing.\nA ferris wheel does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves in a circle, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.\nRain is not a living thing.\nRain is made of water. It helps living things survive. But it does not have all the traits of a living thing. Rain does not grow or need food. The answer is A.", + "8720": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is B.", + "8721": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is B.", + "8722": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa. The answer is A.", + "8727": "Hartford is the capital of Connecticut. The answer is C.", + "8729": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nDanielle couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.\nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Danielle so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "8732": "Look at the text in bold below. It tells you why farmers would have appreciated cats eight thousand years ago.\nCats were wild then. However, they were likely drawn to farming communities because there were mice to hunt. The farmers would have noticed and appreciated these visitors. To keep the cats around, these early farmers may have given food and even shelter to the wild cats. The farmers and cats probably helped one another. The answer is B.", + "8743": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence. The answer is B.", + "8749": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nDry ice is solid carbon dioxide. When dry ice gets warm, it changes state and becomes carbon dioxide gas. This change of state, from solid to gas, is called sublimation.\nDry ice becoming a gas is a physical change. A change of state does not form a different type of matter.\nLoose matter such as sand and dirt is called sediment. Sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is a physical change.\nThe sediment sinks, and the water above becomes clearer. This separates the water from the sediment. But separating a mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nDry ice sublimating is caused by heating. But sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is D.", + "8752": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince dazzle is between the guide words desk - drop, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "8763": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Jacob Trevino is the most qualified candidate, because so many voters turned out to vote. However, even though many people voted for him, that doesn't necessarily mean that Jacob Trevino is the most qualified candidate. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy. The answer is A.", + "8769": "Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri. The answer is C.", + "8779": "A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on the ice cube, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling the ice cube down with a force of 0.1 N.\nThe water is pushing the ice cube up with a force of 0.1 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 0.1 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on the ice cube. The answer is B.", + "8785": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is A.", + "8793": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play hockey. Instead, some people learn how to play hockey. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing hockey is an acquired trait. The answer is B.", + "8798": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The pineapple is not flexible.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. The pineapple is not salty.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. All four objects are rough.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is rough. The answer is B.", + "8805": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nLisbon, Portugal, has cloudy skies today. So, the air pressure is low.\nAir pressure is caused by the weight of the air in the atmosphere. When the air pressure is low, the sky is usually cloudy.\nThe passage tells you about the air pressure in Lisbon today. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is A.", + "8811": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. All three objects are translucent.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. None of the objects are stretchy.\nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. The jello is not bumpy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is translucent. The answer is A.", + "8819": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A song should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Any Dream Will Do.\" The answer is B.", + "8841": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "8847": "The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.\nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.\nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:\nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.\nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.\nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.\nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved. The answer is B.", + "8852": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nSome objects are made of just one material.\nMost nails are made of metal.\nOther objects are made of more than one material.\nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the clothes hanger.\nThe clothes hanger is made of two different materials. The loop is made of metal, and the rest of the hanger is made of wool. The answer is A.", + "8862": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance copper.\nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. The color of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend. Use the model to determine whether nickel is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:\n. The legend shows that dark blue represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol Ni. So, the model shows you that nickel is composed of one chemical element.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that nickel is composed of only one chemical element. So, nickel is an elementary substance. The answer is A.", + "8876": "A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.\nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.\nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. In a Venn diagram, each circle shows things that are true for a particular topic. The middle, where the two circles overlap, shows things that are true for both topics. This Venn diagram shows information about two ancient poems.\nThe detail about the Odyssey and the Aeneid is in the middle of the diagram. This shows that both poems were written after the Trojan War. The answer is A.", + "8878": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms. You can tell whether silicon dioxide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for silicon dioxide, SiO2, contains two atomic symbols: Si for silicon and O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that silicon dioxide is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince silicon dioxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, silicon dioxide is a compound. The answer is A.", + "8880": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the bronze-winged jacana.\nThe bronze-winged jacana uses its toes to spread its weight out over a large area. This can help it walk on leaves without sinking into the water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe purple gallinule has long, thin toes on its feet. Its feet are adapted for walking on floating leaves.\nThe Magellan penguin has webbed feet. Its feet are not adapted for walking on floating leaves. The Magellan penguin uses its feet to swim. The answer is B.", + "8884": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of an adult great white shark is 4 yards.\n4 inches and 4 feet are both too short. The answer is A.", + "8887": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nBeep represents the sound that tells the caller to start recording a message. The answer is B.", + "8889": "The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.\nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.\nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:\nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.\nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.\nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.\nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved. The answer is B.", + "8890": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the branches or the power lines.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the power lines.\nSince the branches had grown over the power lines, Lauren requested a permit to have the power lines removed. The answer is B.", + "8894": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Jupiter's genotype for the coat pattern gene is AA. Jupiter's genotype of AA has only A allelles. The A allele is for a black coat. So, Jupiter's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be a black coat.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Jupiter's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a spotted coat (a) is recessive to the allele for a black coat (A). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nJupiter's genotype of AA has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Jupiter's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be a black coat. The answer is B.", + "8897": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince blueberry is between the guide words beginner - bottom, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "8901": "Before the Louisiana Purchase, the western boundary of the United States was the Mississippi River. The United States had no right to the land west of the Mississippi.\nThe Louisiana Purchase was a deal in which the United States bought the land west of the Mississippi from France. The answer is B.", + "8904": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a large trash can is 16 gallons.\n16 fluid ounces and 16 cups are both too little. The answer is B.", + "8905": "All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A shoe is not a living thing.\nShoes do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nAn iceberg is not a living thing.\nAn iceberg does not have all the traits of a living thing. It may grow or melt in response to the world around it, but it does not need food.\nA fig tree is a living thing.\nFig trees grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Fig trees are made up of many cells.\nFig trees are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.\nA pushpin is not a living thing.\nPushpins do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water. The answer is D.", + "8906": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is B.", + "8917": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The chocolate milkshake, the chocolate bar, and the ice cream sundae are not hard.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The ice cream sundae is not stretchy.\nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. All four objects are sticky.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is sticky. The answer is A.", + "8931": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.\nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Boston, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Precipitation does not change much from month to month in Boston.\" is incorrect.\nThe average monthly precipitation changes only slightly throughout the year.\nChoice \"March is the month with the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.\nJanuary, not March, has the highest average monthly precipitation.\nChoice \"About the same amount of precipitation falls each month between May and October.\" is incorrect.\nThe average monthly precipitation does not change much between May and October. So, about the same amount of precipitation falls each month during that time. The answer is B.", + "8932": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is B.", + "8937": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Nostradamus is history.\nNostradamus, a sixteenth-century French astrologer and physician, is best known as the author of a book of prophecies.\nThe allusion Nostradamus means a seer or predictor of the future. The answer is B.", + "8948": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "8952": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is B.", + "8957": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the bronze-winged jacana.\nThe bronze-winged jacana uses its toes to spread its weight out over a large area. This can help it walk on leaves without sinking into the water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe northern jacana has long, thin toes on its feet. Its feet are adapted for walking on floating leaves.\nThe emu has large, heavy feet with thick toes. Its feet are not adapted for walking on floating leaves. The emu uses its feet to walk and run on hard ground. The answer is B.", + "8959": "The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.\nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.\nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:\nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.\nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.\nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.\nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved. The answer is A.", + "8963": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (didn't).\nThe second sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal. The answer is B.", + "8965": "This country is Saint Lucia. The answer is B.", + "8969": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince mild is between the guide words meddle - mound, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "8972": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different species of plants and animals. So, the following statement describes the Yasuni National Park ecosystem: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different species of plants and animals. It has soil that is poor in nutrients. The following statements do not describe Yasuni National Park: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different species of plants and animals. It has mostly small plants. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. The answer is B.", + "8974": "According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Pete is pulling on the suitcase. So, Newton's third law tells you that the suitcase is pulling on Pete. The answer is B.", + "8980": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.\nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in New Orleans, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"October is the wettest month.\" is incorrect.\nEvery other month has a higher average precipitation than October. So, October is the driest, not the wettest, month.\nChoice \"The wettest months of the year are June, July, and August.\" is incorrect.\nOn average, more precipitation falls during June, July, and August than during other months of the year. So, June, July, and August are the wettest months.\nChoice \"June, July, and August are the driest months of the year.\" is incorrect.\nOn average, slightly more precipitation falls during June, July, and August than during the other months of the year. So, June, July, and August are not the driest months. The answer is A.", + "9001": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode! The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nThe hyperbole dinosaurs were still roaming the Earth suggests that Lorenzo hasn't cleaned his room in a very long time. He did not actually clean his room millions of years ago when dinosaurs existed. The answer is B.", + "9003": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the dress.\nThe dress is made of cotton.\nCotton is a soft, white fabric. Cotton is made from a plant! First, the cotton is grown. Then, the cotton is spun into yarn. The yarn can be dyed and used to make clothes. The answer is B.", + "9004": "The answer is C.", + "9005": "Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for boron trifluoride contains two symbols: B for boron and F for fluorine. So, boron trifluoride is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, boron trifluoride is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for helium contains one symbol: He. So, helium is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, helium is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for fluoromethanol contains four symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, F for fluorine, and O for oxygen. So, fluoromethanol is made of four chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, fluoromethanol is a compound, not an elementary substance. The answer is A.", + "9010": "Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii. The answer is A.", + "9019": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is B.", + "9038": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the rubber gloves are the most flexible. If you bend rubber gloves, they will not break. The answer is A.", + "9052": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a goat is 30 kilograms.\n30 grams is too light. The answer is B.", + "9054": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince leaf is between the guide words land - lilac, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "9055": "A plant cell does not have a cell membrane.\nThis statement is false. Every cell has a cell membrane. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell. The answer is B.", + "9057": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A magazine should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Car and Driver**. The answer is A.", + "9058": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.\nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.\nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3.\nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12\nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15\nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 1000\n= 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 10^3\n= 1.43 x 10^(15 + 3)\n= 1.43 x 10^18\n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 10,000 times the volume of Mars.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. Jupiter's volume is 1.43 x 10^15 km^3, which is less than 1.63 x 10^15 km^3. So, Jupiter's volume is less than 10,000 times as large as the volume of Mars. The answer is B.", + "9067": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Idaho is farthest west. The answer is B.", + "9068": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.\nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA soft object changes shape when you squeeze it. The glass is not soft.\nA hard object does not change shape when you squeeze it. Both objects are hard.\nThe property that both objects have in common is hard. The answer is A.", + "9070": "Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana. The answer is B.", + "9071": "Evidence is information that tells you something happened.\nHow do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?\nThere are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change.\nHere are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:\nCause of the change | Evidence of the change\nearthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofs\nvolcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the ground\nerosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mud\nBe careful when you are looking for evidence!\nA picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not!\nFor example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.\n The answer is A.", + "9084": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature. The answer is B.", + "9089": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, Gunung Leuser National Park has year-round warm temperatures. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients. The answer is A.", + "9091": "Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase calling my name. It describes the pie as if it were a person trying to get noticed. The answer is A.", + "9093": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "9095": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A cold desert is a type of ecosystem. Cold deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and long, cold winters. So, the Taklamakan Desert has dry, thin soil. It also has a small amount of rain or snow. The answer is A.", + "9096": "The colony is Pennsylvania. The answer is C.", + "9101": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, chops. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is B.", + "9104": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes. The apples become soft, and the crust turns brown.\nUsing polish to remove tarnish from a silver spoon is a chemical change. The polish changes into a different type of matter that can make the silver look shiny again.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBaking is caused by heating. But using polish to remove tarnish from a silver spoon is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is D.", + "9106": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that the speaker is not trustworthy, because she never finished law school. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether the speaker would make a good babysitter. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem. The answer is A.", + "9109": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with one source.\nWhen Molly was researching the lives of famous scientists, one source said that Albert Einstein had a speech impediment when he was a child. The answer is B.", + "9120": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is B.", + "9127": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction because.\nBecause most wild orchids naturally affix themselves to trees and branches, planting an orchid in soil will likely kill it. The answer is B.", + "9134": "Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas. The answer is A.", + "9143": "A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Max, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Max down with a force of 400 N.\nThe diving board is pushing Max up with a force of 400 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Max. The answer is B.", + "9144": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Missouri is farthest north. The answer is A.", + "9146": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince very is between the guide words vain - vinegar, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "9150": "Look at the table and images.\nJasmine wants broccoli. Bryan wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "9169": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the Suriname toad.\nThe Suriname toad has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the Suriname toad uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe African clawed frog has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.\nThe giraffe has large, heavy, hoofed feet. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The giraffe uses its feet to walk and run on hard ground. The answer is B.", + "9177": "Austin is the capital of Texas. The answer is C.", + "9189": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Wendy wants or needs:\nWendy will give up the chance to watch the movie that she is more excited about. The answer is B.", + "9196": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "9197": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A Chinese mitten crab's scientific name is Eriocheir sinensis.\nEriocheir sinensis has the same scientific name as a Chinese mitten crab. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nMelanoplus bivittatus does not have the same scientific name as a Chinese mitten crab. So, Eriocheir sinensis and Melanoplus bivittatus are not in the same species.\nAcanthaster planci does not have the same scientific name as a Chinese mitten crab. So, Eriocheir sinensis and Acanthaster planci are not in the same species. The answer is C.", + "9205": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nLoose matter such as sand and dirt is called sediment. Sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is a physical change.\nThe sediment sinks, and the water above becomes clearer. This separates the water from the sediment. But separating a mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nAn iceberg melting is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. An iceberg is made of frozen water. As it melts, the water changes from a solid to a liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nAn iceberg melting is caused by heating. But sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is B.", + "9214": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nGood luck ironically suggests that Alec was upset about staying home. Alec was actually unlucky because he couldn't join his friends at the water park. The answer is A.", + "9218": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Juan sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him. The answer is D.", + "9223": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the earthworm.\nThe only arrow pointing from the barren-ground caribou leads to the grizzly bear. The only arrow pointing from the grizzly bear leads to the mushroom. No arrows point from the mushroom to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the barren-ground caribou to the earthworm. The answer is B.", + "9225": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Stefan that the essay wasn't finished. The essay is like a person who is bothering Stefan. The answer is B.", + "9231": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Brad wants to stop teaching English and start teaching foreign languages instead. However, this misrepresents Brad's argument. Brad only wants more foreign language instruction. He says nothing about stopping English instruction. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man. The answer is B.", + "9232": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings. The answer is A.", + "9233": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.\nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA breakable object will break into pieces if you drop it. Both objects are breakable.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. Neither of the objects are rough.\nThe property that both objects have in common is breakable. The answer is A.", + "9242": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statements describe the Kibale National Forest ecosystem: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has soil that is poor in nutrients. It has year-round rain and warm temperatures. The following statement does not describe Kibale National Forest: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. The answer is A.", + "9247": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Grace's work is low quality because her friend's work is low quality. However, the work of Grace's friend does not necessarily reflect the quality of Grace's work. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association. The answer is B.", + "9248": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a sofa is 6 yards.\n6 inches and 6 feet are both too short. The answer is C.", + "9249": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Florida is farthest east. The answer is B.", + "9257": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism your services will no longer be required means that the gardener is being fired. The answer is B.", + "9262": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia. The answer is A.", + "9266": "Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.\nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).\nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is A.", + "9275": "Jackson is the capital of Mississippi. The answer is A.", + "9277": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is A.", + "9278": "A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is a run-on sentence. It is a comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined by just a comma.\nRight-handedness is controlled by genetics, interestingly enough, the same genes are also responsible for the brain becoming more specialized at certain tasks.\nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:\nRight-handedness is controlled by genetics; interestingly enough, the same genes are also responsible for the brain becoming more specialized at certain tasks. The answer is A.", + "9283": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.\nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A western gorilla is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nGorillas live in groups called troops. The largest male in the troop is usually the leader.\nAn albatross is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nAlbatrosses live near the ocean. They hunt squid, fish, and other small animals.\nA rabbit is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nRabbits live underground in burrows. A group of rabbit burrows is called a warren.\nA Galapagos giant tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nGalapagos tortoises live on the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean. They can live to be over 150 years old! The answer is B.", + "9285": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is C.", + "9287": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Chester's genotype for the fur texture gene is ff. Chester's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for soft fur. So, Chester's phenotype for the fur texture trait must be soft fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Chester's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for soft fur (f) is recessive to the allele for rough fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nChester's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Chester's phenotype for the fur texture trait must be soft fur. The answer is B.", + "9288": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the asphalt road is harder. If you press on an asphalt road, it will not change shape. The answer is B.", + "9290": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a soccer field is 370 feet.\n370 inches is too short. 370 yards and 370 miles are too long. The answer is C.", + "9294": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The yarn pom pom and the tennis ball are not slippery.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. All three objects are blue.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. All three objects are fuzzy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is blue. The answer is A.", + "9295": "A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.\nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.\nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.\nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.\nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products. Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to water in this chemical reaction.\nHydrogen peroxide, a household disinfectant, breaks down into water and oxygen gas over time. Light speeds up this process, so hydrogen peroxide is typically stored in a dark-colored bottle. The bottle's dark coloring blocks light and makes the hydrogen peroxide last longer.\nThe underlined text tells you that water forms when hydrogen peroxide breaks down. Because water is produced by this chemical reaction, water is a product. The answer is B.", + "9304": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nThe second half of the sentence reverses the order of the words for and your and reverses the phrase ask not what your country can do for you. The answer is B.", + "9323": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a ridiculous imitation; a parody.\nJohn Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost was first published in 1667. It's a travesty that only thirty-three pages of the original manuscript have survived.\nThe first text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a disappointment or a tragedy.\nIn 1687, John Phillips published a controversial English translation of Cervantes's Don Quixote. Phillips's translation, a travesty of the original story, was filled with vulgar humor.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard. The answer is B.", + "9328": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is B.", + "9330": "Madison is the capital of Wisconsin. The answer is A.", + "9332": "Augusta is the capital of Maine. The answer is C.", + "9336": "The prefix re- means \"again.\" The word construct means \"to build.\" So, reconstruct means \"to build something again.\" After the war, the Confederate states rejoined the Union states. The border states were Southern states that had never seceded. In 1861, the Civil War started when 11 Southern states seceded, or withdrew from the country. The seceded states tried to form a new country called the Confederate States of America. The two sides of the war, the Confederacy and the Union, fought for over four years. The Confederate states lost the war in 1865. During Reconstruction, Americans debated what to do with the former Confederate states. The answer is D.", + "9344": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "9345": "This country is Dominica. The answer is D.", + "9352": "Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether cyclooctasulfur is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for cyclooctasulfur is S8. This formula contains one symbol: S for sulfur. So, the formula tells you that cyclooctasulfur is made of one chemical element.\nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, cyclooctasulfur is an elementary substance. The answer is B.", + "9356": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Maura doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, there may be a number of reasons why Maura doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy. The answer is A.", + "9357": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. All four objects are salty.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The fries are not fuzzy.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The fries are not smooth.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is salty. The answer is A.", + "9361": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is C.", + "9367": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "9370": "A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Natalie, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Natalie down with a force of 600 N.\nThe seat of the cart is pushing Natalie up with a force of 1,200 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Natalie. The answer is B.", + "9375": "Look at the table and images.\nDuncan wants broccoli. Sam wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is A.", + "9381": "When writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\n Look closely at the Works Cited entry:\nCamus, Albert. \"The Guest.\" Trans. Justin O'Brien. The Oxford Book of French Short Stories. Ed. Elizabeth Fallaize. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2002. Print.\nYou can tell that the cited work has been translated from another language because of the entry's formatting. Translated works include the word \"Trans.\" after the translator's name. The answer is A.", + "9382": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Georgetown. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down. The answer is B.", + "9386": "A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is not a sentence fragment. These are complete sentences because they express complete thoughts.\nIn 2004, a team of archaeologists discovered a three-foot-tall skeleton, dubbed the \"Hobbit,\" in Indonesia. Even after ten years, experts still debate whether the skeleton belonged to a modern human. The answer is B.", + "9387": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an apple is 120 grams.\n120 kilograms is too heavy. The answer is B.", + "9388": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the fire salamander.\nThe fire salamander has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the fire salamander is poisonous.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe opalescent nudibranch has stinging cells in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.\nThe lechwe has light-brown fur covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators. The answer is A.", + "9389": "All substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if hydrogen fluoride is an elementary substance or a compound.\nIn this model, each ball is labeled with H for hydrogen or F for fluorine. So, the model shows you that hydrogen fluoride is made of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, hydrogen fluoride is a compound. The answer is B.", + "9394": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nA puddle freezing into ice on a cold night is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.\nMixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nA puddle freezing is caused by cooling. But mixing sand and water is not. The answer is C.", + "9399": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an eraser is 40 grams.\n40 kilograms is too heavy. The answer is B.", + "9403": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A common kestrel's scientific name is Falco tinnunculus. The first word of its scientific name is Falco.\nFalco sparverius is in the genus Falco. The first word of its scientific name is Falco. So, Falco sparverius and Falco tinnunculus are in the same genus.\nArdea herodias is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea herodias and Falco tinnunculus are not in the same genus.\nTigrisoma mexicanum is in the genus Tigrisoma. The first word of its scientific name is Tigrisoma. So, Tigrisoma mexicanum and Falco tinnunculus are not in the same genus. The answer is A.", + "9415": "Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A barn owl is an animal. It walks and flies.\nBarn owls live on every continent except Antarctica.\nA cedar tree is a plant. It has small leaves.\nCedar trees grow in many parts of the world. Many cedar trees grow on mountains. The answer is B.", + "9423": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "9436": "Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nStyrofoam is made by humans. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, Styrofoam is not a rock.\nSlate is a rock.\nRhyolite is a rock. The answer is C.", + "9444": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, grabs. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is C.", + "9468": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the article the.\nRobert was recently reading about remote mountain villages, and the article said that they often have no Internet access. He couldn't imagine life without email! The answer is A.", + "9475": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms. You can tell whether potassium hydroxide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for potassium hydroxide, KOH, contains three atomic symbols: K for potassium, O for oxygen, and H for hydrogen. So, the formula tells you that potassium hydroxide is composed of three chemical elements bonded together.\nSince potassium hydroxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, potassium hydroxide is a compound. The answer is A.", + "9481": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Bobby is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, King Midas has the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily creating value from nothing. The answer is B.", + "9489": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is C.", + "9493": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the lichen.\nThe only arrow pointing to the snowy owl starts from the short-tailed weasel. The only arrow pointing to the short-tailed weasel starts from the brown lemming. The brown lemming has two arrows pointing to it. These arrows start from the bear sedge and the bilberry. Neither the bear sedge nor the bilberry has any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the lichen to the snowy owl.There is one path matter can take from the lichen to the Arctic fox: lichen->barren-ground caribou->Arctic fox. There are two paths matter can take from the lichen to the grizzly bear: lichen->barren-ground caribou->grizzly bear. lichen->barren-ground caribou->parasitic jaeger->grizzly bear. There is one path matter can take from the lichen to the rough-legged hawk: lichen->barren-ground caribou->rough-legged hawk. There are four paths matter can take from the lichen to the parasitic jaeger: lichen->barren-ground caribou->parasitic jaeger. lichen->barren-ground caribou->grizzly bear->parasitic jaeger. lichen->barren-ground caribou->mushroom->parasitic jaeger. lichen->brown lemming->parasitic jaeger. The answer is C.", + "9494": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that purchasing the computer's extended warranty is a wise choice because many people buy it. However, even though many people choose to buy the extended warranty, that doesn't necessarily mean that it's a wise choice. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy. The answer is C.", + "9495": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. All three objects are flexible.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. None of the objects are fragile.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is flexible. The answer is C.", + "9499": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "9503": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America. The answer is B.", + "9504": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of a cold glass of water is 4\u00b0C.\n4\u00b0F is too cold. The answer is A.", + "9505": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kenny wants or needs:\nKenny will spend more money. Plane tickets for Kenny to get to Arkansas are more expensive than tickets to Delaware. The answer is A.", + "9508": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Tristan wants or needs:\nTristan will give up the chance to eat the raisins. The raisins would have been healthier than the oatmeal cookies. The answer is A.", + "9509": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two bottles of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 25\u00b0C bottle of water is hotter than the 10\u00b0C bottle of water, it has more thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "9513": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince shy is between the guide words save - softly, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "9514": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a vacuum cleaner is 19 pounds.\n19 ounces is too light and 19 tons is too heavy. The answer is A.", + "9525": "Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.\nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.\nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.\nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.\nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.\nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Antarctica. It does not intersect South America or Australia. The answer is B.", + "9530": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a raisin is 11 millimeters.\n11 centimeters, 11 meters, and 11 kilometers are all too long. The answer is B.", + "9535": "A fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact.\nAlmost seventy percent of respondents to a 2011 Pew Research survey said that they value space exploration.\nIt can be proved by conducting a survey and counting how many people said they value space exploration.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nEven if most Americans say that they approve of NASA's missions, the organization receives too much public funding.\nToo much shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how much is too much. The answer is B.", + "9538": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Moxie's genotype for the coat color gene is LL. Moxie's genotype of LL has only L allelles. The L allele is for a black coat. So, Moxie's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a black coat.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Moxie's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a black coat (L) is dominant over the allele for a red coat (l). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nMoxie's genotype of LL has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Moxie's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a black coat. The answer is B.", + "9540": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Polly draws an arrow it points up is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. The answer is B.", + "9541": "A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.\nOne of the oldest harvest festivals in the world is the Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival. Which was first celebrated in the tenth century BCE.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nOne of the oldest harvest festivals in the world is the Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival, which was first celebrated in the tenth century BCE. The answer is B.", + "9544": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince chorus is between the guide words cedar - county, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "9546": "In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.\nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.\nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.\nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 3 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 5 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.\nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the left side of the membrane than before.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right. The answer is A.", + "9548": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two baked potatoes have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 40\u00b0C potato is colder than the 60\u00b0C potato, it has less thermal energy. The answer is B.", + "9552": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A red kangaroo's scientific name is Macropus rufus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus.\nCamelus bactrianus is in the genus Camelus. The first word of its scientific name is Camelus. So, Camelus bactrianus and Macropus rufus are not in the same genus.\nMacropus giganteus is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus giganteus and Macropus rufus are in the same genus.\nCervus canadensis is in the genus Cervus. The first word of its scientific name is Cervus. So, Cervus canadensis and Macropus rufus are not in the same genus. The answer is C.", + "9560": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is A.", + "9561": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is C.", + "9592": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctica. The answer is C.", + "9593": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, pitch. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is B.", + "9609": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the blue poison dart frog.\nThe blue poison dart frog has poisonous glands in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the blue poison dart frog is poisonous.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe sharpnose-puffer has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.\nThe gray tree frog has gray-brown skin. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators. The answer is A.", + "9620": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nMixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is C.", + "9621": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, make. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is A.", + "9624": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne goose moved 190 miles in 5 hours.\nThe other goose moved 235 miles in 5 hours.\nNotice that each goose spent the same amount of time moving. The goose that moved 190 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at a lower speed. The answer is A.", + "9626": "The colony is New Jersey. The answer is D.", + "9628": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean. The answer is B.", + "9650": "Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether hydrogen is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for hydrogen is H2. This formula contains one symbol: H. So, the formula tells you that hydrogen is made of one chemical element.\nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, hydrogen is an elementary substance. The answer is B.", + "9652": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the recipe.\nIf Peter doesn't know how to make homemade waffles, he can find the recipe in the cookbook. The answer is B.", + "9653": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a thermos is 7 cups.\n7 fluid ounces is too little and 7 gallons is too much. The answer is A.", + "9655": "This country is the Federated States of Micronesia. The answer is A.", + "9657": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nAn avid reader, Darnell attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month. The answer is B.", + "9668": "Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?\nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.\nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. When pollen lands on a female cone, it is called pollination. This photograph shows wind blowing pollen from the male cones on a Japanese cedar tree.\nAfter a female cone is pollinated, its eggs can be fertilized. Fertilization is what happens when male cells from the pollen combine with eggs. The answer is A.", + "9670": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A European nightjar's scientific name is Caprimulgus europaeus. The first word of its scientific name is Caprimulgus.\nUlex europaeus and Caprimulgus europaeus are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Ulex europaeus and Caprimulgus europaeus have the same species name within their genus, europaeus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Ulex europaeus is in the genus Ulex, and Caprimulgus europaeus is in the genus Caprimulgus.\nCaprimulgus macrurus is in the genus Caprimulgus. The first word of its scientific name is Caprimulgus. So, Caprimulgus macrurus and Caprimulgus europaeus are in the same genus.\nAcanthaster planci is in the genus Acanthaster. The first word of its scientific name is Acanthaster. So, Acanthaster planci and Caprimulgus europaeus are not in the same genus. The answer is A.", + "9676": "Sacramento is the capital of California. The answer is D.", + "9688": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nBetween jobs is an indirect way of saying unemployed. The answer is A.", + "9704": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "9710": "The answer is A.", + "9712": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two baked potatoes are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the baked potato with less thermal energy has a lower temperature. The answer is B.", + "9713": "The answer is B.", + "9719": "Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?\nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.\nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Conifers use their cones to make seeds. Seeds grow inside the female cones.\nMany conifers have thin pointed leaves called needles. They use their needles to make food for the tree.\nThe roots of a conifer go down into the ground to get water and nutrients. They do not make seeds.\nThe answer is B.", + "9720": "Some words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Squirrel, horse, and goat go together. They are animals. Leg is not an animal, so it is not like the other words. The answer is D.", + "9724": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, tell. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is C.", + "9726": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Precious has two alleles for straight fur (F). So, Precious's genotype for the fur type gene is FF. The answer is A.", + "9728": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is B.", + "9732": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Over the summer, my cousin Brenna visited many times is a complete sentence. The subject is my cousin Brenna, and the verb is visited. The answer is A.", + "9738": "Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth changed.\nThe top of the hill is higher than the bottom of the hill. As Stefan rode toward the top of the hill, the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the motorcycle and Earth increased as Stefan rode up the hill. The answer is C.", + "9744": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A screwdriver is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. The screwdriver has a metal blade and a plastic handle. Both metal and plastic are solids.\nGrape juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour grape juice into a different container, the grape juice will take the shape of that container. But the grape juice will still take up the same amount of space.\nThe air from a hair dryer is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. A hair dryer uses a fan to blow warm air out. When the air leaves the hair dryer, the air expands to fill a much large space.\nThe water from a faucet is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you put water from a faucet into a container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space. The answer is D.", + "9750": "The colony is Maryland. The answer is A.", + "9762": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nGoethe contrasts love and marriage, two things that are often found together. The answer is B.", + "9765": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nBeep represents the sound that tells the caller to start recording a message. The answer is B.", + "9770": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that there are two ice planets and four rocky planets. So, there are half as many ice planets as rocky planets. The answer is A.", + "9772": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each bat moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bat moved 30 miles in 5 hours.\nThe other bat moved 40 miles in 5 hours.\nNotice that each bat spent the same amount of time moving. The bat that moved 30 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bat must have moved at a lower speed. The answer is A.", + "9783": "The colony is Rhode Island. The answer is C.", + "9784": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Southern Ocean.\nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude. The answer is A.", + "9796": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait. The answer is B.", + "9799": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "9806": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the lionfish.\nThe lionfish has venomous spines and brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the lionfish is venomous.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe flamboyant cuttlefish has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.\nThe lichen katydid has green and white patches on its body. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators. The answer is B.", + "9809": "Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.\nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:\nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Because producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms.\nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.\nTheir chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis.\nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce. This organism is photosynthetic:\nThe text tells you that common fig plants use carbon dioxide and water to make food. This is evidence that the common fig plant is a photosynthetic organism.\nThis organism is not photosynthetic:\nThe text does not provide evidence that the double-eyed fig parrot is photosynthetic. The answer is A.", + "9811": "An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there A tropical coral reef is a type of ecosystem. Tropical coral reefs have the following features: shallow, salty water, bright sunlight, and many different types of organisms. So, Jardines de la Reina National Park has bright sunlight. It also has shallow water. The answer is A.", + "9814": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature. The answer is C.", + "9823": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.\nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.\n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring that do or do not have horns, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the horns trait. The question tells you that the h allele, which is for having horns, is recessive to the H allele, which is for not having horns.\nHaving horns is the recessive allele's version of the horns trait. A cow with the recessive version of the horns trait must have only recessive alleles for the horns gene. So, offspring that have horns must have the genotype hh.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype hh.\nNot having horns is the dominant allele's version of the horns trait. A cow with the dominant version of the horns trait must have at least one dominant allele for the horns gene. So, offspring that do not have horns must have the genotype HH or Hh.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype HH or Hh.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring that have horns to offspring that do not have horns is 4:0. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will always produce offspring that have horns. This cross is expected to never produce offspring that do not have horns. The answer is D.", + "9834": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.\nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.\nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3.\nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12\nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15\nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 1000\n= 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 10^3\n= 1.43 x 10^(15 + 3)\n= 1.43 x 10^18\n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Neptune.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Uranus. The volume of Uranus is 6.83 x 10^13 km^3, which is less than 6.25 x 10^14 km^3. So, the volume of Uranus is less than ten times the volume of Neptune. The answer is B.", + "9840": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A play should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Sale or Return**. The answer is A.", + "9846": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether iodine is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that a molecule of iodine is composed of one atom of iodine bonded to one atom of carbon. So, iodine is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that iodine is composed of two chemical elements bonded together. So, iodine is a compound. The answer is B.", + "9855": "Pierre is the capital of South Dakota. The answer is A.", + "9866": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "9872": "A food web is a model.\nModels can make things in nature easier to understand. Models can be simpler than the things they represent. A food web is a model that shows where living things in an ecosystem get their food. If a food web showed every living thing in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some living things in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one living thing to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one living thing eats another living thing. An arrow starts from the living thing that is eaten. The arrow points to the living thing that is doing the eating.\nAn omnivore is a living thing that eats both plants and other living things. So, an omnivore has arrows pointing to it from both plants and other living things.\nThe phytoplankton does not have any arrows pointing to it from other living things. So, the phytoplankton is not an omnivore.\nThe plainfin midshipman has arrows pointing to it from both plants and other living things. The plainfin midshipman is an omnivore. The answer is B.", + "9874": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of three times the volume of Mercury.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Mars. The volume of Mars is 160 billion km^3, which is less than 180 billion km^3. So, the volume of Mars is less than three times as large as Mercury's. The answer is A.", + "9883": "Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the whale and the center of Earth changed.\nThe surface of the water is higher than the deep ocean. As the whale swam toward the surface, the distance between the whale and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the whale and Earth increased as the whale swam toward the surface. The answer is A.", + "9884": "Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nAn eggshell is made by a living thing. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, an eggshell is not a rock.\nConglomerate is a rock.\nPumice is a rock. The answer is B.", + "9885": "Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska. The answer is A.", + "9888": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to do ten jumping jacks is 26 seconds.\n26 minutes is too slow. The answer is A.", + "9891": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Levi tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.\nLast winter, Levi took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.\nThe first text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Levi's friends were in Florida the week before.\nLast winter, Levi took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect. The answer is B.", + "9898": "Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania. The answer is D.", + "9902": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. A strong, bold girl is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. The answer is B.", + "9906": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nLee lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.\nThis passage tells you about the usual temperatures where Lee lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is A.", + "9913": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "9915": "A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.\nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together. The answer is A.", + "9923": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is A.", + "9931": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, tell. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is B.", + "9942": "Juneau is the capital of Alaska. The answer is B.", + "9943": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince victory is between the guide words velvet - vote, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "9946": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The butter and the eraser are soft, but the wet paint is not.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. All three objects are flexible.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The wet paint is slippery, but the butter and the eraser are not.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is flexible. The answer is B.", + "9948": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is A.", + "9953": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.\nRobert Louis Stevenson's popular Victorian novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and highly respected doctor, at night he transforms into a monstrous person.\nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means kind then cruel. The answer is A.", + "9960": "In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word in is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Alice in Space. The answer is A.", + "9974": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nPope contrasts two parallel phrases, to err is human and to forgive is divine. The answer is B.", + "9977": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. The tin foil is bendable.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The tin foil is not bouncy. The answer is A.", + "9984": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that of the eight planets, two are made mainly of gas and two are made mainly of ice. So, four of the eight, or half, of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice. The answer is A.", + "9993": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the rock wall is more flexible. If you hit a rock wall, it will not bend easily. The answer is A.", + "10001": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is C.", + "10015": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nSome objects are made of just one material.\nMost nails are made of metal.\nOther objects are made of more than one material.\nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the jeans.\nThe jeans are made of two different materials. The buttons and zipper of the jeans are made of metal. The rest of the jeans are made of cotton.\nJeans are made of a type of cotton fabric called denim. Denim is a fabric woven in a special way. The answer is A.", + "10017": "To describe the average temperature trends in Adelaide, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.\nThe average temperatures in January and February are just above 20\u00b0C. These months have the highest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are hotter than the other months. The answer is C.", + "10020": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A song should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Do Your Ears Hang Low?\" The answer is A.", + "10028": "According to the Tenth Amendment, the Constitution lists all of the powers given to the United States government. Any power not listed in the Constitution belongs to either the state governments or the American people. The full text of the Tenth Amendment is below. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. The answer is A.", + "10037": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a sunflower seed is 12 millimeters.\n12 centimeters, 12 meters, and 12 kilometers are all too long. The answer is A.", + "10046": "Kevin wanted broccoli in his lunch and Lily was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nKevin has tomatoes. Lily has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is C.", + "10053": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each battery decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each battery decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each battery to the surroundings. The answer is A.", + "10056": "To find the answer, read the legend. The legend shows that white covers glaciers. So, the answer is ice. The answer is G.", + "10058": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spidey sense is a comic book.\nThe comic book superhero Spider-Man possesses a spidey sense that warns him of impending trouble.\nThe allusion spidey sense means a sense of danger coming. The answer is A.", + "10065": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Bernard fell asleep with the window open because he woke up with a horrible migraine. However, the fact that Bernard fell asleep with the window open doesn't necessarily mean that he caused his migraine. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation. The answer is B.", + "10068": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince shallow is between the guide words scream - slide, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "10071": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that the four largest planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Jupiter and Saturn are made mainly of gas. Uranus and Neptune are made mainly of ice. So, of the four largest planets, two are made mainly of gas. The answer is A.", + "10074": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to type. Instead, many people learn how to type. So, typing is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "10090": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.\nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.\n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a reddish-brown coat or a black coat, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the coat color trait. The question tells you that the L allele, which is for a black coat, is dominant over the l allele, which is for a reddish-brown coat.\nA reddish-brown coat is the recessive allele's version of the coat color trait. A horse with the recessive version of the coat color trait must have only recessive alleles for the coat color gene. So, offspring with a reddish-brown coat must have the genotype ll.\nThere is 1 box in the Punnett square with the genotype ll. This box is highlighted below.\nA black coat is the dominant allele's version of the coat color trait. A horse with the dominant version of the coat color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the coat color gene. So, offspring with a black coat must have the genotype LL or Ll.\nThere are 3 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype LL or Ll. These boxes are highlighted below.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with a reddish-brown coat to offspring with a black coat is 1:3. This means that, on average, this cross will produce 1 offspring with a reddish-brown coat for every 3 offspring with a black coat. The answer is A.", + "10091": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence. The answer is A.", + "10094": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the Cape vulture.\nThe Cape vulture has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight. Long, powerful wings help the Cape vulture travel long distances by air.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe flying fox has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight.\nThe European mole has short legs. It is not adapted for flight. The European mole uses its legs for crawling. The answer is A.", + "10097": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a caterpillar is 21 millimeters.\n21 centimeters, 21 meters, and 21 kilometers are all too long. The answer is C.", + "10099": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean. The answer is D.", + "10101": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Zoe rode downhill on her bicycle she held onto the handles is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Zoe rode downhill on her bicycle and She held onto the handles. The answer is B.", + "10103": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nBaking a loaf of bread is a chemical change. The type of matter in the dough changes when it is baked. The dough turns into bread!\nMelting glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The glass changes from solid to liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nMelting glass is a physical change. But baking a loaf of bread is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBaking a loaf of bread is a chemical change. But melting glass is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is C.", + "10114": "A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.\nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Celsius (\u00b0C). Celsius is one scale used to measure temperature.\nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.\nThere is a Celsius scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 30 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 30\u00b0C. Find the top of the red liquid.\nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 25. So, the temperature is 25\u00b0C. The answer is A.", + "10115": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Molly's or her sister's.\nThe airline lost Molly's baggage when she flew to Hawaii with her sister last month.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nWhen Molly and her sister flew to Hawaii last month, the airline lost her baggage. The answer is B.", + "10124": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Eva or Amy.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Her has been replaced with Amy's.\nEva and her husband met Amy for lunch at a small caf\u00e9 around the block from Amy's office. The answer is A.", + "10128": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is B.", + "10130": "In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.\nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.\n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants\nHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many\nDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes\nCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Leopardus wiedii is an animal. Animal cells cannot make their own food. Animals get their food by digesting other organisms. The answer is A.", + "10132": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each salmon increased, which means that the thermal energy of each salmon increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each salmon. The answer is A.", + "10140": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of an eyelash is 8 millimeters.\n8 centimeters, 8 meters, and 8 kilometers are all too long. The answer is D.", + "10141": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.\nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.\n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with sweet fruit or sour fruit, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fruit taste trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for sour fruit, is dominant over the f allele, which is for sweet fruit.\nSweet fruit is the recessive allele's version of the fruit taste trait. A muskmelon plant with the recessive version of the fruit taste trait must have only recessive alleles for the fruit taste gene. So, offspring with sweet fruit must have the genotype ff.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ff.\nSour fruit is the dominant allele's version of the fruit taste trait. A muskmelon plant with the dominant version of the fruit taste trait must have at least one dominant allele for the fruit taste gene. So, offspring with sour fruit must have the genotype FF or Ff.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype FF or Ff.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with sweet fruit to offspring with sour fruit is 0:4. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will never produce offspring with sweet fruit. Instead, this cross is expected to always produce offspring with sour fruit. The answer is B.", + "10149": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion sour grapes is a fable.\nIn the fable \"The Fox and the Grapes,\" a fox tries unsuccessfully to reach a bunch of grapes. Because he cannot reach them and therefore cannot eat them, he tells himself that they must be sour.\nThe allusion sour grapes means criticizing something because you can't have it. The answer is B.", + "10155": "Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for methane contains two symbols: C for carbon and H for hydrogen. So, methane is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, methane is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for water contains two symbols: H for hydrogen and O for oxygen. So, water is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, water is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for zinc contains one symbol: Zn. So, zinc is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, zinc is an elementary substance. The answer is C.", + "10159": "Helena is the capital of Montana. The answer is B.", + "10164": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion a rose by any other name is Shakespeare.\nIn Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the two central characters are denied their love because they belong to warring families, the Montagues and Capulets. Juliet wonders how a mere family name can make someone an enemy, observing that a rose would smell sweet no matter what its name.\nThe allusion a rose by any other name means something so special that what it's called seems unimportant. The answer is B.", + "10185": "Topeka is the capital of Kansas. The answer is B.", + "10188": "This country is New Zealand. The answer is B.", + "10210": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to drink a small glass of water is 40 seconds.\n40 hours is too slow. The answer is A.", + "10220": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Marvin is responsible for the broken washing machine. However, the fact that the machine stopped working soon after Marvin moved in doesn't necessarily mean that he caused the machine to break. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation. The answer is A.", + "10225": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nKevin lives in a city that is often covered by thick stratus clouds.\nThis passage tells you about the usual clouds where Kevin lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is A.", + "10238": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "10240": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean. The answer is A.", + "10244": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "10245": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pour is not between the guide words patience - pulley, it would not be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "10246": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air inside a basketball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.\nThe air inside a basketball expands to fill all the space inside the ball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball. The answer is C.", + "10247": "Jackson is the capital of Mississippi. The answer is D.", + "10248": "All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A computer is not a living thing.\nA computer does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does many useful things, and even responds to the world around it. But it does not grow. It does not need food or water.\nA flower pot is not a living thing.\nFlower pots do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nAn airplane is not a living thing.\nAn airplane does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves fast in the air, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.\nA raspberry bush is a living thing.\nRaspberry bushes grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Raspberry bushes are made up of many cells.\nRaspberry bushes are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight. The answer is C.", + "10250": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "10254": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is C.", + "10256": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles. The answer is A.", + "10257": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a test tube is 11 milliliters.\n11 liters is too much. The answer is A.", + "10264": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses an overly simple or imprecise word, have difficulty.\nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall. The answer is A.", + "10266": "The colony is New Hampshire.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony. The answer is D.", + "10268": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "10271": "Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.\nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.\nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.\nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.\nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.\nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Europe. It does not intersect Australia or North America. The answer is A.", + "10279": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, Mount Rainier National Park has long, cold winters. It also has many evergreen trees. The answer is A.", + "10280": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mr. Carter is capitalized because it is a proper noun. The answer is A.", + "10283": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is C.", + "10286": "An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.\nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.\nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Buteo jamaicensis is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.\nSo, Buteo jamaicensis is the scientific name. The answer is B.", + "10292": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a human front tooth is 11 millimeters.\n11 centimeters, 11 meters, and 11 kilometers are all too long. The answer is C.", + "10294": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction after.\nAfter Shelby returned from the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, she showed Emmett and Justine pictures of all the exotic animals. The answer is B.", + "10300": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince reform is between the guide words ravenous - rise, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "10306": "Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether carrying groceries is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs carrying groceries something you can touch? No.\nIs carrying groceries a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, carrying groceries is a service. The answer is B.", + "10307": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia. The answer is C.", + "10314": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nHerman seemed to know a lot about African wildlife, but it turned out that his knowledge was mostly based on factoids gleaned from unreliable websites.\nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nHerman subscribed to an online newsletter about African wildlife; he enjoyed receiving daily factoids about the wild animals' natural habitats and behavior.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "10318": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Darnel's hair color is an inherited trait. The answer is A.", + "10319": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nA group of climbers were happy about the warm temperatures during their hike last Thursday. They were hiking in Nepal, which is home to Mount Everest.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the temperature in Nepal last Thursday. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is A.", + "10322": "Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a clock is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a clock something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a clock a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a clock is a good. The answer is A.", + "10324": "Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nCotton is made by living things. But minerals are not made by living things.\nSo, cotton is not a mineral.\nBiotite is a mineral.\nAquamarine is a mineral. The answer is B.", + "10330": "Austin is the capital of Texas. The answer is C.", + "10334": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Jayce can't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though his uncle couldn't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Jayce can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association. The answer is B.", + "10335": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is B.", + "10337": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is A.", + "10338": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The helium balloons are stretchy.\nYellow is a color.\nThis color is yellow. The helium balloons are not yellow. The answer is A.", + "10344": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.\nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.\nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3.\nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12\nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15\nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 1000\n= 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 10^3\n= 1.43 x 10^(15 + 3)\n= 1.43 x 10^18\n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 100 times the volume of Earth.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 6.25 x 10^13 km^3, which is less than 1.08 x 10^14 km^3. So, Neptune's volume is less than 100 times as large as Earth's. The answer is A.", + "10345": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that creating more bike lanes means that Mayor Hoffman thinks that everyone should ride bicycles instead of cars. However, the fact that Mayor Hoffman wants more bike lanes doesn't necessarily suggest that the mayor is opposed to other forms of transportation. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man. The answer is A.", + "10352": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nSnails growing shells is a chemical change. A snail's body uses calcium from its food to make a new molecule called calcium carbonate. This calcium carbonate is used to grow the shell.\nPhotosynthesis is a chemical change. Plants make sugar using carbon dioxide, water, and energy from sunlight.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is B.", + "10356": "Look at the passage. It tells you why deserts are so dry.\nDeserts are places that get very little rain. In fact, deserts are the driest places on the planet. In some deserts, it doesn't rain a drop for months or even years. One desert in the country of Chile didn't get any rain for fourteen years! The answer is B.", + "10365": "Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second press release is more formal. It uses more elevated language (area musicians, top honors). The other press release uses idioms (battle it out) and abbreviations (Nov.). The answer is A.", + "10374": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North America. The answer is C.", + "10380": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nThe second half of the sentence reverses the order of the words born and grows relative to the first half. The answer is A.", + "10385": "A force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the friend who is heavier.\nA friend who weighs 28 pounds is heavier than a friend who weighs 21 pounds. So, to move the wagon at the same speed each time, Vijay needs to use a larger force to start moving the wagon with a friend who weighs 28 pounds. The answer is B.", + "10391": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the pool toy.\nThe pool toy is made of plastic.\nPlastic is a strong, light material that can be molded into many shapes. Some plastic toys are made in the shape of animals. Other plastic toys are made in the shape of people. Pool toys are made of plastic because plastic is a good material for toys. Plastic does not break easily.\nWool is a rough material. It is made from the fluffy coats of sheep! Wool is not a good material for a pool toy. It will not hold up in the water. The answer is A.", + "10399": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A red-billed gull's scientific name is Chroicocephalus scopulinus.\nChroicocephalus scopulinus is in the same genus as Chroicocephalus ridibundus, but they are not in the same species.\nOrganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Chroicocephalus scopulinus and Chroicocephalus ridibundus are different species within the same genus.\nChroicocephalus scopulinus has the same scientific name as a red-billed gull. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nHaliaeetus leucocephalus does not have the same scientific name as a red-billed gull. So, Chroicocephalus scopulinus and Haliaeetus leucocephalus are not in the same species. The answer is C.", + "10406": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion catch-22 is literature.\nJoseph Heller coined the term \"catch-22\" in his 1961 novel of the same name. In the novel, if an army pilot wants to avoid dangerous missions, he must be deemed mentally unfit; however, his desire to stay safe proves his sanity, so he can never be excused from a mission. Heller called this sort of predicament or dilemma a catch-22.\nThe allusion catch-22 means a no-win situation. The answer is A.", + "10407": "Providence is the capital of Rhode Island. The answer is C.", + "10408": "Trenton is the capital of New Jersey. The answer is C.", + "10411": "In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.\nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.\n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants\nHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many\nDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes\nCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Danio rerio is an animal. Animal cells cannot make their own food. Animals get their food by digesting other organisms. The answer is B.", + "10412": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Strong to the Hoop**. The answer is B.", + "10419": "Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word wheezing. It describes the train as if it were a person who is sick. The answer is B.", + "10420": "Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:\nMr. Holland's long legs were sunflower stalks.\nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared without the word like or as.\nThis sentence uses a simile:\nMr. Holland's legs were as long as sunflower stalks.\nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared using the word as. The answer is A.", + "10423": "Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. Apple juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.\nIf you pour apple juice into a different container, the apple juice will take the shape of that container. But the apple juice will still take up the same amount of space. The answer is B.", + "10428": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, creeps. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is C.", + "10434": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "10452": "Tallahassee is the capital of Florida. The answer is C.", + "10454": "Springfield is the capital of Illinois. The answer is B.", + "10456": "Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A salmon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nUnlike most other fish, salmon can live in both fresh water and salt water.\nAn olive toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA green frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.\nA Nile crocodile is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nCrocodiles hunt their prey in or near water. The answer is C.", + "10457": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nWendy couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.\nThe first text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Wendy so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard. The answer is B.", + "10463": "The colony is Delaware. The answer is A.", + "10465": "The colony is New York.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony. The answer is D.", + "10476": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nMixing sand and gravel is a physical change. Together, the sand and gravel make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nCrushing a mineral into powder is a physical change. The mineral breaks into tiny pieces. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is B.", + "10478": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nWorking vacation is a contradiction, because going on a vacation implies that you are taking a break from work. The answer is A.", + "10493": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a small candy bar is 50 grams.\n50 kilograms is too heavy. The answer is B.", + "10496": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.\nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. Neither of the objects are blue.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. Both objects are smooth.\nThe property that both objects have in common is smooth. The answer is A.", + "10500": "The colony is Pennsylvania. The answer is D.", + "10512": "Look at the table and images.\nRosa wants broccoli. Alexandra wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is A.", + "10513": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.\nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.\n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with yellow fruit or red fruit, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fruit color trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for red fruit, is dominant over the f allele, which is for yellow fruit.\nYellow fruit is the recessive allele's version of the fruit color trait. A tomato plant with the recessive version of the fruit color trait must have only recessive alleles for the fruit color gene. So, offspring with yellow fruit must have the genotype ff.\nThere are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ff. These boxes are highlighted below.\nRed fruit is the dominant allele's version of the fruit color trait. A tomato plant with the dominant version of the fruit color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the fruit color gene. So, offspring with red fruit must have the genotype FF or Ff.\nThere are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype FF or Ff. These boxes are highlighted below.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with yellow fruit to offspring with red fruit is 2:2. This means that, on average, this cross will produce 2 offspring with yellow fruit for every 2 offspring with red fruit. The answer is B.", + "10519": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each refrigerator increased, which means that the thermal energy of each refrigerator increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each refrigerator. The answer is B.", + "10521": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.\nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.\nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3.\nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12\nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15\nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 1000\n= 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 10^3\n= 1.43 x 10^(15 + 3)\n= 1.43 x 10^18\n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Uranus.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Saturn. The volume of Saturn is 8.27 x 10^14 km^3, which is greater than 6.83 x 10^14 km^3. So, the volume of Saturn is more than ten times the volume of Uranus. The answer is B.", + "10522": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles. The answer is A.", + "10523": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "10528": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, plant. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is B.", + "10536": "The colony is New York.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony. The answer is A.", + "10537": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince narrow is between the guide words nibble - nugget, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "10540": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that the government will soon ban books. However, this argument offers only an extreme outcome and ignores other possible outcomes. For instance, the government may only block a few websites. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slippery slope fallacy. The answer is A.", + "10545": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is A.", + "10549": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The eardrum is a part of the ear is a complete sentence. The subject is the eardrum, and the verb is is. The answer is A.", + "10550": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.\nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Christchurch, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.\nMay has an average monthly precipitation of about 70 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, May is the wettest month on average. The answer is C.", + "10554": "Frankfort is the capital of Kentucky. The answer is C.", + "10555": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is B.", + "10556": "This country is Dominica. The answer is B.", + "10560": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is B.", + "10562": "Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska. The answer is C.", + "10563": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statement describes the Sonoran Desert ecosystem: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has many different types of organisms. The following statements do not describe the Sonoran Desert: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has thick, moist soil. It has only a few types of organisms. The answer is A.", + "10565": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two glasses of grape juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 5\u00b0C glass of grape juice is colder than the 15\u00b0C glass of grape juice, it has less thermal energy. The answer is B.", + "10568": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion a rose by any other name is Shakespeare.\nIn Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the two central characters are denied their love because they belong to warring families, the Montagues and Capulets. Juliet wonders how a mere family name can make someone an enemy, observing that a rose would smell sweet no matter what its name.\nThe allusion a rose by any other name means something so special that what it's called seems unimportant. The answer is B.", + "10569": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia. The answer is D.", + "10576": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Rhode Island is farthest north. The answer is C.", + "10577": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of the water in a hot bath is 40\u00b0C.\n40\u00b0F is too cold. The answer is B.", + "10578": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode! The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nThe hyperbole could no longer move a single muscle suggests that Dean was very tired and sore. His muscles were not literally incapable of moving. The answer is A.", + "10579": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Precious's genotype for the fur type gene is FF. Precious's genotype of FF has only F allelles. The F allele is for straight fur. So, Precious's phenotype for the fur type trait must be straight fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Precious's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for curly fur (f) is recessive to the allele for straight fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nPrecious's genotype of FF has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Precious's phenotype for the fur type trait must be straight fur. The answer is A.", + "10580": "Today, the United States often uses technology to enforce its laws. But the Eighth Amendment does not allow the government to use technology in an unusual or cruel way. What makes a way unusual or cruel? The answer is not clear. The Eighth Amendment doesn't talk about specific types of punishments. Over time, Americans have changed their views on what is cruel and unusual. For example, the government decided in 2005 that it was cruel to put someone to death for a crime he or she committed before the age of 18. Today, the government bans many forms of cruel and unusual punishment. But it is not clear what types of technology are cruel and unusual. The text of the Eighth Amendment does not mention technology. The amendment only says that the government cannot use unusual and cruel punishments. The answer is A.", + "10595": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The rock is rough.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The rock is not stretchy. The answer is A.", + "10600": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction which.\nThe maple leaf, which i Canada's national emblem, has been associated with the country since the 1700 s. The answer is B.", + "10601": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion a rose by any other name is Shakespeare.\nIn Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the two central characters are denied their love because they belong to warring families, the Montagues and Capulets. Juliet wonders how a mere family name can make someone an enemy, observing that a rose would smell sweet no matter what its name.\nThe allusion a rose by any other name means something so special that what it's called seems unimportant. The answer is A.", + "10602": "A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nBecause penguins are frightened by humans and difficult to approach, researchers from the University of Strasbourg used remote-controlled rovers outfitted as baby penguins to study their subjects. The answer is A.", + "10604": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A magazine should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Horse and Rider**. The answer is B.", + "10614": "When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.\nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.\nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...\nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affected\nMutualistic | benefits | benefits\nParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When an alpheid shrimp shares its burrow with a goby, the shrimp benefits from the goby's protection. The goby also benefits because it has a safe place to hide. So, a mutualistic relationship is formed when an alpheid shrimp shares its burrow with a goby. The answer is C.", + "10616": "The colony is Georgia. The answer is B.", + "10623": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nA puddle freezing into ice on a cold night is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.\nBeating an egg is a physical change. Beating an egg mixes together the egg white, egg yolk, and some air. But mixing them together does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nA puddle freezing is caused by cooling. But beating an egg is not. The answer is C.", + "10630": "When writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\n Look closely at the Works Cited entry:\nEncyclopedia of Indiana. New York: Somerset Publishers, 1993. Print.\nYou can tell that the cited work has no available publication date because the entry contains the abbreviation n.d., which means no date of publication. The answer is C.", + "10634": "The answer is B.", + "10635": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nYou shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim at first appears to be contradictory, because it is impossible to learn how to swim without going in the water. However, it contains some truth: you should not go into deep or dangerous water without first knowing how to swim. The answer is B.", + "10649": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is A.", + "10654": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to fly an airplane. Instead, some people learn how to fly airplanes. So, flying an airplane is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "10655": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince brown is between the guide words baseball - bottom, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "10660": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a coffee pot is 12 cups.\n12 fluid ounces is too little and 12 gallons is too much. The answer is B.", + "10661": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is B.", + "10665": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the goat.\nThe goat has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter. The long jaws can help the goat reach grass. The flat teeth can help it cut and grind up the food into soft pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe impala has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter.\nThe cougar has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is not adapted to eat plant matter. The cougar uses its mouth to eat other animals. The answer is B.", + "10671": "Look at the table and images.\nNancy wants broccoli. Dominic wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "10675": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "10681": "This country is Barbados. The answer is A.", + "10685": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nSome objects are made of just one material.\nMost nails are made of metal.\nOther objects are made of more than one material.\nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the toilet plunger.\nThe toilet plunger is made of two different materials. The handle is made of wood, and the head is made of porcelain.\nPorcelain is a very hard material. It is made of clay that is baked in an oven to make it hard. The answer is B.", + "10689": "This country is New Zealand. The answer is D.", + "10692": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. The answer is A.", + "10696": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nAntonio took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain. The answer is A.", + "10697": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince craft is between the guide words common - current, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "10700": "Concord is the capital of New Hampshire. The answer is B.", + "10706": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.\nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nHumans are a type of animal called a primate. Monkeys and apes are also primates.\nA box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nBox turtles can live to be over 100 years old!\nA common toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nClownfish live with animals called anemones. In the image of the clownfish, you can see the green anemone behind the clownfish. The answer is B.", + "10708": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. The wind through a tree is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.\nThe wind moves through the tree, and the wind is invisible. So, the wind through a tree is a gas. The answer is B.", + "10709": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the earthworm.\nThe only arrow pointing from the grizzly bear leads to the mushroom. No arrows point from the mushroom to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the grizzly bear to the earthworm.\nThere are two arrows pointing from the barren-ground caribou to other organisms. One arrow points to the grizzly bear. The only arrow pointing from the grizzly bear leads to the mushroom. The other arrow pointing from the barren-ground caribou leads to the mushroom. No arrows point from the mushroom to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the barren-ground caribou to the earthworm.There is one path matter can take from the rough-legged hawk to the earthworm: rough-legged hawk->earthworm. mushroom. No arrows point from the mushroom to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the mushroom to the earthworm.. There is one path matter can take from the snowy owl to the earthworm: snowy owl->earthworm. The answer is D.", + "10711": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the blouse or the skirt.\nAlthough the blouse costs too much, it does look lovely with that skirt.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nThe blouse looks lovely with that skirt, but it costs too much. The answer is B.", + "10716": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne ship moved 75 miles in 5 hours.\nThe other ship moved 60 miles in 5 hours.\nNotice that each ship spent the same amount of time moving. The ship that moved 75 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at a higher speed. The answer is B.", + "10723": "A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on the leash, look at the forces:\nDaisy is pulling the leash forward with a force of 250 N.\nCamilla is pulling the leash backward with a force of 180 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 250 N and 180 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on the leash. The answer is A.", + "10725": "This country is Fiji. The answer is D.", + "10729": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa. The answer is A.", + "10732": "Trenton is the capital of New Jersey. The answer is A.", + "10738": "Look at the table and images.\nClara wants broccoli. Hazel wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is A.", + "10750": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A mosquito is an insect. Like other insects, a mosquito is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA gray crowned crane is a bird. Like other birds, a gray crowned crane is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA tiger is a mammal. Like other mammals, a tiger is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA komodo dragon is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a komodo dragon is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. The answer is D.", + "10755": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jennifer wants or needs:\nJennifer will spend more time in the Photography Club than she would have spent in the Theater Club. The answer is A.", + "10758": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "10761": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A bull shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nBull sharks can live in both fresh and salt water. They are found in rivers and in shallow parts of the ocean.\nA flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nFlamingos live in large groups. These groups are called flocks. The answer is B.", + "10762": "Look at the table and images.\nErik wants broccoli. Lily wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is A.", + "10770": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.\nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Logan literally had to drink three glasses of milk to ease the pain.\nThe second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). Logan's mouth may be in pain, but it is not actually on fire.\nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Logan's mouth was literally on fire by the time he finished his meal.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect. The answer is B.", + "10783": "Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words goat and sob rhyme. They both end with the ob sound.\nThe word rob does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound. The answer is B.", + "10785": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a freezer is 17\u00b0F.\n17\u00b0C is too hot. The answer is B.", + "10786": "Some words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Ice cream, cookie, and cake go together. They are sweet things. Grass is not a sweet thing, so it is not like the other words. The answer is A.", + "10790": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a car key is 6 centimeters.\n6 meters is too long. The answer is B.", + "10791": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.\nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in New York City, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.\nThe average temperatures in January and February are between 30\u00b0F and 35\u00b0F. These months have the lowest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are the coldest months of the year. The answer is A.", + "10793": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, Cape Breton Highlands National Park has many evergreen trees. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients. The answer is B.", + "10797": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.\nJon custom ordered his unique coffee table from a master craftsman in Lancaster.\nThe second text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Jon's coffee table is an interesting style, but it was made in a factory and is probably not actually one of a kind.\nJon bought his unique coffee table from a factory outlet store in Lancaster.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "10801": "When writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\n Look closely at the Works Cited entry:\nAllawi, Ali A. Faisali of Iraq. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014. Print.\nYou can tell that Faisali is the author's last name because it appears after the author's first name. The answer is C.", + "10819": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nWorking vacation is a contradiction, because going on a vacation implies that you are taking a break from work. The answer is A.", + "10823": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (didn't).\nThe second sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal. The answer is B.", + "10837": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each ship moved for 5 hours. The ship that moved 80 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the lowest speed. The answer is C.", + "10838": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion cry wolf is a fable.\nIn the fable \"The Boy Who Cried Wolf,\" a shepherd boy repeatedly tricks people in his village by falsely claiming that a wolf is coming to eat his flock. When a wolf actually comes and the boy cries for help, nobody believes him or comes to his aid.\nThe allusion cry wolf means to raise a false alarm. The answer is A.", + "10839": "Montgomery is the capital of Alabama. The answer is C.", + "10840": "The circulatory system is made up of organs that work together to move blood through your body. Your heart pumps blood through blood vessels throughout your body. Arteries carry blood from your heart to your organs. Veins carry blood back to your heart. Your lungs are also part of your circulatory system. They work with your heart and blood vessels to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the air you breathe. The answer is B.", + "10841": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that being socially awkward determines knowledge of workplace safety. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Kemp's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem. The answer is A.", + "10853": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. You need to determine the fruit fly's phenotype for the wing type trait. First, consider the alleles in the fly's genotype for the wing type gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for vestigial wings (n) is recessive to the allele for normal wings (N). This means N is a dominant allele, and n is a recessive allele.\nThe fruit fly's genotype of Nn has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the fruit fly's phenotype for the wing type trait must be normal wings. The answer is A.", + "10854": "The First Amendment says that the government cannot take away a person's freedom of speech or freedom of religion. In the United States, voting is not a right. It is a privilege. The government does not have to let anyone vote. Freedom of speech means that Americans can say and write what they want. But there are some limits on freedom of speech. For example, a person cannot write lies about someone in a newspaper. But the government cannot stop speech just because someone disagrees with it. Freedom of religion means a person can choose his or her own religion. In the United States, the government cannot tell a person what to believe. The complete text of the First Amendment is below. Does it mention any other rights? Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. The answer is A.", + "10865": "Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow.\nSome cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in plant cells:\nChloroplasts and mitochondria work together to help the cell get the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The mitochondria break down this sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities.\nThe nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell.\nThe endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow.\nAfter proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell.\nIn plant cells, the vacuole stores waste, water, and nutrients such as sugar. Most plant cells have one vacuole.\nOther cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles.\nThe cell wall is the cell's tough outer covering. It gives the cell strength and stiffness and helps the cell keep its shape.\nOn the inside of the cell wall is a thin layer called the cell membrane. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have a membrane surrounding it, so it is not an organelle. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell.\nThe cytoplasm is a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell. The cytoplasm also helps the cell keep its shape and supports the other cell parts. The endoplasmic reticulum helps the cell make proteins. Instructions for making proteins are sent to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum and use the instructions to make proteins. The answer is B.", + "10867": "The colony is North Carolina. The answer is D.", + "10869": "Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow.\nSome cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in plant cells:\nChloroplasts and mitochondria work together to help the cell get the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The mitochondria break down this sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities.\nThe nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell.\nThe endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow.\nAfter proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell.\nIn plant cells, the vacuole stores waste, water, and nutrients such as sugar. Most plant cells have one vacuole.\nOther cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles.\nThe cell wall is the cell's tough outer covering. It gives the cell strength and stiffness and helps the cell keep its shape.\nOn the inside of the cell wall is a thin layer called the cell membrane. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have a membrane surrounding it, so it is not an organelle. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell.\nThe cytoplasm is a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell. The cytoplasm also helps the cell keep its shape and supports the other cell parts. The mitochondria break down sugar from the chloroplasts and release energy that the cell can use. The lysosomes break down worn-out cell parts and other waste. Plant cells also have a cell wall and a cell membrane.\nLike animal cells, plant cells have the organelles chloroplasts, mitochondria, nucleus, and vacuole. But plant cells do not have a centrosome. The answer is A.", + "10873": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa. The answer is C.", + "10874": "Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.\nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.\ndesk: short e\nkit / ten: short i / short e\nAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.\ngo: long o\nhe / ro: long e / long o\nSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.\nsky: long i\nba / by: long a / long e The word hi ends with a vowel and has a long vowel sound. So, it has an open syllable. The answer is A.", + "10883": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is C.", + "10885": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nWalter lives in a city where the wind often blows from the south throughout the year.\nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern where Walter lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is A.", + "10886": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A European green toad's scientific name is Bufo viridis. The first word of its scientific name is Bufo.\nBufo bufo is in the genus Bufo. The first word of its scientific name is Bufo. So, Bufo bufo and Bufo viridis are in the same genus.\nLithobates blairi is in the genus Lithobates. The first word of its scientific name is Lithobates. So, Lithobates blairi and Bufo viridis are not in the same genus.\nHyla japonica is in the genus Hyla. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla. So, Hyla japonica and Bufo viridis are not in the same genus. The answer is A.", + "10889": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the leopard.\nThe leopard has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat. The leopard uses its large mouth to grab its prey. It uses its sharp teeth to cut up the meat of the prey into pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe orca has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat.\nThe tamandua has a long tube-shaped mouth and no teeth. It does not have sharp teeth. So, its mouth is not adapted to tear through meat. The tamandua uses its mouth to get insects out of holes and burrows. The answer is A.", + "10894": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the cardboard is smoother. If you touch a piece of cardboard, it will not feel rough or bumpy. The answer is B.", + "10899": "Look at the table and images.\nIan wants broccoli. Joseph wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is C.", + "10909": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each battery decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each battery decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each battery to the surroundings. The answer is B.", + "10919": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the polar bear.\nThe polar bear has skin with thick fur on top and a thick layer of fat underneath it. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The polar bear uses its fur and fat to keep warm in cold weather.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nDuring the winter, the Eurasian lynx has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.\nThe thorny devil has thin skin covering its body. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places. The answer is A.", + "10921": "Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase creeps up on you. It describes time as if it were a sneaky person. The answer is B.", + "10935": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Basil's genotype for the eye color gene is ee. Basil's genotype of ee has only e alleles. The e allele is for red eyes. So, Basil's phenotype for the eye color trait must be red eyes.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Basil's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for brown eyes (E) is dominant over the allele for red eyes (e). This means E is a dominant allele, and e is a recessive allele.\nBasil's genotype of ee has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Basil's phenotype for the eye color trait must be red eyes. The answer is B.", + "10939": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.\nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.\nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities. The answer is A.", + "10941": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nDark clouds hung over the coast of Algeria last weekend.\nThis passage tells you about the clouds last weekend over the coast of Algeria. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is B.", + "10945": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 75% of the volume of Uranus by multiplying its volume by 0.75.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km^3, which is more than 51,248 billion km^3. So, the volume of Neptune is more than 75% of the volume of Uranus. The answer is A.", + "10947": "The colony is New Jersey. The answer is A.", + "10955": "Look at the table and images.\nTristan wants broccoli. Lorenzo wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is B.", + "10960": "This country is the Dominican Republic.\nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?\nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.\nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences. The answer is B.", + "10961": "Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether fixing a computer is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs fixing a computer something you can touch? No.\nIs fixing a computer a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, fixing a computer is a service. The answer is A.", + "10962": "Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico. The answer is A.", + "10964": "Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana. The answer is C.", + "10971": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Ohio is farthest east. The answer is D.", + "10980": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nJackie lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.\nThis passage tells you about the usual temperatures where Jackie lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is B.", + "10982": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "10984": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe. The answer is A.", + "10997": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A slender-spined porcupinefish's scientific name is Diodon nicthemerus.\nAmphiprion frenatus does not have the same scientific name as a slender-spined porcupinefish. So, Diodon nicthemerus and Amphiprion frenatus are not in the same species.\nAmphiprion perideraion does not have the same scientific name as a slender-spined porcupinefish. So, Diodon nicthemerus and Amphiprion perideraion are not in the same species.\nDiodon nicthemerus has the same scientific name as a slender-spined porcupinefish. So, these organisms are in the same species. The answer is C.", + "10999": "Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. The new blanket was as soft as a kitten's fur.\nThe words blanket and kitten's fur are compared using the word as. So, the sentence uses a simile. The answer is A.", + "11000": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nTrent's '64 Impala groaned describes the car as if it were human. The answer is A.", + "11006": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nA tarnished silver spoon is one that has become less shiny over time. Polishing the spoon makes it look shiny again.\nThe polish changes the tarnish into a different type of matter that can be easily wiped away. So, using polish to remove tarnish from silver is a chemical change.\nA piece of avocado turning brown is a chemical change. The avocado reacts with oxygen in the air to form a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown part of the avocado, the inside will still be green. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the avocado.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is C.", + "11007": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" An article should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Caring for Our Children.\" The answer is A.", + "11015": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Southern Ocean.\nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude. The answer is D.", + "11020": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is A.", + "11022": "To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air.\nThe map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g/kg) up to two g/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g/kg up to four g/kg. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.\nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 18 and 24 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.\n24 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.\n9 and 13 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range. The answer is A.", + "11027": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a leather belt is 85 centimeters.\n85 kilometers is too long. The answer is B.", + "11038": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia. The answer is C.", + "11042": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings. The answer is A.", + "11046": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the article.\nTom was recently reading about remote mountain villages, and the article said that they often have no Internet access. He couldn't imagine life without email! The answer is A.", + "11060": "Look at the table and images.\nRosa wants broccoli. Kylie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is B.", + "11064": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information. The answer is A.", + "11067": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The potato sack is not slippery.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The potato sack is rough. The answer is A.", + "11073": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. All three objects are translucent.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.\nA lemon has a sour taste. The ocean water and the green apple are not sour.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is translucent. The answer is A.", + "11083": "This state is Colorado. The answer is A.", + "11085": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing**. The answer is B.", + "11094": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pouch is not between the guide words picture - profit, it would not be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "11099": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Helen wants or needs:\nHelen will give up the chance to eat chocolate muffins. She thinks chocolate muffins are tastier than cranberry muffins. The answer is B.", + "11113": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "11116": "Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.\nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:\nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.\nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.\nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Lester investigated whether pruning tomato plants affects the weight of the tomatoes. So, the pruned tomato plants were part of an experimental group.\nThe unpruned tomato plants did not get pruned. So, they were not part of an experimental group. The answer is B.", + "11119": "The answer is B.", + "11120": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Iowa is farthest north. The answer is C.", + "11123": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is B.", + "11126": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince phantom is between the guide words passage - pigeon, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "11131": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "11132": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Anne wants or needs:\nAnne will give up the chance to go on the scrambler. She would have had more fun on that ride. The answer is A.", + "11137": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "11138": "Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota. The answer is B.", + "11145": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is A.", + "11149": "This country is Tonga. The answer is A.", + "11155": "Jackson is the capital of Mississippi. The answer is C.", + "11169": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of a bowl of ice cream is 39\u00b0F.\n39\u00b0C is too hot. The answer is B.", + "11177": "In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.\nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.\n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants\nHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many\nDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes\nCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Chelonoidis nigra is an animal. Animal cells have a nucleus. The answer is B.", + "11180": "One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.\nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.\nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The boy pushes the marble away from himself. The direction of the push is away from the boy's thumb. The answer is B.", + "11181": "The colony is Massachusetts.\nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony. The answer is A.", + "11187": "The answer is B.", + "11191": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence. The answer is C.", + "11195": "Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Mrs. Leonard is kind, and her heart is gold.\nThe words heart and gold are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor. The answer is A.", + "11198": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Troy wants or needs:\nTroy will give up the chance to see the lemurs. He would have enjoyed seeing them more than the otters. The answer is B.", + "11199": "Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Hematite has all the properties of a mineral. So, hematite is a mineral. The answer is B.", + "11201": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.\nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.\n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with mutated antennae or normal antennae, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the antenna type trait. The question tells you that the A allele, which is for mutated antennae, is dominant over the a allele, which is for normal antennae.\nMutated antennae is the dominant allele's version of the antenna type trait. A fruit fly with the dominant version of the antenna type trait must have at least one dominant allele for the antenna type gene. So, offspring with mutated antennae must have the genotype AA or Aa.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype AA or Aa.\nNormal antennae is the recessive allele's version of the antenna type trait. A fruit fly with the recessive version of the antenna type trait must have only recessive alleles for the antenna type gene. So, offspring with normal antennae must have the genotype aa.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype aa.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with mutated antennae to offspring with normal antennae is 4:0. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will always produce offspring with mutated antennae. This cross is expected to never produce offspring with normal antennae. The answer is E.", + "11202": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. The scarlet rosemallow plant's genotype for the flower color gene is ff. The scarlet rosemallow plant's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for white flowers. So, the scarlet rosemallow plant's phenotype for the flower color trait must be white flowers.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the scarlet rosemallow plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for red flowers (F) is dominant over the allele for white flowers (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nThe scarlet rosemallow plant's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the scarlet rosemallow plant's phenotype for the flower color trait must be white flowers. The answer is A.", + "11206": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms. You can tell whether potassium chloride is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for potassium chloride, KCl, contains two atomic symbols: K for potassium and Cl for chlorine. So, the formula tells you that potassium chloride is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince potassium chloride is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, potassium chloride is a compound. The answer is A.", + "11215": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is A.", + "11218": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Chicken cooking in an oven is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter. The answer is B.", + "11219": "Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word hiding. It describes the phone as if it were a person who is hiding. The answer is B.", + "11220": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince children is not between the guide words carriage - cloak, it would not be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "11223": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Cheyenne's genotype for the coat color gene is ll. Cheyenne's genotype of ll has only l alleles. The l allele is for a red coat. So, Cheyenne's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a red coat.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Cheyenne's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a red coat (l) is recessive to the allele for a black coat (L). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nCheyenne's genotype of ll has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Cheyenne's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a red coat. The answer is B.", + "11227": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the following statements describe the Mount Rainier National Park ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has long, cold winters and short, cool summers. It has many evergreen trees. The following statement does not describe Mount Rainier National Park: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has soil that is frozen year-round. The answer is A.", + "11238": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a kitchen sink is 22 liters.\n22 milliliters is too little. The answer is A.", + "11241": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nHouston is a city near the coast of Texas. A record 42 inches of rain fell near Houston during the last week of July in 1979.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the amount of rain that fell on Houston in 1979. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is B.", + "11246": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. The answer is A.", + "11252": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is C.", + "11254": "Pierre is the capital of South Dakota. The answer is B.", + "11257": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nBlue Moon, you saw me standing alone is a direct address to the moon, a nonhuman entity. The answer is A.", + "11260": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the shoebill.\nLong legs help the shoebill keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe African sacred ibis has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.\nThe kookaburra has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The kookaburra uses its legs to walk and perch. The answer is A.", + "11262": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince drive is between the guide words dad - distant, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "11263": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Beth is intelligent because she's smart. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning. The answer is A.", + "11280": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Scott sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him. The answer is A.", + "11283": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles. The answer is B.", + "11285": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A purple heron's scientific name is Ardea purpurea.\nArdea purpurea is in the same genus as Ardea herodias, but they are not in the same species.\nOrganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Ardea purpurea and Ardea herodias are different species within the same genus.\nArdea purpurea has the same scientific name as a purple heron. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nCaprimulgus europaeus does not have the same scientific name as a purple heron. So, Ardea purpurea and Caprimulgus europaeus are not in the same species. The answer is B.", + "11293": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A monarch butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a monarch butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA dung beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a dung beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA rainbow boa is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a rainbow boa is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nLike other tarantulas, a curlyhair tarantula is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. The answer is B.", + "11296": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. All three objects are transparent.\nA lemon has a sour taste. The water and the honey are not sour.\nAn opaque object does not let light through. None of the objects are opaque.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is transparent. The answer is A.", + "11300": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is B.", + "11309": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "11317": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a goat is 34 kilograms.\n34 grams is too light. The answer is A.", + "11318": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a warm, sunny day is 28\u00b0C.\n28\u00b0F is too cold. The answer is B.", + "11320": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the compound rubidium bromide.\nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether potassium bromide is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that potassium bromide is composed of potassium atoms and bromine atoms bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that potassium bromide is composed of two chemical elements: potassium and bromine. Since potassium bromide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, potassium bromide is a compound. The answer is B.", + "11324": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a paintbrush is 29 centimeters.\n29 meters is too long. The answer is B.", + "11333": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature. The answer is C.", + "11335": "The Great Depression affected countries around the world.\nThe Great Depression began in the United States in 1929 and quickly spread to other countries. The effects of the Great Depression were felt in countries around the world, including Europe, Asia, South America, and Africa.\nMany people believe that the Great Depression was caused by the stock market crash of 1929. But the crash only set off the global economic downturn. The Great Depression was also caused by a worldwide depression in agriculture and business.\nThe Great Depression had a major impact on people's lives. It led to widespread unemployment and poverty. The unemployment rate in the United States increased to 25 percent in 1933. Many people lost their jobs, homes, and farms. The answer is D.", + "11342": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is B.", + "11344": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "11345": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a cherry pie is 2 pounds.\n2 ounces is too light and 2 tons is too heavy. The answer is C.", + "11346": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is A.", + "11367": "Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word merciless. It describes the vines as if they were merciless people. The answer is B.", + "11371": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each sailboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each sailboat moved for 5 hours. The sailboat that moved 70 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at the highest speed. The answer is A.", + "11373": "Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nPaper is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nPaper is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things.\nSo, paper is not a mineral.\nPyrite is a mineral.\nSphalerite is a mineral. The answer is B.", + "11374": "An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there A tide pool is a type of ecosystem. Tide pool ecosystems have the following features: daily flooding and draining of seawater, water that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the tide pool ecosystems in Tongue Point Marine Life Sanctuary have daily flooding and draining of seawater. They also have many different types of organisms. The answer is B.", + "11380": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Hazel doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, there may be a number of reasons why Hazel doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy. The answer is B.", + "11383": "Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase sprang to life. It describes the alarm clock as if it were a person who is suddenly awake. The answer is B.", + "11384": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "11394": "Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a motorcycle is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a motorcycle something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a motorcycle a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a motorcycle is a good. The answer is B.", + "11397": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Troy is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, King Midas has the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily creating value from nothing. The answer is B.", + "11399": "Nashville is the capital of Tennessee. The answer is D.", + "11400": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "11408": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "11416": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a potato is 16 centimeters.\n16 millimeters is too short. 16 meters and 16 kilometers are too long. The answer is A.", + "11417": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nDefinite maybe is a contradiction, because definite describes something that is sure, and maybe refers to something that is unsure. The answer is A.", + "11418": "Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase jumped out in front of me. It describes the curb as if it were a mischievous, unpredictable person. The answer is A.", + "11421": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether chloroform is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that a molecule of chloroform is composed of one carbon atom, one hydrogen atom, and one chlorine atom bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that chloroform is composed of three chemical elements: carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine. Since chloroform is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, chloroform is a compound. The answer is A.", + "11429": "Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Hornblende has all the properties of a mineral. So, hornblende is a mineral. The answer is B.", + "11430": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Petunia has two alleles for a hairy fleece (F). So, Petunia's genotype for the fleece type gene is FF. The answer is A.", + "11434": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 75% of the volume of Uranus by multiplying its volume by 0.75.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km^3, which is more than 51,248 billion km^3. So, the volume of Neptune is more than 75% of the volume of Uranus. The answer is A.", + "11445": "Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between Joseph and the center of Earth changed.\nThe summit of the mountain was higher than the point where Joseph started hiking. As he hiked toward the summit, the distance between Joseph and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Joseph and Earth increased as he hiked toward the summit. The answer is A.", + "11446": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "11453": "Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. A Steller's sea eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nSea eagles use their sharp beaks to eat fish and other birds.\nA harbor seal is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nSeals have flippers instead of arms! They use their flippers to swim underwater or to crawl on the beach.\nA red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nA red-eyed tree frog has sticky pads on its toes. The sticky pads help the red-eyed tree frog hold on to leaves.\nA humpback whale is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nWhales are mammals that live in the ocean. Humpback whales have small hairs that grow from bumps around their mouth. The answer is C.", + "11454": "Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a simile:\nJoe's eyes are as green as emeralds.\nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared using the word as.\nThis sentence uses a metaphor:\nJoe's eyes are bright green emeralds.\nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared without the word like or as. The answer is A.", + "11457": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Erica's or her sister's.\nThe airline lost Erica's baggage when she flew to Hawaii with her sister last month.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nWhen Erica and her sister flew to Hawaii last month, the airline lost her baggage. The answer is B.", + "11468": "Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah. The answer is A.", + "11480": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nSewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread that make up the apron get a new shape, but the type of matter in each of them does not change.\nMixing lettuce and salad dressing is a physical change. Together, the salad and dressing make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is C.", + "11487": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to mow the lawn is 30 minutes.\n30 seconds is too fast. The answer is A.", + "11489": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, learns. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is B.", + "11496": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a carton of orange juice is 2 liters.\n2 milliliters is too little. The answer is A.", + "11497": "Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second text message is more formal. It uses complete sentences, avoids slang (heads up), and uses the person's title (Ms. Schmidt). The other text message includes more casual language and sentence fragments. The answer is B.", + "11498": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Mona wants or needs:\nMona will spend more ride tickets on the super starship than she would have spent on the pirate ship. The answer is B.", + "11502": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the bearded dragon.\nWhen frightened, the bearded dragon can spread out its spiny scales to appear larger and more dangerous. If a predator is nearby, the bearded dragon will spread out its spiny scales to scare it away.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe Mozambique spitting cobra has a hood around its neck. It uses its neck to appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.\nThe Madagascar day gecko has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted to help it appear larger and more dangerous to a predator. The answer is B.", + "11505": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nThe humidity is low where Brody lives. So, the air is usually dry.\nHumidity is the amount of water in the air.\nThis passage tells you about the usual humidity where Brody lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is A.", + "11509": "Denver is the capital of Colorado. The answer is D.", + "11511": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. The population of Richmond fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Richmond has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too. The answer is B.", + "11514": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. None of the objects are fragile.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All three objects are shiny.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. None of the objects are rough.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is shiny. The answer is A.", + "11523": "Chemical energy can be used for cell growth.\nAnimals need food, but plants don't.\nAll organisms need energy from food. Some organisms, including most plants, make their own food.\nChemical energy can be used for cell growth.\nCells can use chemical energy to power many important cell processes, including growth.\nA bear getting food.\nBears get energy from food. Bears eat fish, birds, and other animals. The answer is B.", + "11532": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "11545": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a soccer field is 390 feet.\n390 inches is too short. 390 yards and 390 miles are too long. The answer is D.", + "11546": "The fruits and vegetables we eat are parts of plants! Plants are made up of different structures. The different structures carry out important functions.\nThe roots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They also hold the plant in place in the soil.\nThe stem supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant.\nThe leaves are where most of the plant's photosynthesis happens. Photosynthesis is the process plants use to turn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into food.\nAfter they are pollinated, the flowers make seeds and fruit.\nThe fruit contain the seeds. Each fruit grows from a pollinated flower.\nThe seeds can grow into a new plant. Germination is when a seed begins to grow. The part of the pineapple tree we usually eat is the fruit. It contains the seeds. The answer is C.", + "11548": "Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase walking out the door. It describes his last chance as if it were a person who is leaving. The answer is B.", + "11552": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles. The answer is C.", + "11556": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince middle is not between the guide words meadow - mole, it would not be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "11559": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, the following statement describes the Peary Land ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has mostly small plants. The following statements do not describe Peary Land: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has warm summers and cool winters. It has many evergreen trees. The answer is C.", + "11572": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean. The answer is A.", + "11578": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. New York is farthest east. The answer is A.", + "11581": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to fry an egg in a pan is 5 minutes.\n5 hours is too slow. The answer is B.", + "11582": "Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words fake and bike rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe word lake does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound. The answer is B.", + "11583": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.\nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.\n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with dumbo ears or normal ears, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the ear type trait. The question tells you that the E allele, which is for normal ears, is dominant over the e allele, which is for dumbo ears.\nDumbo ears is the recessive allele's version of the ear type trait. A rat with the recessive version of the ear type trait must have only recessive alleles for the ear type gene. So, offspring with dumbo ears must have the genotype ee.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ee.\nNormal ears is the dominant allele's version of the ear type trait. A rat with the dominant version of the ear type trait must have at least one dominant allele for the ear type gene. So, offspring with normal ears must have the genotype EE or Ee.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype EE or Ee.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with dumbo ears to offspring with normal ears is 0:4. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will never produce offspring with dumbo ears. Instead, this cross is expected to always produce offspring with normal ears. The answer is B.", + "11589": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Tora's observable version of the coat pattern trait is a black coat. So, Tora's phenotype for the coat pattern trait is a black coat. The answer is B.", + "11590": "An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.\nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.\nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Caprimulgus europaeus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.\nSo, Caprimulgus europaeus is the scientific name. The answer is B.", + "11591": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "11593": "Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A kangaroo is an animal. It hops and swims.\nKangaroos hop to move around. They use their large tails for balance while hopping.\nA cherry tree is a plant. It can grow white or pink flowers.\nMany types of cherry trees come from Japan. Some of these trees have flowers, but no cherries! The answer is A.", + "11596": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the marbles.\nThe marbles are made of glass.\nGlass is a clear, breakable material. Some clear marbles are made in Germany. They are called German glass marbles. The answer is A.", + "11597": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Some humans are born with naturally straight hair. Others are born with naturally curly hair. Straight and curly are examples of hair texture.\nSome people use tools to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally straight hair is an inherited trait. The answer is B.", + "11599": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Florida is farthest west. The answer is B.", + "11603": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nIt has not rained in over a week at Ian's house.\nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Ian's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is A.", + "11605": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the gerenuk.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe giraffe has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for reaching high branches.\nThe bison has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for reaching high branches. The bison eats mostly grass. The answer is B.", + "11606": "Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah. The answer is D.", + "11607": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Pacific Ocean. The answer is A.", + "11608": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The glass bottle is transparent.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The glass bottle is not bouncy. The answer is A.", + "11609": "In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.\nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.\nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.\nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 7 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.\nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 6 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the left side of the membrane than before.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right. The answer is B.", + "11613": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of yellow particles. The answer is C.", + "11639": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nMorning clouds usually clear up by noon where Leo lives.\nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of clouds where Leo lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is B.", + "11643": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA snowy owl is a bird. Like other birds, a snowy owl is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA peacock butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a peacock butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA Caribbean spiny lobster is a crustacean. Like other crustaceans, a Caribbean spiny lobster is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. The answer is A.", + "11656": "Neil wanted broccoli in his lunch and Darnell was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nNeil has tomatoes. Darnell has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "11663": "A fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The second sentence states a fact.\nGuardians of the Galaxy was released in theaters on July 24, 2014.\nIt can be proved by looking up the release date of Guardians of the Galaxy.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nGuardians of the Galaxy was the most enjoyable film of 2014.\nMost enjoyable shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a film enjoyable. The answer is B.", + "11664": "Olympia is the capital of Washington. The answer is A.", + "11670": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "11675": "This country is New Zealand. The answer is B.", + "11688": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "11690": "Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.\nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).\nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is A.", + "11695": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Kentucky is farthest north. The answer is B.", + "11696": "Look at the table and images.\nJennifer wants broccoli. Melissa wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "11715": "In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.\nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.\n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants\nHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many\nDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes\nCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Rhizophora mangle is a plant. Plant cells can make their own food. Plant cells make food using photosynthesis. The answer is B.", + "11728": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Jackie dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Jackie enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "11733": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The glass bottle is transparent, but the rubber ball is not.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All four objects are smooth.\nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The car bumper and the glass bottle are translucent, but the silver ring is not.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is smooth. The answer is A.", + "11734": "Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A salmon is an animal. It swims in the water.\nUnlike most other fish, salmon can live in both freshwater and seawater.\nA peregrine falcon is an animal. It walks and flies.\nPeregrine falcons use their sharp beaks to eat other birds.\nA banana tree is a plant. It has large leaves.\nThe leaves on a banana tree can be up to nine feet long!\nA koala is an animal. It eats leaves.\nKoalas spend most of their time in trees. They sleep for up to 20 hours a day! The answer is B.", + "11736": "Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. An underling has a more negative connotation. An underling is a subordinate. The answer is B.", + "11738": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, the following statements describe the Tibetan Plateau ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has mostly small plants. It has soil that is frozen year-round. The following statement does not describe the Tibetan Plateau: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has warm summers and cool winters. The answer is B.", + "11745": "In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.\nA single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population.\nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.\nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem. The answer is B.", + "11756": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nBenedict Arnold alludes to the American general during the Revolutionary War who betrayed his country and fought for the British. The answer is A.", + "11757": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "11758": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles. The answer is A.", + "11761": "Tallahassee is the capital of Florida. The answer is C.", + "11768": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the crested black macaque.\nThe crested black macaque has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The crested black macaque uses its long fingers and toes to hold on to branches while climbing.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe bare-eared squirrel monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.\nThe chital has four hoofed feet. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The chital uses its feet to walk and run. The answer is A.", + "11772": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is B.", + "11773": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Senator Serrano cares about her constituents, because she says she cares about them. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning. The answer is A.", + "11777": "A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.\nI can translate these French words for you, or you can use an online dictionary. The answer is B.", + "11784": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each salmon increased, which means that the thermal energy of each salmon increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each salmon. The answer is B.", + "11799": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.\nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Charlotte, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"January is the month with the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.\nSeveral other months have a slightly higher average precipitation than January.\nChoice \"Charlotte has a rainy season and a dry season.\" is incorrect.\nThe average monthly precipitation does not change much throughout the year. Every month has some rain, and there is no dry season. So, Charlotte does not have a rainy season and a dry season.\nChoice \"Precipitation does not change much from month to month.\" is incorrect.\nThe average monthly precipitation changes only slightly throughout the year. The answer is B.", + "11802": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "11805": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. California is farthest south. The answer is D.", + "11815": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that the museum needs more security guards. However, the fact that the speaker thinks the exhibit needs more security doesn't necessarily mean that the speaker is considering stealing from the exhibit. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a ad hominem. The answer is B.", + "11817": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism golden years indicates that Mr. Dudley is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age. The answer is A.", + "11818": "This country is the Marshall Islands.\nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?\nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force. The answer is C.", + "11819": "Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:\nIt is a solid.\nIt is formed in nature.\nIt is not made by organisms.\nIt is a pure substance.\nIt has a fixed crystal structure.\nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nA mineral is not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.\nA mineral is a pure substance.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\n Granite does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, granite is not a mineral. The answer is A.", + "11825": "In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words the and come are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is B. The answer is B.", + "11829": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a floor lamp is 10 pounds.\n10 ounces is too light and 10 tons is too heavy. The answer is B.", + "11845": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. It has warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and many different types of organisms.\nChoice 1 is a savanna grassland ecosystem. It has warm summers and warm winters.\nChoice 2 is a tropical rain forest ecosystem. It has year-round rain and soil that is poor in nutrients.\nChoice 3 is a taiga ecosystem. It has many evergreen trees. The answer is A.", + "11849": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence. The answer is B.", + "11860": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The melted marshmallow is stretchy, but the caramel corn and the bubble gum are not.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. The caramel corn and the bubble gum are not salty.\nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. All three objects are sticky.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is sticky. The answer is A.", + "11862": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, win. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is C.", + "11866": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a can of soda pop is 310 milliliters.\n310 liters is too much. The answer is A.", + "11868": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a pair of goggles is 60 grams.\n60 kilograms is too heavy. The answer is A.", + "11874": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Skippy's genotype for the body hair gene is bb. Skippy's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for a hairless body. So, Skippy's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairless body.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Skippy's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a hairy body (B) is dominant over the allele for a hairless body (b). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nSkippy's genotype of bb has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Skippy's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairless body. The answer is B.", + "11881": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (get, real).\nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall. The answer is A.", + "11886": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is C.", + "11890": "Nashville is the capital of Tennessee. The answer is A.", + "11892": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Trisha has two alleles for having sickle-cell disease (a). So, Trisha's genotype for the sickle-cell disease gene is aa. The answer is B.", + "11897": "Jackson is the capital of Mississippi. The answer is C.", + "11901": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Rain is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you put rainwater into a bucket, the rainwater will take the shape of the bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space.\nA plate is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If someone puts food on a plate, the food will keep its shape.\nA helium is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. Helium is lighter than air. So, if you fill a balloon with helium, the balloon will rise. If helium leaks out of the balloon, the helium will expand into the space around the balloon.\nAn umbrella is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If someone opens an umbrella, the umbrella will keep its shape. The answer is B.", + "11917": "Atlanta is the capital of Georgia. The answer is D.", + "11921": "Augusta is the capital of Maine. The answer is C.", + "11922": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.\nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. Both objects are salty.\nA sticky object can stick to other things. The potato chips are not sticky.\nThe property that both objects have in common is salty. The answer is B.", + "11923": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "11925": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Breaking a plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter. The answer is A.", + "11926": "Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana. The answer is A.", + "11928": "Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of granite match the properties of a rock. So, granite is a rock. The answer is B.", + "11930": "Charleston is the capital of West Virginia. The answer is C.", + "11931": "Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second invitation is more formal. It uses more ceremonious language (you are cordially invited) and addresses the reader in a more impersonal manner (as an expression of our appreciation). The other invitation uses contractions (you're) and is more familiar in tone (we want to say \"Thanks!\"). The answer is A.", + "11932": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A pickerel frog's scientific name is Lithobates palustris. The first word of its scientific name is Lithobates.\nLithobates catesbeianus is in the genus Lithobates. The first word of its scientific name is Lithobates. So, Lithobates catesbeianus and Lithobates palustris are in the same genus.\nAgalychnis callidryas is in the genus Agalychnis. The first word of its scientific name is Agalychnis. So, Agalychnis callidryas and Lithobates palustris are not in the same genus.\nBufo guttatus is in the genus Bufo. The first word of its scientific name is Bufo. So, Bufo guttatus and Lithobates palustris are not in the same genus. The answer is A.", + "11934": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "11936": "Nashville is the capital of Tennessee. The answer is B.", + "11942": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nLake Titicaca is a large, deep lake on the border between Peru and Bolivia. Dry, windy conditions are common each year in June, July, and August.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns at Lake Titicaca. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is A.", + "11943": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Vinegar is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour vinegar into a different container, the vinegar will take the shape of that container. But the vinegar will still take up the same amount of space.\nAn arrowhead is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. An arrowhead is made of rock.\nA eraser is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. You can break an eraser into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own.\nA rag doll is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. You can bend a rag doll. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.\nThe answer is D.", + "11946": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Svengali is literature.\nIn George du Maurier's novel Trilby, Svengali is a hypnotist who exerts such power over the central character that she is suddenly able to sing, which she was unable to do before.\nThe allusion Svengali means a person with an unduly strong influence over someone else. The answer is A.", + "11948": "Montgomery is the capital of Alabama. The answer is A.", + "11954": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "11955": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Pacific Ocean. The answer is D.", + "11963": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nWhere Rita lives, winds blowing from the northeast are rare in July.\nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern where Rita lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is B.", + "11964": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Senator Swift hates children, because she wants to cut education funding. However, the fact that Senator Swift wants to cut education funding doesn't necessarily suggest that she hates children. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man. The answer is A.", + "11975": "Phoenix is the capital of Arizona. The answer is B.", + "11983": "The colony is North Carolina. The answer is D.", + "11984": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a potato is 8 inches.\n8 feet is too long. The answer is A.", + "11986": "Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. A scrawny animal has a more negative connotation. Scrawny and slender both denote a lack of body fat. However, scrawny suggests a lack of strength or muscle, while slender suggests a lack of bulk. The answer is B.", + "11988": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.\nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:\nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes\nYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:\nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4. The answer is E.", + "11990": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nKennedy repeats the words we need at the beginning of each sentence. The answer is B.", + "11992": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is A.", + "11995": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.\nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. An ocean sunfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nOcean sunfish have a flat body and wide fins. They sometimes swim to the ocean's surface to rest in the sun.\nA water buffalo is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nWater buffaloes live in Asia. Some people raise water buffaloes for their milk.\nA penguin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nPenguins live near water. Penguins cannot fly! They use their wings to swim.\nA common toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole. The answer is C.", + "12008": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "12011": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. You need to determine Kiki's phenotype for the whisker type trait. First, consider the alleles in Kiki's genotype for the whisker type gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for curved whiskers (h) is recessive to the allele for straight whiskers (H). This means H is a dominant allele, and h is a recessive allele.\nKiki's genotype of Hh has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Kiki's phenotype for the whisker type trait must be straight whiskers. The answer is A.", + "12016": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of purple particles. The answer is B.", + "12021": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play golf. Instead, some people learn how to play golf. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing golf is an acquired trait. The answer is B.", + "12023": "A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.\nEvery winter my father grows a thick beard. The answer is B.", + "12026": "The colony is Delaware. The answer is C.", + "12031": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Producers do not eat other organisms. So, in a food web, producers do not have arrows pointing to them from other organisms.\nThe lichen does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the lichen is a producer.\nThe barren-ground caribou has arrows pointing to it from the bilberry and the collared lemming. So, the barren-ground caribou is a consumer, not a producer. The answer is A.", + "12033": "Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?\nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.\nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.\nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.\nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. \nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.\nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:\nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes\nYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:\nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4 The answer is B.", + "12034": "Boise is the capital of Idaho. The answer is B.", + "12047": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down. The answer is A.", + "12054": "Concord is the capital of New Hampshire. The answer is B.", + "12056": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "12064": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Leaves changing color in the fall is a physical change. The leaves change into a different type of matter, but they are still made of the same type of matter. The answer is A.", + "12068": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince hind is between the guide words heart - hood, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "12072": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles. The answer is A.", + "12083": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.\nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Santiago, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nJune has an average monthly precipitation of about 80 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, June has the highest average precipitation. The answer is B.", + "12096": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa. The answer is D.", + "12100": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans are not born knowing how to drive a car. Instead, many people learn how to drive when they are older. So, driving is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "12103": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells someone to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period. The answer is A.", + "12105": "In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.\nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.\n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants\nHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many\nDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes\nCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Rhizophora mangle is a plant. Plant cells have a nucleus. The answer is A.", + "12116": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is A.", + "12117": "This country is New Zealand. The answer is A.", + "12123": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nRain forming in a cloud is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Water vapor in the air condenses into tiny droplets of liquid water. These droplets make up a cloud. When there is enough water in the air, the droplets will fall as rain.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But rain forming in a cloud is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nRain begins to form when water vapor in the air becomes liquid water. This is caused by cooling. But water evaporating from a puddle is not. The answer is A.", + "12129": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 19 ounces.\n19 pounds and 19 tons are both too heavy. The answer is C.", + "12134": "A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.\nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.\nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.\nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F. Find the top of the red liquid.\nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid is halfway between 60 and 70. So, the temperature is 65\u00b0F. The answer is A.", + "12135": "This state is Michigan. The answer is A.", + "12137": "In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.\nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.\n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants\nHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many\nDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes\nCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Hevea brasiliensis is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells. The answer is A.", + "12139": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is C.", + "12143": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.\nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.\nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3.\nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12\nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15\n To decide which planet is the smallest, look at the volumes shown in the table and compare the exponents. Mercury's volume has an exponent of 10, which is the smallest out of all the planets.\nMercury is made mainly of rock. So, the smallest planet is made mainly of rock. The answer is B.", + "12154": "A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nAsian pears don't change color after being harvested, but some European pears do. The answer is A.", + "12157": "Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word sprinted. It describes the wave as if it were a person who ran fast. The answer is A.", + "12167": "When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.\nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.\nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...\nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affected\nMutualistic | benefits | benefits\nParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When a hawk moth visits a petunia flower, the moth gets nectar and pollen. So, the hawk moth benefits from its relationship with the petunia.\nThe petunia does not get hurt by the moth's visit. So, the petunia also benefits from its relationship with the moth.\nSince both the hawk moth and the petunia benefit, a mutualistic relationship is formed when the hawk moth visits the petunia flower. The answer is B.", + "12172": "Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words swirl and twirl rhyme. They both end with the irl sound.\nThe word snarl does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound. The answer is A.", + "12174": "Helena is the capital of Montana. The answer is D.", + "12176": "Sacramento is the capital of California. The answer is B.", + "12183": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Scott or Ed.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Scott.\nAfter Scott explained the chemistry homework to Ed, Scott understood it better, too. The answer is A.", + "12191": "Many plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?\nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.\nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The fruit grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. A seedling is a small, young plant. A seedling will grow into an adult plant. The answer is A.", + "12192": "Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words yank and thank don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.\nThe word hike does rhyme. It ends with the same sound as tip. The answer is C.", + "12198": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.\nSheep's wool is used to make all kinds of clothing.\nIt can be proved by looking up information about wool.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nThe most comfortable clothing is made from wool.\nMost comfortable shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what feels most comfortable. The answer is A.", + "12204": "In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words of and an are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is In the Blink of an Eye. The answer is A.", + "12215": "A tree is outside.\nA tree can be very tall.\nBirds may live in a tree. The answer is A.", + "12219": "A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.\nTonight the farmers will herd the cattle into the barn. The answer is B.", + "12226": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is C.", + "12232": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "12234": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each motorboat moved for 5 hours. The motorboat that moved 30 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the lowest speed. The answer is C.", + "12240": "Authors use different text structures to organize their ideas in writing. Learning to identify these structures will help you to understand the relationships between ideas in informational texts. You can also use these structures to organize your own writing.\nA cause-effect structure presents the causes and the effects of a particular event, trend, or situation. This structure often uses words and phrases such as because, since, as a result, due to, or consequently.\nA compare-contrast structure presents similarities (comparisons) and differences (contrasts) between two or more things. This structure often uses words and phrases such as like, similarly, or in the same way (for comparing) or on the other hand, in contrast, or unlike (for contrasting).\nA problem-solution structure presents a problem and suggests one or more possible solutions. This structure often uses words such as issue, question, puzzle, propose, and answer.\nA sequential structure describes a series of events that happens in a certain order. This structure often uses specific dates and times or words such as first, next, during, finally, and while. The text uses a cause-effect structure to show the effects of excluding anti-war protesters from the Democratic National Convention. The answer is A.", + "12247": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince afraid is between the guide words above - asphalt, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "12255": "This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis. The answer is A.", + "12263": "Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word coughed. It describes the engine as if it were a person who is sick. The answer is B.", + "12266": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSweet sorrow is a contradiction, because sweet describes something that is gentle and pleasant, while sorrow refers to grief or sadness. The answer is B.", + "12269": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the swim goggles.\nThe swim goggles are made of rubber.\nSome rubber is stretchy. Other types of rubber are not. Swim goggles are made of a stretchy type of rubber. The answer is B.", + "12284": "Genes affect traits.\nGenes contain information about inherited traits.\nAll organisms have genes.\nAll organisms have genes that contain information about their inherited traits.\nEye color is an example of a gene.\nAn organism's eye color is affected by its genes. But eye color is not a gene. Eye color is a trait, which is an observable characteristic of an organism.\nGenes are passed down from parents to offspring.\nWhen an organism reproduces, it passes copies of its genes to its offspring. This is how information about inherited traits is passed down. The answer is A.", + "12287": "Sacramento is the capital of California. The answer is B.", + "12292": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "12298": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the giant anteater.\nA tube-shaped snout helps the giant anteater reach into a burrow. A long, sticky tongue helps it catch the insects.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe long-beaked echidna has a tube-shaped snout and a long, sticky tongue. Its mouth is adapted to eat insects that live inside burrows.\nThe gorilla has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is not adapted to get insects out of burrows. The gorilla uses its mouth to eat leaves and fruit. The answer is B.", + "12311": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Ms. Boone or her daughter.\nMs. Boone asked her daughter to chop the celery, but her daughter couldn't find the knife.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nMs. Boone asked her daughter to chop the celery, but she couldn't find the knife. The answer is B.", + "12316": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a washing machine is 32 gallons.\n32 fluid ounces and 32 cups are both too little. The answer is A.", + "12320": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a full bag of groceries is 3 kilograms.\n3 grams is too light. The answer is B.", + "12321": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nCutting a piece of rope is a physical change. The rope is shorter after you cut it. But it is still made of the same type of matter as the uncut rope.\nPeeling a banana is a physical change. The peel is not covering the rest of the fruit anymore. But both the peel and the banana are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is D.", + "12324": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "12332": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is A.", + "12335": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "12340": "Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. An Asian elephant is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nElephants live in groups called herds. The oldest female in the herd is usually the leader.\nA bull shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nBull sharks can live in both fresh and salt water. They are found in rivers and in shallow parts of the ocean.\nA red kangaroo is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nKangaroos hop to move around. They use their large tails for balance while hopping.\nA green iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit. The answer is A.", + "12350": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "12357": "Annapolis is the capital of Maryland. The answer is D.", + "12358": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A Panamanian golden frog's scientific name is Atelopus zeteki.\nAtelopus zeteki has the same scientific name as a Panamanian golden frog. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nHyla japonica does not have the same scientific name as a Panamanian golden frog. So, Atelopus zeteki and Hyla japonica are not in the same species.\nBufo guttatus does not have the same scientific name as a Panamanian golden frog. So, Atelopus zeteki and Bufo guttatus are not in the same species. The answer is A.", + "12365": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.\nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A woodpecker is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nWoodpeckers have strong beaks. They use their beaks to drill into wood to hunt for food.\nA water buffalo is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nWater buffaloes live in Asia. Some people raise water buffaloes for their milk.\nA hammerhead shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nHammerhead sharks get their names from the shape of their heads. They have a wide, flat head and a small mouth.\nA red-headed poison frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nPoison dart frogs come in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous. The answer is C.", + "12370": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWhitman repeats the word out of at the beginning of each line. The answer is A.", + "12382": "A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.\nMr. Fowler exercises after work, or he plays cards with friends. The answer is A.", + "12390": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the recipe.\nIf Steven doesn't know how to make homemade waffles, he can find the recipe in the cookbook. The answer is B.", + "12394": "During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her word choice by reducing repetitive language.\nFor example, the writer could reduce the use of nearby, not to mention, and other by using a thesaurus to find synonyms.\nIf you're ever in New York State, you should see Albany, the state capitol. When I visited last summer, I was impressed by the museums, the historic mansions and colonial homes, and other cites. The surrounding area also provides plenty of options for outdoor recreation. Nearby lakes and rivers, not to mention the majestic Adirondack Mountains, offer hiking, fishing, and canoeing opportunities. The answer is A.", + "12396": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Eva or Anna.\nWhen Eva ran into Anna at the post office, she smiled and said hello.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nEva smiled and said hello when she ran into Anna at the post office. The answer is B.", + "12397": "This country is The Bahamas. The answer is D.", + "12399": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked egg and raw egg are different types of matter.\nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nCooking is caused by heating. But a penny tarnishing is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is C.", + "12403": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean. The answer is C.", + "12406": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "12413": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. California is farthest south. The answer is A.", + "12414": "Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. A boring shirt has a more negative connotation. A boring shirt is a shirt that is not interesting. The answer is A.", + "12418": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is C.", + "12421": "Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. Arguing about something has a more negative connotation. If you argue about something, you have a heated dispute about it. The answer is B.", + "12427": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a test tube is 13 milliliters.\n13 liters is too much. The answer is B.", + "12438": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.\nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in New Orleans, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"October is the wettest month.\" is incorrect.\nEvery other month has a higher average precipitation than October. So, October is the driest, not the wettest, month.\nChoice \"The wettest months of the year are June, July, and August.\" is incorrect.\nOn average, more precipitation falls during June, July, and August than during other months of the year. So, June, July, and August are the wettest months.\nChoice \"June, July, and August are the driest months of the year.\" is incorrect.\nOn average, slightly more precipitation falls during June, July, and August than during the other months of the year. So, June, July, and August are not the driest months. The answer is B.", + "12441": "A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nInside its tissues, the spotted jelly\u2014a marine invertebrate native to the South Pacific\u2014grows symbiotic algae that produces food for the jelly and gives it a greenish-brown hue. The answer is A.", + "12446": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The cracker and the potato chips are not rough.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. All three objects are salty.\nYellow is a color.\nThis color is yellow. The cracker and the potato chips are not yellow.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is salty. The answer is B.", + "12452": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The muskmelon plant's observable version of the fruit taste trait is sour fruit. So, the plant's phenotype for the fruit taste trait is sour fruit. The answer is A.", + "12453": "Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship. The answer is A.", + "12455": "The colony is Pennsylvania. The answer is D.", + "12468": "Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. The answer is C.", + "12473": "This country is Antigua and Barbuda. The answer is B.", + "12477": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles. The answer is C.", + "12487": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. The answer is C.", + "12489": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is C.", + "12490": "Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first memo to customers is more formal. It uses more elevated language (committed to, honoring). The other memo to customers uses more conversational language (cares about, providing). The answer is A.", + "12506": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nSugar has a sweet taste. The jello is sweet, but the ocean water is not.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The jello is flexible, but the ocean water is not.\nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. All four objects are translucent.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is translucent. The answer is A.", + "12509": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction or.\nYou can wipe up your spill with some paper towels, or you can use the sponge on the counter. The answer is A.", + "12513": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, Peary Land has long, cold winters. It also has mostly small plants. The answer is B.", + "12521": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a bike path is 2 miles.\n2 inches, 2 feet, and 2 yards are all too short. The answer is D.", + "12523": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that the government should raise taxes to improve public schools. However, the text also argues that not raising taxes is a form of condemning the schools to failure. This is a false dichotomy. The argument gives the reader only two choices when more options exist. For instance, the government could raise taxes or not. The answer is C.", + "12535": "Atlanta is the capital of Georgia. The answer is D.", + "12547": "Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase devouring. It describes the tsunami as if it were a ravenous person. The answer is B.", + "12549": "Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether nitrogen is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for nitrogen is N2. This formula contains one symbol: N. So, the formula tells you that nitrogen is made of one chemical element.\nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, nitrogen is an elementary substance. The answer is B.", + "12553": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A sand cat's scientific name is Felis margarita. The first word of its scientific name is Felis.\nLynx rufus is in the genus Lynx. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx. So, Lynx rufus and Felis margarita are not in the same genus.\nLynx canadensis is in the genus Lynx. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx. So, Lynx canadensis and Felis margarita are not in the same genus.\nThis organism and the sand cat are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Felis margarita. The answer is A.", + "12554": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nErosion caused by wind is a physical change. The wind carries away tiny pieces of rock. But the pieces of rock do not become a different type of matter.\nBeating an egg is a physical change. Beating an egg mixes together the egg white, egg yolk, and some air. But mixing them together does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is A.", + "12556": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles. The answer is B.", + "12557": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which these ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there A tropical coral reef is a type of ecosystem. It has shallow, salty water, bright sunlight, and many different types of organisms.\nTropical coral reefs have the following features:\nshallow water that is warm and sunlit\nwater that is rich in nutrients\nmany different types of organisms, including corals, fish, and invertebrates such as clams and worms\nThe answer is B.", + "12577": "A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.\nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.\nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The horseshoe magnet pulls the paper clips upward. The direction of the pull is toward the magnet. The answer is B.", + "12587": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Ohio is farthest west. The answer is D.", + "12606": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Water evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed. The answer is A.", + "12608": "Look at the table and images.\nLamar wants broccoli. Jackson wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "12611": "The city is Denver, Colorado. Chicago, San Francisco, and Los Angeles are marked with gray circles on the map below. The answer is D.", + "12613": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nThe words was, I, and late are repeated at the beginning of each sentence. The answer is B.", + "12627": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that allowing one person to miss a deadline will lead to others asking for the same treatment. However, this isn't necessarily true. This argument offers only one extreme and unlikely outcome. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slippery slope fallacy. The answer is B.", + "12629": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Tim must be fiscally irresponsible, because he works for a company that went bankrupt. However, even though his company is perceived as fiscally irresponsible, that doesn't necessarily mean that Tim is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association. The answer is B.", + "12641": "An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there A tropical coral reef is a type of ecosystem. Tropical coral reefs have the following features: shallow, salty water, bright sunlight, and many different types of organisms. So, the Belize Barrier Reef has salty water. It also has many different types of organisms. The answer is A.", + "12645": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. None of the objects are fragile.\nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. All three objects are colorful.\nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. None of the objects are sticky.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is colorful. The answer is C.", + "12652": "A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.\nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.\nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The older brother applies a force to the back of the car to move it forward. The direction of this force is away from the older brother. This force is a push. The answer is B.", + "12662": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of an eyedropper is 7 milliliters.\n7 liters is too much. The answer is A.", + "12664": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is B.", + "12670": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence makes a request, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period. The answer is B.", + "12672": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nRaymond took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain. The answer is B.", + "12673": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. California is farthest west. The answer is B.", + "12675": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A gray heron's scientific name is Ardea cinerea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.\nLissotriton helveticus is in the genus Lissotriton. The first word of its scientific name is Lissotriton. So, Lissotriton helveticus and Ardea cinerea are not in the same genus.\nThis organism and the gray heron are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Ardea cinerea.\nHyla cinerea and Ardea cinerea are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Hyla cinerea and Ardea cinerea have the same species name within their genus, cinerea. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Hyla cinerea is in the genus Hyla, and Ardea cinerea is in the genus Ardea. The answer is B.", + "12677": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nDry ice is solid carbon dioxide. When dry ice gets warm, it changes state and becomes carbon dioxide gas. This change of state, from solid to gas, is called sublimation.\nDry ice becoming a gas is a physical change. A change of state does not form a different type of matter.\nWater freezing into ice is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes from solid to liquid. But the ice is still made of the same type of matter as the liquid water.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nDry ice sublimating is caused by heating. But water freezing into ice is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nWater freezing is caused by cooling. But dry ice sublimating is not. The answer is B.", + "12683": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is A.", + "12698": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh! Stars and clouds and winds, ye are all about to mock me; if ye really pity me, crush sensation and memory; let me become as naught. The answer is A.", + "12706": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Trojan horse is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, the Greek army tricks the Trojan army into taking a large wooden horse into their carefully guarded city. The horse turns out to be filled with Greek warriors who, once inside the city of Troy, open the gates to the Greek army waiting outside.\nThe allusion Trojan horse means a deceptive or harmful offering. The answer is A.", + "12707": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Mason wants or needs:\nMason will give up some muffins. He could have made more cranberry muffins than blueberry muffins. The answer is B.", + "12712": "To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures.\nThe map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.\n10\u00b0C.\n-1\u00b0C is within this range.\n-22\u00b0C and 2\u00b0C are outside of this range. The answer is B.", + "12714": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence. The answer is B.", + "12719": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nNothing I love more shows verbal irony because Mr. Kelly is probably upset that there isn't anything to eat. The answer is B.", + "12722": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Bees making honey from nectar is a chemical change. Bees have a special body part that changes the nectar into honey. The honey is a different type of matter than the nectar. The answer is A.", + "12723": "A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.\nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.\nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The restaurant is in column 3. The answer is B.", + "12724": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nAn avid reader, Caden attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month. The answer is C.", + "12733": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether phosphine is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that a molecule of phosphine is composed of one phosphorus atom and one hydrogen atom bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that phosphine is composed of two chemical elements: phosphorus and hydrogen. Since phosphine is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, phosphine is a compound. The answer is A.", + "12741": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Trent's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Trent's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job. The answer is A.", + "12753": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statement describes the Sonoran Desert ecosystem: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has a small amount of rain. The following statements do not describe the Sonoran Desert: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has warm, wet summers. It has only a few types of organisms. The answer is C.", + "12754": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is A.", + "12756": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince always is between the guide words after - another, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "12758": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nFiddling with the pipes suggests that the plumber was having a hard time fixing the leak. The burped up suggests that the drain released the water in a rush. The answer is A.", + "12776": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A bowling ball is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nIf you hit a bowling ball with a bowling ball, the first ball will still have a size and shape of its own. The answer is B.", + "12777": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 6,370 kilograms.\n6,370 grams is too light. The answer is B.", + "12785": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a hot day is 36\u00b0C.\n36\u00b0F is too cold. The answer is B.", + "12787": "Helena is the capital of Montana. The answer is D.", + "12793": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nDanced describes the trees as if they were people. The answer is A.", + "12799": "The colony is Rhode Island. The answer is D.", + "12809": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "12814": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a kiddie pool is 1,080 liters.\n1,080 milliliters is too little. The answer is A.", + "12815": "Look at the table and images.\nSamir wants broccoli. Derek wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "12821": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is A.", + "12824": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nBreaking a ceramic plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nYarn is made by knitting strands of material together. The yarn is made of the same type of matter as the strands.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is A.", + "12827": "Boise is the capital of Idaho. The answer is D.", + "12839": "Montgomery is the capital of Alabama. The answer is D.", + "12841": "The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.\nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.\nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:\nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.\nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.\nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.\nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved. The answer is B.", + "12842": "The colony is Pennsylvania. The answer is B.", + "12845": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nLas Vegas is in the desert. On average, Las Vegas has almost 300 clear, sunny days each year!\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of cloud cover in Las Vegas. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is B.", + "12856": "Olympia is the capital of Washington. The answer is D.", + "12858": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A black howler is a mammal. Like other mammals, a black howler is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA cardinalfish is a fish. Like other fish, a cardinalfish is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA green sea turtle is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a green sea turtle is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nAn earthworm is a worm. Like other worms, an earthworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body. The answer is D.", + "12861": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature. The answer is C.", + "12869": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nMelting glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The glass changes from solid to liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is C.", + "12875": "Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for hydrogen sulfide contains two symbols: H for hydrogen and S for sulfur. So, hydrogen sulfide is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, hydrogen sulfide is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for cyclopropane contains three symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and C for carbon. So, cyclopropane is made of three chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, cyclopropane is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for silver contains one symbol: Ag. So, silver is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, silver is an elementary substance. The answer is C.", + "12878": "Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether argon is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for argon is Ar. This formula contains one symbol: Ar. So, the formula tells you that argon is made of one chemical element.\nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, argon is an elementary substance. The answer is A.", + "12894": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms. You can tell whether gallium arsenide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for gallium arsenide, GaAs, contains two atomic symbols: Ga for gallium and As for arsenic. So, the formula tells you that gallium arsenide is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince gallium arsenide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, gallium arsenide is a compound. The answer is A.", + "12897": "Lansing is the capital of Michigan. The answer is D.", + "12905": "The colony is Virginia.\nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony. The answer is B.", + "12909": "Columbus is the capital of Ohio. The answer is D.", + "12916": "Denver is the capital of Colorado. The answer is B.", + "12924": "The answer is A.", + "12925": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nDeveloped has a polite sound and refers to the military personnel rather than the technology. The answer is A.", + "12933": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nLeah couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.\nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Leah so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "12936": "Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nAn antler is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, an antler is not a mineral.\nNative copper is a mineral.\nGypsum is a mineral. The answer is A.", + "12938": "Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas. The answer is D.", + "12940": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is C.", + "12961": "Look at the table and images.\nJenny wants broccoli. Zoe wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "12965": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles. The answer is A.", + "12966": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (real quick).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall. The answer is B.", + "12976": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion golden calf is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Aaron, the brother of Moses, creates a golden calf while Moses is on Mount Sinai receiving the Ten Commandments.\nThe answer is B.", + "12979": "Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota. The answer is C.", + "12983": "This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis. The answer is A.", + "12984": "Pierre is the capital of South Dakota. The answer is A.", + "12992": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince human is between the guide words hate - here, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "12995": "This state is California. The answer is C.", + "12999": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.\nAll ants have six legs.\nIt can be proved by looking up information about ants.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nRed ants are worse than black ants.\nWorse shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which type of ant is worse. The answer is A.", + "13005": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a bathtub is 75 gallons.\n75 fluid ounces and 75 cups are both too little. The answer is C.", + "13007": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nA banana getting ripe on the counter is a chemical change. As a banana ripens, the type of matter in it changes. The peel changes color and the inside becomes softer and sweeter.\nSaliva breaking down a piece of bread is a chemical change. Bread is made up mostly of a chemical called starch. Saliva breaks the bonds between atoms in the starch molecules.\nThe atoms then link together to form smaller, simpler molecules of sugar. The sugar is a different type of matter than the starch.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is D.", + "13009": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean. The answer is D.", + "13012": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "13015": "When you write, you can use sensory details. These sense words help your reader understand what something looks, sounds, tastes, smells, or feels like.\nSensory Category | Description\nSight | These are words like bright, clean, and purple. A reader can imagine looking at these details.\nSound | These are words like hissing, buzzing, and ringing. A reader can imagine hearing these details.\nTaste | These are words like juicy, sweet, and burnt. A reader can imagine tasting these details.\nSmell | These are words like fruity, sweet, and stinky. A reader can imagine smelling these details.\nTouch | These are words like fuzzy, wet, and soft. A reader can imagine feeling these details.\nMany sense words can describe more than one sense. For example, soft can describe a touch or a sound. And sweet can describe a taste or a smell.\n Look at the picture.\nThe word booming describes the sound this thunderstorm makes.\nPurring and squeaking can also describe sounds. But they do not describe the sounds this thunderstorm makes. The answer is B.", + "13016": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America. The answer is B.", + "13017": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe. The answer is A.", + "13021": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Meg wants or needs:\nMeg will give up the chance to be in the Theater Club. She would have had more fun in the Theater Club than in the Photography Club. The answer is A.", + "13043": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spidey sense is a comic book.\nThe comic book superhero Spider-Man possesses a spidey sense that warns him of impending trouble.\nThe allusion spidey sense means a sense of danger coming. The answer is A.", + "13054": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.\nThe mushroom has an arrow pointing to it from the barren-ground caribou. The barren-ground caribou is a producer, so the mushroom is a primary consumer.\nThe Arctic fox has an arrow pointing to it from the brown lemming. The brown lemming is a producer, so the Arctic fox is a primary consumer.\nThe rough-legged hawk has an arrow pointing to it from the parasitic jaeger. The parasitic jaeger is not a producer, so the rough-legged hawk is not a primary consumer.\nThe bilberry has an arrow pointing to it from the barren-ground caribou. The barren-ground caribou is a producer, so the bilberry is a primary consumer. The answer is A.", + "13058": "Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:\nIt is a solid.\nIt is formed in nature.\nIt is not made by organisms.\nIt is a pure substance.\nIt has a fixed crystal structure.\nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nA mineral is not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.\nA mineral is a pure substance.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\n Diamond has all the properties of a mineral. So, diamond is a mineral. The answer is B.", + "13062": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. An American alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nA clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs. The answer is A.", + "13063": "Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the submarine and the center of Earth changed.\nThe ocean floor is lower than the surface of the ocean. As the submarine dove toward the ocean floor, the distance between the submarine and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the submarine and Earth decreased as the submarine dove toward the ocean floor. The answer is A.", + "13064": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "13066": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne sailboat moved 100 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other sailboat moved 50 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each sailboat spent the same amount of time moving. The sailboat that moved 100 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at a higher speed. The answer is B.", + "13068": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince hospital is between the guide words helping - hunter, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "13072": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.\nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:\nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes\nYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:\nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4. The answer is A.", + "13078": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the evening grosbeak.\nThe evening grosbeak has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds. The evening grosbeak uses its short, thick beak to press down on a seed and crack open its hard shell.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe hawfinch has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds.\nThe common swift has a long, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack hard seeds. The common swift uses its beak to eat insects and other small invertebrates. The answer is B.", + "13086": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. The cucumber plant's genotype for the fruit sheen gene is FF. The cucumber plant's genotype of FF has only F allelles. The F allele is for dull fruit. So, the cucumber plant's phenotype for the fruit sheen trait must be dull fruit.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the cucumber plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for dull fruit (F) is dominant over the allele for glossy fruit (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nThe cucumber plant's genotype of FF has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the cucumber plant's phenotype for the fruit sheen trait must be dull fruit. The answer is A.", + "13087": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nRicher than the king is an exaggeration, since it is not possible to be richer than the king. The answer is A.", + "13093": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. All three objects are bumpy.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The tree bark and the rock are not shiny.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. None of the objects are bouncy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is bumpy. The answer is C.", + "13102": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "13110": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nThe best day of my life ironically suggests that Mr. Bartlett was having a bad day. He was having the opposite of a good day because his car broke down when he needed to be on time. The answer is A.", + "13114": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "13122": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is B.", + "13125": "Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.\nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:\nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Because producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms.\nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.\nTheir chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis.\nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce. This organism is photosynthetic:\nThe text tells you that poison oak shrubs have chloroplasts in their cells. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which is green. This suggests that poison oak shrubs' cells are green.\nPoison oak shrubs also produce an oil that can give people an itchy rash if they touch the leaves. As the oil is not photosynthetic, poison oak shrubs are photosynthetic.\nThis organism is not photosynthetic:\nThe text does not provide evidence that the poison dart frog is photosynthetic. The answer is A.", + "13128": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Reggie is not looking for a job, because he has moved back in with his parents. However, even though Reggie is living with his parents, that doesn't necessarily mean that he isn't looking for a job. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization. The answer is B.", + "13133": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Arrived at the beach is a complete sentence. The subject is you, and the verb is arrived. The answer is A.", + "13145": "Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A wolf spider is an insect. Like other insects, a wolf spider does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA Tasmanian devil is a mammal. Like other mammals, a Tasmanian devil has a backbone. The answer is A.", + "13147": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each bus moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bus moved 825 kilometers in 10 hours.\nThe other bus moved 460 kilometers in 10 hours.\nNotice that each bus spent the same amount of time moving. The bus that moved 825 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bus must have moved at a higher speed. The answer is A.", + "13162": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is B.", + "13164": "Look at the text in bold below. It tells you when a giant tortoise might sleep for weeks at a time.\nAnd when there is little water, giant tortoises might sleep for weeks at a time. This helps them save energy. Giant tortoises can live up to a year without food or water if they have to! The answer is A.", + "13166": "Salem is the capital of Oregon. The answer is C.", + "13180": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nHurdle refers to an obstacle that one must overcome. It also refers to an object that a runner jumps over. The answer is A.", + "13184": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that Erik is overweight. The answer is A.", + "13197": "This country is the Dominican Republic.\nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?\nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.\nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences. The answer is D.", + "13199": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.\nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. An American bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.\nA sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water.\nA piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat a large animal.\nAn olive toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole. The answer is A.", + "13202": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the Allen's hummingbird.\nThe Allen's hummingbird has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The Allen's hummingbird's long, thin beak can reach deep into the flowers.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe green violetear has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers.\nThe secretary bird has a short, thick beak. Its beak is not adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The secretary bird uses its beak to eat snakes. The answer is A.", + "13204": "The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other:\nAt a divergent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other.\nAt a transform boundary, two plates are sliding past each other.\nAt a convergent boundary, two plates are moving toward each other.\nocean-continent subduction zone\nOne type of convergent boundary is an ocean-continent subduction zone, which forms when a plate with oceanic crust and a plate with continental crust move toward each other. The oceanic crust subducts, or sinks, below the continental crust.\nAs the oceanic crust subducts, a deep-sea trench forms at the plate boundary. Some rock in the subducting plate melts into magma and rises toward the surface. The magma cools and hardens to create a string of volcanoes called a volcanic arc. To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the Cascade Range, you need to know how the tectonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.\nThe Cascade Range is a volcanic arc in the Pacific Northwest that begins in California and runs north into British Columbia. As the North American Plate and the Juan de Fuca Plate move toward each other, oceanic crust of the Juan de Fuca Plate subducts, or sinks, below continental crust of the North American Plate.\nThere are eighteen volcanoes in the Cascade Range, and some of them are still active. Mount St. Helens is an active volcano near Seattle, Washington. It last erupted in May of 1980.\nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the Cascade Range formed as the two plates moved toward each other. So, the Cascade Range formed at a convergent boundary. The answer is C.", + "13210": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nGetting a haircut is a physical change. Your hair is shorter after a haircut. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nSawing a log in half is a physical change. The log gets shorter, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is C.", + "13215": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the vervet monkey.\nThe vervet monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The vervet monkey uses its long fingers and toes to hold on to branches while climbing.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe bare-eared squirrel monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.\nThe lama has four hoofed feet. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The lama uses its feet to walk and run. The answer is B.", + "13219": "Boise is the capital of Idaho. The answer is B.", + "13227": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion an albatross around her neck is a poem.\nIn Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,\" a sailor shoots and kills an albatross, an action that curses the ship and crew. As his crew members die, the Ancient Mariner feels his guilt hanging like the albatross around his neck.\nThe allusion an albatross around her neck means a burden a person must bear. The answer is A.", + "13230": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nImpossible to put down means that the book is so good that it is hard to stop reading. The phrase impossible to put down is also a joke about anti-gravity: if gravity pulls things down, perhaps anti-gravity does the opposite and makes them impossible to put down. The answer is B.", + "13236": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince called is between the guide words chief - corral, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "13247": "Charleston is the capital of West Virginia. The answer is C.", + "13251": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A red-spotted newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nA human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk. The answer is A.", + "13252": "A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.\nMatthew makes toast for breakfast, or he eats a banana later at school. The answer is B.", + "13253": "This country is Grenada. The answer is A.", + "13258": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, measure. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is B.", + "13263": "Helena is the capital of Montana. The answer is C.", + "13268": "Arianna wanted broccoli in her lunch and Sidney was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nArianna has tomatoes. Sidney has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is B.", + "13271": "An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the Amazon rain forest has year-round rain. It also has many different types of organisms. The answer is B.", + "13280": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nWhile at the park today, Kyle noticed that the wind was coming from the southwest.\nThis passage tells you about the wind direction at the park today. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is B.", + "13285": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A whiptail lizard is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a whiptail lizard is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA peacock butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a peacock butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA white-spotted octopus is a mollusk. Like other mollusks, a white-spotted octopus is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.\nA locust is an insect. Like other insects, a locust is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. The answer is C.", + "13293": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Charlie sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him. The answer is B.", + "13309": "Dustin wanted broccoli in his lunch and Irma was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nDustin has tomatoes. Irma has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is A.", + "13311": "The map shows that the Thirteen Colonies traded with West Africa, the West Indies, and Great Britain.\nWest Africa traded goods with the West Indies and Great Britain.\nThe West Indies traded goods with Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies.\nGreat Britain traded goods with the Thirteen Colonies and West Africa. The triangular trade involved trading goods with two other places. The pattern is shown in the map. The answer is B.", + "13312": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince jaw is between the guide words jerk - junk, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "13319": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A Canada lynx's scientific name is Lynx canadensis.\nLynx canadensis has the same scientific name as a Canada lynx. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nMacropus agilis does not have the same scientific name as a Canada lynx. So, Lynx canadensis and Macropus agilis are not in the same species.\nLynx canadensis is in the same genus as Lynx rufus, but they are not in the same species.\nOrganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Lynx canadensis and Lynx rufus are different species within the same genus. The answer is C.", + "13344": "The answer is B.", + "13348": "The colony is Massachusetts.\nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony. The answer is A.", + "13354": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.\nHeather was terribly late to work this morning because her car broke down on the freeway.\nThe second text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: very; extremely.\nHeather's car was running terribly before she took it to the mechanic for a tune-up.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "13356": "Look at the table and images.\nElise wants broccoli. Nolan wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is B.", + "13388": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.\nWarren custom ordered his unique coffee table from a master craftsman in Oak Grove.\nThe second text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Warren's coffee table is an interesting style, but it was made in a factory and is probably not actually one of a kind.\nWarren bought his unique coffee table from a factory outlet store in Oak Grove.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "13392": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is B.", + "13393": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Anna's hair color is an inherited trait. The answer is B.", + "13394": "Nina wanted broccoli in her lunch and Ivan was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nNina has tomatoes. Ivan has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is C.", + "13397": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of a warm loaf of bread is 65\u00b0C.\n65\u00b0F is too cold. The answer is B.", + "13408": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that California avocados are the best tasting, because they are grown in California. However, the fact that California avocados are grown in California is not necessarily true. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning. The answer is C.", + "13413": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The flimsy flip-flops are colorful.\nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. The flimsy flip-flops are not sticky. The answer is A.", + "13420": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms. You can tell whether lithium bromide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for lithium bromide, LiBr, contains two atomic symbols: Li for lithium and Br for bromine. So, the formula tells you that lithium bromide is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince lithium bromide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, lithium bromide is a compound. The answer is A.", + "13424": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. An eraser is a solid. You can easily break an eraser into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own.\nCoffee is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour coffee into a different container, the coffee will take the shape of that container. But the coffee will still take up the same amount of space.\nThe air inside a bubble is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a bubble fills all the space in the bubble. If the bubble pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.\nThe air inside a tire is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a tire expands to fill all the space inside the tire. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the tire. The answer is B.", + "13434": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "13437": "Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.\nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.\nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,\nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,\nOut of the Ninth-month midnight\n\u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n\u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.\nI wandered lonely as a Cloud\nThat floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,\nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,\nA host of golden Daffodils.\n\u2014From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"\nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.\nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Occasionally, a line may begin with a strong syllable.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nA poem has a trochaic meter when the beat sounds like DUM-da. A strong syllable is followed by a weak syllable. Occasionally, a line may end in a strong syllable.\nBack into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning,\nSoon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before.\n\u2014From Edgar Allen Poe, \"The Raven\"\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern. This poem uses onomatopoeia. It uses language that sounds like what it talks about.\nI heard a Fly buzz\u2014when I died\u2014\nThe Stillness in the Room\nWas like the Stillness in the Air\u2014\nBetween the Heaves of Storm\u2014 The answer is A.", + "13441": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nChurchill repeats the word victory at the beginning of each phrase. The answer is A.", + "13443": "Olympia is the capital of Washington. The answer is C.", + "13446": "The colony is Maryland. The answer is C.", + "13456": "An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there A tide pool is a type of ecosystem. Tide pool ecosystems have the following features: daily flooding and draining of seawater, water that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the tide pool ecosystems in Tongue Point Marine Life Sanctuary have daily flooding and draining of seawater. They also have many different types of organisms. The answer is A.", + "13457": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "13458": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince sacred is between the guide words shoe - source, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "13459": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.\nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.\nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3.\nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12\nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15\nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 1000\n= 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 10^3\n= 1.43 x 10^(15 + 3)\n= 1.43 x 10^18\n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Mercury.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Earth. The volume of Earth is 1.08 x 10^12 km^3, which is greater than 6.08 x 10^11 km^3. So, the volume of Earth is more than ten times the volume of Mercury. The answer is A.", + "13461": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia. The answer is C.", + "13463": "Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nPlacental mammals have the following traits:\nThey give birth to live offspring.\nThey have fur or hair.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA North American beaver has the following traits:\nIt gives birth to live offspring.\nIt has fur.\nA North American beaver has the traits of a placental mammal. A North American beaver is a placental mammal.\nA dwarf crocodile has the following traits:\nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA dwarf crocodile does not have all of the traits of a placental mammal. A dwarf crocodile is a reptile. The answer is B.", + "13469": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Darnel wants or needs:\nDarnel will spend more money. Plane tickets for Darnel to get to Connecticut are more expensive than tickets to Virginia. The answer is B.", + "13471": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Devon's skin color is an inherited trait. The answer is B.", + "13475": "The answer is A.", + "13476": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Southern Ocean.\nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude. The answer is A.", + "13480": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each bottle increased, which means that the thermal energy of each bottle increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each bottle. The answer is A.", + "13484": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A painted stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nStorks wade in shallow water to look for food. Storks eat fish, insects, worms, and other small animals.\nA human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nHumans are a type of animal called a primate. Monkeys and apes are also primates. The answer is A.", + "13488": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Sugar has two alleles for a normal-sized body (B). So, Sugar's genotype for the body size gene is BB. The answer is A.", + "13489": "Columbus is the capital of Ohio. The answer is B.", + "13491": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is A.", + "13497": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "13500": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. The cracker is salty.\nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. The cracker is not bendable. The answer is A.", + "13503": "Montpelier is the capital of Vermont. The answer is A.", + "13507": "This country is Australia.\nIs Australia a country or a continent?\nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead. The answer is B.", + "13510": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to sing the ABC song is 23 seconds.\n23 minutes is too slow. The answer is A.", + "13525": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Water freezing into ice is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes from solid to liquid. But the ice is still made of the same type of matter as the liquid water. The answer is B.", + "13528": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Pablo sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him. The answer is B.", + "13539": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Apple or Orange**. The answer is A.", + "13544": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the bull shark.\nThe bull shark has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat. The bull shark uses its teeth to cut up meat into pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe barracuda has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat.\nThe copperband butterflyfish has a small, narrow mouth. Its mouth is not adapted for tearing through meat. The answer is B.", + "13547": "Read the passage.\nThis is a map of Earth. The map uses color to show parts of Earth that are covered by land and water. The map uses white to show large sheets of ice and snow called glaciers.\nThe map's legend, or information box, shows the feature that each color represents.\nThere are 10 major water masses on Earth. This map shows eight of them. The other two are the Arctic and the Antarctic. The legend shows the names of each water mass.\nLiqui water is water that is not frozen.\nGlacier ice is ice that forms on land. It forms when liquid water freezes and becomes solid.\nThis map has legend icons for water in oceans and water in clouds.\nWater in oceans is shown in shades of blue.\nWater in clouds is shown in shades of white.\nThe answer is B.", + "13551": "Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words shut and rut rhyme. They both end with the ut sound.\nThe word mat does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound. The answer is A.", + "13552": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is B.", + "13571": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the kelp.There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the sea otter: kelp->sea urchin->sea otter. There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the bat star: kelp->sea urchin->sea otter->orca->bat star. zooplankton. The only arrow pointing to the zooplankton starts from the phytoplankton. No arrow points to the phytoplankton. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the zooplankton.. phytoplankton. The only arrow pointing to the phytoplankton starts from the sun. The sun does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the phytoplankton.. bat star. The only arrow pointing to the bat star starts from the orca. The only arrow pointing to the orca starts from the sea otter. The only arrow pointing to the sea otter starts from the sea urchin. The only arrow pointing to the sea urchin starts from the kelp. The answer is C.", + "13574": "Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.\nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).\nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is A.", + "13592": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A barn owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nA clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs. The answer is B.", + "13599": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down. The answer is B.", + "13603": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "13605": "This country is The Bahamas. The answer is A.", + "13614": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles. The answer is A.", + "13621": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses abbreviated language (FYI).\nThe first sentence does not use abbreviated language, so it is more formal. The answer is A.", + "13640": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Josh's skin color is an inherited trait. The answer is B.", + "13643": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The yarn pom pom is not scratchy.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. The yarn pom pom is blue. The answer is A.", + "13644": "The answer is A.", + "13652": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n An agile wallaby's scientific name is Macropus agilis. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus.\nLacerta agilis and Macropus agilis are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Lacerta agilis and Macropus agilis have the same species name within their genus, agilis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Lacerta agilis is in the genus Lacerta, and Macropus agilis is in the genus Macropus.\nIctinia mississippiensis is in the genus Ictinia. The first word of its scientific name is Ictinia. So, Ictinia mississippiensis and Macropus agilis are not in the same genus.\nThis organism and the agile wallaby are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Macropus agilis. The answer is B.", + "13666": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nNot exactly a team player is an indirect way of saying that someone doesn't work well with others. The answer is A.", + "13667": "Look at the table and images.\nKyle wants broccoli. Tony wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "13678": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.\nBrad perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.\nThe second text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.\nBrad perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "13687": "Sacramento is the capital of California. The answer is A.", + "13688": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "13695": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "13696": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the glass bottle is harder. If you squeeze a glass bottle, it will not change shape. The answer is A.", + "13704": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "13715": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.\nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A black howler is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nHowler monkeys have loud calls, or howls. Their calls can be heard over three miles away!\nA zebra is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nZebras eat mostly grass. But they sometimes eat other types of plants, such as shrubs or tree bark.\nA barn owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nBarn owls live on every continent except Antarctica.\nA gray tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches. The answer is D.", + "13726": "The answer is A.", + "13732": "Richmond is the capital of Virginia. The answer is C.", + "13736": "In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.\nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.\nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.\nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 3 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.\nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the right side of the membrane than before.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left. The answer is B.", + "13738": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is B.", + "13741": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles. The answer is B.", + "13744": "Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nCartilaginous fish have the following traits:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey live underwater.\nThey have a skeleton made of cartilage.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA snowy owl has the following traits:\nIt has feathers.\nIt has wings.\nIt has a beak.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA snowy owl does not have all of the traits of a cartilaginous fish. A snowy owl is a bird.\nA tiger shark has the following traits:\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nIt lives underwater.\nIt has a skeleton made of cartilage.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA tiger shark has the traits of a cartilaginous fish. A tiger shark is a cartilaginous fish. The answer is A.", + "13745": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is A.", + "13746": "Boise is the capital of Idaho. The answer is D.", + "13752": "Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina. The answer is C.", + "13754": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America. The answer is C.", + "13756": "A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on the cat, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling the cat down with a force of 40 N.\nThe bottom of the box is pushing the cat up with a force of 40 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 40 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on the cat. The answer is B.", + "13758": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence. The answer is B.", + "13765": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Romeo is literature.\nIn William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is known for the eloquent declaration of love with which he woos Juliet.\nThe allusion Romeo means a man who is very romantic. The answer is A.", + "13767": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Jane's or Bella's.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Her has been replaced with Bella's.\nJane roomed with Bella last year, but Bella's messiness became a point of contention. The answer is A.", + "13777": "A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.\nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.\nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.\nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:\nThe palm leaf fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the fern fossil. So, the palm leaf fossil is most likely younger than the fern fossil. The answer is B.", + "13781": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Massachusetts is farthest south. The answer is B.", + "13784": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (occurs, goes, in front of).\nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall. The answer is B.", + "13795": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Job complains to God about his hardships, saying that both strangers and those he loves have turned against him. He says, \"My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.\" Scholars have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he narrowly escaped death.\nThe allusion by the skin of his teeth means just barely. The answer is A.", + "13807": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "13811": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nA boy floated down the Obed River on a raft. It had rained the day before, so the river was flowing fast.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the speed of the river. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is B.", + "13814": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "13815": "An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.\nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.\nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Cyprinus carpio is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.\nCyprinus carpio is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that common carp is the common name. The answer is B.", + "13818": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction while.\nKevin prepared a receipt for the customer while Zack packaged her items for her. The answer is B.", + "13834": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. Fruit punch is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.\nIf you pour fruit punch into a cup, the punch will take the shape of the cup. But the punch will still take up the same amount of space. The answer is B.", + "13837": "The city is Cleveland, Ohio. Chicago, Omaha, and St. Louis are marked with gray circles on the map below. The answer is D.", + "13845": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "13856": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three marbles have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 14\u00b0F marble is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy. The answer is C.", + "13858": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The helium balloons, the stuffed dice, and the silk tie are not transparent.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. All four objects are soft.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The helium balloons and the stuffed dice are not smooth.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is soft. The answer is A.", + "13868": "Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma. The answer is D.", + "13869": "This country is the Federated States of Micronesia. The answer is C.", + "13872": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two bricks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 260\u00b0F brick is hotter than the 235\u00b0F brick, it has more thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "13878": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.\nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A mandarinfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nMandarinfish often live near coral reefs. They eat small worms, snails, and fish eggs.\nA helmeted iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit.\nA bald eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nBald eagles live in trees near water. They build nests that can be up to 13 feet wide!\nA koala is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nKoalas sleep for up to 20 hours a day! The answer is A.", + "13879": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince instead is between the guide words imagine - irrigation, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "13886": "The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.\nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:\nsay that a brand has been trusted for many years\ninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Association\nfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values\nuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokesperson\nAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:\nuse graphs or charts to display information\ncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studies\nexplain the science behind a product or service\nemphasize that the product is a financially wise choice\nanticipate and refute potential counterclaims\nAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:\ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment\nappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive\nlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion, by associating the product with feelings of adventure and independence. The answer is C.", + "13887": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince buck is not between the guide words being - blind, it would not be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "13896": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each battery decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each battery decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each battery to the surroundings. The answer is B.", + "13907": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether hydrogen peroxide is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that a molecule of hydrogen peroxide is composed of two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that hydrogen peroxide is composed of two chemical elements: hydrogen and oxygen. Since hydrogen peroxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, hydrogen peroxide is a compound. The answer is A.", + "13911": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The child chews her food carefully is a complete sentence. The subject is the child, and the verb is chews. The answer is A.", + "13914": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. All three objects are sticky.\nYellow is a color.\nThis color is yellow. The caramel corn is yellow, but the bubble gum and the tape are not.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. None of the objects are bouncy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is sticky. The answer is C.", + "13932": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two cups of black tea have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 115\u00b0F cup of black tea is colder than the 120\u00b0F cup of black tea, it has less thermal energy. The answer is B.", + "13945": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of three times the volume of Mercury.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Mars. The volume of Mars is 160 billion km^3, which is less than 180 billion km^3. So, the volume of Mars is less than three times as large as Mercury's. The answer is A.", + "13947": "Springfield is the capital of Illinois. The answer is A.", + "13949": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is C.", + "13950": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a city bus is 10 tons.\n10 ounces and 10 pounds are both too light. The answer is B.", + "13952": "Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between Edgar and the center of Earth changed.\nThe summit of the mountain was higher than the point where Edgar started hiking. As he hiked toward the summit, the distance between Edgar and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Edgar and Earth increased as he hiked toward the summit. The answer is B.", + "13953": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.\nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:\nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes\nYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:\nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4. The answer is E.", + "13960": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is A.", + "13961": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, manages. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is A.", + "13962": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "13968": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. An island culture different from our own is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. The answer is B.", + "13970": "Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah. The answer is D.", + "13971": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nThe Somerville Daily Mail was forced to issue a retraction after printing a factoid about Somerville's founder. It turned out that the reporter had written the article based on local legend rather than researching the actual history.\nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nA reporter for the Somerville Daily Mail dug up an amusing factoid about Somerville's founder while researching for an article about the town's early years.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard. The answer is B.", + "13972": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, slammed. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened. The answer is B.", + "13976": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A song should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Ten Little Monkeys Jumping on a Bed.\" The answer is B.", + "13977": "Des Moines is the capital of Iowa. The answer is D.", + "13978": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. You need to determine Minnie's phenotype for the fur texture trait. First, consider the alleles in Minnie's genotype for the fur texture gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for wavy fur (f) is recessive to the allele for straight fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nMinnie's genotype of Ff has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Minnie's phenotype for the fur texture trait must be straight fur. The answer is B.", + "13985": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two mugs of cocoa have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 30\u00b0C mug of cocoa is colder than the 65\u00b0C mug of cocoa, it has less thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "13988": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is B.", + "13993": "The four Middle Colonies are dark blue on the map:\nDuring colonial times, Delaware was usually called the Three Lower Counties on the Delaware, or the Lower Counties for short.\nNew York claimed part of the land that would later become the state of Vermont. But New Hampshire, a New England colony, also claimed this area. The answer is C.", + "13995": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.\nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Atlanta, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Precipitation does not change much from month to month in Atlanta.\" is incorrect.\nThe average monthly precipitation changes only slightly throughout the year.\nChoice \"February is wetter than March.\" is incorrect.\nWetter months have a higher average precipitation than drier months. February has a slightly lower average monthly precipitation than March. So, February is not wetter than March.\nChoice \"October has the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.\nMost other months have a slightly higher average precipitation than October. The answer is C.", + "13998": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAn energetic puppy shows verbal irony because an old, exhausted dog is far from an energetic puppy. The answer is B.", + "13999": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince wrath is not between the guide words weary - wiggle, it would not be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "14005": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The first sentence states a fact.\nThe archaeological site of Troy is one of thirteen UNESCO World Heritage sites in Turkey.\nIt can be proved by checking a list of UNESCO World Heritage sites in Turkey.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nThe archaeological site of Troy is Turkey's best UNESCO World Heritage site to visit.\nBest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a site the best to visit. The answer is A.", + "14029": "Charleston is the capital of West Virginia. The answer is A.", + "14039": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nJohnson contrasts two parallel phrases, the natural flights of the human mind and from hope to hope. The answer is B.", + "14040": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nVancouver Island is in on the west coast of Canada. Much of the island received heavy rain on November 28 last year.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the amount of rain that fell on Vancouver Island on a specific day last year. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is B.", + "14041": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction but.\nBabe Ruth hit 714 home runs during his baseball career but struck out 1,330 times. The answer is B.", + "14048": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is C.", + "14054": "Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase lounged in. It describes the rusted old cars as if they were people who were relaxing. The answer is A.", + "14060": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Human hair can be naturally straight or naturally curly. Straight and curly are examples of hair texture.\nSome people use tools to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally straight hair is an inherited trait. The answer is A.", + "14064": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Beth wants or needs:\nBeth will give up the chance to go on the screaming swing. She would have had more fun on that ride. The answer is B.", + "14072": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that of the eight planets, two are made mainly of gas and two are made mainly of ice. So, four of the eight, or half, of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice. The answer is B.", + "14073": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A yellow jacket is an insect. Like other insects, a yellow jacket is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA harvest mouse is a mammal. Like other mammals, a harvest mouse is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nLike other spiders, a black orb weaver spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA dung beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a dung beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. The answer is C.", + "14086": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is A.", + "14087": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "14094": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, melts. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is C.", + "14096": "Rob wanted broccoli in his lunch and Carrie was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nRob has tomatoes. Carrie has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is A.", + "14098": "Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.\nScientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.\nA ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.\nThe balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms.\nNotice how each ball is labeled with a symbol made of one or more letters. The symbol is an abbreviation for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.\nThe molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.\nThe chemical formula for a molecule contains the symbol for each chemical element in the molecule. Many chemical formulas use subscripts. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text.\nIn chemical formulas, the subscripts are numbers. The subscript is always written after the symbol for an element. The subscript tells you how many atoms that symbol represents. If the symbol represents just one atom, then no subscript is included.\nThe symbols in the chemical formula for a molecule match the symbols in the ball-and-stick model for that molecule. The ball-and-stick model shown before and the chemical formula shown above represent the same substance. P is the symbol for phosphorus. Cl is the symbol for chlorine. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with one phosphorus atom and three chlorine atoms.\nThe chemical formula will contain the symbols P and Cl. There is one phosphorus atom, so P will not have a subscript. There are three chlorine atoms, so Cl will have a subscript of 3.\nThe correct formula is PCl5.\nThe diagram below shows how each part of the chemical formula matches with each part of the model above. The answer is B.", + "14103": "Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. On that winter morning, Luna's hands were as cold as ice.\nThe words hands and ice are compared using the word as. So, the sentence uses a simile. The answer is B.", + "14106": "To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures.\nThe map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.\nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with temperatures between 25\u00b0C and 35\u00b0C.\n30\u00b0C is within this range.\n10\u00b0C and 14\u00b0C are outside of this range. The answer is A.", + "14108": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince identify is between the guide words image - indicate, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "14112": "Juneau is the capital of Alaska. The answer is A.", + "14117": "Pierre is the capital of South Dakota. The answer is C.", + "14124": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nSusan is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years. The answer is D.", + "14125": "Boise is the capital of Idaho. The answer is C.", + "14132": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. The air inside a bubble is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.\nThe air inside a bubble fills all the space in the bubble. If the bubble pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space. The answer is B.", + "14136": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A California toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA Hermann's tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nA tortoise's shell protects it from predators. When a tortoise feels threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell. The answer is B.", + "14139": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince presence is between the guide words pen - popular, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "14145": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A giraffe is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nGiraffes eat mostly leaves that are too high up for other animals to reach.\nA manta ray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nManta rays are large fish. They can weigh over 2,000 pounds. The answer is A.", + "14146": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The glass bottle is transparent, but the gold nugget and the velcro are not.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The gold nugget and the velcro are not fuzzy.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All three objects are shiny.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is shiny. The answer is A.", + "14156": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "14162": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that two out of the eight planets are made mainly of gas. So, one-fourth, or 25%, of the planets are made mainly of gas. The answer is B.", + "14165": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.\nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.\n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with black eyes or red eyes, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the eye color trait. The question tells you that the E allele, which is for red eyes, is dominant over the e allele, which is for black eyes.\nBlack eyes is the recessive allele's version of the eye color trait. A koi fish with the recessive version of the eye color trait must have only recessive alleles for the eye color gene. So, offspring with black eyes must have the genotype ee.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ee.\nRed eyes is the dominant allele's version of the eye color trait. A koi fish with the dominant version of the eye color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the eye color gene. So, offspring with red eyes must have the genotype EE or Ee.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype EE or Ee.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with black eyes to offspring with red eyes is 0:4. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will never produce offspring with black eyes. Instead, this cross is expected to always produce offspring with red eyes. The answer is B.", + "14167": "Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.\nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:\nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Because producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms.\nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.\nTheir chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis.\nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce. This organism is photosynthetic:\nThe text tells you that air plants make their own food from carbon dioxide and water. This is evidence that the tillandisa tectorum is a photosynthetic organism.\nThis organism is not photosynthetic:\nThe text does not provide evidence that the komondor dog is photosynthetic. The answer is A.", + "14169": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Shangri-La is literature.\nIn James Hilton's 1933 novel Lost Horizon, Shangri-La is a paradise on earth, a mystical valley located in the Himalayan mountains.\nThe allusion Shangri-La means a secluded place of peace and happiness. The answer is B.", + "14172": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "14175": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is B.", + "14187": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, but it shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence. The answer is B.", + "14191": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Isabelle wants or needs:\nIsabelle will give up the chance to be in the Photography Club. She would have had more fun in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club. The answer is A.", + "14192": "This country is Fiji. The answer is A.", + "14203": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "14204": "Some words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Saw, hammer, and shovel go together. They are tools. Window is not a tool, so it is not like the other words. The answer is C.", + "14205": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.\n\"Shooting stars\" are really bits of rock and dust burning up in Earth's atmosphere.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about astronomy.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nCamping in the woods is the best way to see shooting stars.\nBest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about the best way to see shooting stars. The answer is A.", + "14206": "Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming. The answer is D.", + "14210": "The city is Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. New York City, Boston, and Baltimore are marked with gray circles on the map below. The answer is A.", + "14212": "Sally wanted broccoli in her lunch and Chloe was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nSally has tomatoes. Chloe has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "14219": "Carson City is the capital of Nevada. The answer is A.", + "14224": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nIstanbul is on the coast of Turkey, where nighttime temperatures average between 60\u00b0F and 70\u00b0F each year during June, July, and August.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual temperature pattern in Istanbul. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is B.", + "14233": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. McConnell is capitalized because it is a proper noun. The answer is B.", + "14245": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A marbled salamander's scientific name is Ambystoma opacum.\nAmbystoma opacum has the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nTaricha torosa does not have the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, Ambystoma opacum and Taricha torosa are not in the same species.\nLissotriton helveticus does not have the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, Ambystoma opacum and Lissotriton helveticus are not in the same species. The answer is C.", + "14246": "Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. The neighbor's loud music was a blaring fire alarm.\nThe words music and fire alarm are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor. The answer is B.", + "14254": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.\nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A gray wolf is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nWolves often live in family groups. A wolf mother, father, and their children travel together.\nA red-spotted newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nSome newts live in water. Other newts live on land but lay their eggs in water.\nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nGreat white sharks can live for up to 70 years.\nA human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nHumans are a type of animal called a primate. Monkeys and apes are also primates. The answer is B.", + "14255": "Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether walking a dog is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs walking a dog something you can touch? No.\nIs walking a dog a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, walking a dog is a service. The answer is A.", + "14268": "A fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The second sentence states a fact.\nRace car driver Mario Andretti won the Daytona 500, Indy 500, and Formula One titles during his career.\nIt can be proved by reading a biography of Mario Andretti.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nMario Andretti, the only person named Driver of the Year in three different decades, is a great role model for young people interested in auto racing.\nGreat shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a great role model. The answer is A.", + "14270": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is B.", + "14272": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Large cocoa crops will probably mean that there is more cocoa available. So, the supply of chocolate bars is likely to go up. The answer is A.", + "14275": "Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. A chuckle has a more positive connotation. A chuckle is a soft, gentle laugh. The answer is A.", + "14279": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a tennis racket is 26 inches.\n26 feet, 26 yards, and 26 miles are all too long. The answer is B.", + "14299": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans are not born knowing how to drive a car. Instead, many people learn how to drive when they are older. So, driving is an acquired trait. The answer is B.", + "14304": "Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:\nThe bare tree's branches were sharp needles.\nThe words branches and needles are compared without the word like or as.\nThis sentence uses a simile:\nThe bare tree's branches were as sharp as needles.\nThe words branches and needles are compared using the word as. The answer is A.", + "14308": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nBox turtles can live to be over 100 years old!\nA koala is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nKoalas sleep for up to 20 hours a day! The answer is B.", + "14318": "Concord is the capital of New Hampshire. The answer is C.", + "14324": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nBreaking a ceramic plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nMixing chocolate syrup into milk is a physical change. The chocolate syrup and milk make a mixture. Making a mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is D.", + "14327": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. The cucumber plant's genotype for the fruit texture gene is FF. The cucumber plant's genotype of FF has only F allelles. The F allele is for bumpy fruit. So, the cucumber plant's phenotype for the fruit texture trait must be bumpy fruit.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the cucumber plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for smooth fruit (f) is recessive to the allele for bumpy fruit (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nThe cucumber plant's genotype of FF has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the cucumber plant's phenotype for the fruit texture trait must be bumpy fruit. The answer is A.", + "14332": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play golf. Instead, some people learn how to play golf. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing golf is an acquired trait. The answer is B.", + "14341": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. The trombone is shiny.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. The trombone is not blue. The answer is B.", + "14342": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A macaw is a bird. Like other birds, a macaw is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA piranha is a fish. Like other fish, a piranha is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nAn atlas moth is an insect. Like other insects, an atlas moth is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA dyeing dart frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a dyeing dart frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. The answer is A.", + "14348": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is B.", + "14349": "Sacramento is the capital of California. The answer is C.", + "14355": "Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether platinum is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for platinum is Pt. This formula contains one symbol: Pt. So, the formula tells you that platinum is made of one chemical element.\nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, platinum is an elementary substance. The answer is A.", + "14356": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nWinds are called offshore when they blow from land to water. The winds in southern Nicaragua blow offshore over 300 days per year. Most people prefer to surf on days when the winds are offshore.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns in southern Nicaragua. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is A.", + "14368": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that the Alexanders' opinion on eating pizza is invalid because their house is messy. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether the argument is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem. The answer is B.", + "14369": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a tennis racket is 21 inches.\n21 feet is too long. The answer is A.", + "14373": "Augusta is the capital of Maine. The answer is A.", + "14375": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism golden years indicates that Mr. Randolph is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age. The answer is A.", + "14376": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to sing the ABC song is 28 seconds.\n28 hours is too slow. The answer is B.", + "14386": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Diana's skin color is an inherited trait. The answer is B.", + "14387": "Des Moines is the capital of Iowa. The answer is C.", + "14399": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "14403": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the new employees or their intake forms.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the forms.\nMr. Russo wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find the forms. The answer is B.", + "14405": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. The rose plant's genotype for the growth pattern gene is gg. The rose plant's genotype of gg has only g alleles. The g allele is for bush growth. So, the rose plant's phenotype for the growth pattern trait must be bush growth.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the rose plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for bush growth (g) is recessive to the allele for climbing growth (G). This means G is a dominant allele, and g is a recessive allele.\nThe rose plant's genotype of gg has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the rose plant's phenotype for the growth pattern trait must be bush growth. The answer is A.", + "14406": "Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana. The answer is D.", + "14407": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.\nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A mandarinfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nMandarinfish often live near coral reefs. They eat small worms, snails, and fish eggs.\nA water buffalo is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nWater buffaloes live in Asia. Some people raise water buffaloes for their milk.\nA red-headed poison frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nPoison dart frogs come in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous.\nA green iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit. The answer is A.", + "14417": "All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A roller skate is not a living thing.\nA roller skate does not have all the traits of a living thing. It can move, but it does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.\nA cave is not a living thing.\nA cave may have animals or plants living inside. But a cave does not have all the traits of a living thing. A cave does not need food or water.\nThe Great Sphinx of Giza is not a living thing.\nThe Great Sphinx of Giza is a statue. Statues do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nKelp is a living thing.\nKelp grows and responds to its environment. It needs food and water. Kelp is made up of many cells.\nKelp is a plant. It uses water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight to grow. The answer is C.", + "14420": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, make. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is C.", + "14421": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence. The answer is C.", + "14424": "Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second announcement is more formal. It uses more elevated language (pleased to announce). The other announcement sounds more conversational (so happy). The answer is A.", + "14426": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A bobcat's scientific name is Lynx rufus. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx.\nPython molurus is in the genus Python. The first word of its scientific name is Python. So, Python molurus and Lynx rufus are not in the same genus.\nLynx rufus and Lynx canadensis are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Lynx rufus and Lynx canadensis have the same species name within their genus, canadensis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Lynx rufus is in the genus Lynx, and Lynx canadensis is in the genus Lynx.\nMacropus rufus and Lynx rufus are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, or group. The first words of their scientific names are different. Macropus rufus is in the genus Macropus, and Lynx rufus is in the genus Lynx. The answer is A.", + "14428": "A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.\nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.\nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The police department is in row B. The answer is B.", + "14438": "An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered in water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, Everglades National Park has land that is covered in water during most of the year. It also has other water ecosystems nearby. The answer is A.", + "14440": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is B.", + "14442": "Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.\nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.\nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by heating and squeezing. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Shale is a sedimentary rock. Like other sedimentary rocks, it forms from layers of sediment.\nSediments are small pieces of rock, minerals, or organic matter. Sediments can be deposited in layers on the ground or in water. Over time, the top layers press down on the bottom layers. Sedimentary rock forms when the bottom layers are pressed together to form rock. The answer is A.", + "14444": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that Sam is overweight. The answer is A.", + "14456": "Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for rhenium contains one symbol: Re. So, rhenium is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, rhenium is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide contains two symbols: H for hydrogen and O for oxygen. So, hydrogen peroxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, hydrogen peroxide is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for bromomethane contains three symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and Br for bromine. So, bromomethane is made of three chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, bromomethane is a compound, not an elementary substance. The answer is C.", + "14462": "In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.\nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.\nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.\nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 6 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 4 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.\nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the right side of the membrane than before.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left. The answer is B.", + "14467": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is B.", + "14482": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nDes Moines has cold winters and warm summers.\nThis passage tells you about the usual temperature pattern in Des Moines. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is B.", + "14484": "Springfield is the capital of Illinois. The answer is C.", + "14489": "An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.\nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.\nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Bradypus variegatus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.\nBradypus variegatus is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that brown-throated sloth is the common name. The answer is B.", + "14492": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "14498": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Maggie's work is low quality because her friend Billy's work is low quality. However, the work of Billy does not necessarily reflect the quality of Maggie's work. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association. The answer is C.", + "14502": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nDeath is not proud is a direct address to death, a nonhuman entity. The answer is B.", + "14504": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.\nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. Both objects are stretchy.\nA lemon has a sour taste. The rubber toy is not sour.\nThe property that both objects have in common is stretchy. The answer is B.", + "14505": "When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.\nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.\nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. This organism's scientific name refers to David Bowie.\nThe word davidbowie refers to David Bowie. So, this huntsman spider's scientific name is Heteropoda davidbowie. The answer is A.", + "14506": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Cody is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, King Midas has the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily creating value from nothing. The answer is B.", + "14507": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.\nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.\n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a yellow ground spot or a white ground spot, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the ground spot color trait. The question tells you that the g allele, which is for a white ground spot, is recessive to the G allele, which is for a yellow ground spot.\nA yellow ground spot is the dominant allele's version of the ground spot color trait. A watermelon plant with the dominant version of the ground spot color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the ground spot color gene. So, offspring with a yellow ground spot must have the genotype GG or Gg.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype GG or Gg.\nA white ground spot is the recessive allele's version of the ground spot color trait. A watermelon plant with the recessive version of the ground spot color trait must have only recessive alleles for the ground spot color gene. So, offspring with a white ground spot must have the genotype gg.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype gg.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with a yellow ground spot to offspring with a white ground spot is 4:0. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will always produce offspring with a yellow ground spot. This cross is expected to never produce offspring with a white ground spot. The answer is A.", + "14512": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a spider's leg is 20 millimeters.\n20 meters and 20 kilometers are both too long. The answer is C.", + "14525": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince virus is between the guide words veil - vowel, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "14533": "The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.\nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.\nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:\nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.\nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.\nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.\nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved. The answer is A.", + "14537": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play the trumpet. Instead, some people learn how to play. So, playing the trumpet is an acquired trait. The answer is B.", + "14539": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the egg carton.\nThe egg carton is made of cardboard.\nCardboard is made from wood pulp. Cardboard is usually brown because wood pulp is brown. The answer is B.", + "14541": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Chip has one allele for straight fur (F) and one allele for wavy fur (f). So, Chip's genotype for the fur texture gene is Ff. The answer is A.", + "14542": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne motorboat moved 245 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other motorboat moved 145 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each motorboat spent the same amount of time moving. The motorboat that moved 245 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at a higher speed. The answer is A.", + "14545": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of an apple is 3 pounds.\n3 ounces is too light and 3 tons is too heavy. The answer is C.", + "14546": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the ptarmigan.\nDuring the winter, the ptarmigan has white feathers covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nDuring the winter, the Arctic fox has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.\nThe echidna has fur covering its body, but it is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The answer is B.", + "14547": "The colony is New Jersey. The answer is A.", + "14553": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction or.\nDestiny might go to the science museum with Bob, or she might go alone. The answer is B.", + "14555": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mrs. Burnett is capitalized because it is a proper noun. The answer is B.", + "14556": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Kinsley doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, there may be a number of reasons why Kinsley doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy. The answer is B.", + "14563": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The dress and the slide are not rough.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. All three objects are soft.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All three objects are smooth.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is smooth. The answer is B.", + "14572": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is C.", + "14578": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each gray whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne gray whale moved 40 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other gray whale moved 35 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each gray whale spent the same amount of time moving. The gray whale that moved 40 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that gray whale must have moved at a higher speed. The answer is B.", + "14580": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a basketball court is 29 yards.\n29 inches and 29 feet are too short. 29 miles is too long. The answer is B.", + "14588": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A great blue heron's scientific name is Ardea herodias. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.\nPelecanus crispus is in the genus Pelecanus. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus. So, Pelecanus crispus and Ardea herodias are not in the same genus.\nArdea purpurea is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea purpurea and Ardea herodias are in the same genus.\nStrix varia is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix varia and Ardea herodias are not in the same genus. The answer is C.", + "14593": "Look at the table and images.\nRosa wants broccoli. Isabella wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is B.", + "14598": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to bake. Instead, many people learn how to bake. So, baking is an acquired trait. The answer is B.", + "14602": "Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii. The answer is C.", + "14605": "Look at the passage. It tells you one reason people can't go to Mars.\nPeople can't make it to Mars yet. It takes too long to get there, and it's not an easy place to live. So, scientists sent a robot to look around Mars for them. The robot is named Curiosity. One of its jobs is to find out if anything can live on Mars. The answer is A.", + "14607": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms. You can tell whether sodium bromide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for sodium bromide, NaBr, contains two atomic symbols: Na for sodium and Br for bromine. So, the formula tells you that sodium bromide is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince sodium bromide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, sodium bromide is a compound. The answer is A.", + "14610": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A play should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Hex Marks the Spot**. The answer is B.", + "14620": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is B.", + "14626": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings. The answer is B.", + "14627": "Concrete is a strong material that is used to make steps, walkways, and buildings. Concrete is made of water, cement, and gravel.\nFirst, the water and cement combine to make a thick, gloppy mixture. Then, the gravel is added to the mixture. The answer is A.", + "14637": "Boise is the capital of Idaho. The answer is A.", + "14639": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A Japanese honeysuckle's scientific name is Lonicera japonica. The first word of its scientific name is Lonicera.\nUlex europaeus is in the genus Ulex. The first word of its scientific name is Ulex. So, Ulex europaeus and Lonicera japonica are not in the same genus.\nLonicera maackii is in the genus Lonicera. The first word of its scientific name is Lonicera. So, Lonicera maackii and Lonicera japonica are in the same genus.\nHyacinthus orientalis is in the genus Hyacinthus. The first word of its scientific name is Hyacinthus. So, Hyacinthus orientalis and Lonicera japonica are not in the same genus. The answer is B.", + "14644": "A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.\nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.\nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The people apply a force to the back of the car. This force moves the car forward. The direction of this force is away from the people. This force is a push. The answer is A.", + "14648": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the brown bear.\nThe brown bear has furry feet with large pads. Its feet are adapted to walk on snow and ice. The fur can help keep the brown bear's feet warm. The large pads help spread its weight over a larger area. This allows it to walk on ice without slipping and to walk on snow without sinking in too deep.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe Eurasian lynx has furry feet with large pads. Its feet are adapted to walk on snow and ice.\nThe Suriname toad has wide, sticky toes. Its feet are not adapted to walk on snow and ice. The Suriname toad uses its feet to climb trees and walk on leaves. The answer is A.", + "14651": "The answer is B.", + "14664": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nWhere Rick lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.\nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Rick lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is A.", + "14666": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of a hot day in the desert is 48\u00b0C.\n48\u00b0F is too cold. The answer is A.", + "14675": "Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:\nThe car engine was a lion's roar.\nThe words engine and lion's roar are compared without the word like or as.\nThis sentence uses a simile:\nThe car engine sounded like a lion's roar.\nThe words engine and lion's roar are compared using the word like. The answer is A.", + "14680": "Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nChocolate is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, chocolate is not a mineral.\nBaryte is a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, baryte is a mineral.\nNative copper is a mineral. The answer is C.", + "14692": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Jane or Zoe.\nWhen Jane ran into Zoe at the post office, she smiled and said hello.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nJane smiled and said hello when she ran into Zoe at the post office. The answer is B.", + "14694": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.\nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:\nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes\nYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:\nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4. The answer is E.", + "14699": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Our cabin has bunk beds for the kids is not a run-on sentence. It is a complete sentence because it has a subject and a verb. The answer is B.", + "14705": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Luddite is British history.\nIn the early nineteenth century, factories were replacing the jobs of craftsmen. Some of these craftsmen banded together to destroy the new machinery; those who did so were called Luddites.\nThe allusion Luddite means a person opposed to new technology. The answer is A.", + "14706": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the breed standard.\nWhen Roxanne researched Dachshunds, the breed standard said that they can be short-haired, wire-haired, or long-haired. The answer is A.", + "14707": "A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.\nI pretend to be a knight, and Mary pretends to be an astronaut. The answer is A.", + "14708": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the common swift.\nA short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The common swift uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe European robin has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.\nThe Australian pelican has a large pouch-like beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The Australian pelican uses its beak to catch fish. The answer is B.", + "14719": "Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. An elongated tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nA green sea turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nA manta ray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nA albatross is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak. The answer is D.", + "14722": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that the four largest planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Jupiter and Saturn are made mainly of gas. Uranus and Neptune are made mainly of ice. So, of the four largest planets, two are made mainly of gas. The answer is A.", + "14734": "Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first text message is more formal. It uses more elevated language (apologies, meetings). The other text message uses contractions (Oops, sorry) and sounds more conversational. The answer is A.", + "14735": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Dickensian is literature.\nThe works of British author Charles Dickens often featured characters struggling to survive in settings such as debtors' prisons and orphanages.\nThe allusion Dickensian means harsh or poverty-stricken. The answer is B.", + "14739": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Job complains to God about his hardships, saying that both strangers and those he loves have turned against him. He says, \"My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.\" Scholars have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he narrowly escaped death.\nThe allusion by the skin of his teeth means just barely. The answer is A.", + "14743": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles. The answer is A.", + "14746": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. You need to determine Ace's phenotype for the coat color trait. First, consider the alleles in Ace's genotype for the coat color gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for a black coat (L) is dominant over the allele for a reddish-brown coat (l). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nAce's genotype of Ll has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Ace's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a black coat. The answer is A.", + "14749": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nBenedict Arnold alludes to the American general during the Revolutionary War who betrayed his country and fought for the British. The answer is B.", + "14755": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait. The answer is B.", + "14759": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the three-toed sloth.\nThe three-toed sloth has long limbs with fingers and toes. Its limbs are adapted for climbing trees. The three-toed sloth uses its limbs to reach branches and pull itself up.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe lar gibbon has long limbs with fingers and toes. Its limbs are adapted for climbing trees.\nThe California sea lion has flippers. Its limbs are not adapted for climbing trees. The California sea lion uses its flippers to swim underwater. The answer is B.", + "14764": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles. The answer is C.", + "14766": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, but it shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence. The answer is B.", + "14767": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The cardboard box gets wet it falls apart is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. The answer is B.", + "14779": "This country is Fiji. The answer is C.", + "14785": "Look at the table and images.\nSandeep wants broccoli. Tracy wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is B.", + "14787": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.\nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A zebra is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nZebras eat mostly grass. But they sometimes eat other types of plants, such as shrubs or tree bark.\nA green moray eel is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nEels are long and thin. They may have small fins. They look like snakes, but they are fish!\nA horned frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.\nA koala is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nKoalas sleep for up to 20 hours a day! The answer is C.", + "14789": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Riley wants or needs:\nRiley will give up the chance to look at the pine tree. She thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the roses. The answer is B.", + "14800": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the leaf insect.\nThe leaf insect has a green leaf-shaped body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe emerald tree boa has bright green scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.\nThe fox snake has black and tan bands running along its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves. The answer is B.", + "14803": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Ava's observable version of the leg color trait is yellow legs. So, Ava's phenotype for the leg color trait is yellow legs. The answer is B.", + "14808": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Troy must be fiscally irresponsible, because he works for a company that went bankrupt. However, even though his company is perceived as fiscally irresponsible, that doesn't necessarily mean that Troy is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association. The answer is B.", + "14809": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nA million times is an exaggeration, since it is unlikely that Mona has actually been told this a million times. The answer is A.", + "14811": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A cocoi heron's scientific name is Ardea cocoi.\nArdea goliath does not have the same scientific name as a cocoi heron. So, Ardea cocoi and Ardea goliath are not in the same species.\nTaricha torosa does not have the same scientific name as a cocoi heron. So, Ardea cocoi and Taricha torosa are not in the same species.\nArdea cocoi has the same scientific name as a cocoi heron. So, these organisms are in the same species. The answer is C.", + "14814": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is C.", + "14816": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "14818": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each pizza decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each pizza decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each pizza to the surroundings. The answer is B.", + "14824": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is C.", + "14826": "This country is Grenada. The answer is D.", + "14831": "Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota. The answer is A.", + "14840": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the star-nosed mole.\nThe star-nosed mole has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging. The star-nosed mole uses its claws to break up soil and move it out of the way.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe groundhog has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging.\nThe tokay gecko has wide, sticky toes. Its feet are not adapted for digging. The tokay gecko uses its feet to climb trees and walk on leaves. The answer is A.", + "14841": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince castle is between the guide words class - curl, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "14846": "Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first text message is more formal. It uses complete sentences, avoids slang (heads up), and uses the person's title (Ms. Arnold). The other text message includes more casual language and sentence fragments. The answer is A.", + "14857": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "14861": "Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.\nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.\nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.\nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment. The answer is B.", + "14862": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs speedy as a snail suggests that the Internet connection was very slow. A snail is not speedy, and neither was Cara's Internet connection. The answer is B.", + "14865": "All substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if hydrazine is an elementary substance or a compound.\nIn this model, each ball is labeled with N for nitrogen or H for hydrogen. So, the model shows you that hydrazine is made of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, hydrazine is a compound. The answer is B.", + "14874": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a can of soda pop is 320 milliliters.\n320 liters is too much. The answer is B.", + "14881": "Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?\nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.\nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.\nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.\nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. \nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.\nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:\nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes\nYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:\nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4 The answer is B.", + "14887": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a basketball is 20 ounces.\n20 pounds and 20 tons are both too heavy. The answer is B.", + "14888": "Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.\nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.\nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.\nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.\nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.\nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect Australia or Asia. The answer is A.", + "14889": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Hunter is capitalized because it is a proper noun. The answer is A.", + "14893": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince towel is between the guide words teeth - trousers, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "14896": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A ruler is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nYou can use a ruler to measure the length of a piece of paper. The ruler has a size and shape of its own. The answer is C.", + "14897": "This country is Nauru. The answer is D.", + "14898": "Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nReptiles have the following traits:\nThey have scaly, waterproof skin.\nThey make eggs with shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA green frog has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA green frog does not have all of the traits of a reptile. A green frog is an amphibian.\nA Chinese alligator has the following traits:\nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA Chinese alligator has the traits of a reptile. A Chinese alligator is a reptile. The answer is B.", + "14904": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up. The answer is A.", + "14913": "The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other:\nAt a divergent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other.\nAt a transform boundary, two plates are sliding past each other.\nAt a convergent boundary, two plates are moving toward each other.\nOne type of convergent boundary is a continent-continent collision. This type of boundary forms when two plates with continental crust move toward each other. The collision compresses and folds the continental crust, forcing it upward to form a mountain range. To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the Western Alps, you need to know how the tectonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.\nMillions of years ago, the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate began to move toward each other, eventually colliding. This plate motion formed many mountain ranges, including the Western Alps. The Western Alps run through European countries, including France, Italy, and Switzerland.\nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the Western Alps formed as the two plates collided, or ran into each other. For two plates to collide, they must be moving toward each other. So, the Western Alps formed at a convergent boundary. The answer is B.", + "14919": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two glasses of apple juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 65\u00b0F glass of apple juice is hotter than the 40\u00b0F glass of apple juice, it has more thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "14927": "Montpelier is the capital of Vermont. The answer is B.", + "14937": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the white-tailed eagle.\nThe white-tailed eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey. The sharp claws can help the white-tailed eagle attack and kill its prey. The long toes can help it hold on to its prey.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe brahminy kite has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey.\nThe dromedary camel has large pads on the bottoms of its feet. Its feet are not adapted for grabbing prey. The dromedary camel uses its feet to walk on sand. The answer is A.", + "14941": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nSediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is a physical change. The sediment sinks, and the water above becomes clearer. This separates the water from the sediment. But separating a mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The different parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is B.", + "14946": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nGood luck ironically suggests that Rodrigo was upset about staying home. Rodrigo was actually unlucky because he couldn't join his friends at the water park. The answer is A.", + "14951": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Zoe is capitalized because it is a proper noun. The answer is B.", + "14957": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the rubber band would stretch more. If you pull on a rubber band, it will get longer. The answer is A.", + "14958": "The colony is Connecticut. The answer is B.", + "14961": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (took, went).\nThe second sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall. The answer is A.", + "14971": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. North Dakota is farthest west. The answer is D.", + "14976": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince old is between the guide words object - orchard, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "14985": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "14989": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of the Golden Gate Bridge is 2,750 meters.\n2,750 millimeters, 2,750 centimeters, and 2,750 kilometers are all too long. The answer is A.", + "14992": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Dogs on Duty**. The answer is A.", + "15002": "Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether fixing a sink is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs fixing a sink something you can touch? No.\nIs fixing a sink a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, fixing a sink is a service. The answer is B.", + "15003": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Most humans are born with five fingers on each hand. So, having five fingers is an inherited trait. The answer is B.", + "15024": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean. The answer is C.", + "15025": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Senator Logan hates children, because she wants to cut education funding. However, the fact that Senator Logan wants to cut education funding doesn't necessarily suggest that she hates children. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man. The answer is A.", + "15027": "Ernesto wanted broccoli in his lunch and Lucia was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nErnesto has tomatoes. Lucia has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is B.", + "15044": "Carson City is the capital of Nevada. The answer is C.", + "15050": "Fern plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.\nMature ferns have flat leaves called fronds. Ferns have structures that look like small dots on the underside of their fronds. These structures are called spore cases. The mature ferns use asexual reproduction to make spores. When the spore cases open, the spores are released.\nWhen a spore lands on the ground and germinates, it grows into a small heart-shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant begins the fern's sexual reproduction stage by making eggs and sperm. Ferns live in damp environments, and sperm can swim though small water drops. Self-fertilization happens when a sperm swims to an egg on the same heart-shaped plant. Cross-fertilization happens when the sperm swims to an egg on a nearby plant.\nFertilization happens when a sperm and an egg fuse. The fertilized egg germinates and grows into a mature fern.\nThe mature fern can make spores and begin the fern life cycle again. A heart-shaped plant can produce spores, but a mature fern cannot. Heart-shaped plants do not have spore cases. The answer is B.", + "15066": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, signed. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened. The answer is C.", + "15068": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.\nThe sea otter has an arrow pointing to it from the sea urchin. The sea urchin is not a producer. So, the sea otter is not a primary consumer.\nThe sea urchin has an arrow pointing to it from the kelp. The kelp is a producer, so the sea urchin is a primary consumer.\nThe phytoplankton does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the phytoplankton is not a primary consumer.\nThe plainfin midshipman has an arrow pointing to it from the zooplankton. The zooplankton is a producer, so the plainfin midshipman is a primary consumer.\nThe kelp does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the kelp is not a primary consumer. The answer is C.", + "15070": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. You need to determine the pea plant's phenotype for the pea color trait. First, consider the alleles in the plant's genotype for the pea color gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for yellow peas (E) is dominant over the allele for green peas (e). This means E is a dominant allele, and e is a recessive allele.\nThe pea plant's genotype of Ee has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the pea plant's phenotype for the pea color trait must be yellow peas. The answer is A.", + "15073": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The first sentence states a fact.\nMadagascar's elephant bird laid eggs the size of American footballs.\nIt can be proved by looking up information about the elephant bird.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nSettlers in Madagascar should have done more to protect the elephant bird, which became extinct in the 1600 s.\nShould have done more shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what settlers should have done. The answer is B.", + "15076": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait. The answer is B.", + "15080": "Denver is the capital of Colorado. The answer is A.", + "15082": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince chaos is between the guide words calves - cow, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "15086": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is B.", + "15088": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Cara wants or needs:\nCara will give up the chance to eat the strawberry cheesecake ice cream. She likes this flavor more than sweet cream. The answer is B.", + "15094": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is A.", + "15095": "The Eighth Amendment says that the government can never use cruel and unusual punishments. In the past, the United States used punishments such as burning at the stake and drawing and quartering. These punishments were cruel and unusual. The Fourteenth Amendment also says that state governments can never use cruel and unusual punishments. Some punishments that are cruel or unusual are outlawed, but some states still use them. For example, in the past, states have used punishments such as electrocution and lethal injection. Today, the United States does not use punishments such as burning at the stake or drawing and quartering. However, some people think that the government uses other types of cruel and unusual punishments. These people believe that the government should not be allowed to use punishments that are too hard or that are not needed. The answer is B.", + "15105": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A gold bracelet is a solid. You can wrap a gold bracelet around your wrist. But the bracelet will still have a size and shape of its own.\nChalk is a solid. You can easily break chalk into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own.\nThe water in a fishbowl is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour water from a fishbowl into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space. The answer is A.", + "15111": "This country is the Dominican Republic.\nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?\nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.\nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences. The answer is B.", + "15115": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.\nWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.\nMany gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas. A handsaw is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nThe handle of a handsaw is made of wood. The part of the saw that cuts the wood is made of metal. Both wood and metal are solids. The answer is B.", + "15122": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **The Prince and the Surfer**. The answer is B.", + "15125": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North America. The answer is B.", + "15146": "A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nWhite chocolate does not contain cocoa solids, it contains milk solids, cocoa butter, sugar, and flavorings such as vanilla. The answer is A.", + "15158": "Look at the table and images.\nNolan wants broccoli. Dalton wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is A.", + "15161": "Boise is the capital of Idaho. The answer is B.", + "15171": "This country is Saint Lucia. The answer is C.", + "15175": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the sea cucumber.\nThe only arrow pointing from the bat star leads to the kelp bass. The only arrow pointing from the kelp bass leads to the bat star. No matter moves between these organisms.\nThe only arrow pointing from the phytoplankton leads to the kelp bass. The only arrow pointing from the kelp bass leads to the zooplankton. The only arrow pointing from the zooplankton leads to the phytoplankton. No matter moves between the phytoplankton and the sea cucumber.There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the sea cucumber: kelp->sea urchin->sea cucumber. There is one path matter can take from the sea urchin to the sea cucumber: sea urchin->sea cucumber. There is one path matter can take from the zooplankton to the sea cucumber: zooplankton->plainfin midshipman->sea cucumber. There is one path matter can take from the plainfin midshipman to the sea cucumber: plainfin midshipman->sea cucumber. The answer is C.", + "15187": "The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.\nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.\nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:\nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.\nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.\nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.\nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved. The answer is A.", + "15189": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Jonah can never be a lifeguard because he drives a old car. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Jonah's ability to be a lifeguard. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem. The answer is A.", + "15190": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Samantha is intelligent because she's smart. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning. The answer is A.", + "15205": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.\nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. Neither of the objects are scratchy.\nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. Both objects are bendable.\nThe property that both objects have in common is bendable. The answer is B.", + "15206": "A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.\nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.\nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.\nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F. Find the top of the red liquid.\nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 75. So, the temperature is 75\u00b0F. The answer is C.", + "15216": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "15221": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.\nThere are four faces on Mount Rushmore.\nIt can be proved by looking at Mount Rushmore.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nMount Rushmore is too difficult to travel to.\nToo difficult shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how difficult it is to travel to Mount Rushmore. The answer is B.", + "15224": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is B.", + "15229": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the white-breasted cormorant.\nThe white-breasted cormorant has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the white-breasted cormorant uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe European river otter has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.\nThe tokay gecko has wide, sticky toes. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The tokay gecko uses its feet to climb trees and walk on leaves. The answer is B.", + "15230": "The cell wall is the outermost layer in a plant cell.\nThis statement is false. A plant cell has a cell wall, but it is not the outermost layer. The cell wall is the cell's tough outer covering. It gives the cell strength and stiffness and helps the cell keep its shape.\nA plant cell has a cell wall, but it is not the outermost layer. The answer is A.", + "15235": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. The belt is bendable.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The belt is not bouncy. The answer is B.", + "15241": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "15245": "Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania. The answer is C.", + "15253": "Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for phosphine contains one symbol: P for phosphorus. So, phosphine is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, phosphine is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for chloromethane contains three symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and Cl for chlorine. So, chloromethane is made of three chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, chloromethane is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for calcium contains one symbol: Ca. So, calcium is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, calcium is an elementary substance. The answer is C.", + "15256": "Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.\nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.\nConsumers eat other organisms. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the persimmon is a producer because it makes its own food. The persimmon uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make its own food. The answer is B.", + "15259": "Richmond is the capital of Virginia. The answer is A.", + "15260": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that a food with no additives must be nutritious. However, a food with no additives doesn't necessarily have no preservatives or other unhealthy substances. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature. The answer is A.", + "15267": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.\nMore people visited Great Smoky Mountains National Park in 2014 than visited Yosemite and Yellowstone combined.\nIt can be proved by checking the number of people who visited each park in 2014.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nGreat Smoky Mountains National Park is fantastic because it has 150 official hiking trails.\nFantastic shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how many hiking trails make a park fantastic. The answer is A.", + "15272": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature. The answer is C.", + "15273": "Phoenix is the capital of Arizona. The answer is A.", + "15274": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history.\nDraco, a government official in seventh-century Athens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for even minor offenses.\nThe allusion draconian means harsh. The answer is B.", + "15277": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is B.", + "15279": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. The answer is A.", + "15280": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A fruit bat is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nFruit bats eat fruit and drink nectar from flowers. They have special teeth to help them bite through fruit skins.\nA sea eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nSea eagles use their sharp beaks to eat fish and other birds. The answer is B.", + "15282": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 110\u00b0F pie is hotter than the 80\u00b0F pie, it has more thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "15288": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is A.", + "15289": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is B.", + "15290": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.\nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A loon is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nLoons usually live near lakes. They dive in the water to hunt for food.\nA Tasmanian devil is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nTasmanian devils are meat-eating marsupials. They live on the island of Tasmania, near Australia.\nAn albatross is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nAlbatrosses live near the ocean. They hunt squid, fish, and other small animals.\nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nGreat white sharks can live for up to 70 years. The answer is D.", + "15298": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince sacrifice is between the guide words scan - swung, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "15303": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is C.", + "15305": "Look at the table and images.\nClare wants broccoli. Adele wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is A.", + "15306": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia. The answer is C.", + "15327": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Cellular respiration is a chemical change. Cells use oxygen to break down sugar. When sugar is broken down, it forms carbon dioxide and water. The answer is B.", + "15335": "A force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the stroller that is heavier.\nA stroller holding a kid that weighs 30 pounds is heavier than a stroller holding a kid that weighs 25 pounds. So, the stroller holding the kid that weighs 30 pounds needs to be pushed with a larger force to start moving forward at the same speed as the other other stroller. The answer is B.", + "15359": "The colony is Massachusetts.\nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony. The answer is C.", + "15374": "Madison is the capital of Wisconsin. The answer is D.", + "15382": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater boiling on the stove is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nIce melting in a glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The solid ice becomes liquid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is B.", + "15383": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the parakeet auklet.\nThe parakeet auklet has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the parakeet auklet uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe water rail has very long toes. Its feet are adapted for swimming.\nThe European beaver has small claws. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The European beaver uses its feet to walk and dig tunnels. The answer is A.", + "15385": "Denver is the capital of Colorado. The answer is C.", + "15403": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince credit is between the guide words cove - cylinder, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "15406": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of the Red Sea is 2,250 kilometers.\n2,250 centimeters and 2,250 meters are both too short. The answer is C.", + "15407": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince doctor is between the guide words dessert - dust, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "15415": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America. The answer is C.", + "15422": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa. The answer is D.", + "15429": "Annapolis is the capital of Maryland. The answer is D.", + "15441": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, needs. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is C.", + "15444": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the vervet monkey.\nThe vervet monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The vervet monkey uses its long fingers and toes to hold on to branches while climbing.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe red-shanked douc has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.\nThe lama has four hoofed feet. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The lama uses its feet to walk and run. The answer is B.", + "15445": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.\nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:\nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes\nYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:\nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4. The answer is E.", + "15446": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. The population of Fairview fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Fairview has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too. The answer is A.", + "15450": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Will sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him. The answer is C.", + "15457": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles. The answer is A.", + "15458": "Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico. The answer is B.", + "15461": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to her scooter or Mr. Chang's car.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the scooter.\nWhen Emma parked her scooter next to Mr. Chang's car, she noticed that the scooter had a flat tire. The answer is B.", + "15463": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa. The answer is C.", + "15475": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion David and Goliath is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, a young man named David slays Goliath, a giant and champion warrior, using nothing more than a sling and a stone.\nThe allusion David and Goliath means involving unequal rivals. The answer is A.", + "15478": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a paintbrush is 25 centimeters.\n25 kilometers is too long. The answer is A.", + "15486": "This country is Haiti.\nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?\nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve. The answer is A.", + "15487": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Chalk is a solid. You can easily break chalk into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own.\nCoffee is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour coffee into a different container, the coffee will take the shape of that container. But the coffee will still take up the same amount of space.\nWet paint is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour wet paint out of a can, the paint will change shape. But the wet paint will still take up the same amount of space. The answer is C.", + "15488": "The colony is Pennsylvania. The answer is A.", + "15494": "Animal cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow.\nSome cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in animal cells:\nMitochondria help the cell get the energy it needs. Mitochondria break down sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities.\nThe nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell.\nThe endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow.\nAfter proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell.\nAnimal cells also have organelles for storage and waste removal. The vacuoles store sugar and other nutrients. The lysosomes break down worn-out cell parts and other waste. Animal cells usually have several vacuoles and lysosomes.\nOther cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles.\nThe cell membrane is a thin layer that surrounds and protects the cell. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have a membrane surrounding it, so it is not an organelle. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell.\nThe cytoplasm is a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell. The cytoplasm also helps the cell keep its shape and supports the other cell parts. The answer is B.", + "15497": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Stuart's genotype for the whisker type gene is hh. Stuart's genotype of hh has only h alleles. The h allele is for curved whiskers. So, Stuart's phenotype for the whisker type trait must be curved whiskers.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Stuart's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for curved whiskers (h) is recessive to the allele for straight whiskers (H). This means H is a dominant allele, and h is a recessive allele.\nStuart's genotype of hh has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Stuart's phenotype for the whisker type trait must be curved whiskers. The answer is A.", + "15506": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Mabel is telling the truth because she says she never lies. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning. The answer is A.", + "15512": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Remy's observable version of the body hair trait is a hairy body. So, Remy's phenotype for the body hair trait is a hairy body. The answer is B.", + "15516": "An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there A tide pool is a type of ecosystem. Tide pool ecosystems have the following features: daily flooding and draining of seawater, water that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the tide pool ecosystems in Salt Point State Park have daily flooding and draining of seawater. They also have water that is rich in nutrients. The answer is A.", + "15524": "Boise is the capital of Idaho. The answer is D.", + "15525": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nAngry suggests that the sea was fierce. The answer is A.", + "15528": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the painted turtle.\nThe painted turtle has a hard outer shell. Its body is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The hard shell makes it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the painted turtle.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe nautilus has a hard outer shell. Its body is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.\nThe eastern rat snake has soft scales covering its skin. Its body is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth. The answer is B.", + "15530": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The second sentence states a fact.\nThe Stone Forest in southern China is a cluster of ancient limestone pillars.\nIt can be proved by visiting the Stone Forest in southern China and looking at the pillars.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nOnly a fool would travel all the way to China to see rocks.\nFool shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a person a fool. The answer is B.", + "15534": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nEastern Colorado is part of the Great Plains. On October 19, 1988, a thunderstorm near the town of La Junta produced winds of 63 miles per hour.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the wind speed in Eastern Colorado on October 19, 1988. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is B.", + "15541": "This country is Samoa. The answer is D.", + "15546": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction if.\nYou will attract more customers if you extend the sale through the weekend. The answer is A.", + "15552": "A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.\nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.\nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.\nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.\nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products. Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to nitrous oxide in this chemical reaction.\nTo help relieve pain during a dental visit, a dentist may give a patient nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide is made in factories by carefully heating ammonium nitrate. At 170\u00b0C, ammonium nitrate breaks down and forms a mixture of nitrous oxide gas and water vapor. After the mixture is collected, the water vapor is separated from the nitrous oxide gas.\nThe underlined text tells you that when ammonium nitrate breaks down, it forms nitrous oxide gas. Because nitrous oxide is produced by this chemical reaction, nitrous oxide is a product. The answer is B.", + "15556": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three crayons have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 91\u00b0F crayon is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "15560": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Santiago is a remarkable cellist because he plays the cello well. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning. The answer is B.", + "15562": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Brian or his brother.\nBrian had to stay home with his brother because he wasn't feeling well.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nBrian's brother wasn't feeling well, so Brian had to stay home with him. The answer is A.", + "15569": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nDhaka is the capital of Bangladesh, a country in southern Asia. The city is humid most days of the year.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of humidity in Dhaka. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is A.", + "15573": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.\nAt the grocery store, Jayla hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.\nThe first text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.\nJayla made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect. The answer is A.", + "15575": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nWorking vacation is a contradiction, because going on a vacation implies that you are taking a break from work. The answer is B.", + "15576": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is B.", + "15585": "In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word of is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Life of Pi. The answer is A.", + "15591": "An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and organisms that can survive in water or mud. So, Scarborough Marsh has land that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has other water ecosystems nearby. The answer is A.", + "15594": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nIf I told anything pretty personal about them. is an exaggeration, since the speaker would not actually die if he revealed something personal about his parents. The answer is B.", + "15595": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information. The answer is B.", + "15596": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the flamingo.\nLong legs help the flamingo keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe great egret has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.\nThe African fish eagle has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The African fish eagle uses its legs to walk and perch. The answer is B.", + "15601": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a full bag of groceries is 8 pounds.\n8 ounces is too light and 8 tons is too heavy. The answer is B.", + "15602": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. The air from a hair dryer is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.\nA hair dryer uses a fan to blow warm air out. When the air leaves the hair dryer, the air expands to fill a much large space. The answer is A.", + "15606": "Look at the text in bold below. It tells you why adult cats meow.\nWhile kittens meow to their mothers, they stop once they are old enough to take care of themselves. At that point, cats use smell, touch, and body language to talk to each other. So if adult cats aren't making noise for each other, why do cats meow? Cats meow to talk with their humans! The answer is C.", + "15614": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (start charging, higher checking account fees).\nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall. The answer is B.", + "15623": "In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.\nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.\n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants\nHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many\nDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes\nCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Daphnia pulex is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells. The answer is A.", + "15627": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The bubble gum is stretchy.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. The bubble gum is not blue. The answer is B.", + "15630": "Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between Caleb and the center of Earth changed.\nThe second floor is higher than the first floor. As he rode the escalator toward the second floor, the distance between Caleb and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Caleb and Earth increased as he rode the escalator. The answer is A.", + "15632": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nSome objects are made of just one material.\nMost nails are made of metal.\nOther objects are made of more than one material.\nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the jacket.\nThe jacket is made of two materials. The zipper is made of metal. The rest of the jacket is made of fabric. The answer is A.", + "15636": "The answer is B.", + "15637": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Pennsylvania is farthest north. The answer is D.", + "15642": "This country is Solomon Islands. The answer is A.", + "15645": "This country is Solomon Islands. The answer is B.", + "15646": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence. The answer is A.", + "15651": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **With an Open Heart**. The answer is B.", + "15652": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is B.", + "15658": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.\nI followed Vicky's recipe, but my chicken pot pie tasted nothing like hers. The answer is A.", + "15662": "A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.\nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.\nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The fire department is in column 4. The answer is D.", + "15665": "A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nMy uncle just moved to Italy, so he will need to learn Italian. The answer is A.", + "15668": "A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is a run-on sentence. It is a comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined by just a comma.\nIn the early 1960 s, Alan and Doris Litman, a couple in Pittsburgh, invented mace (a nontoxic tear gas), after one of Doris's colleagues was mugged, the Litmans wanted to create a safe product that women could use in self-defense.\nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:\nIn the early 1960 s, Alan and Doris Litman, a couple in Pittsburgh, invented mace (a nontoxic tear gas), after one of Doris's colleagues was mugged. The Litmans wanted to create a safe product that women could use in self-defense. The answer is A.", + "15670": "The answer is A.", + "15675": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "15684": "Boise is the capital of Idaho. The answer is D.", + "15696": "This country is the Federated States of Micronesia. The answer is D.", + "15701": "Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii. The answer is C.", + "15702": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses alliteration, the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWith Herculean effort repeats the h sound. The answer is A.", + "15705": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature. The answer is C.", + "15706": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A T-shirt is a solid. You can fold a T-shirt. But it will still have a size and shape of its own. The answer is C.", + "15710": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Casper's genotype for the Tobiano patterning gene is BB. Casper's genotype of BB has only B allelles. The B allele is for having Tobiano patterning. So, Casper's phenotype for the Tobiano patterning trait must be having Tobiano patterning.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Casper's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for having Tobiano patterning (B) is dominant over the allele for not having Tobiano patterning (b). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nCasper's genotype of BB has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Casper's phenotype for the Tobiano patterning trait must be having Tobiano patterning. The answer is B.", + "15712": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The second sentence states a fact.\nIn hot-air balloons, passengers ride in baskets.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about hot-air balloons.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nRiding in a hot-air balloon is more exciting than flying in a plane.\nMore exciting shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is exciting. The answer is B.", + "15718": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Devon is capitalized because it is a proper noun. The answer is A.", + "15725": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy. The two cookies are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder cookie has less thermal energy. The answer is B.", + "15737": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Clarence tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.\nLast winter, Clarence took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.\nThe first text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Clarence's friends were in Florida the week before.\nLast winter, Clarence took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect. The answer is A.", + "15740": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince source is between the guide words shack - spade, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "15749": "This country is Fiji. The answer is B.", + "15763": "Phoenix is the capital of Arizona. The answer is B.", + "15765": "Topeka is the capital of Kansas. The answer is C.", + "15767": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each bottle increased, which means that the thermal energy of each bottle increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each bottle. The answer is A.", + "15772": "Look at the table and images.\nShivani wants broccoli. Austin wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is B.", + "15787": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is B.", + "15790": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism gently loved means the items were not new. Gently loved is a nicer way of referring to used items. The answer is B.", + "15791": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the European nightjar.\nA short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The European nightjar uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe sand martin has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.\nThe hanging parrot has a small hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The hanging parrot uses its beak to eat fruit and seeds. The answer is B.", + "15794": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.\nBurning food on a stove is a chemical change. When the food burns, the type of matter in it changes. The food turns black and gives off smoke.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBurning is caused by heating. But rust forming on a metal gate is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is D.", + "15799": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia. The answer is C.", + "15807": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nMixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nLoose matter such as sand is called sediment. Sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is a physical change. The sediment sinks, and the water above becomes clearer. This separates the water from the sediment. But separating a mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is D.", + "15810": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether iodine is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\nIn the ball-and-stick model shown above, both of the balls are the same color:\n. The legend shows that dark purple represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol I. So, the model shows you that a molecule of iodine is composed of one chemical element.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that iodine is composed of only one chemical element. So, iodine is an elementary substance. The answer is A.", + "15813": "Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana. The answer is D.", + "15815": "Richmond is the capital of Virginia. The answer is B.", + "15821": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Mayor Stanley wants people to give up their cars. However, this misrepresents Mayor Stanley's argument. Mayor Stanley only wants to create more bike lanes. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man. The answer is B.", + "15826": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nFair river! is a direct address to the river, a nonhuman entity. The answer is A.", + "15829": "Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words far and star rhyme. They both end with the ar sound.\nThe word her does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound. The answer is B.", + "15831": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles. The answer is B.", + "15835": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "15841": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The pea plant's observable version of the pea shape trait is wrinkled peas. So, the plant's phenotype for the pea shape trait is wrinkled peas. The answer is A.", + "15850": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence. The answer is B.", + "15853": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nSleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem ironically suggests that Jasper slept poorly. Jasper was tired, so the rooster's crowing was clearly a problem. The answer is B.", + "15857": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is C.", + "15858": "The colony is Pennsylvania. The answer is D.", + "15866": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The slippers are not hard.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. The slippers are blue. The answer is A.", + "15867": "A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.\nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.\nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A bubble map uses lines or arrows to connect things that are related. This bubble map shows information about different kinds of marsupials.\nKangaroos sleep during the day.\nKangaroos eat grass.\nThe second statement is true. The first statement is false. The answer is A.", + "15872": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nThe right hemisphere of the human brain typically controls muscle movement on the left side of the body. The answer is C.", + "15874": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nMelting wax is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The wax changes from solid to liquid. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nYarn is made by knitting strands of material together. The yarn is made of the same type of matter as the strands.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWax melting is caused by heating. But knitting yarn is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is C.", + "15885": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. All three objects are bouncy.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. The blueberry is blue, but the rubber ball and the spring are not.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is bouncy. The answer is A.", + "15891": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs soft as concrete shows verbal irony because concrete is not soft. The answer is B.", + "15900": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nBreaking a ceramic plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nWater vapor condensing on a bathroom mirror is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes state from gas in the air to liquid water on the mirror. But the water vapor and the liquid water are both made of water.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nWater vapor condensing is caused by cooling. But breaking a ceramic plate is not. The answer is C.", + "15902": "Columbia is the capital of South Carolina. The answer is C.", + "15908": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion fifteen minutes is modern history.\nIn a catalog that accompanied an exhibit of his work, pop artist Andy Warhol said, \"In the future, everybody will be world-famous for fifteen minutes,\" meaning that fame would be briefly available even to those who did nothing spectacular.\nThe allusion fifteen minutes means a temporary moment of celebrity status. The answer is B.", + "15913": "Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nPlastic is made in a factory. But all rocks are formed in nature.\nSo, plastic is not a rock.\nScoria is a rock.\nTrachyte is a rock. The answer is C.", + "15917": "Evidence is information that tells you something happened.\nHow do you look for evidence of a change to an object's kinetic energy?\nThere are many types of energy. One type is kinetic energy, which is the energy an object has when it is moving.\nThink about objects moving for different reasons.\nA change in an object's kinetic energy can show that the object's speed has changed. An object that is slowing down will have less kinetic energy. An object that is speeding up will have more kinetic energy. Look for evidence that shows whether Ellen's speed changed.\nEvidence of a change in speed shows that Ellen's kinetic energy changed. When Ellen started pedaling her bike, she began moving along the street. This shows that Ellen's speed changed. Her speed increased as she started moving forward. This means that her kinetic energy increased. The answer is A.", + "15923": "This state is Nebraska. The answer is A.", + "15930": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince load is between the guide words lent - livestock, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "15932": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, stirred. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened. The answer is B.", + "15934": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.\nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Atlanta, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"October has the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.\nMost other months have a slightly higher average precipitation than October.\nChoice \"Atlanta has a rainy season and a dry season.\" is incorrect.\nThe average monthly precipitation does not change much throughout the year. Every month has rain, and there is no dry season.\nChoice \"Precipitation does not change much from month to month in Atlanta.\" is incorrect.\nThe average monthly precipitation changes only slightly throughout the year. The answer is C.", + "15938": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is C.", + "15943": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince affair is between the guide words academy - apparent, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "15950": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nSally is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years. The answer is D.", + "15956": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is B.", + "15958": "Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.\nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Rita started sledding. As Rita rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Rita rode down the hill. The answer is A.", + "15960": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles. The answer is C.", + "15967": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a paper drinking cup is 115 milliliters.\n115 liters is too much. The answer is B.", + "15971": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "15976": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Matthew sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him. The answer is B.", + "15978": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two bricks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 385\u00b0F brick is colder than the 390\u00b0F brick, it has less thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "15981": "Springfield is the capital of Illinois. The answer is B.", + "15983": "Look at the map.\nThe New England Colonies are the colonies that are marked with the number 1. They include these colonies:\nThe rest of the Thirteen Colonies are part of the Middle Colonies or the Southern Colonies. The answer is A.", + "15984": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the plastic bucket is smoother. If you touch a plastic bucket, it will not feel rough or bumpy. The answer is A.", + "16002": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is B.", + "16004": "The answer is B.", + "16010": "Sacramento is the capital of California. The answer is B.", + "16011": "A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.\nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.\nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.\nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:\nThe insect fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the ginkgo leaf fossil. So, the insect fossil is most likely younger than the ginkgo leaf fossil. The answer is B.", + "16012": "This country is Jamaica. The answer is A.", + "16015": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince hole is between the guide words hello - hire, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "16016": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nAbout half of the days each year are partly cloudy in Honolulu, Hawaii.\nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of clouds in Honolulu. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is A.", + "16025": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A whiptail lizard is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a whiptail lizard is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA minnow is a fish. Like other fish, a minnow is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA cricket is an insect. Like other insects, a cricket is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA cockatoo is a bird. Like other birds, a cockatoo is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. The answer is C.", + "16026": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Arizona is farthest west. The answer is D.", + "16027": "Look at the definitions.\nPutting the definitions together, an independent city-state is a self-ruling city with its own government. So, a city-state rules itself and is not part of a larger country.\nThe ancient Greeks called a city-state a polis, which was the ancient Greek word for city. Today, the root word \"polis\" is in the name of many cities, such as Minneapolis in Minnesota or Annapolis in Maryland. The answer is B.", + "16035": "Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. An arrowhead is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nAn arrowhead is made of rock. The answer is A.", + "16042": "Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina. The answer is D.", + "16045": "Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming. The answer is D.", + "16046": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence. The answer is B.", + "16048": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "16049": "A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.\nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.\nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The boy applies a force to the cart to move it forward. The direction of this force is away from the boy. This force is a push. The answer is B.", + "16050": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "16057": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Pollyanna is literature.\nThe character Pollyanna, from Eleanor Porter's children's book, is a young girl who finds good in everything and everyone.\nThe allusion Pollyanna means an overly optimistic person. The answer is A.", + "16063": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "16067": "Look at the table and images.\nKrysta wants broccoli. Malik wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "16069": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (gets, a lot).\nThe second sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall. The answer is B.", + "16106": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A cold desert is a type of ecosystem. Cold deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and long, cold winters. So, the Gobi Desert has long, cold winters. It also has a small amount of rain or snow. The answer is A.", + "16113": "Look at the map of the Mongol Empire.\nThe Mongol Empire controlled a vast area of land. The map shows that the Mongol Empire ruled over most of Asia and parts of Europe.\nThe answer is A.", + "16115": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia. The answer is C.", + "16118": "Salem is the capital of Oregon. The answer is C.", + "16119": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (real quick).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall. The answer is B.", + "16122": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince soil is between the guide words silver - strait, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "16126": "These are two ways in which fruit bats are different from most other animals:\nThey can communicate about specific problems.\nThe text tells you that Egyptian fruit bats have a very complex way of talking to one another. In fact, they are one of the few species that will direct calls to another individual. Most animals make calls to their entire group.\nThey can understand some human speech.\nSome species of bats can understand some human speech. For example, they may be able to identify the location of a food source when a person speaks to them. However, the text does not support this claim. It does not mention fruit bats being able to understand human speech. The answer is B.", + "16127": "Boston is the capital of Massachusetts. The answer is D.", + "16139": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nNothing I love more shows verbal irony because Mr. Fowler is probably upset that there isn't anything to eat. The answer is A.", + "16141": "This country is the Federated States of Micronesia. The answer is D.", + "16145": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Georgia is farthest east. The answer is A.", + "16147": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "16156": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction when.\nDeion was playing the piano in the living room when Dad called him for dinner. The answer is A.", + "16162": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The towel is soft.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The towel is not bouncy. The answer is A.", + "16169": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A great gray owl's scientific name is Strix nebulosa. The first word of its scientific name is Strix.\nCyanocitta cristata is in the genus Cyanocitta. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta. So, Cyanocitta cristata and Strix nebulosa are not in the same genus.\nStrix aluco is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix aluco and Strix nebulosa are in the same genus.\nCyanocitta stelleri is in the genus Cyanocitta. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta. So, Cyanocitta stelleri and Strix nebulosa are not in the same genus. The answer is B.", + "16180": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is C.", + "16182": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. You need to determine Zuri's phenotype for the coat pattern trait. First, consider the alleles in Zuri's genotype for the coat pattern gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for a spotted coat (A) is dominant over the allele for a black coat (a). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nZuri's genotype of Aa has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Zuri's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be a spotted coat. The answer is A.", + "16183": "A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.\nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.\nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.\nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:\nThe insect fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the ginkgo leaf fossil. So, the insect fossil is most likely older than the ginkgo leaf fossil. The answer is A.", + "16186": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three oranges have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 68\u00b0F orange is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy. The answer is C.", + "16193": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a small beach bucket is 5 gallons.\n5 fluid ounces and 5 cups are both too little. The answer is C.", + "16196": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the golden dart frog.\nThe golden dart frog has poisonous glands in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the golden dart frog is poisonous.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe lichen katydid has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.\nThe sharpnose-puffer has a poisonous body with gray and brown skin. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators. The answer is A.", + "16199": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence. The answer is C.", + "16203": "Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words fine and pail rhyme. They both end with the ail sound.\nThe word nine does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound. The answer is C.", + "16209": "An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.\nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:\nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, or\nremaining motionless.\nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:\nspeeding up,\nslowing down, or\nchanging direction. The sailboat is speeding up. So, the sailboat is accelerating. The answer is A.", + "16213": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is B.", + "16219": "Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.\nThe food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer.\nConsumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain:\nA primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain.\nA secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain.\nA tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain.\nA top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer! In this food chain, the katydid is a primary consumer because it eats a producer. The producer in this food chain is the grass. The answer is C.", + "16221": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is C.", + "16223": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.\nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:\nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes\nYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:\nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4. The answer is A.", + "16235": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor Amanda felt a roller coaster of emotions suggests that Amanda had varied feelings. A roller coaster has a dramatic mix of ups and downs, and so do Amanda's feelings. The answer is B.", + "16240": "The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:\nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:\nsay that a brand has been trusted for many years\nnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrity\ninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values\nAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:\nuse graphs or charts to display information\nmention the results of scientific studies\nexplain the science behind a product or service\nAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:\ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment\nappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive\nlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to logos, or reason. It mentions the results of studies and focuses on the nutritional value of the smart snack. The answer is B.", + "16242": "Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:\nIt is a solid.\nIt is formed in nature.\nIt is not made by organisms.\nIt is a pure substance.\nIt has a fixed crystal structure.\nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nA mineral is not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.\nA mineral is a pure substance.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\n Plagioclase has all the properties of a mineral. So, plagioclase is a mineral. The answer is B.", + "16243": "Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. An avocado tree is a plant. It has green leaves.\nThe leaves of avocado trees can be up to 18 inches long!\nA cobra is an animal. It eats small animals.\nCobras have fangs which they use to bite their prey. The answer is B.", + "16245": "The colony is Massachusetts.\nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony. The answer is B.", + "16246": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. You need to determine Skip's phenotype for the horns trait. First, consider the alleles in Skip's genotype for the horns gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for having horns (h) is recessive to the allele for not having horns (H). This means H is a dominant allele, and h is a recessive allele.\nSkip's genotype of Hh has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Skip's phenotype for the horns trait must be not having horns. The answer is A.", + "16252": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Jaden can't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though his uncle couldn't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Jaden can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association. The answer is B.", + "16253": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs tidy as an overgrown garden shows verbal irony because an overgrown garden is not tidy. The answer is B.", + "16276": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is B.", + "16279": "Providence is the capital of Rhode Island. The answer is C.", + "16293": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean. The answer is A.", + "16297": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. The Nile tilapia fish's genotype for the body color gene is bb. The Nile tilapia fish's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for a pink body. So, the Nile tilapia fish's phenotype for the body color trait must be a pink body.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the Nile tilapia fish's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a pink body (b) is recessive to the allele for a greenish-brown body (B). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nThe Nile tilapia fish's genotype of bb has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the Nile tilapia fish's phenotype for the body color trait must be a pink body. The answer is B.", + "16301": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Daffodil's genotype for the horns gene is hh. Daffodil's genotype of hh has only h alleles. The h allele is for having horns. So, Daffodil's phenotype for the horns trait must be having horns.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Daffodil's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for having horns (h) is recessive to the allele for not having horns (H). This means H is a dominant allele, and h is a recessive allele.\nDaffodil's genotype of hh has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Daffodil's phenotype for the horns trait must be having horns. The answer is B.", + "16304": "Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:\nIt is a solid.\nIt is formed in nature.\nIt is not made by organisms.\nIt is a pure substance.\nIt has a fixed crystal structure.\nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nA mineral is not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.\nA mineral is a pure substance.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\n Eclogite does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, eclogite is not a mineral. The answer is A.", + "16315": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (come, other events).\nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall. The answer is A.", + "16319": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nIt was snowing in London on January 1, 1969.\nThis passage tells you about the precipitation in London on January 1, 1969. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is A.", + "16325": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The pea plant's observable version of the pea color trait is green peas. So, the plant's phenotype for the pea color trait is green peas. The answer is A.", + "16326": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nHurdle refers to an obstacle that one must overcome. It also refers to an object that a runner jumps over. The answer is B.", + "16327": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the newspaper.\n\"This morning, the newspaper said that Lucy Morton won the mayoral election in Allenville,\" Josh remarked to his sister. The answer is B.", + "16338": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the rubber balloons would stretch the most. If you pull on a rubber balloon, it will get longer. The answer is B.", + "16339": "Evidence is information that tells you something happened.\nHow do you look for evidence of a change to an object's kinetic energy?\nFirst, think about what was done to the object.\nThen, think about how the object's kinetic energy changed as a result.\nThe answer is A.", + "16340": "Rick wanted broccoli in his lunch and Felix was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nRick has tomatoes. Felix has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is A.", + "16347": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Blaze's genotype for the horns gene is hh. Blaze's genotype of hh has only h alleles. The h allele is for having horns. So, Blaze's phenotype for the horns trait must be having horns.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Blaze's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for not having horns (H) is dominant over the allele for having horns (h). This means H is a dominant allele, and h is a recessive allele.\nBlaze's genotype of hh has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Blaze's phenotype for the horns trait must be having horns. The answer is B.", + "16348": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of a bowl of ice cream is 35\u00b0F.\n35\u00b0C is too hot. The answer is A.", + "16356": "The colony is Massachusetts.\nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony. The answer is C.", + "16366": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the Eurasian spoonbill.\nLong legs help the Eurasian spoonbill keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe shoebill has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.\nThe satin bowerbird has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The satin bowerbird uses its legs to walk and perch. The answer is A.", + "16372": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A gray wolf is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nA Hermann's tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin. The answer is A.", + "16374": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (didn't).\nThe second sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal. The answer is B.", + "16379": "This country is the Dominican Republic.\nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?\nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.\nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences. The answer is A.", + "16380": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nSome objects are made of just one material.\nMost nails are made of metal.\nOther objects are made of more than one material.\nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the door.\nThe door is made of two different materials. The answer is B.", + "16384": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.\nNick shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nThe first text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.\nNick shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard. The answer is B.", + "16387": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is B.", + "16395": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Dalton either voted for Sofia or he hates her. However, Dalton could have voted for someone he considers a better candidate while still liking Sofia. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy. The answer is B.", + "16396": "Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.\nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.\nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.\nLittle Betty Blue,\nLost her holiday shoe.\n\u2014From Mother Goose\nInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.\nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.\n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"\nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.\nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.\nThe dainty flying squirrel\nIn vest of shining white,\nIn coat of silver gray,\nAnd vest of shining white.\n\u2014Adapted from Mary E. Burt, \"The Flying Squirrel\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n\u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\" This poem uses end rhyme. Its rhymes come at the end of its lines.\nCaterpillar in a hurry,\nTake your walk To the shady leaf, or stalk,\nOr what not,\nWhich may be the chosen spot. The answer is A.", + "16402": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince strife is not between the guide words sold - swell, it would not be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "16410": "Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri. The answer is C.", + "16419": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "16421": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of the Amazon River is 4,000 miles.\n4,000 inches, 4,000 feet, and 4,000 yards are all too short. The answer is C.", + "16422": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes for a pot of water to start boiling on a hot stove is 10 minutes.\n10 hours is too slow. The answer is B.", + "16424": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is C.", + "16432": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A moon jellyfish is an invertebrate. It has a soft body.\nA fly is an insect. Like other insects, a fly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA ladybug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA greater flamingo is a bird. Like other birds, a greater flamingo is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. The answer is C.", + "16434": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "16436": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nSome objects are made of just one material.\nMost nails are made of metal.\nOther objects are made of more than one material.\nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the hat.\nThe hat is made of two materials. The band around the hat is made of leather. The rest of the hat is made of wool.\nWool comes from the fluffy coats of sheep! First, a farmer cuts the sheep's coats. Then, the wool is spun into yarn. The yarn can be dyed and used to make clothes. The answer is A.", + "16437": "A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nThe Gullah Geechee Heritage Corridor, which stretches from the Cape Fear River in North Carolina to the St. John's River in Florida, was established by Congress to recognize and preserve the cultural and historical contributions of the descendants of the West African slaves brought to the United States around the 1700 s. The answer is A.", + "16440": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Saturnalia is Roman history.\nThe Saturnalia was a festival in ancient Rome, held in December. It was a time of feasting, gift-giving, and revelry.\nThe allusion Saturnalia means a time of unrestrained revelry. The answer is B.", + "16444": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.\nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nJuly has an average monthly precipitation of about 80 millimeters. All other months have a higher average precipitation. So, July has the lowest average precipitation. The answer is B.", + "16446": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play basketball. Instead, some people learn how to play basketball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing basketball is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "16456": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature. The answer is C.", + "16459": "The colony is Pennsylvania. The answer is A.", + "16469": "Look at the underlined parts of the table.\nAll the words that use the root \"ante\" mean to come before something else. So, the root ante means \"before.\"\nAll the words that use the root \"bellum\" mean to fight or cause war.So, the root bellum means \"war.\"\nSo, the word \"antebellum\" means \"before the war.\" The antebellum period is named for the war that followed it: the Civil War. The answer is B.", + "16470": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A great egret's scientific name is Ardea alba. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.\nCaprimulgus europaeus is in the genus Caprimulgus. The first word of its scientific name is Caprimulgus. So, Caprimulgus europaeus and Ardea alba are not in the same genus.\nTyto alba and Ardea alba are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Tyto alba and Ardea alba have the same species name within their genus, alba. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Tyto alba is in the genus Tyto, and Ardea alba is in the genus Ardea.\nThis organism and the great egret are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Ardea alba. The answer is C.", + "16471": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a salt shaker is 45 milliliters.\n45 liters is too much. The answer is A.", + "16476": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a bowl of soup is 285 milliliters.\n285 liters is too much. The answer is B.", + "16477": "The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other:\nAt a transform boundary, two plates are sliding past each other.\nAt a convergent boundary, two plates are moving toward each other.\nAt a divergent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other.\ndivergent plate boundary\nWhen plates at a divergent boundary move apart, cracks form in the crust along the boundary. Melted rock rises from below the crust to fill these cracks. As the melted rock cools and hardens, it becomes new oceanic crust.\nNewer oceanic crust weighs less than older oceanic crust. So, the crust on either side of the boundary rises up higher than the older crust that is farther from the boundary. This difference in elevation creates a mid-ocean ridge, or underwater mountain chain. Between the two plates, there may be a deep rift valley. To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the Thingvellir Rift Valley, you need to know how the tectonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.\nIn Iceland, parts of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are above sea level. The Thingvellir Rift Valley is one example. This rift valley began to form as the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate moved away from each other. In this picture, you can see the gap that formed during a major plate movement along the rift. Gaps such as this form when the two plates move apart, creating a large crack in the crust. The last time this happened in the Thingvellir Rift Valley was in the spring of 1789. Since then, a walking path was built along the rift valley to allow park visitors to walk along the rift.\nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the Thingvellir Rift Valley formed as the two plates moved away from each other, or diverged. So, the Thingvellir Rift Valley formed at a divergent boundary. The answer is A.", + "16485": "The answer is A.", + "16493": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Nora's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain; the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked. The answer is A.", + "16496": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince frame is between the guide words feast - foreign, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "16499": "Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words reach and twin rhyme. They both end with the in sound.\nThe word beach does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound. The answer is C.", + "16501": "A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.\nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.\nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A continuum scale compares things by ordering them along a line. This continuum scale compares the average weights of the eggs of several birds.\nBirds with lighter eggs are shown to the left. Birds with heavier eggs are shown to the right. The answer is A.", + "16505": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic fox.\nDuring the winter, the Arctic fox has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe camel has sand-colored fur covering its skin. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the sand.\nThe short-tailed weasel has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The answer is B.", + "16506": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is C.", + "16510": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All three objects are hard.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The sandpaper is flexible, but the potato sack and the feather are not.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The sandpaper is scratchy, but the potato sack and the feather are not.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is hard. The answer is B.", + "16522": "In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.\nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.\n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants\nHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many\nDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes\nCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Rhizophora mangle is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells. The answer is A.", + "16528": "A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is a run-on sentence. It is formed from two sentences run together, joined without punctuation.\nRoman gladiators consumed more calcium than everyday Roman citizens the source of that calcium may have been the ashes of burned plants.\nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:\nRoman gladiators consumed more calcium than everyday Roman citizens; the source of that calcium may have been the ashes of burned plants. The answer is B.", + "16534": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom the ball is in his court suggests that Dylan needs to act next. In tennis, when the ball is in a player's court, it is that person's turn. The answer is A.", + "16535": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "16536": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.\nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in Dubai, look at the graph.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.\nThe average temperatures in May, June, July, August, and September are all 30\u00b0C or higher. So, May through September have average temperatures of 30\u00b0C or higher. The answer is B.", + "16542": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A mosquito is an insect. Like other insects, a mosquito is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA Christmas tree worm is a worm. Like other worms, a Christmas tree worm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.\nLike other jellyfishes, a moon jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.\nA bald eagle is a bird. Like other birds, a bald eagle is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. The answer is D.", + "16544": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a sunflower seed is 15 millimeters.\n15 centimeters, 15 meters, and 15 kilometers are all too long. The answer is A.", + "16546": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles. The answer is A.", + "16557": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence. The answer is C.", + "16566": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a pair of boots is 4 pounds.\n4 ounces is too light and 4 tons is too heavy. The answer is B.", + "16574": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. You need to determine Captain's phenotype for the cheek color trait. First, consider the alleles in Captain's genotype for the cheek color gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for bright orange cheeks (R) is dominant over the allele for pale orange cheeks (r). This means R is a dominant allele, and r is a recessive allele.\nCaptain's genotype of Rr has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Captain's phenotype for the cheek color trait must be bright orange cheeks. The answer is A.", + "16578": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a carton of orange juice is 65 fluid ounces.\n65 cups and 65 gallons are both too much. The answer is B.", + "16580": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Shane wants or needs:\nShane will spend more ride tickets on the super starship than he would have spent on the Ferris wheel. The answer is A.", + "16581": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 460 grams.\n460 kilograms is too heavy. The answer is A.", + "16585": "Nashville is the capital of Tennessee. The answer is D.", + "16586": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. The population of Milford fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Milford has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too. The answer is B.", + "16592": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean. The answer is A.", + "16593": "Olympia is the capital of Washington. The answer is B.", + "16595": "A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.\nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.\nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.\nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:\nThe insect fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the fern fossil. So, the insect fossil is most likely older than the fern fossil. The answer is B.", + "16599": "The colony is Virginia.\nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony. The answer is C.", + "16601": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the chimpanzee.\nThe chimpanzee uses its long limbs to reach branches while climbing. It uses its fingers and toes to grab the branches.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe lar gibbon has long limbs with fingers and toes. Its limbs are adapted for climbing trees.\nThe California sea lion has flippers. Its limbs are not adapted for climbing trees. The California sea lion uses its flippers to swim underwater. The answer is B.", + "16606": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A reticulated python's scientific name is Python reticulatus.\nNerodia cyclopion does not have the same scientific name as a reticulated python. So, Python reticulatus and Nerodia cyclopion are not in the same species.\nPython reticulatus has the same scientific name as a reticulated python. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nMorelia viridis does not have the same scientific name as a reticulated python. So, Python reticulatus and Morelia viridis are not in the same species. The answer is A.", + "16608": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air inside a soccer ball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.\nThe air inside a soccer ball expands to fill all the space inside the ball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball. The answer is B.", + "16610": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The slide and the velcro are not fuzzy.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All three objects are smooth.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is smooth. The answer is B.", + "16622": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Pepe's genotype for the ear type gene is EE. Pepe's genotype of EE has only E allelles. The E allele is for normal ears. So, Pepe's phenotype for the ear type trait must be normal ears.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Pepe's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for dumbo ears (e) is recessive to the allele for normal ears (E). This means E is a dominant allele, and e is a recessive allele.\nPepe's genotype of EE has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Pepe's phenotype for the ear type trait must be normal ears. The answer is B.", + "16623": "The answer is B.", + "16626": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play the viola. Instead, some people learn how to play. So, playing the viola is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "16629": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, and the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.\nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature. The answer is B.", + "16630": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince postage is between the guide words pave - primary, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "16639": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Honey's observable version of the fur length trait is long fur. So, Honey's phenotype for the fur length trait is long fur. The answer is B.", + "16642": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a bottle of cough syrup is 10 fluid ounces.\n10 cups and 10 gallons are both too much. The answer is B.", + "16649": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Flopsy's observable version of the fur length trait is long fur. So, Flopsy's phenotype for the fur length trait is long fur. The answer is B.", + "16651": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence. The answer is A.", + "16658": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the turkey vulture.\nThe turkey vulture has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat. The sharp hook can help the turkey vulture cut the meat into pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe bateleur has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat.\nThe roseate spoonbill has a long spoon-shaped beak. Its beak is not adapted to tear through meat. The roseate spoonbill uses its beak to filter through mud for invertebrates and small fish. The answer is A.", + "16659": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The fruit fly's observable version of the antenna type trait is mutated antennae. So, the fly's phenotype for the antenna type trait is mutated antennae. The answer is B.", + "16660": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three glasses of orange juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 26\u00b0C glass of orange juice is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "16662": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Scylla and Charybdis is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, Scylla and Charybdis were two sea monsters located on either side of a narrow strait in the Mediterranean Sea.\nThe allusion Scylla and Charybdis means a pair of distasteful alternatives. The answer is B.", + "16665": "Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA minnow is a fish. Like other fish, a minnow has a backbone. The answer is A.", + "16673": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. An eastern newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nA black howler is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk. The answer is B.", + "16678": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull.\nA dinosaur bone turning into rock is a chemical change. Over millions of years, the bone gets covered by minerals. The minerals form rock.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is C.", + "16680": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe. The answer is A.", + "16683": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is C.", + "16685": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Luddite is British history.\nIn the early nineteenth century, factories were replacing the jobs of craftsmen. Some of these craftsmen banded together to destroy the new machinery; those who did so were called Luddites.\nThe allusion Luddite means a person opposed to new technology. The answer is B.", + "16689": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "16693": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nHum represents the sound the computer was making. The answer is A.", + "16695": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **What Love Is For**. The answer is B.", + "16699": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the kelp.There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the sea cucumber: kelp->sea urchin->sea cucumber. There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the plainfin midshipman: kelp->zooplankton->plainfin midshipman. zooplankton. There are two paths matter can take from the kelp to the zooplankton: kelp->zooplankton. kelp->sea urchin->zooplankton. The answer is B.", + "16708": "This country is Tonga. The answer is B.", + "16720": "Juneau is the capital of Alaska. The answer is C.", + "16723": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether oxygen is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that a molecule of oxygen is composed of one oxygen atom. So, oxygen is an elementary substance.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that oxygen is an elementary substance. So, oxygen is a substance that is composed of only one chemical element. The answer is A.", + "16725": "Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma. The answer is D.", + "16727": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, rainy day is 43\u00b0F.\n43\u00b0C is too hot. The answer is B.", + "16728": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. She sings our favorite song, we clap for her is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: She sings our favorite song and We clap for her. The answer is B.", + "16731": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is B.", + "16733": "Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. A California toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA fruit bat is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nFruit bats eat fruit and drink nectar from flowers. They have special teeth to help them bite through fruit skins.\nA bald eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nBald eagles live in trees near water. They build nests that can be up to 13 feet wide!\nA hippopotamus is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nHippopotamuses keep cool by lying in mud or water. The answer is B.", + "16737": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the newspaper.\n\"This morning, the newspaper said that Megan Williamson won the mayoral election in Belmont,\" Eddie remarked to his sister. The answer is A.", + "16738": "During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her narrative voice by adding dialogue.\nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined sentences with exchanges between Coach Carey and Wyatt.\nDuring our last game, our pitcher Wyatt suddenly grabbed his wrist after throwing a fastball. Coach Carey asked him if he was OK, and Wyatt said that it hurt. None of us knew what was wrong with him and he was whisked off to the doctor, who ultimately diagnosed a forearm strain and wrist tendinitis. After three weeks of rehabilitation, Wyatt finally returned. Coach Carey said he was glad Wyatt was back, and Wyatt said he was happy and relieved. The answer is A.", + "16744": "The colony is New Jersey. The answer is C.", + "16746": "A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.\nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.\nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.\nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:\nThe feather fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the palm leaf fossil. So, the feather fossil is most likely younger than the palm leaf fossil. The answer is B.", + "16751": "Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana. The answer is A.", + "16754": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three meatballs have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 20\u00b0C meatball is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy. The answer is C.", + "16756": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.\nSir John Falstaff, a comical character in several of William Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and sometimes off-color humor.\nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by joviality and enjoyment of food and drink. The answer is A.", + "16762": "Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma. The answer is A.", + "16772": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Nutmeg's observable version of the fur color trait is dark fur. So, Nutmeg's phenotype for the fur color trait is dark fur. The answer is A.", + "16773": "This state is Washington. The answer is B.", + "16777": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses an idiom (to die for).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall. The answer is A.", + "16784": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "16788": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the cotton head band would stretch the most. If you pull the ends of a cotton headband, it will get longer. The answer is C.", + "16797": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "16802": "An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.\nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:\nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, or\nremaining motionless.\nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:\nspeeding up,\nslowing down, or\nchanging direction. The bowl is remaining motionless. So, the bowl has a constant velocity. The answer is B.", + "16806": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 31 inches.\n31 feet, 31 yards, and 31 miles are all too long. The answer is A.", + "16810": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nWell-fed is an indirect way of saying overweight. The answer is A.", + "16811": "Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.\nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).\nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is B.", + "16812": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The fruit fly has one allele for red eyes (E) and one allele for brown eyes (e). So, the fly's genotype for the eye color gene is Ee. The answer is A.", + "16816": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandma Lucy is capitalized because it is a proper noun. The answer is B.", + "16818": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that if Kira doesn't go to the speaker's birthday party, it means that she hates the speaker. However, there may be a number of reasons why Kira wouldn't go to the party. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy. The answer is B.", + "16822": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a bench is 10 feet.\n10 yards is too long. The answer is A.", + "16824": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nMobile, Alabama, had high humidity over the weekend.\nHumidity is the amount of water in the air.\nThis passage tells you about the humidity in Mobile, Alabama, over the weekend. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is A.", + "16827": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRon The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is B.", + "16836": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Fairfax. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down. The answer is A.", + "16837": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three crayons have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 15\u00b0C crayon is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "16840": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. The pea plant's genotype for the pod color gene is DD. The pea plant's genotype of DD has only D allelles. The D allele is for green pods. So, the pea plant's phenotype for the pod color trait must be green pods.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the pea plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for yellow pods (d) is recessive to the allele for green pods (D). This means D is a dominant allele, and d is a recessive allele.\nThe pea plant's genotype of DD has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the pea plant's phenotype for the pod color trait must be green pods. The answer is B.", + "16841": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. There are seven continents on earth, South America is one of them is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: There are seven continents on earth and South America is one of them. The answer is A.", + "16852": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Gives the baby a bath is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. The answer is A.", + "16854": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A great egret's scientific name is Ardea alba. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.\nTyto alba and Ardea alba are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Tyto alba and Ardea alba have the same species name within their genus, alba. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Tyto alba is in the genus Tyto, and Ardea alba is in the genus Ardea.\nDiodon nicthemerus is in the genus Diodon. The first word of its scientific name is Diodon. So, Diodon nicthemerus and Ardea alba are not in the same genus.\nThis organism and the great egret are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Ardea alba. The answer is A.", + "16855": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms. You can tell whether silver is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for silver contains one atomic symbol: Ag. So, the formula tells you that silver is composed of only one chemical element.\nSince silver is composed of only one chemical element, silver is an elementary substance. The answer is A.", + "16861": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nTinkle represents the sound of the bells. The answer is B.", + "16868": "The colony is Maryland. The answer is B.", + "16873": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Vijay wants or needs:\nA cost is a value that is given up or spent. When Vijay makes vegetable soup, he will spend more time making the soup than he would have spent making the egg drop soup. The answer is A.", + "16878": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is B.", + "16879": "Salem is the capital of Oregon. The answer is A.", + "16881": "Joey wanted broccoli in his lunch and Darell was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nJoey has tomatoes. Darell has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "16883": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Texas is farthest south. The answer is A.", + "16886": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Ringo's genotype for the fur color gene is ff. Ringo's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for brown fur. So, Ringo's phenotype for the fur color trait must be brown fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Ringo's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for brown fur (f) is recessive to the allele for black fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nRingo's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Ringo's phenotype for the fur color trait must be brown fur. The answer is B.", + "16903": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 35\u00b0C bowl of oatmeal is colder than the 40\u00b0C bowl of oatmeal, it has less thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "16917": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism between jobs means that Ava is unemployed. The answer is B.", + "16930": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Ken or his brother.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. His has been replaced with Ken's.\nDid Ken and his brother look through the user manual before trying to fix Ken's computer? The answer is A.", + "16932": "Flowering plants, called angiosperms, use their flowers for sexual reproduction.\nFlowers can have male parts, female parts, or both! The male part is called the stamen, and the female part is called the pistil.\nBoth the male and female parts are needed for sexual reproduction. The female part produces eggs, and the male part produces pollen. Pollen contains cells that become sperm.\nPollination happens when pollen lands on top of the pistil. Self-pollination happens when a plant with both male and female parts pollinates itself. Cross-pollination happens when pollen from one plant lands on the pistil of a flower on a different plant. Animals, including birds and insects, can be pollinators. Many pollinators come to flowers to get food. As a pollinator feeds, it moves pollen from one flower to another.\nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen fuse with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs then grow into seeds. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant.\nThe new plant can grow flowers and begin the angiosperm plant life cycle again. Sperm cells are male cells. The sperm cells in the pollen fuse with the eggs. This is called fertilization.\nFemale cells do not produce pollen. The answer is B.", + "16935": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The pinwheel is not translucent.\nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The pinwheel is colorful. The answer is B.", + "16936": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses an idiom (like pulling teeth).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall. The answer is B.", + "16939": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. You need to determine Chance's phenotype for the fur texture trait. First, consider the alleles in Chance's genotype for the fur texture gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for rough fur (F) is dominant over the allele for soft fur (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nChance's genotype of Ff has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Chance's phenotype for the fur texture trait must be rough fur. The answer is B.", + "16947": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is C.", + "16951": "Plant and animal cells have many parts in common, but not all. This table shows some of their similarities and differences.\nCell part | Plant cell | Animal cell\ncell wall | yes | no\ncell membrane | yes | yes\ncytoplasm | yes | yes\nmitochondria | yes | yes\nvacuole | yes | yes\nchloroplasts | yes | no\nnucleus | yes | yes\nchromosomes | yes | yes\nThink about how plant and animal cells are different:\nPlant cells have a cell wall, but animal cells do not. The cell wall helps plant cells keep a fixed shape. Most animal cells do not have a fixed shape.\nPlant cells have chloroplasts, but animal cells do not. Chloroplasts make sugar that plants cells can use as food. Animal cells cannot make their own food.\n The answer is A.", + "16967": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Harper wants or needs:\nHarper will spend more time walking to the grizzly bears. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the gorillas are close by. The answer is A.", + "16977": "A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nDad remembered to buy groceries, but he forgot the grape jelly. The answer is A.", + "16986": "There was a surplus if there was too much for sale at a given price.\nThere was a shortage if there was not enough for sale at a given price.\nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.\nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.\nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there were too many copies of the game for sale. There were 100 copies for sale, but there were 150 people who wanted to buy a copy.\nSo, there was a surplus of games. The store will not get any money for the leftover copies of the game. The answer is A.", + "16992": "Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. A fruit bat is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nFruit bats eat fruit and drink nectar from flowers. They have special teeth to help them bite through fruit skins.\nA porcupinefish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nPorcupinefish can puff up their bodies with air or water to scare off predators.\nAn anchovy is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nAn anchovy is a small fish that lives in the ocean. Like some other types of fish, anchovies swim in large groups called schools.\nA flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nFlamingos live in large groups. These groups are called flocks. The answer is D.", + "16995": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nBridgeport, Connecticut, had cool temperatures over the weekend.\nThis passage tells you about the temperature in Bridgeport over the weekend. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is B.", + "16996": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nThe second half of the sentence reverses the order of the words like and get in relation to each other. The answer is A.", + "17004": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.\nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:\nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes\nYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:\nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4. The answer is D.", + "17014": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a car is 4 yards.\n4 inches and 4 feet are too short. 4 miles is too long. The answer is D.", + "17015": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "17017": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pinch is between the guide words pasture - polish, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "17039": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The potato sack, the apple seeds, and the power pot are not fragile.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. All four objects are rough.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The power pot is hard, but the potato sack and the apple seeds are not.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is rough. The answer is B.", + "17042": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Darkness comes quickly on long winter nights is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Darkness comes quickly and On long winter nights. The answer is B.", + "17044": "Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.\nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.\nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.\nLittle Betty Blue,\nLost her holiday shoe.\n\u2014From Mother Goose\nInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.\nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.\n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"\nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.\nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.\nThe dainty flying squirrel\nIn vest of shining white,\nIn coat of silver gray,\nAnd vest of shining white.\n\u2014Adapted from Mary E. Burt, \"The Flying Squirrel\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n\u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\" This poem uses end rhyme. Its rhymes come at the end of its lines.\nI see them in Asia and in Africa. The answer is A.", + "17045": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the gray heron.\nLong legs help the gray heron keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe demoiselle crane has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.\nThe African penguin has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The African penguin uses its legs to walk and swim. The answer is A.", + "17048": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.\nThe platypus has venom-producing glands, which are rare among mammals, but its venom is not generally lethal to humans. The answer is C.", + "17052": "The colony is Virginia.\nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony. The answer is B.", + "17055": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence. The answer is C.", + "17056": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, visit. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is A.", + "17061": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nHum represents the sound the computer was making. The answer is B.", + "17069": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Elijah's genotype for the Thomsen disease gene is mm. Elijah's genotype of mm has only m alleles. The m allele is for not having Thomsen disease. So, Elijah's phenotype for the Thomsen disease trait must be not having Thomsen disease.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Elijah's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for having Thomsen disease (M) is dominant over the allele for not having Thomsen disease (m). This means M is a dominant allele, and m is a recessive allele.\nElijah's genotype of mm has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Elijah's phenotype for the Thomsen disease trait must be not having Thomsen disease. The answer is B.", + "17070": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nSan Francisco is located on the coast of California. On December 30, 1856, the temperature fell to 36\u00b0F.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the temperature in San Francisco on a specific day in 1856. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is B.", + "17078": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A salmon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nA bison is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk. The answer is B.", + "17085": "Augusta is the capital of Maine. The answer is A.", + "17096": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.\nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:\nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes\nYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:\nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4. The answer is A.", + "17098": "One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.\nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.\nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The girl pushes the pi\u00f1ata. The direction of the push is away from the stick. The answer is B.", + "17100": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" An article should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Would I Let My Son Play Football?\" The answer is B.", + "17103": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A Steller's jay's scientific name is Cyanocitta stelleri. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta.\nLarus livens is in the genus Larus. The first word of its scientific name is Larus. So, Larus livens and Cyanocitta stelleri are not in the same genus.\nLarus michahellis is in the genus Larus. The first word of its scientific name is Larus. So, Larus michahellis and Cyanocitta stelleri are not in the same genus.\nCyanocitta cristata is in the genus Cyanocitta. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta. So, Cyanocitta cristata and Cyanocitta stelleri are in the same genus. The answer is C.", + "17106": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince fabulous is between the guide words feather - fling, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "17110": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Champ has two alleles for a red coat (l). So, Champ's genotype for the coat color gene is ll. The answer is A.", + "17115": "An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.\nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:\nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, or\nremaining motionless.\nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:\nspeeding up,\nslowing down, or\nchanging direction. The antelope is speeding up. So, the antelope is accelerating. The answer is B.", + "17119": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a kitchen table is 7 feet.\n7 inches is too short. 7 yards and 7 miles are too long. The answer is C.", + "17125": "Look at the table and images.\nLing wants broccoli. Maria wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is B.", + "17135": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three bricks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 458\u00b0F brick is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "17136": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nVoss is a city in Norway. One winter, the snow there was two meters deep!\nThis passage tells you about the snow in Voss one winter. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is A.", + "17140": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Gordian knot is ancient legend.\nAccording to legend, Alexander the Great used his sword to slash an intricate knot by which a chariot was tied to a pole in the city of Gordium.\nThe allusion Gordian knot means a highly complex problem. The answer is B.", + "17153": "A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nDillon liked the sea otters, but the jellyfish were his favorite. The answer is A.", + "17155": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is B.", + "17156": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is B.", + "17171": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "17176": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Newport. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down. The answer is B.", + "17178": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.\nDestiny adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.\nThe second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is old, but it is not actually a million years old.\nDestiny adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect. The answer is A.", + "17183": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "17189": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "17204": "Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. The answer is B.", + "17206": "In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.\nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.\n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants\nHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many\nDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes\nCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Myrmarachne maxillosa is an animal. Animal cells have a nucleus. The answer is A.", + "17209": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nDeep-frying chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter.\nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. The heat from the fire causes the type of matter in the marshmallow to change. The marshmallow becomes black and crispy.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is B.", + "17211": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait. The answer is B.", + "17214": "A book is made of paper.\nA book tells a story.\nA teacher may read a book out loud. The answer is B.", + "17215": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Baking cookies is a chemical change. The type of matter in the cookie dough changes when it is baked. The cookie dough turns into cookies! The answer is B.", + "17218": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nSummer is usually the hottest time of the year in Des Moines, Iowa.\nThis passage tells you about the usual summer temperatures in Des Moines. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is B.", + "17219": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown layer of the apple, the inside is still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change didn't happen to that part of the apple.\nCompost forms from the remains of plants and animals, such as vegetable scraps and egg shells. Compost rotting is a chemical change. As the compost rots, it breaks down and turns into a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is A.", + "17222": "Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:\nIt is a solid.\nIt is formed in nature.\nIt is not made by organisms.\nIt is a pure substance.\nIt has a fixed crystal structure.\nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nA mineral is not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.\nA mineral is a pure substance.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\n Paper does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, paper is not a mineral. The answer is B.", + "17226": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne car moved 170 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other car moved 445 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each car spent the same amount of time moving. The car that moved 170 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at a lower speed. The answer is B.", + "17227": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince suitcase is not between the guide words salute - squirrel, it would not be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "17228": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each greenhouse increased, which means that the thermal energy of each greenhouse increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each greenhouse. The answer is B.", + "17233": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two pots of spaghetti sauce are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the pot of spaghetti sauce with more thermal energy has a higher temperature. The answer is A.", + "17250": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Coach Sharma talked to her team before the game is a complete sentence. The subject is Coach Sharma, and the verb is talked. The answer is B.", + "17254": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. North Dakota is farthest east. The answer is D.", + "17258": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the American badger.\nThe American badger has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging. The American badger uses its claws to break up soil and move it out of the way.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe groundhog has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging.\nThe bottlenose dolphin has flippers for feet. Its feet are not adapted for digging. The bottlenose dolphin uses its flippers to swim. The answer is A.", + "17267": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince hot is between the guide words herring - hue, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "17268": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "17269": "Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the skydiver and the center of Earth changed.\nThe ground is lower than the plane. As the skydiver drifted toward the ground, the distance between the skydiver and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the skydiver and Earth decreased as she drifted toward the flat ground. The answer is B.", + "17273": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "17278": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, shoveled. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened. The answer is C.", + "17285": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Good Samaritan is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, a Good Samaritan is a person who helps someone in need.\nThe allusion Good Samaritan means a person who offers aid to someone who is suffering. The answer is A.", + "17295": "Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico. The answer is C.", + "17296": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of an eyedropper is 3 milliliters.\n3 liters is too much. The answer is B.", + "17304": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Rust forming on a bicycle frame is a chemical change. Oxygen in the air reacts with iron in the bicycle frame. The outside of the frame turns into a different type of matter called rust. The answer is A.", + "17317": "A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.\nDeveloped in 1973, GPS is a satellite-based navigation system. Also known as Global Positioning System.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nDeveloped in 1973, GPS is a satellite-based navigation system also known as Global Positioning System. The answer is B.", + "17319": "This country is Australia.\nIs Australia a country or a continent?\nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead. The answer is B.", + "17324": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Ohio is farthest west. The answer is A.", + "17328": "This country is Nauru. The answer is C.", + "17329": "Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nA sunflower seed is made by a living thing. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, a sunflower seed is not a rock.\nGabbro is a rock.\nGneiss is a rock. The answer is A.", + "17339": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA leaf-tailed gecko is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a leaf-tailed gecko is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA magpie goose is a bird. Like other birds, a magpie goose is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA domestic pig is a mammal. Like other mammals, a domestic pig is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. The answer is B.", + "17343": "A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Dylan, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Dylan down with a force of 400 N.\nThe diving board is pushing Dylan up with a force of 400 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Dylan. The answer is A.", + "17351": "A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is not a sentence fragment. These are complete sentences because they express complete thoughts.\nWhich U.S. cities are doing the most to reduce greenhouse gas emissions? Tonight's news report has the details. The answer is B.", + "17354": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Mia has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations. The answer is B.", + "17366": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is B.", + "17372": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nBaja California is a state in Mexico. It was not raining anywhere in the state during the first week of February.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the lack of rain in Baja California in the first week of February. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is A.", + "17380": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, stay. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is B.", + "17385": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, strained. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened. The answer is A.", + "17387": "This state is Maine. The answer is C.", + "17390": "Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nMalachite is a mineral.\nWool is made by living things. But minerals are not made by living things.\nSo, wool is not a pure substance. And it is not a mineral.\nGypsum is a mineral. The answer is C.", + "17391": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. A can of soda fizzing over is a physical change. The carbon dioxide gas makes the soda fizz. But a different type of matter is not formed. The answer is B.", + "17398": "New York City is the capital of New York. The answer is A.", + "17400": "This country is Nauru. The answer is D.", + "17406": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America. The answer is C.", + "17408": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "17422": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a bottle of nail polish is 15 milliliters.\n15 liters is too much. The answer is A.", + "17424": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that its client is innocent because she has not done anything wrong, because she is not guilty, and because she is free from all criminal behaviors, dispositions, or inclinations. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning. The answer is A.", + "17425": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence. The answer is C.", + "17430": "Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship. The answer is B.", + "17431": "Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina. The answer is B.", + "17435": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nA tarnished silver spoon is one that has become less shiny over time. Polishing the spoon makes it look shiny again.\nThe polish changes the tarnish into a different type of matter that can be easily wiped away. So, using polish to remove tarnish from silver is a chemical change.\nA dinosaur bone turning into rock is a chemical change. Over millions of years, the bone absorbs minerals from the ground. The minerals make the bone hard and white, like rock.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is A.", + "17436": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince clutch is between the guide words casual - coffee, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "17438": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is B.", + "17439": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nDie of boredom is an exaggeration, since the movie isn't actually dangerous. The answer is B.", + "17441": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two drops of dish soap are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder drop of dish soap has less thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "17459": "Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. A nosy person has a more negative connotation. Nosy and interested both denote taking a look at something. However, nosy suggests being too inquisitive, while interested suggests careful observation. The answer is A.", + "17464": "This country is the Federated States of Micronesia. The answer is C.", + "17485": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A Burmese python's scientific name is Python bivittatus. The first word of its scientific name is Python.\nLithobates palustris is in the genus Lithobates. The first word of its scientific name is Lithobates. So, Lithobates palustris and Python bivittatus are not in the same genus.\nMelanoplus bivittatus and Python bivittatus are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Melanoplus bivittatus and Python bivittatus have the same species name within their genus, bivittatus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Melanoplus bivittatus is in the genus Melanoplus, and Python bivittatus is in the genus Python.\nThis organism and the Burmese python are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Python bivittatus. The answer is C.", + "17488": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50 times the volume of Earth.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km^3, which is more than 54,500 billion km^3. So, Neptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth. The answer is A.", + "17493": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A cold desert is a type of ecosystem. It has a small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and long, cold winters.\nChoice 1 is a cold desert ecosystem. It is dry and cold, with a small amount of rain or snow.\nChoice 2 is a temperate deciduous forest ecosystem. It has warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters.\nChoice 3 is a tropical rain forest ecosystem. It has warm summers and warm winters. The answer is A.", + "17496": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is C.", + "17500": "The answer is C.", + "17501": "The colony is South Carolina. The answer is B.", + "17503": "To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air.\nThe map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g/kg) up to two g/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g/kg up to four g/kg. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.\nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 18 and 24 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.\n21 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.\n12 and 14 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range. The answer is C.", + "17508": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.\nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.\n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with climbing growth or bush growth, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the growth pattern trait. The question tells you that the g allele, which is for bush growth, is recessive to the G allele, which is for climbing growth.\nClimbing growth is the dominant allele's version of the growth pattern trait. A rose plant with the dominant version of the growth pattern trait must have at least one dominant allele for the growth pattern gene. So, offspring with climbing growth must have the genotype GG or Gg.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype GG or Gg.\nBush growth is the recessive allele's version of the growth pattern trait. A rose plant with the recessive version of the growth pattern trait must have only recessive alleles for the growth pattern gene. So, offspring with bush growth must have the genotype gg.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype gg.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with climbing growth to offspring with bush growth is 4:0. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will always produce offspring with climbing growth. This cross is expected to never produce offspring with bush growth. The answer is E.", + "17514": "Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri. The answer is B.", + "17515": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nLatrell lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.\nThis passage tells you about the usual temperatures where Latrell lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is A.", + "17517": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a passenger helicopter is 3 tons.\n3 ounces and 3 pounds are both too light. The answer is B.", + "17523": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statements describe the Kaeng Krachan National Park ecosystem: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has soil that is poor in nutrients. It has many different types of organisms. The following statement does not describe Kaeng Krachan National Park: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has mostly small plants. The answer is A.", + "17534": "The answer is D.", + "17537": "An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.\nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.\nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Gymnothorax funebris is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.\nGymnothorax funebris is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that green moray eel is the common name. The answer is B.", + "17543": "The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.\nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:\nsay that a brand has been trusted for many years\ninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Association\nfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values\nuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokesperson\nAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:\nuse graphs or charts to display information\ncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studies\nexplain the science behind a product or service\nemphasize that the product is a financially wise choice\nanticipate and refute potential counterclaims\nAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:\ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment\nappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive\nlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to ethos, or character, by emphasizing the hybrid car's environmental friendliness. The answer is A.", + "17553": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Wisconsin is farthest west. The answer is C.", + "17555": "Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. From across the room, Uncle Josh's laughter was booming thunder.\nThe words laughter and thunder are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor. The answer is A.", + "17556": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nThe avant-garde artist deftly used neon colors and geometric patterns to create nauseous spirals that forced many viewers to look away after only a few minutes.\nThe first text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nThe avant-garde artist deftly used neon colors and geometric patterns to create disorienting spirals so intense that they caused some viewers to become nauseous just from looking at them.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "17558": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.\nEach vase and bowl in Kiera's collection of handmade pottery is unique. The colors and designs reflect both her cultural heritage and her individual artistic style.\nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Kiera is a distinctive artist, but might not be one of a kind. It may be helpful to remember that if unique is modified by an adverb\u2014as in most unique, very unique, or quite unique\u2014it is probably being used nontraditionally.\nKiera's collection of handmade pottery was featured in last week's edition of the Springtown Journal, which identified her as \"one of the most unique young artists to debut this year.\"\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "17559": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Bonnie's eyes, so it didn't fit her well at all. The answer is A.", + "17565": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance copper.\nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. The color of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend. Use the model to determine whether gold is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:\n. The legend shows that yellow represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol Au. So, the model shows you that gold is composed of one chemical element.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that gold is composed of only one chemical element. So, gold is an elementary substance. The answer is A.", + "17568": "Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.\nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.\nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,\nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,\nOut of the Ninth-month midnight\n\u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n\u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.\nI wandered lonely as a Cloud\nThat floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,\nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,\nA host of golden Daffodils.\n\u2014From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"\nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.\nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Occasionally, a line may begin with a strong syllable.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nA poem has a trochaic meter when the beat sounds like DUM-da. A strong syllable is followed by a weak syllable. Occasionally, a line may end in a strong syllable.\nBack into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning,\nSoon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before.\n\u2014From Edgar Allen Poe, \"The Raven\"\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern. This poem uses anaphora. It repeats the same word or words at the beginning of multiple lines or phrases.\nIf I could but remember;\nIf I could hear, lost love of mine,\nThe music of your cruelties. The answer is A.", + "17570": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nThe summers are hot in Kissimmee, Florida.\nThis passage tells you about the usual temperature pattern in Kissimmee. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is B.", + "17577": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nSo full I could explode is an exaggeration, since it is clear that the speaker is not actually in danger of exploding. The answer is B.", + "17578": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Remy's observable version of the fur length trait is short fur. So, Remy's phenotype for the fur length trait is short fur. The answer is B.", + "17595": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Tiny has two alleles for red eyes (e). So, Tiny's genotype for the eye color gene is ee. The answer is B.", + "17599": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to calculus or trigonometry.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with calculus.\nBill went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus. The answer is A.", + "17600": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 48\u00b0C pie is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy. The answer is C.", + "17601": "Moss plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.\nMoss plants use their male and female parts for sexual reproduction. The male parts produce sperm. Moss live in damp environments, and moss sperm can travel through water to the female parts.\nThe sperm fuse with eggs in the female part. This is called fertilization. Self-fertilization happens when a sperm from a moss plant fertilizes an egg from the same plant. Cross-fertilization happens when a sperm from one moss plant fertilizes an egg from a different moss plant.\nThe fertilized egg grows into a thin brown stalk on top of the female part. Each stalk has a small spore capsule at the top. Moss plants use asexual reproduction to make small spores in the capsules. When the capsules open, the spores are released.\nWhen the spores land on the ground, they may germinate and grow into a new moss plant. This new moss plant can produce eggs and sperm and begin the moss life cycle again. A sperm swims through water to the female part. The sperm and egg fuse, and the fertilized egg grows into a thin brown stalk. The sperm and egg do not turn into spores. The answer is B.", + "17607": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is A.", + "17609": "This country is Nauru. The answer is A.", + "17611": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nMelting wax is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The wax changes from solid to liquid. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nRain forming in a cloud is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Water vapor in the air condenses into tiny droplets of liquid water. But the water vapor and the liquid water are both made of water.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWax melting is caused by heating. But rain forming in a cloud is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nRain begins to form when water vapor in the air becomes liquid water. This is caused by cooling. But melting wax is not. The answer is D.", + "17613": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "17617": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A western toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nA barn owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak. The answer is B.", + "17622": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a car key is 3 inches.\n3 feet, 3 yards, and 3 miles are all too long. The answer is B.", + "17637": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, needs. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is B.", + "17646": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kurt wants or needs:\nThe magnolia tree will use up more space than the lilacs would have used up. The answer is B.", + "17652": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The fruit fly's observable version of the eye color trait is brown eyes. So, the fly's phenotype for the eye color trait is brown eyes. The answer is B.", + "17654": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, but it shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence. The answer is A.", + "17658": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "17665": "Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.\nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).\nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is B.", + "17667": "Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii. The answer is C.", + "17668": "Phoenix is the capital of Arizona. The answer is D.", + "17672": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is A.", + "17679": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is A.", + "17686": "The Third Amendment says that the government can't force people to keep soldiers in their houses during a time of peace. The amendment says that no soldier shall be \"quartered in any house.\" In this case, \"quartered\" means \"given a place to stay.\" The complete text of the Third Amendment is below. Are there any times when an American might have to let a soldier stay in his or her house? No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. The answer is B.", + "17687": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nShrank just a bit is an understatement, since the baby is presumably much smaller than Justine. The answer is A.", + "17688": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Snowflakes forming in a cloud is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed. The answer is A.", + "17689": "Columbus is the capital of Ohio. The answer is D.", + "17692": "Tallahassee is the capital of Florida. The answer is A.", + "17693": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance copper.\nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. The color of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend. Use the model to determine whether silver is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:\n. The legend shows that dark blue represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol Ag. So, the model shows you that silver is composed of one chemical element.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that silver is composed of only one chemical element. So, silver is an elementary substance. The answer is A.", + "17695": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the encyclopedia.\nThe encyclopedia says that chalk is a soft sedimentary rock formed from the skeletons of marine plankton. The answer is B.", + "17696": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the customer service representatives.\nRobert showed the customer service representatives the error on his receipt, and he received a refund. The answer is A.", + "17698": "Look at the table.\nThe abbreviation \"ca.\" stands for the Latin word, circa. Circa means \"about.\" It indicates when a date is estimated. So, around 1792 BCE, the Babylonian Empire started controlling Mesopotamia.\nThe Babylonian (ba-bih-LOH-nee-in) Empire came after the Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian empires. The capital of the Babylonian Empire was the city of Babylon (BA-bih-lahn). The answer is C.", + "17703": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Laura is capitalized because it is a proper noun. The answer is A.", + "17707": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the Atlantic puffin.\nThe Atlantic puffin has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the Atlantic puffin uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe California gull has small claws and webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.\nThe African crowned eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The African crowned eagle uses its feet to grab prey. The answer is B.", + "17713": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia. The answer is A.", + "17721": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nOf a certain age is an indirect and generally more polite way of referring to older people. The answer is A.", + "17723": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is C.", + "17726": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Bert borrowed my book he enjoyed it is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Bert borrowed my book and He enjoyed it. The answer is B.", + "17727": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is B.", + "17752": "Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a simile:\nHakim's eyes are as green as emeralds.\nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared using the word as.\nThis sentence uses a metaphor:\nHakim's eyes are bright green emeralds.\nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared without the word like or as. The answer is B.", + "17753": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. A dinosaur bone turning into rock over millions of years is a chemical change. The bone gets broken down into tiny pieces. The pieces are then replaced by new matter called rock. The answer is A.", + "17754": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom the ball is in his court suggests that Dave needs to act next. In tennis, when the ball is in a player's court, it is that person's turn. The answer is B.", + "17757": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Fred or Paul.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Fred.\nFred's brother Paul wondered whether Fred ran fast enough to qualify for the Boston Marathon. The answer is B.", + "17763": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe simile like a pair of cymbals suggests that Lee Mellon made a loud noise with his lips. A pair of cymbals is clanged together to make a loud sound. The answer is A.", + "17780": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A white stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nStorks wade in shallow water to look for food. Storks eat fish, insects, worms, and other small animals.\nA sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water. The answer is B.", + "17784": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is B.", + "17785": "Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. A salmon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nUnlike most other fish, salmon can live in both fresh water and salt water.\nA seahorse is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nSeahorses live in shallow, warm water. They can use their tails to hold on to plants.\nA loon is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nA loon is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nLoons usually live near lakes. They dive in the water to hunt for food.\nA Hermann's tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nA Hermann's tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nHermann's tortoises live in the wild in central Europe. The answer is C.", + "17790": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is B.", + "17793": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.\nRobert Louis Stevenson's popular Victorian novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and highly respected doctor, at night he transforms into a monstrous person.\nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means kind then cruel. The answer is A.", + "17797": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms. You can tell whether sodium chloride is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for sodium chloride, NaCl, contains two atomic symbols: Na for sodium and Cl for chlorine. So, the formula tells you that sodium chloride is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince sodium chloride is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, sodium chloride is a compound. The answer is B.", + "17800": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Tyler wants or needs:\nTyler will give up the chance to go to Alabama. He would have enjoyed a trip to Alabama more than Arkansas. The answer is B.", + "17810": "The answer is A.", + "17818": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.\nEdmond perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.\nThe second text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.\nEdmond perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard. The answer is B.", + "17819": "Gymnosperms are plants that have seeds but not flowers. Conifers are a type of a gymnosperm. Instead of flowers, conifers have cones. Conifers use their cones for sexual reproduction.\nMost conifer trees have both male and female cones. The male cones produce pollen. The female cones produce eggs and a sticky substance on the edge of the cone.\nMale cones release pollen into the wind. Pollination happens when pollen lands on and sticks to the female cones. Self-pollination happens when pollen sticks to a female cone on the same tree. Cross-pollination happens when pollen sticks to a female cone on a different tree.\nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen fuse with eggs at the base of the female cone's scales. This is called fertilization.\nThe fertilized eggs grow into seeds inside the female cone. Conifer seeds are released from the fertilized cones. Many conifer seeds have wing-like structures. They can be carried long distances by the wind. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant.\nThe new plant can grow cones and begin the conifer life cycle again. Gymnosperms do not have flowers. Conifers use their cones for sexual reproduction.\nMost conifer trees have both male and female cones. The male cones produce pollen. The female cones produce eggs and a sticky substance on the edge of the cone.\nPollination happens when pollen sticks to and fertilizes an egg on a female cone. The fertilized egg grows into a seed inside the female cone.\nConifer seeds are released from the fertilized cones. Many conifer seeds have wing-like structures. They can be carried long distances by the wind. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant. The new plant can grow cones and begin the conifer life cycle again. The answer is B.", + "17829": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The melted marshmallow is not slippery.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The melted marshmallow is not stretchy.\nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. All four objects are sticky.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is sticky. The answer is A.", + "17830": "Look at the table and images.\nMandy wants broccoli. Troy wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "17832": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, pack. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is A.", + "17833": "Every living thing needs food to stay alive. Living things get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how living things in an ecosystem get their food.\nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.\nConsumers eat other living things. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the California sea slug is a consumer because it eats another living thing. The California sea slug in this food chain eats the kelp. The answer is A.", + "17841": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince bit is not between the guide words bark - belief, it would not be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "17845": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.\nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Singapore, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.\nNovember, December, and January each have over 200 millimeters of precipitation. The answer is C.", + "17846": "Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.\nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:\nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.\nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.\nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Lucia investigated whether covering side mirrors with plastic bags affects how much ice forms on the mirrors. The uncovered side mirrors were not covered with plastic bags. So, they were part of a control group. The answer is A.", + "17857": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is B.", + "17860": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that Dwayne is overweight. The answer is B.", + "17867": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. Peterson is capitalized because it is a proper noun. The answer is B.", + "17882": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince thirteen is between the guide words tease - tomb, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "17887": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Achilles's heel is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, Achilles's mother dips him in a river that protects his body wherever it touches. His heel does not get wet, so it is the one part of his body left unprotected. During the Trojan War, an arrow hits Achilles in the heel and kills him.\nThe allusion Achilles's heel means a sole weakness. The answer is A.", + "17899": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom speak of the devil suggests that Tessa had just been speaking about Patrick. People say this when the person they've just been speaking about coincidentally arrives, as if summoned. The answer is B.", + "17901": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nBending a paper clip is a physical change. After you bend it, the paper clip has a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nCutting your fingernails is a physical change. Your fingernails are shorter after you cut them. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter as the uncut fingernails.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is D.", + "17903": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is C.", + "17907": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North America. The answer is D.", + "17908": "A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.\nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.\nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.\nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:\nThe palm leaf fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the wood fossil. So, the palm leaf fossil is most likely older than the wood fossil. The answer is B.", + "17912": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A stuffed hippo is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nWhen you hold a stuffed hippo in your hands, the stuffed hippo still has a size and shape of its own. The answer is C.", + "17918": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the Great Victoria Desert has a small amount of rain. It also has dry, thin soil. The answer is B.", + "17929": "The colony is New York.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony. The answer is C.", + "17930": "Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Plagioclase has all the properties of a mineral. So, plagioclase is a mineral. The answer is B.", + "17936": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The glass is fragile.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The glass is not soft. The answer is B.", + "17937": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Joyce's snoring. The answer is A.", + "17943": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion in the sentence is literature.\nThe phrase a nutshell means in a brief way. The answer is A.", + "17952": "Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for krypton contains one symbol: Kr. So, krypton is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, krypton is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for potassium nitrate contains two symbols: K for potassium and N for nitrogen. So, potassium nitrate is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, potassium nitrate is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide contains two symbols: S for sulfur and O for oxygen. So, sulfur dioxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, sulfur dioxide is a compound, not an elementary substance. The answer is A.", + "17960": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a cement truck is 22 tons.\n22 ounces and 22 pounds are both too light. The answer is B.", + "17969": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.\nPedro custom ordered his unique coffee table from a master craftsman in Oakdale.\nThe second text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Pedro's coffee table is an interesting style, but it was made in a factory and is probably not actually one of a kind.\nPedro bought his unique coffee table from a factory outlet store in Oakdale.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "17970": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. The popcorn is bumpy.\nA lemon has a sour taste. The popcorn is not sour. The answer is B.", + "17976": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a blender is 1 liter.\n1 milliliter is too little. The answer is A.", + "17977": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The second sentence states a fact.\nThe Rocky Mountains stretch from New Mexico to Montana.\nIt can be proved by checking a map of the United States.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nThe prettiest parts of the Rocky Mountains are in the state of Wyoming.\nPrettiest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about where the prettiest parts of the Rocky Mountains are. The answer is A.", + "17979": "Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii. The answer is A.", + "17985": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Rose wants or needs:\nRose will give up the chance to be in the Photography Club. She would have had more fun in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club. The answer is A.", + "17988": "This state is Colorado. The answer is C.", + "17990": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Bruce wants or needs:\nBruce will give up the chance to eat chocolate muffins. He thinks chocolate muffins are tastier than banana muffins. The answer is A.", + "17992": "Look at the table and images.\nPedro wants broccoli. Oliver wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "17994": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic fox.\nDuring the winter, the Arctic fox has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nDuring the winter, the ptarmigan has white feathers covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.\nThe naked mole rat has thin pink skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The answer is B.", + "17995": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the park rangers.\nThe park rangers explained to the audience that a muskrat looks like a small beaver with a rat-like tail. The answer is B.", + "18003": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Mayor Armstrong wants people to give up their cars. However, this misrepresents Mayor Armstrong's argument. Mayor Armstrong only wants to create more bike lanes. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man. The answer is B.", + "18010": "Boise is the capital of Idaho. The answer is D.", + "18019": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince volley is not between the guide words vain - violet, it would not be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "18021": "Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri. The answer is C.", + "18029": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a soda bottle cap is 11 milliliters.\n11 liters is too much. The answer is B.", + "18030": "Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico. The answer is C.", + "18036": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nCrushing a mineral into powder is a physical change. The mineral breaks into tiny pieces. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nDry ice is solid carbon dioxide. When dry ice gets warm, it changes state and becomes carbon dioxide gas. This change of state, from solid to gas, is called sublimation.\nDry ice becoming a gas is a physical change. A change of state does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nDry ice sublimating is caused by heating. But crushing a mineral into powder is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is A.", + "18045": "Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A Mojave rattlesnake is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nRattlesnakes have fangs they can use to inject venom into their prey.\nAn American bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.\nA rabbit is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nRabbits live underground in burrows. A group of rabbit burrows is called a warren.\nAn ocean sunfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nOcean sunfish have a flat body and wide fins. They sometimes swim to the ocean's surface to rest in the sun. The answer is A.", + "18048": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the European mole.\nThe European mole has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging. The European mole uses its claws to break up soil and move it out of the way.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe groundhog has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging.\nThe tokay gecko has wide, sticky toes. Its feet are not adapted for digging. The tokay gecko uses its feet to climb trees and walk on leaves. The answer is B.", + "18053": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "18055": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the strawberry poison frog.\nThe strawberry poison frog has poisonous glands in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the strawberry poison frog is poisonous.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe Spanish shawl nudibranch has stinging cells in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.\nThe gray tree frog has gray-brown skin. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators. The answer is B.", + "18064": "Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania. The answer is C.", + "18068": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince cunning is between the guide words cash - crayon, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "18069": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America. The answer is D.", + "18072": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Beating an egg is a physical change. Beating an egg mixes together the egg white, egg yolk, and some air. But mixing them together does not form a different type of matter. The answer is B.", + "18073": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "18077": "Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.\nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.\nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.\nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment. The answer is A.", + "18078": "Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nMammals have the following traits:\nThey feed their offspring milk.\nThey have fur or hair.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA gray tree frog has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA gray tree frog does not have all of the traits of a mammal. A gray tree frog is an amphibian.\nA Bengal tiger has the following traits:\nIt feeds its offspring milk.\nIt has hair.\nA Bengal tiger has the traits of a mammal. A Bengal tiger is a mammal. The answer is B.", + "18086": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the Cerrado has warm summers and warm winters. It also has year-round rain. The answer is A.", + "18088": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "18095": "Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.\nScientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.\nA ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.\nThe balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms.\nNotice how each ball is labeled with a symbol made of one or more letters. The symbol is an abbreviation for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.\nThe molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.\nThe chemical formula for a molecule contains the symbol for each chemical element in the molecule. Many chemical formulas use subscripts. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text.\nIn chemical formulas, the subscripts are numbers. The subscript is always written after the symbol for an element. The subscript tells you how many atoms that symbol represents. If the symbol represents just one atom, then no subscript is included.\nThe symbols in the chemical formula for a molecule match the symbols in the ball-and-stick model for that molecule. The ball-and-stick model shown before and the chemical formula shown above represent the same substance. H is the symbol for hydrogen. S is the symbol for sulfur. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with two hydrogen atoms and one sulfur atom.\nThe chemical formula will contain the symbols H and S. There are two hydrogen atoms, so H will have a subscript of 2. There is one sulfur atom, so S will not have a subscript.\nThe correct formula is H2 S. The answer is C.", + "18101": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism terminological inexactitudes suggests that they used false or misleading language. The answer is B.", + "18104": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a mustard bottle is 10 fluid ounces.\n10 cups and 10 gallons are both too much. The answer is A.", + "18105": "Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri. The answer is C.", + "18124": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Caramel sauce is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour caramel sauce into a container, the caramel sauce will take the shape of that container. But the caramel sauce will still take up the same amount of space.\nA pair of dice is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you roll a pair of dice, the dice have a shape of their own. They are still cubes when they stop rolling.\nThe air from a hair dryer is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. A hair dryer uses a fan to blow warm air out. When the air leaves the hair dryer, the air expands to fill a much large space.\nA tortoise shell is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A tortoise shell is made of a solid called keratin, just like your fingernails!\nThe answer is A.", + "18127": "A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.\nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.\nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The student pulls open the drawer. The direction of the pull is toward her hand. The answer is A.", + "18128": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The first sentence states a fact.\nThe California Gold Rush began after gold was discovered in 1848.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about the California Gold Rush.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nPeople who moved to California for gold were greedy.\nGreedy shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes people greedy. The answer is A.", + "18129": "Lansing is the capital of Michigan. The answer is A.", + "18130": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince liquid is between the guide words lever - loan, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "18131": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A peregrine falcon's scientific name is Falco peregrinus.\nStrix uralensis does not have the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, Falco peregrinus and Strix uralensis are not in the same species.\nArdea cinerea does not have the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, Falco peregrinus and Ardea cinerea are not in the same species.\nFalco peregrinus has the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, these organisms are in the same species. The answer is A.", + "18133": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance copper.\nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. The color of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend. Use the model to determine whether magnesium is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:\n. The legend shows that green represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol Mg. So, the model shows you that magnesium is composed of one chemical element.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that magnesium is composed of only one chemical element. So, magnesium is an elementary substance. The answer is A.", + "18134": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that lending something to someone will lead to further thefts. However, this argument offers only an extreme outcome and ignores other possible outcomes. For instance, you may lend something to someone once without it leading to a chain of thefts. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slippery slope fallacy. The answer is B.", + "18136": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is B.", + "18138": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nIt was windy last night at the Northern Kentucky Airport. The wind was blowing in from the southeast.\nThis passage tells you about the wind direction at the Northern Kentucky Airport last night. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is A.", + "18146": "This state is Mississippi. The answer is A.", + "18149": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A moon jellyfish's scientific name is Aurelia aurita.\nAequorea victoria does not have the same scientific name as a moon jellyfish. So, Aurelia aurita and Aequorea victoria are not in the same species.\nCyanea capillata does not have the same scientific name as a moon jellyfish. So, Aurelia aurita and Cyanea capillata are not in the same species.\nAurelia aurita has the same scientific name as a moon jellyfish. So, these organisms are in the same species. The answer is B.", + "18152": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles. The answer is B.", + "18159": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The tomato plant's observable version of the leaf type trait is potato leaves. So, the plant's phenotype for the leaf type trait is potato leaves. The answer is A.", + "18166": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the marmot.\nThe marmot has large front teeth. Its mouth is adapted for gnawing. The large front teeth can help the marmot break off pieces of food that it can swallow.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe aardvark has a long tube-shaped mouth and a few, small teeth. Its mouth is adapted for gnawing.\nThe Damara mole rat has large front teeth. Its mouth is adapted for gnawing. The Damara mole rat uses its large front teeth to break off pieces of food that it can swallow. The answer is B.", + "18167": "An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there The deep sea is a type of ecosystem. Deep sea ecosystems have the following features: water at the bottom of the ocean, no sunlight, and organisms that crawl or stick to the ground. So, the Kermadec Arc has water at the bottom of the ocean. It also has no sunlight. The answer is B.", + "18173": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "18184": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles. The answer is C.", + "18187": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A mouflon's scientific name is Ovis orientalis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis.\nOvis aries is in the genus Ovis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis. So, Ovis aries and Ovis orientalis are in the same genus.\nAlouatta palliata is in the genus Alouatta. The first word of its scientific name is Alouatta. So, Alouatta palliata and Ovis orientalis are not in the same genus.\nHystrix cristata is in the genus Hystrix. The first word of its scientific name is Hystrix. So, Hystrix cristata and Ovis orientalis are not in the same genus. The answer is C.", + "18194": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince principal is between the guide words paint - post, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "18196": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is B.", + "18197": "Some words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. King, teacher, and clown go together. They are jobs. Room is not a job, so it is not like the other words. The answer is B.", + "18202": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is A.", + "18212": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that off-leash dogs would somehow cause an increase in crime in Salem. However, these two ideas aren't related. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a red herring. The answer is B.", + "18241": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two pieces of rope are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder piece of rope has less thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "18245": "The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.\nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.\nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:\nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.\nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.\nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.\nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved. The answer is B.", + "18250": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a diving board is 10 feet.\n10 inches is too short. 10 yards and 10 miles are too long. The answer is C.", + "18257": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 77\u00b0F pie is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "18258": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Decomposers help break down dead organisms into simpler matter, such as nutrients. These nutrients can then help plants and other organisms grow. In a food web, there is an arrow pointing from another organism to a decomposer. There are no arrows pointing from a decomposer to another organism.\nThe earthworm does not have arrows pointing from it to other organisms. So, the earthworm is a decomposer.\nThe bilberry has arrows pointing from it. So, the bilberry is not a decomposer. The answer is A.", + "18263": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to peel a banana is 11 seconds.\n11 minutes is too slow. The answer is B.", + "18272": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "18273": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.\nJayce's new kitten\u2014barely three weeks old\u2014was literally the size of a softball; it could just about fit in the palm of his hand.\nThe first text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). Jayce's new kitten is not actually just a ball of fluff.\nJayce's new kitten\u2014barely three weeks old\u2014was literally just a ball of fluff in the palm of his hand.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect. The answer is A.", + "18275": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince weary is between the guide words walnut - who, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "18277": "Madison is the capital of Wisconsin. The answer is C.", + "18278": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nIt was 24\u00b0C downtown this afternoon.\nThis passage tells you about the temperature downtown this afternoon. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is B.", + "18284": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean. The answer is C.", + "18288": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Iowa is farthest north. The answer is A.", + "18291": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the Atlantic puffin.\nThe Atlantic puffin has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the Atlantic puffin uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe platypus has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.\nThe spectral tarsier has long toes. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The spectral tarsier uses its feet to climb trees. The answer is A.", + "18294": "Look at the map.\nThe map shows that the conflict involved countries and territories throughout Europe, South America, Africa, Asia, and North America. The only continents not involved were Australia, where no Europeans had settled, and Antarctica, where no humans lived.\nThe French and Indian War was part of a global war between rival empires. An empire is a group of places ruled by a central power. At the time, several empires were fighting to become the most powerful in the world. Many historians call this global war the Seven Years' War.\nThe French and Indian War was the part of the Seven Years' War fought in North America. This war led to big changes in the relationship between the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain. Historians often consider these changes important causes of the American Revolution, which started less than 20 years later. The answer is A.", + "18296": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Brad Lloyd is the most qualified candidate, because so many voters turned out to vote. However, even though many people voted for him, that doesn't necessarily mean that Brad Lloyd is the most qualified candidate. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy. The answer is A.", + "18303": "A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.\nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.\nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.\nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.\nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products. Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to zinc in this chemical reaction.\nMany watches are powered by small, flat batteries called button cells. One common type of button cell contains the metal zinc. When zinc in the battery combines with oxygen in the air, zinc oxide forms. This process generates the electricity that powers the watch.\nThe underlined text tells you that when zinc and oxygen combine, zinc oxide is formed. When zinc and oxygen react, or go through a chemical change, their atoms are rearranged to form zinc oxide. Because zinc reacts in this chemical reaction, zinc is a reactant. The answer is B.", + "18306": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that if Leon enjoyed the casserole, then he would have eaten more. However, Leon could have enjoyed the casserole without wanting a second serving. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy. The answer is C.", + "18310": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Hobbes has two alleles for straight fur (F). So, Hobbes's genotype for the fur type gene is FF. The answer is B.", + "18311": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is C.", + "18322": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Kentucky is farthest east. The answer is B.", + "18328": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Wet paint is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour wet paint out of a can, the paint will change shape. But the wet paint will still take up the same amount of space.\nA clothespin is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. You can open or close a clothespin. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.\nGrape juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour grape juice into a different container, the grape juice will take the shape of that container. But the grape juice will still take up the same amount of space. The answer is A.", + "18334": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is B.", + "18336": "Columbus is the capital of Ohio. The answer is A.", + "18338": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence. The answer is A.", + "18344": "The city is Denver, Colorado. New York City, New York; San Antonio, Texas; and St. Louis, Missouri are marked with gray circles on the map below. The answer is C.", + "18349": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the giant pangolin.\nThe giant pangolin has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The scales make it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the giant pangolin.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe nine-banded armadillo has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.\nThe Grant's gazelle has thin fur covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth. The answer is B.", + "18357": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Layla wants or needs:\nLayla will spend more time making the tomato soup than she would have spent making the beef barley soup. The answer is B.", + "18362": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Boxer has one allele for a black coat (L) and one allele for a reddish-brown coat (l). So, Boxer's genotype for the coat color gene is Ll. The answer is A.", + "18372": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Richard wants or needs:\nThe palm tree will use up more space than the marigolds would have used up. The answer is A.", + "18382": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.\nGrace can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols.\nThe second text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.\nIf Grace prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard. The answer is A.", + "18387": "The passage says a baby blue whale is as big as a car. It is a newborn baby, so it is not as big as an adult whale. An adult whale is as long as two school buses put together. So, an adult whale is bigger than a baby blue whale. The answer is A.", + "18389": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Sushi's observable version of the body color trait is a golden body. So, Sushi's phenotype for the body color trait is a golden body. The answer is A.", + "18395": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each bat moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bat moved 40 kilometers in 10 hours.\nThe other bat moved 225 kilometers in 10 hours.\nNotice that each bat spent the same amount of time moving. The bat that moved 40 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bat must have moved at a lower speed. The answer is A.", + "18396": "Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.\nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:\nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.\nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.\nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Jason and his neighbors investigated whether adding sunflower seeds to bird feeders affects how many woodpeckers visit yards. The yards with empty feeders did not get sunflower seeds. So, they were part of a control group. The answer is A.", + "18405": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each bowhead whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bowhead whale moved 25 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other bowhead whale moved 60 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each bowhead whale spent the same amount of time moving. The bowhead whale that moved 25 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bowhead whale must have moved at a lower speed. The answer is A.", + "18407": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nThere are usually more days with low air pressure than high air pressure where Diane lives.\nAir pressure is caused by the weight of the air in the atmosphere. When the air pressure is low, the sky is usually cloudy.\nThe passage tells you about the usual pattern of air pressure where Diane lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is A.", + "18412": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A gold bracelet is a solid. You can wrap a gold bracelet around your wrist. But the bracelet will still have a size and shape of its own.\nA plate is a solid. If someone drops a plate, it may break into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own.\nApple juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour apple juice into a different container, the juice will take the shape of that container. But the juice will still take up the same amount of space.\nA tortoise shell is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A tortoise shell is made of a solid called keratin, just like your fingernails! The answer is C.", + "18420": "Augusta is the capital of Maine. The answer is B.", + "18421": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is C.", + "18424": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince event is between the guide words easel - enamel, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "18426": "Ramadan is a special time of year in the religion of Islam.\nPeople around the world celebrate Ramadan. Ramadan is celebrated during the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. The answer is A.", + "18427": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a hiking trail is 1 mile.\n1 yard is too short. The answer is B.", + "18429": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A ballet shoe is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nWhen a dancer wears a ballet shoe, the ballet shoe still has a size and shape of its own. The answer is A.", + "18436": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Norwood. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down. The answer is A.", + "18440": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each mountain biker moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne mountain biker moved 65 miles in 5 hours.\nThe other mountain biker moved 95 miles in 5 hours.\nNotice that each mountain biker spent the same amount of time moving. The mountain biker who moved 65 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that mountain biker must have moved at a lower speed. The answer is B.", + "18446": "This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis. The answer is D.", + "18454": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each vial increased, which means that the thermal energy of each vial increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each vial. The answer is B.", + "18472": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, rainy day is 44\u00b0F.\n44\u00b0C is too hot. The answer is A.", + "18483": "Annapolis is the capital of Maryland. The answer is C.", + "18487": "Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word coughed. It describes the engine as if it were a person who is sick. The answer is A.", + "18492": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Carly or Jenny.\nCarly looks almost identical to her twin sister Jenny, but she has pierced ears.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nCarly has pierced ears, but otherwise she looks almost identical to her twin sister Jenny. The answer is A.", + "18494": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.\nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A yak is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nYaks live in cold places. Their long hair helps keep them warm.\nA bull shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nBull sharks can live in both fresh and salt water. They are found in rivers and in shallow parts of the ocean.\nA shoebill is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nShoebills live in tropical East Africa. Shoebills get their name from their shoe-shaped beaks.\nAn eastern newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nSome newts live in water. Other newts live on land but lay their eggs in water. The answer is B.", + "18499": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "18503": "Fern plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.\nMature ferns have flat leaves called fronds. Ferns have structures that look like small dots on the underside of their fronds. These structures are called spore cases. The mature spores are released from the spore cases.\nWhen the spores land on the ground, they may germinate and grow into a new heart-shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant begins the fern's sexual reproduction stage by making eggs and sperm. Ferns do not have flowers. The sperm can swim though small water drops on the heart-shaped plant. The sperm may combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into spores.\nThe spores may land on the spore cases of other heart-shaped plants. When the spores germinate, they grow into a new heart-shaped plant. This new plant can begin the fern's sexual reproduction stage. Spores that do not land on the spore cases of other heart-shaped plants may germinate and grow into a mature fern. When the spores land on the spore cases of other heart-shaped plants, they may germinate and grow into a new heart-shaped plant. This new plant can begin the fern's sexual reproduction stage. Spores that do not land on the spore cases of other heart-shaped plants may germinate and grow into a mature fern.\nWhen spores land on the spore cases of other heart-shaped plants, they may germinate and grow into a mature fern. This mature fern can begin the fern's sexual reproduction stage. Spores that do not land on the spore cases of other heart-shaped plants may germinate and grow into a mature fern. The mature fern can begin the fern's sexual reproduction stage. Ferns do not have flowers. The sperm can swim though small water drops on the heart-shaped plant. The sperm may combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into spores. The spores may land on the spore cases of other heart-shaped plants. When the spores germinate, they grow into a new heart-shaped plant. This new plant can begin the fern's sexual reproduction stage. Spores that do not land on the spore cases of other heart-shaped plants may germinate and grow into a mature fern. The mature fern can begin the fern's sexual reproduction stage.", + "18506": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "18516": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince earnest is between the guide words electric - ever, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "18547": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each bicycle moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each bicycle moved for 5 hours. The bicycle that moved 145 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at the highest speed. The answer is C.", + "18550": "Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?\nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.\nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.\nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.\nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. \nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.\nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:\nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes\nYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:\nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4 The answer is A.", + "18559": "Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.\nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.\ndesk: short e\nkit / ten: short i / short e\nAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.\ngo: long o\nhe / ro: long e / long o\nSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.\nsky: long i\nba / by: long a / long e The word no ends with a consonant and has a short vowel sound. So, it has a closed syllable. The answer is B.", + "18560": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa. The answer is C.", + "18562": "Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.\nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.\nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.\nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.\nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.\nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The equator is the line at 0\u00b0 latitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect Europe or Australia. The answer is C.", + "18565": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two blocks of concrete are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder block of concrete has less thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "18571": "During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her ideas and development by focusing on one main idea.\nFor example, the writer could remove the underlined text to focus only on the reasons why smoking cigarettes is bad for your health.\nWhy is smoking cigarettes bad for your health? Cigarettes contain poisonous substances like carbon monoxide and tar, which can harm every part of your body. Smoking causes heart disease and damages your blood vessels. Eating a diet high in fat, sugar, and salt can also lead to heart disease. A lack of exercise contributes to heart disease, too. Smoking damages your lungs and can cause breathing problems or lung cancer. In fact, it can cause cancer in any organ in your body. The answer is B.", + "18572": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is A.", + "18576": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.\nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.\nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3.\nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12\nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15\n To decide which planet is the smallest, look at the volumes shown in the table and compare the exponents. Mercury's volume has an exponent of 10, which is the smallest out of all the planets.\nMercury is made mainly of rock. So, the smallest planet is made mainly of rock. The answer is A.", + "18586": "An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there The deep sea is a type of ecosystem. Deep sea ecosystems have the following features: water at the bottom of the ocean, no sunlight, and organisms that crawl or stick to the ground. So, the New England Seamount Chain has water at the bottom of the ocean. It also has no sunlight. The answer is A.", + "18588": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, throws. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is A.", + "18609": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.\nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.\nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3.\nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12\nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15\nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 1000\n= 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 10^3\n= 1.43 x 10^(15 + 3)\n= 1.43 x 10^18\n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 1,000 times the volume of Earth.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. The volume of Jupiter is 1.43 x 10^15 km^3, which is more than 1.08 x 10^15 km^3. So, Jupiter's volume is more than 1,000 times that of Earth. The answer is B.", + "18617": "The colony is Pennsylvania. The answer is D.", + "18627": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A tiger shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nA red-tailed hawk is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak. The answer is A.", + "18632": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. All four objects are salty.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The cracker is not stretchy.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The ocean water is transparent, but the cracker is not.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is salty. The answer is A.", + "18651": "In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word the is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Don't Let the Turkeys Get You Down. The answer is B.", + "18658": "Columbia is the capital of South Carolina. The answer is D.", + "18659": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince midnight is between the guide words melt - myself, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "18660": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a ridiculous imitation; a parody.\nDoug's ill-researched essay about the Space Race received a poor grade because it presented such a travesty of the actual historical events.\nThe second text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a disappointment or a tragedy.\nDoug realized that his essay about the Space Race was a bit inaccurate, but he still thought it a travesty that such an entertaining essay should receive a poor grade.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard. The answer is B.", + "18662": "The city is Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. New York City, Boston, and Washington, D.C., are marked with gray circles on the map below. The answer is C.", + "18673": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion to an ark suggests that Marcy thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds. The answer is A.", + "18675": "Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nAmphibians have the following traits:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA Chinese alligator has the following traits:\nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA Chinese alligator does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A Chinese alligator is a reptile.\nA green toad has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA green toad has the traits of an amphibian. A green toad is an amphibian. The answer is B.", + "18682": "The colony is Virginia.\nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony. The answer is D.", + "18686": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "18687": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A European green toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nGreat white sharks can live for up to 70 years. The answer is B.", + "18689": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50% of Jupiter's volume by multiplying Jupiter's volume by 0.5.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Saturn. The volume of Saturn is 827,130 billion km^3, which is more than 715,640 billion km^3. So, Saturn's volume is more than 50% of Jupiter's volume. The answer is B.", + "18703": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Herman sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him. The answer is B.", + "18707": "An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there A tide pool is a type of ecosystem. Tide pool ecosystems have the following features: daily flooding and draining of seawater, water that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the tide pool ecosystems in Monta\u00f1a De Oro State Park have daily flooding and draining of seawater. They also have water that is rich in nutrients. The answer is A.", + "18714": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, reads. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is A.", + "18716": "Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nSoap is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.\nSo, soap is not a mineral.\nGalena is a mineral.\nNative gold is a mineral. The answer is C.", + "18718": "Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A fir tree is a plant. It has green leaves.\nThe leaves of fir trees are called needles.\nA sheep is an animal. It eats plants.\nPeople raise sheep for their fur, meat, and milk.\nA chili pepper is a plant. It has many green leaves.\nChili peppers give food a spicy flavor.\nA tulip is a plant. It has a green stem.\nTulips grow best in cool, dry places. The answer is A.", + "18722": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the giraffe.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe gerenuk has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for reaching high branches.\nThe black-tailed jackrabbit has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for reaching high branches. The black-tailed jackrabbit uses its long ears to help find food. The answer is B.", + "18723": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince gravy is not between the guide words gale - giraffe, it would not be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "18739": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, strained. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened. The answer is A.", + "18743": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Janet dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Janet enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard. The answer is B.", + "18752": "Look at the table and images.\nBella wants broccoli. Darnell wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "18753": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Devin's favorite season is fall it is cool outside is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. The answer is A.", + "18763": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.\nRobert Louis Stevenson's popular Victorian novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and highly respected doctor, at night he transforms into a monstrous person.\nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means kind then cruel. The answer is A.", + "18765": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Mabel's observable version of the xeroderma pigmentosum trait is having xeroderma pigmentosum. So, Mabel's phenotype for the xeroderma pigmentosum trait is having xeroderma pigmentosum. The answer is A.", + "18775": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince jeep is between the guide words jar - jut, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "18779": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa. The answer is B.", + "18786": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nWorking vacation is a contradiction, because going on a vacation implies that you are taking a break from work. The answer is B.", + "18787": "Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana. The answer is D.", + "18792": "Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.\nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.\nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.\nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.\nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.\nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect South America or Asia. The answer is C.", + "18795": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nYou can see clearly through a colorful object. The water is not colorful.\nA transparent object lets light through. The water is transparent. The answer is B.", + "18796": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "18803": "There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.\nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.\nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.\nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.\nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there are too many cars for sale. There are 20 cars for sale, but only 40 people want to buy one.\nSo, there is a surplus of cars. The dealership will not get any money for the leftover cars. The answer is A.", + "18812": "The colony is Rhode Island. The answer is C.", + "18814": "Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming. The answer is B.", + "18816": "A rural area is less developed than a suburban area. The answer is A.", + "18822": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia. The answer is A.", + "18841": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is C.", + "18846": "Juneau is the capital of Alaska. The answer is D.", + "18858": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Queenie's observable version of the cheek color trait is bright orange cheeks. So, Queenie's phenotype for the cheek color trait is bright orange cheeks. The answer is A.", + "18864": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Reggie is capitalized because it is a proper noun. The answer is B.", + "18873": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nThe Dominican Republic has lush, green forests and beautiful beaches. A biologist studying insects noticed that it was cooler in the forest than at the beach for most of last week.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the temperature in the Dominican Republic last week. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is B.", + "18876": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "18885": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, Cape Breton Highlands National Park has many evergreen trees. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients. The answer is B.", + "18889": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is C.", + "18892": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nCutting an apple is a physical change. The apple gets a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter as the uncut apple.\nA sidewalk heating up in the sun is a physical change. The temperature of the sidewalk goes up, but the sidewalk is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nA sidewalk getting warm in the sun is caused by heating. But cutting an apple is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is D.", + "18895": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the black-bellied whistling duck.\nThe black-bellied whistling duck has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the black-bellied whistling duck uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe common guillemot has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.\nThe spectral tarsier has long fingers and toes. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The spectral tarsier uses its feet to grab insects and other small invertebrates. The answer is B.", + "18896": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.\nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. Both objects are bouncy.\nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. Neither of the objects are colorful.\nThe property that both objects have in common is bouncy. The answer is A.", + "18906": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nAlone together is a contradiction, because being alone means by yourself, but together means with someone else. The answer is B.", + "18907": "A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.\nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.\nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. An event chain uses arrows to show the order of events. This event chain shows some main events from the American Revolution.\nFollow the arrows to see the order of events. An arrow points from the Declaration of Independence to the Constitution. So, the Declaration of Independence was written first. The answer is A.", + "18915": "In the 1400 s, the Portuguese began exploring the coast of Africa. They wanted to find a trade route to the Indian Ocean. To do this, they had to go around Africa.\nBut the Portuguese were not the only ones interested in trading in the Indian Ocean. The rulers of Spain also wanted to trade there. In fact, the Spanish had already sent expeditions to try to find a way around Africa.\nThe answer is C.", + "18919": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince rampart is not between the guide words reach - risk, it would not be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "18920": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The common carp has one allele for normal scales (A) and one allele for mirror scales (a). So, the carp's genotype for the scale type gene is Aa. The answer is B.", + "18935": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Waterloo is history.\nThe Battle of Waterloo was fought in 1815 and was won by British forces under the command of Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington.\nThe allusion Waterloo means a decisive defeat. The answer is B.", + "18936": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is C.", + "18937": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles. The answer is A.", + "18949": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Zelda's genotype for the coat pattern gene is aa. Zelda's genotype of aa has only a alleles. The a allele is for white spots. So, Zelda's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be white spots.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Zelda's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for solid coloring (A) is dominant over the allele for white spots (a). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nZelda's genotype of aa has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Zelda's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be white spots. The answer is B.", + "18973": "An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there A desert is a type of ecosystem. Deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, Death Valley has dry, thin soil. It also has many different types of organisms. The answer is A.", + "18985": "This country is Trinidad and Tobago. The answer is C.", + "18994": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is B.", + "19002": "Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming. The answer is D.", + "19016": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nFirst, Trent planted the geraniums in a clay pot, and then he placed the pot on a sunny windowsill in his kitchen. The answer is B.", + "19017": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "19022": "Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:\nIt is a solid.\nIt is formed in nature.\nIt is not made by organisms.\nIt is a pure substance.\nIt has a fixed crystal structure.\nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nA mineral is not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.\nA mineral is a pure substance.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\n Slate does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, slate is not a mineral. The answer is A.", + "19023": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A tiger shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nA bald eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak. The answer is B.", + "19029": "According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Colton is pushing on the wheelchair. So, Newton's third law tells you that the wheelchair is pushing on Colton. The answer is A.", + "19034": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Scratchy is a property. A scratchy material is rough and itchy against your skin.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the bark is scratchier. If you could touch this tree bark, it would feel rough and itchy. The answer is A.", + "19036": "Brendan wanted broccoli in his lunch and Isaac was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nBrendan has tomatoes. Isaac has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is C.", + "19042": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that the smallest planet is Mercury and that Mercury is made mainly of rock. So, the smallest planet is made mainly of rock. The answer is B.", + "19043": "In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.\nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.\n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants\nHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many\nDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes\nCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Nerium oleander is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells. The answer is B.", + "19045": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that being socially awkward determines knowledge of workplace safety. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Goodman's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem. The answer is A.", + "19049": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nHurdle refers to an obstacle that one must overcome. It also refers to an object that a runner jumps over. The answer is A.", + "19055": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of a bowl of ice cream is 36\u00b0F.\n36\u00b0C is too hot. The answer is A.", + "19060": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Greg or Eric.\nAfter Greg talked with Eric about the research project, he felt better about collaborating on it.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nEric felt better about collaborating on the research project after Greg talked with him about it. The answer is B.", + "19063": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.\nChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Victor's hair color is an inherited trait. The answer is B.", + "19070": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Eli wants or needs:\nEli will give up the chance to see the tamarins. He would have enjoyed seeing them more than the polar bears. The answer is B.", + "19075": "Jackson is the capital of Mississippi. The answer is A.", + "19078": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a hammer is 17 centimeters.\n17 millimeters is too short. 17 meters and 17 kilometers are too long. The answer is D.", + "19080": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "19086": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 5,725 kilograms.\n5,725 grams is too light. The answer is B.", + "19090": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence makes a request, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period. The answer is B.", + "19093": "Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.\nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Rose started sledding. As Rose rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Rose rode down the hill. The answer is A.", + "19112": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nSome objects are made of just one material.\nMost nails are made of metal.\nOther objects are made of more than one material.\nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the clothes hanger.\nThe clothes hanger is made of two different materials. The hook is made of metal, and the rest of the hanger is made of cardboard. The answer is A.", + "19115": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Nibbles's genotype for the body size gene is BB. Nibbles's genotype of BB has only B allelles. The B allele is for a normal-sized body. So, Nibbles's phenotype for the body size trait must be a normal-sized body.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Nibbles's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a normal-sized body (B) is dominant over the allele for a dwarf body (b). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nNibbles's genotype of BB has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Nibbles's phenotype for the body size trait must be a normal-sized body. The answer is A.", + "19117": "Carson City is the capital of Nevada. The answer is B.", + "19118": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "19122": "Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina. The answer is B.", + "19133": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Pacific Ocean. The answer is B.", + "19134": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is A.", + "19136": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up. The answer is A.", + "19139": "Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.\nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.\nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.\nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.\nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.\nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Atlantic Ocean. It does not intersect the Pacific Ocean or the Indian Ocean. The answer is A.", + "19142": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him entire years to fetch coffee. The answer is A.", + "19143": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nA piece of avocado turning brown is a chemical change. The avocado reacts with oxygen in the air to form a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown part of the avocado, the inside will still be green. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the avocado.\nBoiling sugar to make caramel is a chemical change. The heat causes the sugar to change into a different type of matter. Unlike sugar, the new matter is brown and sticky.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoiling sugar is caused by heating. But a piece of avocado turning brown is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is C.", + "19150": "Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether washing cars is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs washing cars something you can touch? No.\nIs washing cars a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, washing cars is a service. The answer is B.", + "19155": "Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Fluorite has all the properties of a mineral. So, fluorite is a mineral. The answer is B.", + "19156": "Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the hockey puck and the center of Earth changed.\nBecause the goal was lower than the table, the distance between the hockey puck and the center of Earth decreased as the puck slid toward the goal. As the distance between the hockey puck and the center of Earth decreased, the gravitational potential energy stored between the hockey puck and Earth decreased as the puck slid toward the goal. The answer is C.", + "19158": "Hartford is the capital of Connecticut. The answer is D.", + "19161": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The seashell and the apple seeds are not translucent.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All three objects are hard.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. None of the objects are soft.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is hard. The answer is B.", + "19163": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 42 millimeters.\n42 centimeters and 42 meters are both too long. The answer is C.", + "19164": "This country is Cuba.\nDoes Cuba have any territorial disputes?\nCuba claims to own Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nThe United States controls the area and uses it as a military base and prison. A treaty in 1903 gave the U.S. the right to rent the land from Cuba. But today, Cuba says that it had no choice but to accept the treaty. It wants the United States to leave the area and does not accept the rent money sent by the United States each year. The answer is B.", + "19165": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Senator Larsen can't empathize with his low-income constituents because he went to an elite university. However, going to an elite university doesn't necessarily mean you're out of touch. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association. The answer is A.", + "19167": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is B.", + "19176": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to mow the lawn is 40 minutes.\n40 hours is too slow. The answer is B.", + "19182": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Scratches's observable version of the fur type trait is curly fur. So, Scratches's phenotype for the fur type trait is curly fur. The answer is B.", + "19187": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa. The answer is C.", + "19197": "A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.\nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.\nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The police department is in column 2. The answer is C.", + "19204": "Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii. The answer is B.", + "19206": "Des Moines is the capital of Iowa. The answer is B.", + "19213": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The river flooded the town during the storm is a complete sentence. The subject is the river, and the verb is flooded. The answer is A.", + "19217": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.\nEach vase and bowl in Ashley's collection of handmade pottery is unique. The colors and designs reflect both her cultural heritage and her individual artistic style.\nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Ashley is a distinctive artist, but might not be one of a kind. It may be helpful to remember that if unique is modified by an adverb\u2014as in most unique, very unique, or quite unique\u2014it is probably being used nontraditionally.\nAshley's collection of handmade pottery was featured in last week's edition of the Weston Journal, which identified her as \"one of the most unique young artists to debut this year.\"\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard. The answer is B.", + "19220": "A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.\nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.\nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The tow truck is pulling the car. The direction of the pull is toward the tow truck. The answer is B.", + "19223": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Brittany wants or needs:\nThe maple tree will use up more space than the poppies would have used up. The answer is B.", + "19225": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean. The answer is A.", + "19227": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.\nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.\n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with white spots or solid coloring, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the coat pattern trait. The question tells you that the a allele, which is for white spots, is recessive to the A allele, which is for solid coloring.\nWhite spots is the recessive allele's version of the coat pattern trait. A cow with the recessive version of the coat pattern trait must have only recessive alleles for the coat pattern gene. So, offspring with white spots must have the genotype aa.\nThere are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype aa. These boxes are highlighted below.\nSolid coloring is the dominant allele's version of the coat pattern trait. A cow with the dominant version of the coat pattern trait must have at least one dominant allele for the coat pattern gene. So, offspring with solid coloring must have the genotype AA or Aa.\nThere are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype AA or Aa. These boxes are highlighted below.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with white spots to offspring with solid coloring is 2:2. This means that, on average, this cross will produce 2 offspring with white spots for every 2 offspring with solid coloring. The answer is D.", + "19232": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. An icicle is a solid. A solid takes a shape of its own.\nAn icicle is made of frozen water. As the icicle grows, it expands into a solid that takes a shape of its own. The answer is A.", + "19237": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is A.", + "19239": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. None of the objects are fragile.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. None of the objects are blue.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. All three objects are bouncy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is bouncy. The answer is A.", + "19244": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the leaf-mimic katydid.\nThe leaf-mimic katydid has a green leaf-shaped body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe blue poison dart frog has brightly colored skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.\nThe shield mantis has a green leaf-shaped body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves. The answer is B.", + "19248": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the Sumatran orangutan.\nThe Sumatran orangutan has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The Sumatran orangutan uses its long fingers and toes to hold on to branches while climbing.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe bare-eared squirrel monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.\nThe Grevy's zebra has four hoofed feet. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The Grevy's zebra uses its feet to walk and run. The answer is B.", + "19253": "Providence is the capital of Rhode Island. The answer is B.", + "19257": "Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nBirds have the following traits:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA barn owl has the following traits:\nIt has feathers.\nIt has wings.\nIt has a beak.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA barn owl has the traits of a bird. A barn owl is a bird.\nA minnow has the following traits:\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA minnow does not have all of the traits of a bird. A minnow is a fish. The answer is B.", + "19259": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is B.", + "19260": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, Mount Rainier National Park has long, cold winters. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients. The answer is A.", + "19263": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Poseidon's genotype for the iridescent scales gene is ii. Poseidon's genotype of ii has only i alleles. The i allele is for mostly plain scales. So, Poseidon's phenotype for the iridescent scales trait must be mostly plain scales.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Poseidon's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for mostly iridescent scales (I) is dominant over the allele for mostly plain scales (i). This means I is a dominant allele, and i is a recessive allele.\nPoseidon's genotype of ii has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Poseidon's phenotype for the iridescent scales trait must be mostly plain scales. The answer is A.", + "19271": "Richmond is the capital of Virginia. The answer is C.", + "19274": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play basketball. Instead, some people learn how to play basketball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing basketball is an acquired trait. The answer is B.", + "19278": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction or.\nYou might be excited by all of the people and activity in Tokyo, or it might be a bit overwhelming. The answer is A.", + "19287": "The colony is Pennsylvania. The answer is B.", + "19292": "Topeka is the capital of Kansas. The answer is C.", + "19293": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is B.", + "19296": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nMany crops are grown in California's Central Valley. Thick fog often fills the valley during the cold winter months.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of fog in California's Central Valley. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is A.", + "19303": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is C.", + "19305": "A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.\nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.\nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.\nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3.\nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12\nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:\n1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15\n The table tells you that Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are the planets made mainly of rock. Of these planets, Earth has the volume with the largest exponent. So, Earth is the largest planet that is made mainly of rock. The answer is A.", + "19310": "All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A hockey puck is not a living thing.\nHockey pucks do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA snowman is not a living thing.\nSnowmen do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA swing set is not a living thing.\nSwing sets do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nYeast is a living thing.\nYeast grows and responds to its environment. It needs food and water. Yeast is made up of just one cell.\nYeast is a fungus. Some fungi live on plants. Yeast is a fungus that lives on plants. The answer is B.", + "19318": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two drops of honey are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder drop of honey has less thermal energy. The answer is B.", + "19323": "The answer is C.", + "19324": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom see eye to eye suggests that Mr. and Mrs. Chandler usually agree. When you see eye to eye with someone, you share their opinion. The answer is B.", + "19327": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of the Nile River is 6,850 kilometers.\n6,850 centimeters is too short. The answer is A.", + "19333": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Dr. Sutton is capitalized because it is a proper noun. The answer is B.", + "19334": "Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:\nIt is a solid.\nIt is formed in nature.\nIt is not made by organisms.\nIt is a pure substance.\nIt has a fixed crystal structure.\nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nA mineral is not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.\nA mineral is a pure substance.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\n Candle wax does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, candle wax is not a mineral. The answer is A.", + "19351": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Milford. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down. The answer is B.", + "19353": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "19355": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "19367": "When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.\nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.\nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...\nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affected\nMutualistic | benefits | benefits\nParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When an Alcon blue caterpillar lives in a Myrmica ant nest, the caterpillar gets food and protection from the ants. So, the caterpillar benefits from its relationship with the ants.\nThe ants also benefit from their relationship with the caterpillar. The ants get food for their nest, and they also get rid of other ants that might compete with the caterpillar for food.\nSince both the caterpillar and the ants benefit, a mutualistic relationship is formed when an Alcon blue caterpillar lives in a Myrmica ant nest. The answer is B.", + "19375": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles. The answer is B.", + "19381": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Emma Hammond can't understand rural, blue-collar workers because she is associated with an urban newspaper. However, where Emma works doesn't necessarily indicate anything about her ability to empathize. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association. The answer is A.", + "19386": "When you write, you can use sensory details. These sense words help your reader understand what something looks, sounds, tastes, smells, or feels like.\nSensory Category | Description\nSight | These are words like bright, clean, and purple. A reader can imagine looking at these details.\nSound | These are words like hissing, buzzing, and ringing. A reader can imagine hearing these details.\nTaste | These are words like juicy, sweet, and burnt. A reader can imagine tasting these details.\nSmell | These are words like fruity, sweet, and stinky. A reader can imagine smelling these details.\nTouch | These are words like fuzzy, wet, and soft. A reader can imagine feeling these details.\nMany sense words can describe more than one sense. For example, soft can describe a touch or a sound. And sweet can describe a taste or a smell.\n Look at the picture.\nThe word chirping describes the sound these birds make.\nQuacking and popping can also describe sounds. But they do not describe the sounds these birds make. The answer is A.", + "19397": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Namaqua chameleon.\nThe Namaqua chameleon has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe European green lizard has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.\nThe horned viper has a sand-colored body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The answer is B.", + "19401": "Richmond is the capital of Virginia. The answer is A.", + "19405": "Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.\nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.\nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.\nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment. The answer is A.", + "19408": "Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.\nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).\nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is B.", + "19430": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.\nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A seahorse is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nSeahorses live in shallow, warm water. They can use their tails to hold on to plants.\nA water buffalo is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nWater buffaloes live in Asia. Some people raise water buffaloes for their milk.\nA tokay gecko is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nMany geckos have special pads on their toes. The pads help them climb up plants and rocks.\nA western toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole. The answer is B.", + "19442": "A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nAccording to a 2008 study, hog farms across five counties in eastern North Carolina produce more than fifteen million tons of manure every year, creating a waste management challenge of epic proportions for county officials. The answer is A.", + "19444": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince escape is between the guide words equal - everyday, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "19456": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "19457": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (took pictures, ordinary daily life).\nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall. The answer is A.", + "19460": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "19470": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles. The answer is B.", + "19473": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a bathtub is 320 liters.\n320 milliliters is too little. The answer is A.", + "19476": "Boston is the capital of Massachusetts. The answer is D.", + "19477": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is B.", + "19479": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is A.", + "19484": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "19493": "The answer is C.", + "19494": "The colony is Rhode Island. The answer is C.", + "19496": "Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A comet moth is an insect. Like other insects, a comet moth does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA tokay gecko is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a tokay gecko has a backbone. The answer is A.", + "19500": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that if Joe enjoyed the casserole, then he would have eaten more. However, Joe could have enjoyed the casserole without wanting a second serving. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy. The answer is B.", + "19501": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Norma is telling the truth because she says she never lies. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning. The answer is B.", + "19508": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Most humans are born with five fingers on each hand. So, having five fingers is an inherited trait. The answer is B.", + "19515": "Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nMammals have the following traits:\nThey feed their offspring milk.\nThey have fur or hair.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA harvest mouse has the following traits:\nIt feeds its offspring milk.\nIt has fur.\nA harvest mouse has the traits of a mammal. A harvest mouse is a mammal.\nA minnow has the following traits:\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA minnow does not have all of the traits of a mammal. A minnow is a fish. The answer is A.", + "19520": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "19524": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "19525": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the great egret.\nThe great egret has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. This allows the great egret to grab the prey without scaring it away.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe great blue heron has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.\nThe frigatebird has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. The answer is B.", + "19531": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.\nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Atlanta, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"March is drier than February. The average precipitation in March is lower, so March is drier than February.\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"February is wetter than March. The average precipitation in February is higher, so February is wetter than March.\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Atlanta has a rainy season and a dry season. The answer is B.\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Precipitation does not change much from month to month in Atlanta. The average monthly precipitation changes only slightly throughout the year.\" is incorrect. The answer is C.", + "19532": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Biscotti's genotype for the fur texture gene is ff. Biscotti's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for wavy fur. So, Biscotti's phenotype for the fur texture trait must be wavy fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Biscotti's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for straight fur (F) is dominant over the allele for wavy fur (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nBiscotti's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Biscotti's phenotype for the fur texture trait must be wavy fur. The answer is A.", + "19533": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "19535": "A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.\nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.\nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The fire department is in column 4. The answer is B.", + "19538": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" An article should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"To Help a Shy Child, Listen.\" The answer is A.", + "19545": "This country is Palau. The answer is D.", + "19546": "Columbus is the capital of Ohio. The answer is B.", + "19548": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A white stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nStorks wade in shallow water to look for food. Storks eat fish, insects, worms, and other small animals.\nA red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nA red-eyed tree frog has sticky pads on its toes. The sticky pads help the red-eyed tree frog hold on to leaves. The answer is B.", + "19549": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is A.", + "19550": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three baked potatoes have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 43\u00b0C potato is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "19558": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The sandpaper is not soft.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.\nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. All three objects are bumpy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is bumpy. The answer is C.", + "19592": "In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word on is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Hop on Pop. The answer is B.", + "19595": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nSo full I could explode is an exaggeration, since it is clear that the speaker is not actually in danger of exploding. The answer is A.", + "19601": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince platform is between the guide words perfect - polo, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "19602": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is C.", + "19618": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The different parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.\nBreaking a piece of glass is a physical change. The glass gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is C.", + "19620": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a bicycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a bicycle is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "19625": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nSugar has a sweet taste. The jello is sweet, but the icicle, the snowflake, and the cup are not.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. All four objects are fragile.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The icicle, the snowflake, and the cup are not transparent.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is fragile. The answer is A.", + "19629": "In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word to is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is \"Mother to Son.\" The answer is A.", + "19632": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nThe thermometer and the cough syrup are in the medicine cabinet next to the cotton balls. The answer is B.", + "19634": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Most humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait. The answer is A.", + "19638": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince nimble is not between the guide words nation - next, it would not be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "19641": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Aunt Clare's heavy baggage is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. The answer is A.", + "19642": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion catch-22 is literature.\nJoseph Heller coined the term \"catch-22\" in his 1961 novel of the same name. In the novel, if an army pilot wants to avoid dangerous missions, he must be deemed mentally unfit; however, his desire to stay safe proves his sanity, so he can never be excused from a mission. Heller called this sort of predicament or dilemma a catch-22.\nThe allusion catch-22 means a no-win situation. The answer is B.", + "19658": "Look at the passage. It tells you how jumping spiders catch their food.\nJumping spiders are fast. They can also jump far.\nMost spiders make webs to catch bugs. Then, they eat the bugs. But jumping spiders catch their food in another way. They jump onto flies and other bugs. The answer is B.", + "19659": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is B.", + "19665": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Arkansas is farthest west. The answer is C.", + "19676": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A prairie grassland is a type of ecosystem. Prairie grasslands have the following features: hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. So, the following statement describes the Buffalo Gap National Grassland ecosystem: hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. It has a medium amount of rain. The following statements do not describe Buffalo Gap National Grassland: hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. It has heavy rain. It has cold winters and cool summers. The answer is B.", + "19678": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the glass marbles are smoother. If you touch a glass marble, it will not feel rough or bumpy. The answer is B.", + "19681": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. The answer is C.", + "19691": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether carbon tetrachloride is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that a molecule of carbon tetrachloride is composed of one carbon atom and four chlorine atoms bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that carbon tetrachloride is composed of two chemical elements: carbon and chlorine. Since carbon tetrachloride is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, carbon tetrachloride is a compound. The answer is B.", + "19695": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.\nSir John Falstaff, a comical character in several of William Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and sometimes off-color humor.\nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by joviality and enjoyment of food and drink. The answer is A.", + "19697": "A fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The second sentence states a fact.\nParkour is a physical discipline that involves getting from one point to another while navigating obstacles along the way.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about Parkour.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nThe greatest benefit of Parkour training is that it teaches people to see obstacles and challenges as opportunities.\nSeeing obstacles as opportunities shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what the greatest benefit of Parkour training is. The answer is B.", + "19720": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with academic advisers.\nBefore Jake decided on a double major in history and Russian literature, he talked to academic advisers about the requirements for each major. The answer is A.", + "19723": "Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.\nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.\ndesk: short e\nkit / ten: short i / short e\nAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.\ngo: long o\nhe / ro: long e / long o\nSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.\nsky: long i\nba / by: long a / long e The word so ends with a vowel and has a long vowel sound. So, it has an open syllable. The answer is A.", + "19725": "Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether propane is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for propane is C3 H8. This formula contains two symbols: C for carbon and H for hydrogen. So, the formula tells you that propane is made of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, propane is a compound. The answer is B.", + "19726": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. None of the objects are fragile.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The stuffed dice and the diamond are not bouncy.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All three objects are hard.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is hard. The answer is C.", + "19730": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Burton's snoring. The answer is A.", + "19731": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa. The answer is B.", + "19736": "Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of quartz match the properties of a mineral. So, quartz is a mineral. The answer is A.", + "19756": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.\nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other. The answer is A.", + "19759": "Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.\nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.\nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.\nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.\nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.\nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Antarctica. It does not intersect South America or North America. The answer is A.", + "19764": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is A.", + "19778": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A hair clip is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. You can use a hair clip to keep your hair out of your face because the hair clip keeps its shape.\nThe water in a fishbowl is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour water from a fishbowl into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space.\nThe air inside a raft is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a raft expands to fill all the space in the raft. If the raft leaks, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.\nHelium is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. Helium is lighter than air. So, if you fill a balloon with helium, the balloon will rise. If helium leaks out of the balloon, the helium will expand into the space around the balloon. The answer is A.", + "19782": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is C.", + "19787": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is C.", + "19788": "Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nCheese is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nCheese is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things.\nSo, cheese is not a mineral.\nChrysotile is a mineral.\nFluorite is a mineral. The answer is C.", + "19789": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Alvin's observable version of the eye color trait is brown eyes. So, Alvin's phenotype for the eye color trait is brown eyes. The answer is A.", + "19791": "The colony is Virginia.\nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony. The answer is A.", + "19793": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is B.", + "19798": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Chocolate syrup is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour chocolate syrup into a container, the chocolate syrup will take the shape of that container. But the chocolate syrup will still take up the same amount of space.\nA hair clip is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. You can use a hair clip to keep your hair out of your face because the hair clip keeps its shape.\nA tortoise shell is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A tortoise shell is made of a solid called keratin, just like your fingernails!\nA ballet shoe is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When a dancer wears a ballet shoe, it may bend a little. But the ballet shoe still has a size and shape of its own. The answer is A.", + "19807": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the cow.\nThe cow has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter. The long jaws can help the cow reach grass. The flat teeth can help it cut and grind up the food into soft pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe zebra has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter.\nThe silky anteater has a long tube-shaped mouth and no teeth. Its mouth is not adapted to eat plant matter. The silky anteater uses its mouth to get insects out of holes and burrows. The answer is A.", + "19818": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes. The apples become soft, and the crust turns brown.\nMaking jam is a chemical change. It involves mixing fruit, sugar, and a substance called pectin.\nWhen these ingredients are mixed and cooked, the chemicals change into jam.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is C.", + "19819": "Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A weaver ant is an insect. Like other insects, a weaver ant does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA common toad is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a common toad has a backbone. The answer is B.", + "19824": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nHenry Bacon's design of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., won him a gold medal from the American Institute of Architects. The answer is B.", + "19830": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Brody felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment. The answer is A.", + "19850": "Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.\nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).\nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is A.", + "19860": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each vial increased, which means that the thermal energy of each vial increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each vial. The answer is B.", + "19867": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "19872": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Lauren was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer. The answer is A.", + "19877": "An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.\nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.\nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Acrochordus granulatus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.\nAcrochordus granulatus is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that marine file snake is the common name. The answer is A.", + "19879": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is A.", + "19882": "Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.\nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).\nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is B.", + "19883": "In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.\nA single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population.\nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.\nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem. The answer is B.", + "19886": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "19888": "Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words curl and hurl rhyme. They both end with the url sound.\nThe word gull does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound. The answer is C.", + "19889": "People around the world live in three main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas.\nAn urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often tall and have many floors. Since there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic.\nA suburban area, or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with yards. Most people drive to get places.\nA rural area is less crowded than both urban and suburban areas. Houses are much more spread out. People usually have to drive to get places. People in rural areas often live on farms or ranches.\nSome places, like small towns, don't really fit into any of the types. A small town does not have as many people as an urban area, but it has more people than a rural area. It is not near a city, so it is not called a suburb. Taller buildings are usually found in urban areas. The answer is A.", + "19894": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The first sentence states a fact.\nDry Valleys, Antarctica, is the driest place on Earth, followed by Arica, Chile.\nIt can be proved by looking up the information about Antarctica.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nThe cold, sunless winter months in Dry Valleys, Antarctica, are unbearable.\nUnbearable shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is bearable. The answer is B.", + "19899": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All four objects are smooth.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The water pitcher is transparent, but the slide and the hammer are not.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The rubber band is flexible, but the water pitcher and the slide are not.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is smooth. The answer is B.", + "19903": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion turn the other cheek is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Jesus counsels his followers to resist retaliation. He says that if they are struck on the right cheek, they shouldn't lash out; instead, they should turn the other cheek toward their attacker.\nThe allusion turn the other cheek means to respond without aggression. The answer is B.", + "19904": "The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.\nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.\nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:\nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.\nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.\nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.\nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved. The answer is A.", + "19905": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms. You can tell whether potassium nitrate is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for potassium nitrate, KNO3, contains two atomic symbols: K for potassium and N for nitrogen. So, the formula tells you that potassium nitrate is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince potassium nitrate is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, potassium nitrate is a compound. The answer is A.", + "19908": "Olympia is the capital of Washington. The answer is B.", + "19912": "Barry wanted broccoli in his lunch and Mona was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nBarry has tomatoes. Mona has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is D.", + "19913": "According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Sebastain is pulling on the suitcase. So, Newton's third law tells you that the suitcase is pulling on Sebastian. The answer is B.", + "19922": "Augusta is the capital of Maine. The answer is C.", + "19926": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Chandler wants or needs:\nChandler will give up the chance to eat the praline pecan ice cream. He likes this flavor more than caramel swirl. The answer is A.", + "19928": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is B.", + "19934": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia. The answer is B.", + "19937": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.\nThe trek across New Zealand's South Island is exhausting, but the gorgeous views make it worth the effort. The answer is A.", + "19948": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince won is between the guide words white - win, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "19952": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion David and Goliath is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, a young man named David slays Goliath, a giant and champion warrior, using nothing more than a sling and a stone.\nThe allusion David and Goliath means involving unequal rivals. The answer is B.", + "19955": "This country is the Marshall Islands.\nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?\nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force. The answer is D.", + "19963": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.\nRobert Louis Stevenson's popular Victorian novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and highly respected doctor, at night he transforms into a monstrous person.\nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means kind then cruel. The answer is A.", + "19981": "Helena is the capital of Montana. The answer is A.", + "19984": "Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.\nThe food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer.\nConsumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain:\nA primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain.\nA secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain.\nA tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain.\nA top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer! In this food chain, the brown trout is a secondary consumer because it eats a primary consumer. The primary consumer in this food chain is the water flea. The answer is B.", + "19990": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air inside a soccer ball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air fills all the space inside the soccer ball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball.\nA slide is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A slide has a size and shape of its own.\nThe air inside a bubble is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a bubble fills all the space in the bubble. If the bubble pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.\nRain is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you put rainwater into a bucket, the rainwater will take the shape of the bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space. The answer is A.", + "19998": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (real quick).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall. The answer is B.", + "20001": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nBeep represents the sound that tells the caller to start recording a message. The answer is B.", + "20002": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is A.", + "20003": "Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah. The answer is C.", + "20007": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (real quick).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall. The answer is A.", + "20009": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to fly across the United States in an airplane is 5 hours.\n5 minutes is too fast. The answer is B.", + "20011": "Rosa Parks grew up in the South.\nRosa Parks was born in Montgomery, Alabama. Montgomery is in the southern part of the United States. The answer is D.", + "20020": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the caribou.\nThe caribou has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The caribou uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe snowy owl has a thick coat of feathers covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.\nThe naked mole rat has thin skin covering its body. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places. The answer is B.", + "20021": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two wax candles are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter wax candle has more thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "20024": "Juneau is the capital of Alaska. The answer is B.", + "20036": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "20040": "An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.\nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.\nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Carcharodon carcharias is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.\nCarcharodon carcharias is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that great white shark is the common name. The answer is A.", + "20041": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to bake. Instead, many people learn how to bake. So, baking is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "20043": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is B.", + "20046": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Most humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait. The answer is B.", + "20051": "Carson City is the capital of Nevada. The answer is B.", + "20062": "A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.\nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.\nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.\nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:\nThe feather fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the ginkgo leaf fossil. So, the feather fossil is most likely younger than the ginkgo leaf fossil. The answer is A.", + "20065": "Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between Herman and the center of Earth changed.\nThe summit of the mountain was higher than the point where Herman started hiking. As he hiked toward the summit, the distance between Herman and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Herman and Earth increased as he hiked toward the summit. The answer is A.", + "20075": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles. The answer is B.", + "20081": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nShelby and her sisters drew a map of the United States and hung it on the wall. The answer is B.", + "20095": "Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nChrysotile is a mineral.\nMuscovite is a mineral.\nA shark's tooth is made by a living thing. But minerals are not made by living things.\nSo, a shark's tooth is not a mineral. The answer is B.", + "20115": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nSome objects are made of just one material.\nMost nails are made of metal.\nOther objects are made of more than one material.\nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the spatula.\nThe spatula is made of two different materials. The handle is made of wood, and the head is made of rubber. The answer is B.", + "20116": "Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nA marble is made by humans. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, a marble is not a rock.\nDolerite is a rock.\nMica is a rock. The answer is A.", + "20117": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince looked is between the guide words like - lumber, it would be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "20119": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "20120": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic wolf.\nThe Arctic wolf has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The Arctic wolf uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nDuring the winter, the Eurasian lynx has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.\nThe Amazon milk frog has thin, moist skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places. The answer is B.", + "20121": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is A.", + "20132": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is A.", + "20134": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater freezing into ice is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes from solid to liquid. But the ice is still made of the same type of matter as the liquid water.\nBending a paper clip is a physical change. After you bend it, the paper clip has a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nWater freezing is caused by cooling. But bending a paper clip is not. The answer is C.", + "20135": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, rest. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now. The answer is A.", + "20145": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.\nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.\n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a gray body or a golden body, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the body color trait. The question tells you that the b allele, which is for a golden body, is recessive to the B allele, which is for a gray body.\nA gray body is the dominant allele's version of the body color trait. A guppy with the dominant version of the body color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the body color gene. So, offspring with a gray body must have the genotype BB or Bb.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype BB or Bb.\nA golden body is the recessive allele's version of the body color trait. A guppy with the recessive version of the body color trait must have only recessive alleles for the body color gene. So, offspring with a golden body must have the genotype bb.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype bb.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with a gray body to offspring with a golden body is 4:0. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will always produce offspring with a gray body. This cross is expected to never produce offspring with a golden body. The answer is E.", + "20148": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is A.", + "20159": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSomewhat destroyed is a contradiction, because somewhat means partially or moderately, and destroyed implies totally wrecked. The answer is A.", + "20161": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A screwdriver is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nYou can use a screwdriver to drive a screw. The head of the screwdriver is flat. It will keep the screw from slipping.\nThe air inside a balloon is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a balloon expands to fill all the space in the balloon. If the balloon pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.\nA hammer is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nA hammer is made of iron and wood. Both iron and wood are solids.\nGrape juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.\nIf you pour grape juice into a different container, the grape juice will take the shape of that container. But the grape juice will still take up the same amount of space. The answer is D.", + "20166": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Digby has two alleles for short fur (F). So, Digby's genotype for the fur length gene is FF. The answer is B.", + "20170": "According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Helen's foot is pushing on the gas pedal. So, Newton's third law tells you that the gas pedal is pushing on Helen's foot. The answer is B.", + "20172": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Todd shouldn't be class president because he reads romance novels for fun. This is a personal attack on Todd that isn't relevant to whether he would be a good class president. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem. The answer is B.", + "20173": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the barracuda.\nThe barracuda has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat. The baracuda uses its teeth to cut up meat into pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe starry moray has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat.\nThe seahorse has a long, thin mouth. Its mouth is not adapted for tearing through meat. The seahorse uses its mouth to catch small fish that live in the coral. The answer is B.", + "20174": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the following statements describe the Catoctin Mountain Park ecosystem: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has only a few types of trees. It has warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters. The following statement does not describe Catoctin Mountain Park: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. The answer is A.", + "20176": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Minnesota is farthest north. The answer is B.", + "20180": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is C.", + "20184": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.\nBirds are the only living animals that have feathers.\nIt can be proved by looking up information about birds and other animals.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nPeacock feathers can make any room look fancy.\nFancy shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether peacock feathers can make a room look fancy. The answer is A.", + "20187": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The balloon and the rubber band are not fragile.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. All four objects are stretchy.\nA lemon has a sour taste. The balloon is not sour.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is stretchy. The answer is B.", + "20189": "In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.\nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.\n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants\nHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many\nDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes\nCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Nerium oleander is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells. The answer is A.", + "20192": "Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. An ocean sunfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nOcean sunfish have a flat body and wide fins. They sometimes swim to the ocean's surface to rest in the sun.\nA gray tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.\nA spotted dolphin is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nDolphins may look like sharks or other fish, but they are mammals! When a baby dolphin is born, it has hair around its jaw. This hair falls out as the dolphin grows.\nA cane toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole. The answer is C.", + "20203": "An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statement describes the Kaeng Krachan National Park ecosystem: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has many different types of organisms. The following statements do not describe Kaeng Krachan National Park: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has mostly small plants. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. The answer is A.", + "20208": "Carson City is the capital of Nevada. The answer is C.", + "20215": "Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A porcupine is a mammal. Like other mammals, a porcupine has a backbone.\nA ladybug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover. The answer is A.", + "20217": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Dale sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him. The answer is B.", + "20219": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. New Hampshire is farthest east. The answer is C.", + "20221": "Juneau is the capital of Alaska. The answer is A.", + "20224": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nDeafening silence is a contradiction, because deafening describes something extremely loud, and silence is the absence of sound. The answer is A.", + "20226": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 30 inches.\n30 feet, 30 yards, and 30 miles are all too long. The answer is D.", + "20231": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Knitting yarn into a scarf is a physical change. The yarn gets a different shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter. The answer is B.", + "20239": "A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.\nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.\nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.\nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F. Find the top of the red liquid.\nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid is halfway between 100 and 110. So, the temperature is 105\u00b0F. The answer is C.", + "20241": "Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana. The answer is A.", + "20244": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses alliteration, the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nThroughout the ages, human beings have pondered the many mysteries of the moon. The answer is A.", + "20245": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is B.", + "20256": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Wyoming is farthest north. The answer is D.", + "20262": "A food web is a model.\nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.\nArrows show how matter moves.\nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.\nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.\nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bilberry.\nThe lichen does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bilberry to the lichen.\nThe collared lemming has arrows pointing to it from the bear sedge and the bilberry. So, in this food web, matter moves from the bilberry to the collared lemming.\nThe bear sedge does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bilberry to the bear sedge.\nThe earthworm has an arrow pointing to it from the Arctic fox. The Arctic fox has an arrow pointing to it from the collared lemming. So, in this food web, matter moves from the bilberry to the earthworm. The answer is A.", + "20268": "Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nChalcopyrite is a mineral.\nQuartz is a mineral.\nA shark's tooth is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, a shark's tooth is not a mineral. The answer is C.", + "20280": "Carson City is the capital of Nevada. The answer is C.", + "20283": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.\nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:\nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes\nYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:\nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4. The answer is C.", + "20303": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, read. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is C.", + "20320": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a drinking straw is 25 millimeters.\n25 centimeters, 25 meters, and 25 kilometers are all too long. The answer is D.", + "20323": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nNobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded at first appears to be contradictory, because if no one goes to the restaurant, then the restaurant should be empty, not crowded. However, it contains some truth: if a restaurant is frequently perceived to be too crowded, many people will no longer want to go there. The answer is A.", + "20334": "The colony is Massachusetts.\nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony. The answer is D.", + "20337": "Hartford is the capital of Connecticut. The answer is A.", + "20339": "A force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the box that is heavier.\nA box holding 40 pounds is heavier than a box holding 30 pounds. So, the box holding 40 pounds needs a larger force to start moving upward at the same speed as the other box. The answer is A.", + "20340": "An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each bicycle moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each bicycle moved for 10 hours. The bicycle that moved 115 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at the lowest speed. The answer is A.", + "20347": "A dragonfly is an insect. Like other insects, a dragonfly has an exoskeleton. An exoskeleton is a hard covering on the outside of an animal's body. The answer is B.", + "20349": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is B.", + "20351": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The first sentence states a fact.\nThe modern sport of golf developed in Scotland in the late 1400 s.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about golf.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nGolf is possibly the dumbest sport that was ever invented.\nDumb shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a sport dumb. The answer is A.", + "20368": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is C.", + "20381": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is C.", + "20382": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nBreaking a plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nCutting your fingernails is a physical change. Your fingernails are shorter after you cut them. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter as the uncut fingernails.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is C.", + "20383": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Minnesota is farthest west. The answer is D.", + "20384": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three fish tanks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 76\u00b0F fish tank is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "20399": "All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A crayon is not a living thing.\nCrayons do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA swing set is not a living thing.\nSwing sets do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nButterflies are living things.\nButterflies grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Butterflies are made up of many cells.\nA rain is not a living thing.\nRain is made of water. It helps living things survive. But rain does not have all the traits of a living thing. Rain does not grow or need food. The answer is C.", + "20407": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.\nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A cassowary is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nCassowaries have wings, but they cannot fly! They can run very fast.\nA red howler is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nHowler monkeys have loud calls, or howls. Their calls can be heard over three miles away!\nA flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nFlamingos live in large groups. These groups are called flocks.\nA box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nBox turtles can live to be over 100 years old! The answer is A.", + "20413": "Olympia is the capital of Washington. The answer is A.", + "20416": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "20421": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that increased park funding was responsible for an increase in littering. However, even though littering increased after funding to parks was increased, that doesn't necessarily mean that the funding was responsible. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation. The answer is A.", + "20427": "A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.\nThe baker split the cookie in half, and crumbs fell to the floor. The answer is B.", + "20430": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.\nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. The answer is C.", + "20438": "Madison is the capital of Wisconsin. The answer is A.", + "20440": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spidey sense is a comic book.\nThe comic book superhero Spider-Man possesses a spidey sense that warns him of impending trouble.\nThe allusion spidey sense means a sense of danger coming. The answer is B.", + "20441": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. We danced for hours we were tired is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: We danced for hours and We were tired. The answer is B.", + "20470": "Look at the map below. It labels ancient Egypt and other ancient civilizations.\nThe symbol for ancient Egypt is B. The answer is A.", + "20471": "Tallahassee is the capital of Florida. The answer is C.", + "20475": "A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:\nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.\nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each refrigerator increased, which means that the thermal energy of each refrigerator increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each refrigerator. The answer is A.", + "20490": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a dose of cough syrup is 5 milliliters.\n5 liters is too much. The answer is B.", + "20495": "An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.\nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.\nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Cybister sugillatus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.\nSo, Cybister sugillatus is the scientific name. The answer is B.", + "20498": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that ferrets are wonderful pets because more people are keeping ferrets. However, even though more people are keeping ferrets, that doesn't necessarily mean that ferrets are the best pets. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy. The answer is B.", + "20500": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Most humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait. The answer is A.", + "20503": "The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **The Wizard of Oz**. The answer is B.", + "20505": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nSawing a log in half is a physical change. The log gets a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter as the uncut log.\nStretching a rubber band is a physical change. The rubber band gets longer. But it is still made of the same type of matter as before.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is B.", + "20506": "The answer is C.", + "20507": "The colony is New Jersey. The answer is B.", + "20514": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a bicycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a bicycle is an acquired trait. The answer is A.", + "20518": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. The answer is C.", + "20522": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a school bus is 14 meters.\n14 kilometers is too long. The answer is A.", + "20527": "Montgomery is the capital of Alabama. The answer is D.", + "20535": "Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow.\nSome cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in plant cells:\nChloroplasts and mitochondria work together to help the cell get the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The mitochondria break down this sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities.\nThe nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell.\nThe endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow.\nAfter proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell.\nIn plant cells, the cell wall is the outer cell layer. The cell wall helps the cell keep its shape and can help the cell survive. The cell wall is made of a material called cellulose.\nOther cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles.\nThe cytoplasm is a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell. The cytoplasm also helps the cell keep its shape and supports the other cell parts.\nThe mitochondria break down sugar and release energy that the cell can use. The vacuoles store nutrients, such as sugar, in the cell. Vacuoles also store water and waste.\nThe nucleus is the master control center for cell activities. The nucleus sends signals and instructions to different parts of the cell. Not every cell has a nucleus, but most plant and animal cells have one. The chromosomes are structures in the nucleus. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell. The cell wall is the outer cell layer. The cell wall helps the cell keep its shape and can help the cell survive. The cell wall is made of a material called cellulose. The answer is C.", + "20539": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of an ice skate is 34 centimeters.\n34 meters and 34 kilometers are both too long. The answer is A.", + "20542": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The stuffed rabbit and the rubber ball are not hard.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. All three objects are stretchy.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. None of the objects are fragile.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is stretchy. The answer is A.", + "20552": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The arron is not rough.\nA soft object changes shape when you squeeze it. The arron is soft. The answer is B.", + "20554": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.\nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:\nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes\nYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:\nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4. The answer is E.", + "20559": "Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Sidney wants or needs:\nSidney will give up the chance to eat the vanilla custard. Sidney thinks vanilla custard would have tasted better than string cheese will. The answer is B.", + "20561": "During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her grammar and mechanics by fixing run-on sentences.\nFor example, the writer could divide each of the underlined run-on sentences into two complete sentences.\nWhen I'm asked to name my favorite teacher, I immediately think of Mr. Sweeney. In fifth grade, Mr. Sweeney taught us all about architecture he had the class start by learning to measure things very accurately. We studied environmentally friendly building methods, and we designed and built our own homes of the future. Mr. Sweeney was always fun and interesting, he believed that we could do more than we thought we could do. He helped me break boundaries in my life, he was a positive influence on me and will always be one of the most inspirational people in my life. The answer is B.", + "20565": "Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. An empty cup is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nWhen you fill a cup with water, the cup still has its own size and shape. The water takes the shape of the cup, but the cup does not change shape. The answer is A.", + "20567": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature. The answer is C.", + "20568": "Carson City is the capital of Nevada. The answer is B.", + "20574": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence. The answer is A.", + "20582": "People form governments for two main reasons.\nGovernments come up with laws, or rules, for a community. Laws help keep people safe and fair. For example, traffic laws make it safe to drive, and laws against bullying can make a community a better place to live.\nLaws can tell people how to work together and settle disagreements. How? Think about a team sport like soccer. The rules tell the players how to play together. For example, rules say which team should get the ball when it goes out of bounds. Laws work the same way in a community. The answer is A.", + "20584": "The colony is Pennsylvania. The answer is C.", + "20592": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is A.", + "20600": "Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. Chalk is a solid. You can easily break chalk into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own. The answer is A.", + "20602": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nWhere Darnel lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.\nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Darnel lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is B.", + "20604": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Arkansas is farthest south. The answer is C.", + "20632": "Phoenix is the capital of Arizona. The answer is A.", + "20634": "Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?\nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.\nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. A seed can germinate and grow into a new plant.\nThe new plant can grow male and female cones. But a seed does not grow into a male cone or a female cone. The answer is B.", + "20636": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Emma's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain; the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked. The answer is B.", + "20643": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nHomer Simpson repeats the words I want at the beginning of each sentence. The answer is A.", + "20647": "Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nAmphibians have the following traits:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA rough-skinned newt has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA rough-skinned newt has the traits of an amphibian. A rough-skinned newt is an amphibian.\nA Bengal tiger has the following traits:\nIt feeds its offspring milk.\nIt has hair.\nA Bengal tiger does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A Bengal tiger is a mammal. The answer is A.", + "20648": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A barn owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nA sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk. The answer is B.", + "20666": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. All three objects are bumpy.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The tree bark and the log are not shiny.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. None of the objects are bouncy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is bumpy. The answer is A.", + "20669": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.\nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The spring is stretchy, but the helium balloons, the rainbow sucker, and the silver ring are not.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The helium balloons are transparent, but the spring is not.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The silver ring is shiny, but the helium balloons are not.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is stretchy. The answer is A.", + "20674": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nBetween jobs is an indirect way of saying unemployed. The answer is B.", + "20675": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nO wind is a direct address to the wind, a nonhuman entity. The answer is A.", + "20677": "An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and organisms that can survive in water or soil. So, the Pantanal has land that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has soil that is rich in nutrients. The Pantanal has a few types of organisms. But the soil is not poor in nutrients. The answer is B.", + "20690": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that the Shahs' opinion on eating pizza is invalid because their house is messy. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether the argument is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem. The answer is A.", + "20694": "Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, join. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen. The answer is C.", + "20699": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince bit is not between the guide words base - bury, it would not be found on that page. The answer is B.", + "20701": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "20703": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa. The answer is A.", + "20709": "Helena is the capital of Montana. The answer is C.", + "20710": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a paintbrush is 12 inches.\n12 feet, 12 yards, and 12 miles are all too long. The answer is D.", + "20712": "Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.\nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.\nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.\nLittle Betty Blue,\nLost her holiday shoe.\n\u2014From Mother Goose\nInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.\nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.\n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"\nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.\nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.\nThe dainty flying squirrel\nIn vest of shining white,\nIn coat of silver gray,\nAnd vest of shining white.\n\u2014Adapted from Mary E. Burt, \"The Flying Squirrel\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n\u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\" This poem uses end rhyme. Its rhymes come at the end of its lines.\nShe stood against the kitchen sink, and looked\nOver the sink out through a dusty window\nAt weeds the water from the sink made tall.\nShe wore her cape; her hat was in her hand. The answer is A.", + "20721": "Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses abbreviated language (ASAP).\nThe first sentence does not use abbreviated language, so it is more formal. The answer is B.", + "20722": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.\nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.\nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.\nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.\nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.\n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other. The answer is B.", + "20729": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion an albatross around her neck is a poem.\nIn Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,\" a sailor shoots and kills an albatross, an action that curses the ship and crew. As his crew members die, the Ancient Mariner feels his guilt hanging like the albatross around his neck.\nThe allusion an albatross around her neck means a burden a person must bear. The answer is A.", + "20732": "In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word and is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Better Homes and Gardens. The answer is B.", + "20734": "This state is Virginia. The answer is C.", + "20742": "All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two glasses of grape juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 15\u00b0C glass of grape juice is colder than the 25\u00b0C glass of grape juice, it has less thermal energy. The answer is A.", + "20745": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a cement truck is 24 tons.\n24 ounces and 24 pounds are both too light. The answer is C.", + "20747": "Many plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?\nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.\nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The fruit grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Flowers make seeds. After a flower is pollinated, male cells from the pollen combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.\nThe fruit can grow around the seeds. But the fruit does not make seeds. Both the fruit and the seeds grow from parts of the flower. The answer is B.", + "20749": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A painted stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nStorks wade in shallow water to look for food. Storks eat fish, insects, worms, and other small animals.\nA red kangaroo is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nKangaroos hop to move around. They use their large tails for balance while hopping. The answer is B.", + "20751": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is B.", + "20758": "People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.\nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.\nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.\nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.\nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds. The answer is B.", + "20762": "Every living thing needs food to stay alive. Living things get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how living things in an ecosystem get their food.\nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.\nConsumers eat other living things. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the amphipod is a consumer because it eats another living thing. The amphipod in this food chain eats the zooplankton. The answer is A.", + "20770": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. Boba's genotype for the fur color gene is ff. Boba's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for light fur. So, Boba's phenotype for the fur color trait must be light fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Boba's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for dark fur (F) is dominant over the allele for light fur (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nBoba's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Boba's phenotype for the fur color trait must be light fur. The answer is B.", + "20779": "Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.\nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.\nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.\nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.\nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.\n A palmate newt's scientific name is Lissotriton helveticus. The first word of its scientific name is Lissotriton.\nTaricha torosa is in the genus Taricha. The first word of its scientific name is Taricha. So, Taricha torosa and Lissotriton helveticus are not in the same genus.\nAmbystoma opacum is in the genus Ambystoma. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma. So, Ambystoma opacum and Lissotriton helveticus are not in the same genus.\nLissotriton vulgaris is in the genus Lissotriton. The first word of its scientific name is Lissotriton. So, Lissotriton vulgaris and Lissotriton helveticus are in the same genus. The answer is C.", + "20782": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Louie's observable version of the cheek color trait is pale orange cheeks. So, Louie's phenotype for the cheek color trait is pale orange cheeks. The answer is A.", + "20788": "Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?\nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.\nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.\nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.\nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.\n | F | f\nF | FF | Ff\nf | Ff | ff\nThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.\n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with vestigial wings or normal wings, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the wing type trait. The question tells you that the n allele, which is for vestigial wings, is recessive to the N allele, which is for normal wings.\nVestigial wings is the recessive allele's version of the wing type trait. A fruit fly with the recessive version of the wing type trait must have only recessive alleles for the wing type gene. So, offspring with vestigial wings must have the genotype nn.\nThere are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype nn. These boxes are highlighted below.\nNormal wings is the dominant allele's version of the wing type trait. A fruit fly with the dominant version of the wing type trait must have at least one dominant allele for the wing type gene. So, offspring with normal wings must have the genotype NN or Nn.\nThere are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype NN or Nn. These boxes are highlighted below.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with vestigial wings to offspring with normal wings is 2:2. This means that, on average, this cross will produce 2 offspring with vestigial wings for every 2 offspring with normal wings. The answer is D.", + "20794": "Ethan wanted broccoli in his lunch and Irma was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nEthan has tomatoes. Irma has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want. The answer is C.", + "20802": "A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRory The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. The answer is A.", + "20806": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince parent is not between the guide words president - public, it would not be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "20815": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nPhotosynthesis is a chemical change. Plants make sugar using carbon dioxide, water, and energy from sunlight.\nA penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches silver, the silver turns into a different type of matter. This matter makes a different type of silver tarnish.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is C.", + "20820": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is B.", + "20829": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "20842": "Juneau is the capital of Alaska. The answer is D.", + "20848": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Shelby's hair color is an inherited trait. The answer is B.", + "20849": "Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nMammals have the following traits:\nThey feed their offspring milk.\nThey have fur or hair.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA Florida manatee has the following traits:\nIt feeds its offspring milk.\nIt has hairs on its body.\nA Florida manatee has the traits of a mammal. A Florida manatee is a mammal.\nA barn owl has the following traits:\nIt has feathers.\nIt has wings.\nIt has a beak.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA barn owl does not have all of the traits of a mammal. A barn owl is a bird. The answer is B.", + "20851": "Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two bricks are made of the same material and have the same temperature. So, the colder brick has less thermal energy. The answer is B.", + "20854": "Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Keith that the essay wasn't finished. The essay is like a person who is bothering Keith. The answer is A.", + "20860": "The answer is C.", + "20864": "There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the compound rubidium bromide.\nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether calcium oxide is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that calcium oxide is composed of oxygen atoms and calcium atoms bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that calcium oxide is composed of two chemical elements: oxygen and calcium. Since calcium oxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, calcium oxide is a compound. The answer is B.", + "20866": "Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.\nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.\nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Phyllite is a metamorphic rock. Like other metamorphic rocks, it forms when a rock is changed by high temperature and pressure.\nHeat and pressure can change the type and arrangement of minerals in a rock. This change forms a new rock with different properties. Phyllite can form when sedimentary rocks such as slate are changed by heat and pressure. The answer is C.", + "20883": "Helena is the capital of Montana. The answer is D.", + "20887": "An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.\nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the common loon.\nThe common loon has a wide, flat beak. Its beak is adapted to catch fish. The common loon can use its beak to grab the slippery body of a fish underwater.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe common kingfisher has a long, straight beak with a sharp tip. Its beak is adapted to catch fish.\nThe European robin has a short, thick beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch fish. The European robin uses its beak to eat insects and worms. The answer is A.", + "20888": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nOn average, the coldest month in Hof, Iceland, is January.\nThis passage tells you about the usual temperature in Hof, Iceland. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is B.", + "20889": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctica. The answer is C.", + "20890": "When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.\nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.\nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. This organism's scientific name refers to Georg Wilhelm Steller.\nThe word stelleri refers to Steller. So, the Steller's jay's scientific name is Cyanocitta stelleri. The answer is A.", + "20891": "Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second announcement is more formal. It uses more elevated language (pleased to announce). The other announcement sounds more conversational (so happy). The answer is B.", + "20907": "Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.\nJasmine adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.\nThe second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is old, but it is not actually a million years old.\nJasmine adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect. The answer is A.", + "20908": "An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The ceramic plate is fragile.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The ceramic plate is not scratchy. The answer is B.", + "20915": "Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Grilling a hamburger is a chemical change. Meat is made of animal cells. The cells are broken down into proteins. These proteins are cooked by the heat. The result is a different type of matter that is not made of animal cells. The answer is B.", + "20916": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A fireworm is a worm. Like other worms, a fireworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.\nA moon jellyfish is a jellyfish. Like other jellyfish, a moon jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.\nA castor bean tick is an insect. Like other insects, a castor bean tick is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard exoskeleton.\nA common ostrich is a bird. Like other birds, a common ostrich is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. The answer is C.", + "20917": "Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship. The answer is B.", + "20922": "The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.\nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature. The answer is B.", + "20924": "A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nSome objects are made of just one material.\nMost nails are made of metal.\nOther objects are made of more than one material.\nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the shoes.\nThe shoes are made of two different materials. The tops are made of rubber, and the soles are made of a type of plastic. The answer is B.", + "20926": "This country is Haiti.\nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?\nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve. The answer is A.", + "20947": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "20948": "Sacramento is the capital of California. The answer is B.", + "20949": "A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.\nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.\nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles. The answer is A.", + "20950": "Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.\nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Cairo, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.\nJanuary has an average monthly precipitation of about 15 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, January is the wettest month on average. The answer is B.", + "20952": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A Surinam horned frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a Surinam horned frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA yak is a mammal. Like other mammals, a yak is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA peafowl is a bird. Like other birds, a peafowl is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nAn fly is an insect. Like other insects, a fly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. The answer is A.", + "20953": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that Erin must be a reckless driver, because her brother is a reckless driver. However, even though Erin's brother is reckless, that doesn't necessarily mean that Erin is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association. The answer is B.", + "20967": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C\n98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C\n68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C\n32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C\n The better estimate for the temperature of a warm swimming pool is 25\u00b0C.\n25\u00b0F is too cold. The answer is A.", + "20970": "Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean. The answer is C.", + "20979": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. The answer is C.", + "20982": "Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Silvergrove. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down. The answer is A.", + "20984": "Dover is the capital of Delaware. The answer is D.", + "20988": "An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.\nSir John Falstaff, a comical character in several of William Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and sometimes off-color humor.\nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by joviality and enjoyment of food and drink. The answer is A.", + "20994": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! The answer is B.", + "20995": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. The answer is B.", + "20997": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Bingo's observable version of the wool color trait is black wool. So, Bingo's phenotype for the wool color trait is black wool. The answer is A.", + "20998": "Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.\nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.\nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.\nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.\nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.\nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:\nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?\nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?\nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil? The answer is B.", + "21000": "When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to calculus or trigonometry.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with calculus.\nDave went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus. The answer is B.", + "21001": "Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the nylon shorts would stretch more. If you pull the leg opening on a pair of nylon shorts, it will get wider. The answer is A.", + "21006": "A filter is a screen that allows wanted materials to pass through but keeps out unwanted materials. A filter can be made of a variety of materials, including paper, fabric, and metal.\nMost filters are made of paper. The paper may be coated with a substance that makes it more effective at trapping unwanted materials. For example, a filter that is used in a chemistry experiment may be coated with a substance that reacts with the mixture being filtered. The answer is A.", + "21009": "Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a soda bottle cap is 12 milliliters.\n12 liters is too much. The answer is B.", + "21014": "All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The cucumber plant has two alleles for bumpy fruit (F). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit texture gene is FF. The answer is A.", + "21019": "Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A saturn butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a saturn butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nAn earthworm is a worm. Like other worms, an earthworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.\nLike other octopuses, a giant octopus is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.\nA robin is a bird. Like other birds, a robin is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. The answer is D.", + "21020": "A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The first sentence states a fact.\nAustralia is a continent in the Southern Hemisphere.\nIt can be proved by looking at a world map.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nIt is hard to understand Australian people's accents.\nHard shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how difficult Australian accents are to understand. The answer is B.", + "21025": "Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether picking apples is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs picking apples something you can touch? No.\nIs picking apples a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, picking apples is a service. The answer is B.", + "21041": "The colony is Virginia.\nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony. The answer is A.", + "21044": "Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana. The answer is D.", + "21048": "Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.\nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.\nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.\nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment. The answer is A.", + "21052": "A flower smells good.\nA flower can come in many colors.\nA flower grows in a garden. The answer is A.", + "21053": "An organism's genes contain information about its proteins. Each gene encodes, or contains the instructions for making, one protein or a group of proteins.\nA permanent change in a gene is called a mutation. Because a mutation changes a gene, the mutation may change the structure of the protein encoded by that gene.\nThe function of a protein depends on its structure. So, if a mutation in a gene changes a protein's structure, the mutation may also change the protein's function.\nAn organism's observable traits are affected by the functions of its proteins. So, a gene mutation that affects a protein's function may also affect an organism's observable traits. A mutation in a gene may affect the protein it encodes.\nSo, the mutation in the KRT13 gene affected the structure and function of the keratin protein. The answer is A.", + "21062": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that taking the school's Advanced Computer Science class must lead to a computer science major. However, this isn't necessarily true. For instance, a student might take the class just to learn about computer science. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation. The answer is C.", + "21063": "This country is Dominica. The answer is D.", + "21064": "Carson City is the capital of Nevada. The answer is A.", + "21070": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa. The answer is B.", + "21076": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A goldfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nA European green toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water. The answer is A.", + "21083": "There are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks a question and ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence. The answer is B.", + "21087": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. New Jersey is farthest east. The answer is B.", + "21090": "This country is Antigua and Barbuda. The answer is D.", + "21117": "Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. The answer is A.", + "21121": "Olympia is the capital of Washington. The answer is D.", + "21128": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.\nWhere Nicole lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.\nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Nicole lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. The answer is B.", + "21133": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The helium in balloons is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.\nThe helium in balloons expands to fill all the space in the balloon. When the balloon is popped, the helium expands to fill a much larger space. The answer is A.", + "21135": "A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Kimi, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Kimi down with a force of 600 N.\nThe seat of the cart is pushing Kimi up with a force of 1,200 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Kimi. The answer is A.", + "21136": "Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.\nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.\nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. The answer is A.", + "21137": "Austin is the capital of Texas. The answer is B.", + "21140": "Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.\nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A rabbit is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nA red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water. The answer is A.", + "21144": "The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.\nIt was clear and sunny yesterday on the Croatian coast.\nThis passage tells you about the cloud cover in Croatia yesterday. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. The answer is A.", + "21146": "Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.\nBaking cookies is a chemical change. The type of matter in the cookie dough changes when it is baked. The cookie dough turns into cookies!\nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBaking is caused by heating. But rust forming on a metal gate is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling. The answer is D.", + "21147": "A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n The text argues that the teacher won't give tests because some students won't study for them. However, this isn't a reason not to give tests. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy. The answer is B.", + "21149": "This state is Ohio. The answer is A.", + "21153": "Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.\nDale was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Dale, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Dale. The answer is A.", + "21159": "A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nJoel took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain. The answer is A.", + "21166": "Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. Chocolate syrup is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.\nIf you pour chocolate syrup into a container, the chocolate syrup will take the shape of that container. But the chocolate syrup will still take up the same amount of space. The answer is B.", + "21189": "This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis. The answer is B.", + "21191": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North America. The answer is A.", + "21192": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America. The answer is B.", + "21195": "Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince president is between the guide words pad - poison, it would be found on that page. The answer is A.", + "21196": "Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.\nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.\nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Illinois is farthest west. The answer is B.", + "21199": "A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe. The answer is B.", + "21200": "A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.\nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.\nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The bulldozer pushes the dirt. The direction of the push is away from the bulldozer. The answer is A.", + "21206": "A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside. This book explains the difference between cattle and buffalo is a complete sentence. The subject is this book, and the verb is explains. The answer is B." + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/language_model/__pycache__/llava_mpt.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/llava/model/language_model/__pycache__/llava_mpt.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6165d611516d757e7e714e7584fee07b21372bd2 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/model/language_model/__pycache__/llava_mpt.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/language_model/mpt/flash_attn_triton.py b/VISTA/llava/model/language_model/mpt/flash_attn_triton.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c0a42186d982283add95b63d99fc118e845bcf9d --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/model/language_model/mpt/flash_attn_triton.py @@ -0,0 +1,484 @@ +""" +Copied from https://github.com/HazyResearch/flash-attention/blob/eff9fe6b8076df59d64d7a3f464696738a3c7c24/flash_attn/flash_attn_triton.py +update imports to use 'triton_pre_mlir' + +*Experimental* implementation of FlashAttention in Triton. +Tested with triton==2.0.0.dev20221202. +Triton 2.0 has a new backend (MLIR) but seems like it doesn't yet work for head dimensions +other than 64: +https://github.com/openai/triton/blob/d376020f90002757eea3ea9475d4f7cfc2ec5ead/python/triton/ops/flash_attention.py#L207 +We'll update this implementation with the new Triton backend once this is fixed. + +We use the FlashAttention implementation from Phil Tillet a starting point. +https://github.com/openai/triton/blob/master/python/tutorials/06-fused-attention.py + +Changes: +- Implement both causal and non-causal attention. +- Implement both self-attention and cross-attention. +- Support arbitrary seqlens (not just multiples of 128), for both forward and backward. +- Support all head dimensions up to 128 (not just 16, 32, 64, 128), for both forward and backward. +- Support attention bias. +- Speed up the forward pass a bit, and only store the LSE instead of m and l. +- Make the backward for d=128 much faster by reducing register spilling. +- Optionally parallelize the backward pass across seqlen_k, to deal with the case of +small batch size * nheads. + +Caution: +- This is an *experimental* implementation. The forward pass should be quite robust but +I'm not 100% sure that the backward pass doesn't have race conditions (due to the Triton compiler). +- This implementation has only been tested on A100. +- If you plan to use headdim other than 64 and 128, you should test for race conditions +(due to the Triton compiler), as done in tests/test_flash_attn.py +"test_flash_attn_triton_race_condition". I've tested and fixed many race conditions +for different head dimensions (40, 48, 64, 128, 80, 88, 96), but I'm still not 100% confident +that there are none left for other head dimensions. + +Differences between this Triton version and the CUDA version: +- Triton version doesn't support dropout. +- Triton forward is generally faster than CUDA forward, while Triton backward is +generally slower than CUDA backward. Overall Triton forward + backward is slightly slower +than CUDA forward + backward. +- Triton version doesn't support different sequence lengths in a batch (i.e., RaggedTensor/NestedTensor). +- Triton version supports attention bias, while CUDA version doesn't. +""" +import math +import torch +import triton_pre_mlir as triton +import triton_pre_mlir.language as tl + +@triton.heuristics({'EVEN_M': lambda args: args['seqlen_q'] % args['BLOCK_M'] == 0, 'EVEN_N': lambda args: args['seqlen_k'] % args['BLOCK_N'] == 0, 'EVEN_HEADDIM': lambda args: args['headdim'] == args['BLOCK_HEADDIM']}) +@triton.jit +def _fwd_kernel(Q, K, V, Bias, Out, Lse, TMP, softmax_scale, stride_qb, stride_qh, stride_qm, stride_kb, stride_kh, stride_kn, stride_vb, stride_vh, stride_vn, stride_bb, stride_bh, stride_bm, stride_ob, stride_oh, stride_om, nheads, seqlen_q, seqlen_k, seqlen_q_rounded, headdim, CACHE_KEY_SEQLEN_Q, CACHE_KEY_SEQLEN_K, BIAS_TYPE: tl.constexpr, IS_CAUSAL: tl.constexpr, BLOCK_HEADDIM: tl.constexpr, EVEN_M: tl.constexpr, EVEN_N: tl.constexpr, EVEN_HEADDIM: tl.constexpr, BLOCK_M: tl.constexpr, BLOCK_N: tl.constexpr): + start_m = tl.program_id(0) + off_hb = tl.program_id(1) + off_b = off_hb // nheads + off_h = off_hb % nheads + offs_m = start_m * BLOCK_M + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_M) + offs_n = tl.arange(0, BLOCK_N) + offs_d = tl.arange(0, BLOCK_HEADDIM) + q_ptrs = Q + off_b * stride_qb + off_h * stride_qh + (offs_m[:, None] * stride_qm + offs_d[None, :]) + k_ptrs = K + off_b * stride_kb + off_h * stride_kh + (offs_n[:, None] * stride_kn + offs_d[None, :]) + v_ptrs = V + off_b * stride_vb + off_h * stride_vh + (offs_n[:, None] * stride_vn + offs_d[None, :]) + if BIAS_TYPE == 'vector': + b_ptrs = Bias + off_b * stride_bb + off_h * stride_bh + offs_n + elif BIAS_TYPE == 'matrix': + b_ptrs = Bias + off_b * stride_bb + off_h * stride_bh + (offs_m[:, None] * stride_bm + offs_n[None, :]) + t_ptrs = TMP + off_hb * seqlen_q_rounded + offs_m + lse_i = tl.zeros([BLOCK_M], dtype=tl.float32) - float('inf') + m_i = tl.zeros([BLOCK_M], dtype=tl.float32) - float('inf') + acc_o = tl.zeros([BLOCK_M, BLOCK_HEADDIM], dtype=tl.float32) + if EVEN_M & EVEN_N: + if EVEN_HEADDIM: + q = tl.load(q_ptrs) + else: + q = tl.load(q_ptrs, mask=offs_d[None, :] < headdim, other=0.0) + elif EVEN_HEADDIM: + q = tl.load(q_ptrs, mask=offs_m[:, None] < seqlen_q, other=0.0) + else: + q = tl.load(q_ptrs, mask=(offs_m[:, None] < seqlen_q) & (offs_d[None, :] < headdim), other=0.0) + end_n = seqlen_k if not IS_CAUSAL else tl.minimum((start_m + 1) * BLOCK_M, seqlen_k) + for start_n in range(0, end_n, BLOCK_N): + start_n = tl.multiple_of(start_n, BLOCK_N) + if EVEN_N & EVEN_M: + if EVEN_HEADDIM: + k = tl.load(k_ptrs + start_n * stride_kn) + else: + k = tl.load(k_ptrs + start_n * stride_kn, mask=offs_d[None, :] < headdim, other=0.0) + elif EVEN_HEADDIM: + k = tl.load(k_ptrs + start_n * stride_kn, mask=(start_n + offs_n)[:, None] < seqlen_k, other=0.0) + else: + k = tl.load(k_ptrs + start_n * stride_kn, mask=((start_n + offs_n)[:, None] < seqlen_k) & (offs_d[None, :] < headdim), other=0.0) + qk = tl.zeros([BLOCK_M, BLOCK_N], dtype=tl.float32) + qk += tl.dot(q, k, trans_b=True) + if not EVEN_N: + qk += tl.where((start_n + offs_n)[None, :] < seqlen_k, 0, float('-inf')) + if IS_CAUSAL: + qk += tl.where(offs_m[:, None] >= (start_n + offs_n)[None, :], 0, float('-inf')) + if BIAS_TYPE != 'none': + if BIAS_TYPE == 'vector': + if EVEN_N: + bias = tl.load(b_ptrs + start_n).to(tl.float32) + else: + bias = tl.load(b_ptrs + start_n, mask=start_n + offs_n < seqlen_k, other=0.0).to(tl.float32) + bias = bias[None, :] + elif BIAS_TYPE == 'matrix': + if EVEN_M & EVEN_N: + bias = tl.load(b_ptrs + start_n).to(tl.float32) + else: + bias = tl.load(b_ptrs + start_n, mask=(offs_m[:, None] < seqlen_q) & ((start_n + offs_n)[None, :] < seqlen_k), other=0.0).to(tl.float32) + qk = qk * softmax_scale + bias + m_ij = tl.maximum(tl.max(qk, 1), lse_i) + p = tl.exp(qk - m_ij[:, None]) + else: + m_ij = tl.maximum(tl.max(qk, 1) * softmax_scale, lse_i) + p = tl.exp(qk * softmax_scale - m_ij[:, None]) + l_ij = tl.sum(p, 1) + acc_o_scale = tl.exp(m_i - m_ij) + tl.store(t_ptrs, acc_o_scale) + acc_o_scale = tl.load(t_ptrs) + acc_o = acc_o * acc_o_scale[:, None] + if EVEN_N & EVEN_M: + if EVEN_HEADDIM: + v = tl.load(v_ptrs + start_n * stride_vn) + else: + v = tl.load(v_ptrs + start_n * stride_vn, mask=offs_d[None, :] < headdim, other=0.0) + elif EVEN_HEADDIM: + v = tl.load(v_ptrs + start_n * stride_vn, mask=(start_n + offs_n)[:, None] < seqlen_k, other=0.0) + else: + v = tl.load(v_ptrs + start_n * stride_vn, mask=((start_n + offs_n)[:, None] < seqlen_k) & (offs_d[None, :] < headdim), other=0.0) + p = p.to(v.dtype) + acc_o += tl.dot(p, v) + m_i = m_ij + l_i_new = tl.exp(lse_i - m_ij) + l_ij + lse_i = m_ij + tl.log(l_i_new) + o_scale = tl.exp(m_i - lse_i) + tl.store(t_ptrs, o_scale) + o_scale = tl.load(t_ptrs) + acc_o = acc_o * o_scale[:, None] + start_m = tl.program_id(0) + offs_m = start_m * BLOCK_M + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_M) + lse_ptrs = Lse + off_hb * seqlen_q_rounded + offs_m + tl.store(lse_ptrs, lse_i) + offs_d = tl.arange(0, BLOCK_HEADDIM) + out_ptrs = Out + off_b * stride_ob + off_h * stride_oh + (offs_m[:, None] * stride_om + offs_d[None, :]) + if EVEN_M: + if EVEN_HEADDIM: + tl.store(out_ptrs, acc_o) + else: + tl.store(out_ptrs, acc_o, mask=offs_d[None, :] < headdim) + elif EVEN_HEADDIM: + tl.store(out_ptrs, acc_o, mask=offs_m[:, None] < seqlen_q) + else: + tl.store(out_ptrs, acc_o, mask=(offs_m[:, None] < seqlen_q) & (offs_d[None, :] < headdim)) + +@triton.jit +def _bwd_preprocess_do_o_dot(Out, DO, Delta, stride_ob, stride_oh, stride_om, stride_dob, stride_doh, stride_dom, nheads, seqlen_q, seqlen_q_rounded, headdim, BLOCK_M: tl.constexpr, BLOCK_HEADDIM: tl.constexpr): + start_m = tl.program_id(0) + off_hb = tl.program_id(1) + off_b = off_hb // nheads + off_h = off_hb % nheads + offs_m = start_m * BLOCK_M + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_M) + offs_d = tl.arange(0, BLOCK_HEADDIM) + o = tl.load(Out + off_b * stride_ob + off_h * stride_oh + offs_m[:, None] * stride_om + offs_d[None, :], mask=(offs_m[:, None] < seqlen_q) & (offs_d[None, :] < headdim), other=0.0).to(tl.float32) + do = tl.load(DO + off_b * stride_dob + off_h * stride_doh + offs_m[:, None] * stride_dom + offs_d[None, :], mask=(offs_m[:, None] < seqlen_q) & (offs_d[None, :] < headdim), other=0.0).to(tl.float32) + delta = tl.sum(o * do, axis=1) + tl.store(Delta + off_hb * seqlen_q_rounded + offs_m, delta) + +@triton.jit +def _bwd_store_dk_dv(dk_ptrs, dv_ptrs, dk, dv, offs_n, offs_d, seqlen_k, headdim, EVEN_M: tl.constexpr, EVEN_N: tl.constexpr, EVEN_HEADDIM: tl.constexpr): + if EVEN_N & EVEN_M: + if EVEN_HEADDIM: + tl.store(dv_ptrs, dv) + tl.store(dk_ptrs, dk) + else: + tl.store(dv_ptrs, dv, mask=offs_d[None, :] < headdim) + tl.store(dk_ptrs, dk, mask=offs_d[None, :] < headdim) + elif EVEN_HEADDIM: + tl.store(dv_ptrs, dv, mask=offs_n[:, None] < seqlen_k) + tl.store(dk_ptrs, dk, mask=offs_n[:, None] < seqlen_k) + else: + tl.store(dv_ptrs, dv, mask=(offs_n[:, None] < seqlen_k) & (offs_d[None, :] < headdim)) + tl.store(dk_ptrs, dk, mask=(offs_n[:, None] < seqlen_k) & (offs_d[None, :] < headdim)) + +@triton.jit +def _bwd_kernel_one_col_block(start_n, Q, K, V, Bias, DO, DQ, DK, DV, LSE, D, softmax_scale, stride_qm, stride_kn, stride_vn, stride_bm, stride_dom, stride_dqm, stride_dkn, stride_dvn, seqlen_q, seqlen_k, headdim, ATOMIC_ADD: tl.constexpr, BIAS_TYPE: tl.constexpr, IS_CAUSAL: tl.constexpr, BLOCK_HEADDIM: tl.constexpr, EVEN_M: tl.constexpr, EVEN_N: tl.constexpr, EVEN_HEADDIM: tl.constexpr, BLOCK_M: tl.constexpr, BLOCK_N: tl.constexpr): + begin_m = 0 if not IS_CAUSAL else start_n * BLOCK_N // BLOCK_M * BLOCK_M + offs_qm = begin_m + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_M) + offs_n = start_n * BLOCK_N + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_N) + offs_m = tl.arange(0, BLOCK_M) + offs_d = tl.arange(0, BLOCK_HEADDIM) + q_ptrs = Q + (offs_qm[:, None] * stride_qm + offs_d[None, :]) + k_ptrs = K + (offs_n[:, None] * stride_kn + offs_d[None, :]) + v_ptrs = V + (offs_n[:, None] * stride_vn + offs_d[None, :]) + do_ptrs = DO + (offs_qm[:, None] * stride_dom + offs_d[None, :]) + dq_ptrs = DQ + (offs_qm[:, None] * stride_dqm + offs_d[None, :]) + if BIAS_TYPE == 'vector': + b_ptrs = Bias + offs_n + elif BIAS_TYPE == 'matrix': + b_ptrs = Bias + (offs_qm[:, None] * stride_bm + offs_n[None, :]) + dv = tl.zeros([BLOCK_N, BLOCK_HEADDIM], dtype=tl.float32) + dk = tl.zeros([BLOCK_N, BLOCK_HEADDIM], dtype=tl.float32) + if begin_m >= seqlen_q: + dv_ptrs = DV + (offs_n[:, None] * stride_dvn + offs_d[None, :]) + dk_ptrs = DK + (offs_n[:, None] * stride_dkn + offs_d[None, :]) + _bwd_store_dk_dv(dk_ptrs, dv_ptrs, dk, dv, offs_n, offs_d, seqlen_k, headdim, EVEN_M=EVEN_M, EVEN_N=EVEN_N, EVEN_HEADDIM=EVEN_HEADDIM) + return + if EVEN_N & EVEN_M: + if EVEN_HEADDIM: + k = tl.load(k_ptrs) + v = tl.load(v_ptrs) + else: + k = tl.load(k_ptrs, mask=offs_d[None, :] < headdim, other=0.0) + v = tl.load(v_ptrs, mask=offs_d[None, :] < headdim, other=0.0) + elif EVEN_HEADDIM: + k = tl.load(k_ptrs, mask=offs_n[:, None] < seqlen_k, other=0.0) + v = tl.load(v_ptrs, mask=offs_n[:, None] < seqlen_k, other=0.0) + else: + k = tl.load(k_ptrs, mask=(offs_n[:, None] < seqlen_k) & (offs_d[None, :] < headdim), other=0.0) + v = tl.load(v_ptrs, mask=(offs_n[:, None] < seqlen_k) & (offs_d[None, :] < headdim), other=0.0) + num_block_m = tl.cdiv(seqlen_q, BLOCK_M) + for start_m in range(begin_m, num_block_m * BLOCK_M, BLOCK_M): + start_m = tl.multiple_of(start_m, BLOCK_M) + offs_m_curr = start_m + offs_m + if EVEN_M & EVEN_HEADDIM: + q = tl.load(q_ptrs) + elif EVEN_HEADDIM: + q = tl.load(q_ptrs, mask=offs_m_curr[:, None] < seqlen_q, other=0.0) + else: + q = tl.load(q_ptrs, mask=(offs_m_curr[:, None] < seqlen_q) & (offs_d[None, :] < headdim), other=0.0) + qk = tl.dot(q, k, trans_b=True) + if not EVEN_N: + qk = tl.where(offs_n[None, :] < seqlen_k, qk, float('-inf')) + if IS_CAUSAL: + qk = tl.where(offs_m_curr[:, None] >= offs_n[None, :], qk, float('-inf')) + if BIAS_TYPE != 'none': + tl.debug_barrier() + if BIAS_TYPE == 'vector': + if EVEN_N: + bias = tl.load(b_ptrs).to(tl.float32) + else: + bias = tl.load(b_ptrs, mask=offs_n < seqlen_k, other=0.0).to(tl.float32) + bias = bias[None, :] + elif BIAS_TYPE == 'matrix': + if EVEN_M & EVEN_N: + bias = tl.load(b_ptrs).to(tl.float32) + else: + bias = tl.load(b_ptrs, mask=(offs_m_curr[:, None] < seqlen_q) & (offs_n[None, :] < seqlen_k), other=0.0).to(tl.float32) + qk = qk * softmax_scale + bias + if not EVEN_M & EVEN_HEADDIM: + tl.debug_barrier() + lse_i = tl.load(LSE + offs_m_curr) + if BIAS_TYPE == 'none': + p = tl.exp(qk * softmax_scale - lse_i[:, None]) + else: + p = tl.exp(qk - lse_i[:, None]) + if EVEN_M & EVEN_HEADDIM: + do = tl.load(do_ptrs) + else: + do = tl.load(do_ptrs, mask=(offs_m_curr[:, None] < seqlen_q) & (offs_d[None, :] < headdim), other=0.0) + dv += tl.dot(p.to(do.dtype), do, trans_a=True) + if not EVEN_M & EVEN_HEADDIM: + tl.debug_barrier() + dp = tl.dot(do, v, trans_b=True) + if not EVEN_HEADDIM: + tl.debug_barrier() + Di = tl.load(D + offs_m_curr) + ds = (p * (dp - Di[:, None]) * softmax_scale).to(q.dtype) + dk += tl.dot(ds, q, trans_a=True) + if not EVEN_M & EVEN_HEADDIM: + tl.debug_barrier() + if not ATOMIC_ADD: + if EVEN_M & EVEN_HEADDIM: + dq = tl.load(dq_ptrs, eviction_policy='evict_last') + dq += tl.dot(ds, k) + tl.store(dq_ptrs, dq, eviction_policy='evict_last') + elif EVEN_HEADDIM: + dq = tl.load(dq_ptrs, mask=offs_m_curr[:, None] < seqlen_q, other=0.0, eviction_policy='evict_last') + dq += tl.dot(ds, k) + tl.store(dq_ptrs, dq, mask=offs_m_curr[:, None] < seqlen_q, eviction_policy='evict_last') + else: + dq = tl.load(dq_ptrs, mask=(offs_m_curr[:, None] < seqlen_q) & (offs_d[None, :] < headdim), other=0.0, eviction_policy='evict_last') + dq += tl.dot(ds, k) + tl.store(dq_ptrs, dq, mask=(offs_m_curr[:, None] < seqlen_q) & (offs_d[None, :] < headdim), eviction_policy='evict_last') + else: + dq = tl.dot(ds, k) + if EVEN_M & EVEN_HEADDIM: + tl.atomic_add(dq_ptrs, dq) + elif EVEN_HEADDIM: + tl.atomic_add(dq_ptrs, dq, mask=offs_m_curr[:, None] < seqlen_q) + else: + tl.atomic_add(dq_ptrs, dq, mask=(offs_m_curr[:, None] < seqlen_q) & (offs_d[None, :] < headdim)) + dq_ptrs += BLOCK_M * stride_dqm + q_ptrs += BLOCK_M * stride_qm + do_ptrs += BLOCK_M * stride_dom + if BIAS_TYPE == 'matrix': + b_ptrs += BLOCK_M * stride_bm + dv_ptrs = DV + (offs_n[:, None] * stride_dvn + offs_d[None, :]) + dk_ptrs = DK + (offs_n[:, None] * stride_dkn + offs_d[None, :]) + _bwd_store_dk_dv(dk_ptrs, dv_ptrs, dk, dv, offs_n, offs_d, seqlen_k, headdim, EVEN_M=EVEN_M, EVEN_N=EVEN_N, EVEN_HEADDIM=EVEN_HEADDIM) + +def init_to_zero(name): + return lambda nargs: nargs[name].zero_() + +@triton.autotune(configs=[triton.Config({'BLOCK_M': 128, 'BLOCK_N': 128, 'SEQUENCE_PARALLEL': False}, num_warps=8, num_stages=1, pre_hook=init_to_zero('DQ')), triton.Config({'BLOCK_M': 128, 'BLOCK_N': 128, 'SEQUENCE_PARALLEL': True}, num_warps=8, num_stages=1, pre_hook=init_to_zero('DQ'))], key=['CACHE_KEY_SEQLEN_Q', 'CACHE_KEY_SEQLEN_K', 'BIAS_TYPE', 'IS_CAUSAL', 'BLOCK_HEADDIM']) +@triton.heuristics({'EVEN_M': lambda args: args['seqlen_q'] % args['BLOCK_M'] == 0, 'EVEN_N': lambda args: args['seqlen_k'] % args['BLOCK_N'] == 0, 'EVEN_HEADDIM': lambda args: args['headdim'] == args['BLOCK_HEADDIM']}) +@triton.jit +def _bwd_kernel(Q, K, V, Bias, DO, DQ, DK, DV, LSE, D, softmax_scale, stride_qb, stride_qh, stride_qm, stride_kb, stride_kh, stride_kn, stride_vb, stride_vh, stride_vn, stride_bb, stride_bh, stride_bm, stride_dob, stride_doh, stride_dom, stride_dqb, stride_dqh, stride_dqm, stride_dkb, stride_dkh, stride_dkn, stride_dvb, stride_dvh, stride_dvn, nheads, seqlen_q, seqlen_k, seqlen_q_rounded, headdim, CACHE_KEY_SEQLEN_Q, CACHE_KEY_SEQLEN_K, BIAS_TYPE: tl.constexpr, IS_CAUSAL: tl.constexpr, BLOCK_HEADDIM: tl.constexpr, SEQUENCE_PARALLEL: tl.constexpr, EVEN_M: tl.constexpr, EVEN_N: tl.constexpr, EVEN_HEADDIM: tl.constexpr, BLOCK_M: tl.constexpr, BLOCK_N: tl.constexpr): + off_hb = tl.program_id(1) + off_b = off_hb // nheads + off_h = off_hb % nheads + Q += off_b * stride_qb + off_h * stride_qh + K += off_b * stride_kb + off_h * stride_kh + V += off_b * stride_vb + off_h * stride_vh + DO += off_b * stride_dob + off_h * stride_doh + DQ += off_b * stride_dqb + off_h * stride_dqh + DK += off_b * stride_dkb + off_h * stride_dkh + DV += off_b * stride_dvb + off_h * stride_dvh + if BIAS_TYPE != 'none': + Bias += off_b * stride_bb + off_h * stride_bh + D += off_hb * seqlen_q_rounded + LSE += off_hb * seqlen_q_rounded + if not SEQUENCE_PARALLEL: + num_block_n = tl.cdiv(seqlen_k, BLOCK_N) + for start_n in range(0, num_block_n): + _bwd_kernel_one_col_block(start_n, Q, K, V, Bias, DO, DQ, DK, DV, LSE, D, softmax_scale, stride_qm, stride_kn, stride_vn, stride_bm, stride_dom, stride_dqm, stride_dkn, stride_dvn, seqlen_q, seqlen_k, headdim, ATOMIC_ADD=False, BIAS_TYPE=BIAS_TYPE, IS_CAUSAL=IS_CAUSAL, BLOCK_HEADDIM=BLOCK_HEADDIM, EVEN_M=EVEN_M, EVEN_N=EVEN_N, EVEN_HEADDIM=EVEN_HEADDIM, BLOCK_M=BLOCK_M, BLOCK_N=BLOCK_N) + else: + start_n = tl.program_id(0) + _bwd_kernel_one_col_block(start_n, Q, K, V, Bias, DO, DQ, DK, DV, LSE, D, softmax_scale, stride_qm, stride_kn, stride_vn, stride_bm, stride_dom, stride_dqm, stride_dkn, stride_dvn, seqlen_q, seqlen_k, headdim, ATOMIC_ADD=True, BIAS_TYPE=BIAS_TYPE, IS_CAUSAL=IS_CAUSAL, BLOCK_HEADDIM=BLOCK_HEADDIM, EVEN_M=EVEN_M, EVEN_N=EVEN_N, EVEN_HEADDIM=EVEN_HEADDIM, BLOCK_M=BLOCK_M, BLOCK_N=BLOCK_N) + +def _flash_attn_forward(q, k, v, bias=None, causal=False, softmax_scale=None): + (batch, seqlen_q, nheads, d) = q.shape + (_, seqlen_k, _, _) = k.shape + assert k.shape == (batch, seqlen_k, nheads, d) + assert v.shape == (batch, seqlen_k, nheads, d) + assert d <= 128, 'FlashAttention only support head dimensions up to 128' + assert q.dtype == k.dtype == v.dtype, 'All tensors must have the same type' + assert q.dtype in [torch.float16, torch.bfloat16], 'Only support fp16 and bf16' + assert q.is_cuda and k.is_cuda and v.is_cuda + softmax_scale = softmax_scale or 1.0 / math.sqrt(d) + has_bias = bias is not None + bias_type = 'none' + if has_bias: + assert bias.dtype in [q.dtype, torch.float] + assert bias.is_cuda + assert bias.dim() == 4 + if bias.stride(-1) != 1: + bias = bias.contiguous() + if bias.shape[2:] == (1, seqlen_k): + bias_type = 'vector' + elif bias.shape[2:] == (seqlen_q, seqlen_k): + bias_type = 'matrix' + else: + raise RuntimeError('Last 2 dimensions of bias must be (1, seqlen_k) or (seqlen_q, seqlen_k)') + bias = bias.expand(batch, nheads, seqlen_q, seqlen_k) + bias_strides = (bias.stride(0), bias.stride(1), bias.stride(2)) if has_bias else (0, 0, 0) + seqlen_q_rounded = math.ceil(seqlen_q / 128) * 128 + lse = torch.empty((batch, nheads, seqlen_q_rounded), device=q.device, dtype=torch.float32) + tmp = torch.empty((batch, nheads, seqlen_q_rounded), device=q.device, dtype=torch.float32) + o = torch.empty_like(q) + BLOCK_HEADDIM = max(triton.next_power_of_2(d), 16) + BLOCK = 128 + num_warps = 4 if d <= 64 else 8 + grid = lambda META: (triton.cdiv(seqlen_q, META['BLOCK_M']), batch * nheads) + _fwd_kernel[grid](q, k, v, bias, o, lse, tmp, softmax_scale, q.stride(0), q.stride(2), q.stride(1), k.stride(0), k.stride(2), k.stride(1), v.stride(0), v.stride(2), v.stride(1), *bias_strides, o.stride(0), o.stride(2), o.stride(1), nheads, seqlen_q, seqlen_k, seqlen_q_rounded, d, seqlen_q // 32, seqlen_k // 32, bias_type, causal, BLOCK_HEADDIM, BLOCK_M=BLOCK, BLOCK_N=BLOCK, num_warps=num_warps, num_stages=1) + return (o, lse, softmax_scale) + +def _flash_attn_backward(do, q, k, v, o, lse, dq, dk, dv, bias=None, causal=False, softmax_scale=None): + if do.stride(-1) != 1: + do = do.contiguous() + (batch, seqlen_q, nheads, d) = q.shape + (_, seqlen_k, _, _) = k.shape + assert d <= 128 + seqlen_q_rounded = math.ceil(seqlen_q / 128) * 128 + assert lse.shape == (batch, nheads, seqlen_q_rounded) + assert q.stride(-1) == k.stride(-1) == v.stride(-1) == o.stride(-1) == 1 + assert dq.stride(-1) == dk.stride(-1) == dv.stride(-1) == 1 + softmax_scale = softmax_scale or 1.0 / math.sqrt(d) + dq_accum = torch.empty_like(q, dtype=torch.float32) + delta = torch.empty_like(lse) + BLOCK_HEADDIM = max(triton.next_power_of_2(d), 16) + grid = lambda META: (triton.cdiv(seqlen_q, META['BLOCK_M']), batch * nheads) + _bwd_preprocess_do_o_dot[grid](o, do, delta, o.stride(0), o.stride(2), o.stride(1), do.stride(0), do.stride(2), do.stride(1), nheads, seqlen_q, seqlen_q_rounded, d, BLOCK_M=128, BLOCK_HEADDIM=BLOCK_HEADDIM) + has_bias = bias is not None + bias_type = 'none' + if has_bias: + assert bias.dtype in [q.dtype, torch.float] + assert bias.is_cuda + assert bias.dim() == 4 + assert bias.stride(-1) == 1 + if bias.shape[2:] == (1, seqlen_k): + bias_type = 'vector' + elif bias.shape[2:] == (seqlen_q, seqlen_k): + bias_type = 'matrix' + else: + raise RuntimeError('Last 2 dimensions of bias must be (1, seqlen_k) or (seqlen_q, seqlen_k)') + bias = bias.expand(batch, nheads, seqlen_q, seqlen_k) + bias_strides = (bias.stride(0), bias.stride(1), bias.stride(2)) if has_bias else (0, 0, 0) + grid = lambda META: (triton.cdiv(seqlen_k, META['BLOCK_N']) if META['SEQUENCE_PARALLEL'] else 1, batch * nheads) + _bwd_kernel[grid](q, k, v, bias, do, dq_accum, dk, dv, lse, delta, softmax_scale, q.stride(0), q.stride(2), q.stride(1), k.stride(0), k.stride(2), k.stride(1), v.stride(0), v.stride(2), v.stride(1), *bias_strides, do.stride(0), do.stride(2), do.stride(1), dq_accum.stride(0), dq_accum.stride(2), dq_accum.stride(1), dk.stride(0), dk.stride(2), dk.stride(1), dv.stride(0), dv.stride(2), dv.stride(1), nheads, seqlen_q, seqlen_k, seqlen_q_rounded, d, seqlen_q // 32, seqlen_k // 32, bias_type, causal, BLOCK_HEADDIM) + dq.copy_(dq_accum) + +class FlashAttnQKVPackedFunc(torch.autograd.Function): + + @staticmethod + def forward(ctx, qkv, bias=None, causal=False, softmax_scale=None): + """ + qkv: (batch, seqlen, 3, nheads, headdim) + bias: optional, shape broadcastible to (batch, nheads, seqlen, seqlen). + For example, ALiBi mask for causal would have shape (1, nheads, 1, seqlen). + ALiBi mask for non-causal would have shape (1, nheads, seqlen, seqlen) + """ + if qkv.stride(-1) != 1: + qkv = qkv.contiguous() + (o, lse, ctx.softmax_scale) = _flash_attn_forward(qkv[:, :, 0], qkv[:, :, 1], qkv[:, :, 2], bias=bias, causal=causal, softmax_scale=softmax_scale) + ctx.save_for_backward(qkv, o, lse, bias) + ctx.causal = causal + return o + + @staticmethod + def backward(ctx, do): + (qkv, o, lse, bias) = ctx.saved_tensors + assert not ctx.needs_input_grad[1], 'FlashAttention does not support bias gradient yet' + with torch.inference_mode(): + dqkv = torch.empty_like(qkv) + _flash_attn_backward(do, qkv[:, :, 0], qkv[:, :, 1], qkv[:, :, 2], o, lse, dqkv[:, :, 0], dqkv[:, :, 1], dqkv[:, :, 2], bias=bias, causal=ctx.causal, softmax_scale=ctx.softmax_scale) + return (dqkv, None, None, None) +flash_attn_qkvpacked_func = FlashAttnQKVPackedFunc.apply + +class FlashAttnKVPackedFunc(torch.autograd.Function): + + @staticmethod + def forward(ctx, q, kv, bias=None, causal=False, softmax_scale=None): + """ + q: (batch, seqlen_q, nheads, headdim) + kv: (batch, seqlen_k, 2, nheads, headdim) + bias: optional, shape broadcastible to (batch, nheads, seqlen_q, seqlen_k). + For example, ALiBi mask for causal would have shape (1, nheads, 1, seqlen_k). + ALiBi mask for non-causal would have shape (1, nheads, seqlen_q, seqlen_k) + """ + (q, kv) = [x if x.stride(-1) == 1 else x.contiguous() for x in [q, kv]] + (o, lse, ctx.softmax_scale) = _flash_attn_forward(q, kv[:, :, 0], kv[:, :, 1], bias=bias, causal=causal, softmax_scale=softmax_scale) + ctx.save_for_backward(q, kv, o, lse, bias) + ctx.causal = causal + return o + + @staticmethod + def backward(ctx, do): + (q, kv, o, lse, bias) = ctx.saved_tensors + if len(ctx.needs_input_grad) >= 3: + assert not ctx.needs_input_grad[2], 'FlashAttention does not support bias gradient yet' + with torch.inference_mode(): + dq = torch.empty_like(q) + dkv = torch.empty_like(kv) + _flash_attn_backward(do, q, kv[:, :, 0], kv[:, :, 1], o, lse, dq, dkv[:, :, 0], dkv[:, :, 1], bias=bias, causal=ctx.causal, softmax_scale=ctx.softmax_scale) + return (dq, dkv, None, None, None) +flash_attn_kvpacked_func = FlashAttnKVPackedFunc.apply + +class FlashAttnFunc(torch.autograd.Function): + + @staticmethod + def forward(ctx, q, k, v, bias=None, causal=False, softmax_scale=None): + """ + q: (batch_size, seqlen_q, nheads, headdim) + k, v: (batch_size, seqlen_k, nheads, headdim) + bias: optional, shape broadcastible to (batch, nheads, seqlen_q, seqlen_k). + For example, ALiBi mask for causal would have shape (1, nheads, 1, seqlen_k). + ALiBi mask for non-causal would have shape (1, nheads, seqlen_q, seqlen_k) + """ + (q, k, v) = [x if x.stride(-1) == 1 else x.contiguous() for x in [q, k, v]] + (o, lse, ctx.softmax_scale) = _flash_attn_forward(q, k, v, bias=bias, causal=causal, softmax_scale=softmax_scale) + ctx.save_for_backward(q, k, v, o, lse, bias) + ctx.causal = causal + return o + + @staticmethod + def backward(ctx, do): + (q, k, v, o, lse, bias) = ctx.saved_tensors + assert not ctx.needs_input_grad[3], 'FlashAttention does not support bias gradient yet' + with torch.inference_mode(): + dq = torch.empty_like(q) + dk = torch.empty_like(k) + dv = torch.empty_like(v) + _flash_attn_backward(do, q, k, v, o, lse, dq, dk, dv, bias=bias, causal=ctx.causal, softmax_scale=ctx.softmax_scale) + return (dq, dk, dv, None, None, None) +flash_attn_func = FlashAttnFunc.apply \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/language_model/mpt/norm.py b/VISTA/llava/model/language_model/mpt/norm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..067b6140fae546e5cb49cb2b1e4e6af660ced60d --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/model/language_model/mpt/norm.py @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +import torch + +def _cast_if_autocast_enabled(tensor): + if torch.is_autocast_enabled(): + if tensor.device.type == 'cuda': + dtype = torch.get_autocast_gpu_dtype() + elif tensor.device.type == 'cpu': + dtype = torch.get_autocast_cpu_dtype() + else: + raise NotImplementedError() + return tensor.to(dtype=dtype) + return tensor + +class LPLayerNorm(torch.nn.LayerNorm): + + def __init__(self, normalized_shape, eps=1e-05, elementwise_affine=True, device=None, dtype=None): + super().__init__(normalized_shape=normalized_shape, eps=eps, elementwise_affine=elementwise_affine, device=device, dtype=dtype) + + def forward(self, x): + module_device = x.device + downcast_x = _cast_if_autocast_enabled(x) + downcast_weight = _cast_if_autocast_enabled(self.weight) if self.weight is not None else self.weight + downcast_bias = _cast_if_autocast_enabled(self.bias) if self.bias is not None else self.bias + with torch.autocast(enabled=False, device_type=module_device.type): + return torch.nn.functional.layer_norm(downcast_x, self.normalized_shape, downcast_weight, downcast_bias, self.eps) + +def rms_norm(x, weight=None, eps=1e-05): + output = x * torch.rsqrt(x.pow(2).mean(-1, keepdim=True) + eps) + if weight is not None: + return output * weight + return output + +class RMSNorm(torch.nn.Module): + + def __init__(self, normalized_shape, eps=1e-05, weight=True, dtype=None, device=None): + super().__init__() + self.eps = eps + if weight: + self.weight = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.ones(normalized_shape, dtype=dtype, device=device)) + else: + self.register_parameter('weight', None) + + def forward(self, x): + return rms_norm(x.float(), self.weight, self.eps).to(dtype=x.dtype) + +class LPRMSNorm(RMSNorm): + + def __init__(self, normalized_shape, eps=1e-05, weight=True, dtype=None, device=None): + super().__init__(normalized_shape=normalized_shape, eps=eps, weight=weight, dtype=dtype, device=device) + + def forward(self, x): + downcast_x = _cast_if_autocast_enabled(x) + downcast_weight = _cast_if_autocast_enabled(self.weight) if self.weight is not None else self.weight + with torch.autocast(enabled=False, device_type=x.device.type): + return rms_norm(downcast_x, downcast_weight, self.eps).to(dtype=x.dtype) +NORM_CLASS_REGISTRY = {'layernorm': torch.nn.LayerNorm, 'low_precision_layernorm': LPLayerNorm, 'rmsnorm': RMSNorm, 'low_precision_rmsnorm': LPRMSNorm} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/language_model/mpt/param_init_fns.py b/VISTA/llava/model/language_model/mpt/param_init_fns.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..418b83ca2363288046f4b48b1d706c5607341fb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/model/language_model/mpt/param_init_fns.py @@ -0,0 +1,181 @@ +import math +import warnings +from collections.abc import Sequence +from functools import partial +from typing import Optional, Tuple, Union +import torch +from torch import nn +from .norm import NORM_CLASS_REGISTRY + +def torch_default_param_init_fn_(module: nn.Module, verbose: int=0, **kwargs): + del kwargs + if verbose > 1: + warnings.warn(f"Initializing network using module's reset_parameters attribute") + if hasattr(module, 'reset_parameters'): + module.reset_parameters() + +def fused_init_helper_(module: nn.Module, init_fn_): + _fused = getattr(module, '_fused', None) + if _fused is None: + raise RuntimeError(f'Internal logic error') + (dim, splits) = _fused + splits = (0, *splits, module.weight.size(dim)) + for (s, e) in zip(splits[:-1], splits[1:]): + slice_indices = [slice(None)] * module.weight.ndim + slice_indices[dim] = slice(s, e) + init_fn_(module.weight[slice_indices]) + +def generic_param_init_fn_(module: nn.Module, init_fn_, n_layers: int, d_model: Optional[int]=None, init_div_is_residual: Union[int, float, str, bool]=True, emb_init_std: Optional[float]=None, emb_init_uniform_lim: Optional[Union[Tuple[float, float], float]]=None, verbose: int=0, **kwargs): + del kwargs + if verbose > 1: + warnings.warn(f'If model has bias parameters they are initialized to 0.') + init_div_is_residual = init_div_is_residual + if init_div_is_residual is False: + div_is_residual = 1.0 + elif init_div_is_residual is True: + div_is_residual = math.sqrt(2 * n_layers) + elif isinstance(init_div_is_residual, float) or isinstance(init_div_is_residual, int): + div_is_residual = init_div_is_residual + elif isinstance(init_div_is_residual, str) and init_div_is_residual.isnumeric(): + div_is_residual = float(init_div_is_residual) + else: + div_is_residual = 1.0 + raise ValueError(f'Expected init_div_is_residual to be boolean or numeric, got {init_div_is_residual}') + if init_div_is_residual is not False: + if verbose > 1: + warnings.warn(f'Initializing _is_residual layers then dividing them by {div_is_residual:.3f}. ' + f'Set `init_div_is_residual: false` in init config to disable this.') + if isinstance(module, nn.Linear): + if hasattr(module, '_fused'): + fused_init_helper_(module, init_fn_) + else: + init_fn_(module.weight) + if module.bias is not None: + torch.nn.init.zeros_(module.bias) + if init_div_is_residual is not False and getattr(module, '_is_residual', False): + with torch.no_grad(): + module.weight.div_(div_is_residual) + elif isinstance(module, nn.Embedding): + if emb_init_std is not None: + std = emb_init_std + if std == 0: + warnings.warn(f'Embedding layer initialized to 0.') + emb_init_fn_ = partial(torch.nn.init.normal_, mean=0.0, std=std) + if verbose > 1: + warnings.warn(f'Embedding layer initialized using normal distribution with mean=0 and std={std!r}.') + elif emb_init_uniform_lim is not None: + lim = emb_init_uniform_lim + if isinstance(lim, Sequence): + if len(lim) > 2: + raise ValueError(f'Uniform init requires a min and a max limit. User input: {lim}.') + if lim[0] == lim[1]: + warnings.warn(f'Embedding layer initialized to {lim[0]}.') + else: + if lim == 0: + warnings.warn(f'Embedding layer initialized to 0.') + lim = [-lim, lim] + (a, b) = lim + emb_init_fn_ = partial(torch.nn.init.uniform_, a=a, b=b) + if verbose > 1: + warnings.warn(f'Embedding layer initialized using uniform distribution in range {lim}.') + else: + emb_init_fn_ = init_fn_ + emb_init_fn_(module.weight) + elif isinstance(module, tuple(set(NORM_CLASS_REGISTRY.values()))): + if verbose > 1: + warnings.warn(f'Norm weights are set to 1. If norm layer has a bias it is initialized to 0.') + if hasattr(module, 'weight') and module.weight is not None: + torch.nn.init.ones_(module.weight) + if hasattr(module, 'bias') and module.bias is not None: + torch.nn.init.zeros_(module.bias) + elif isinstance(module, nn.MultiheadAttention): + if module._qkv_same_embed_dim: + assert module.in_proj_weight is not None + assert module.q_proj_weight is None and module.k_proj_weight is None and (module.v_proj_weight is None) + assert d_model is not None + _d = d_model + splits = (0, _d, 2 * _d, 3 * _d) + for (s, e) in zip(splits[:-1], splits[1:]): + init_fn_(module.in_proj_weight[s:e]) + else: + assert module.q_proj_weight is not None and module.k_proj_weight is not None and (module.v_proj_weight is not None) + assert module.in_proj_weight is None + init_fn_(module.q_proj_weight) + init_fn_(module.k_proj_weight) + init_fn_(module.v_proj_weight) + if module.in_proj_bias is not None: + torch.nn.init.zeros_(module.in_proj_bias) + if module.bias_k is not None: + torch.nn.init.zeros_(module.bias_k) + if module.bias_v is not None: + torch.nn.init.zeros_(module.bias_v) + init_fn_(module.out_proj.weight) + if init_div_is_residual is not False and getattr(module.out_proj, '_is_residual', False): + with torch.no_grad(): + module.out_proj.weight.div_(div_is_residual) + if module.out_proj.bias is not None: + torch.nn.init.zeros_(module.out_proj.bias) + else: + for _ in module.parameters(recurse=False): + raise NotImplementedError(f'{module.__class__.__name__} parameters are not initialized by param_init_fn.') + +def _normal_init_(std, mean=0.0): + return partial(torch.nn.init.normal_, mean=mean, std=std) + +def _normal_param_init_fn_(module: nn.Module, std: float, n_layers: int, d_model: Optional[int]=None, init_div_is_residual: Union[int, float, str, bool]=True, emb_init_std: Optional[float]=None, emb_init_uniform_lim: Optional[Union[Tuple[float, float], float]]=None, verbose: int=0, **kwargs): + del kwargs + init_fn_ = _normal_init_(std=std) + if verbose > 1: + warnings.warn(f'Using torch.nn.init.normal_ init fn mean=0.0, std={std}') + generic_param_init_fn_(module=module, init_fn_=init_fn_, d_model=d_model, n_layers=n_layers, init_div_is_residual=init_div_is_residual, emb_init_std=emb_init_std, emb_init_uniform_lim=emb_init_uniform_lim, verbose=verbose) + +def baseline_param_init_fn_(module: nn.Module, init_std: float, n_layers: int, d_model: Optional[int]=None, init_div_is_residual: Union[int, float, str, bool]=True, emb_init_std: Optional[float]=None, emb_init_uniform_lim: Optional[Union[Tuple[float, float], float]]=None, verbose: int=0, **kwargs): + del kwargs + if init_std is None: + raise ValueError("You must set model.init_config['init_std'] to a float value to use the default initialization scheme.") + _normal_param_init_fn_(module=module, std=init_std, d_model=d_model, n_layers=n_layers, init_div_is_residual=init_div_is_residual, emb_init_std=emb_init_std, emb_init_uniform_lim=emb_init_uniform_lim, verbose=verbose) + +def small_param_init_fn_(module: nn.Module, n_layers: int, d_model: int, init_div_is_residual: Union[int, float, str, bool]=True, emb_init_std: Optional[float]=None, emb_init_uniform_lim: Optional[Union[Tuple[float, float], float]]=None, verbose: int=0, **kwargs): + del kwargs + std = math.sqrt(2 / (5 * d_model)) + _normal_param_init_fn_(module=module, std=std, d_model=d_model, n_layers=n_layers, init_div_is_residual=init_div_is_residual, emb_init_std=emb_init_std, emb_init_uniform_lim=emb_init_uniform_lim, verbose=verbose) + +def neox_param_init_fn_(module: nn.Module, n_layers: int, d_model: int, emb_init_std: Optional[float]=None, emb_init_uniform_lim: Optional[Union[Tuple[float, float], float]]=None, verbose: int=0, **kwargs): + """From section 2.3.1 of GPT-NeoX-20B: + + An Open-Source AutoregressiveLanguage Model — Black et. al. (2022) + see https://github.com/EleutherAI/gpt-neox/blob/9610391ab319403cef079b438edd016a2443af54/megatron/model/init_functions.py#L151 + and https://github.com/EleutherAI/gpt-neox/blob/main/megatron/model/transformer.py + """ + del kwargs + residual_div = n_layers / math.sqrt(10) + if verbose > 1: + warnings.warn(f'setting init_div_is_residual to {residual_div}') + small_param_init_fn_(module=module, d_model=d_model, n_layers=n_layers, init_div_is_residual=residual_div, emb_init_std=emb_init_std, emb_init_uniform_lim=emb_init_uniform_lim, verbose=verbose) + +def kaiming_uniform_param_init_fn_(module: nn.Module, n_layers: int, d_model: Optional[int]=None, init_div_is_residual: Union[int, float, str, bool]=True, emb_init_std: Optional[float]=None, emb_init_uniform_lim: Optional[Union[Tuple[float, float], float]]=None, init_gain: float=0, fan_mode: str='fan_in', init_nonlinearity: str='leaky_relu', verbose: int=0, **kwargs): + del kwargs + if verbose > 1: + warnings.warn(f'Using nn.init.kaiming_uniform_ init fn with parameters: ' + f'a={init_gain}, mode={fan_mode}, nonlinearity={init_nonlinearity}') + kaiming_uniform_ = partial(nn.init.kaiming_uniform_, a=init_gain, mode=fan_mode, nonlinearity=init_nonlinearity) + generic_param_init_fn_(module=module, init_fn_=kaiming_uniform_, d_model=d_model, n_layers=n_layers, init_div_is_residual=init_div_is_residual, emb_init_std=emb_init_std, emb_init_uniform_lim=emb_init_uniform_lim, verbose=verbose) + +def kaiming_normal_param_init_fn_(module: nn.Module, n_layers: int, d_model: Optional[int]=None, init_div_is_residual: Union[int, float, str, bool]=True, emb_init_std: Optional[float]=None, emb_init_uniform_lim: Optional[Union[Tuple[float, float], float]]=None, init_gain: float=0, fan_mode: str='fan_in', init_nonlinearity: str='leaky_relu', verbose: int=0, **kwargs): + del kwargs + if verbose > 1: + warnings.warn(f'Using nn.init.kaiming_normal_ init fn with parameters: ' + f'a={init_gain}, mode={fan_mode}, nonlinearity={init_nonlinearity}') + kaiming_normal_ = partial(torch.nn.init.kaiming_normal_, a=init_gain, mode=fan_mode, nonlinearity=init_nonlinearity) + generic_param_init_fn_(module=module, init_fn_=kaiming_normal_, d_model=d_model, n_layers=n_layers, init_div_is_residual=init_div_is_residual, emb_init_std=emb_init_std, emb_init_uniform_lim=emb_init_uniform_lim, verbose=verbose) + +def xavier_uniform_param_init_fn_(module: nn.Module, n_layers: int, d_model: Optional[int]=None, init_div_is_residual: Union[int, float, str, bool]=True, emb_init_std: Optional[float]=None, emb_init_uniform_lim: Optional[Union[Tuple[float, float], float]]=None, init_gain: float=0, verbose: int=0, **kwargs): + del kwargs + xavier_uniform_ = partial(torch.nn.init.xavier_uniform_, gain=init_gain) + if verbose > 1: + warnings.warn(f'Using torch.nn.init.xavier_uniform_ init fn with parameters: ' + f'gain={init_gain}') + generic_param_init_fn_(module=module, init_fn_=xavier_uniform_, d_model=d_model, n_layers=n_layers, init_div_is_residual=init_div_is_residual, emb_init_std=emb_init_std, emb_init_uniform_lim=emb_init_uniform_lim, verbose=verbose) + +def xavier_normal_param_init_fn_(module: nn.Module, n_layers: int, d_model: Optional[int]=None, init_div_is_residual: Union[int, float, str, bool]=True, emb_init_std: Optional[float]=None, emb_init_uniform_lim: Optional[Union[Tuple[float, float], float]]=None, init_gain: float=0, verbose: int=0, **kwargs): + xavier_normal_ = partial(torch.nn.init.xavier_normal_, gain=init_gain) + if verbose > 1: + warnings.warn(f'Using torch.nn.init.xavier_normal_ init fn with parameters: ' + f'gain={init_gain}') + generic_param_init_fn_(module=module, init_fn_=xavier_normal_, d_model=d_model, n_layers=n_layers, init_div_is_residual=init_div_is_residual, emb_init_std=emb_init_std, emb_init_uniform_lim=emb_init_uniform_lim, verbose=verbose) +MODEL_INIT_REGISTRY = {'default_': torch_default_param_init_fn_, 'baseline_': baseline_param_init_fn_, 'kaiming_uniform_': kaiming_uniform_param_init_fn_, 'kaiming_normal_': kaiming_normal_param_init_fn_, 'neox_init_': neox_param_init_fn_, 'small_init_': small_param_init_fn_, 'xavier_uniform_': xavier_uniform_param_init_fn_, 'xavier_normal_': xavier_normal_param_init_fn_} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/__pycache__/clip_encoder.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/__pycache__/clip_encoder.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2bd2f1c9c1cff55f678a5863496d08d86043231f Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/__pycache__/clip_encoder.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/clip_encoder.py b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/clip_encoder.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..12a849be7da1ad1d2b2c2ce003360075d09d2587 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/clip_encoder.py @@ -0,0 +1,135 @@ +import logging + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn + +from transformers import CLIPVisionModel, CLIPImageProcessor, CLIPVisionConfig +from .eva_clip.configuration_evaclip import EvaCLIPVisionConfig +from .eva_clip.modeling_evaclip import EvaCLIPVisionModel +from .intern_vit_6b.configuration_intern_vit import InternVisionConfig +from .intern_vit_6b.modeling_intern_vit import InternVisionModel +from .internvl_14b.configuration_internvl import InternVLConfig +from .internvl_14b.modeling_internvl import InternVLModel + + +def is_intern_vit_6b_model(vision_tower_name): + model_names = ["intern_vit_6b", "internvit_6b", "InternViT-6B", "internvit6b"] + return any(name in vision_tower_name for name in model_names) + + +def is_internvl_14b_model(vision_tower_name): + model_names = ["internvl_14b", "intern_vl_14b", "InternVL-14B", "internvl14b"] + return any(name in vision_tower_name for name in model_names) + + +class CLIPVisionTower(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, vision_tower, args, delay_load=False): + super().__init__() + + self.is_loaded = False + + self.vision_tower_name = vision_tower + self.select_layer = args.mm_vision_select_layer + self.select_feature = getattr(args, 'mm_vision_select_feature', 'patch') + + if not delay_load: + self.load_model() + else: + if "EVA" in self.vision_tower_name or "eva" in self.vision_tower_name: + self.cfg_only = EvaCLIPVisionConfig.from_pretrained(self.vision_tower_name) + elif is_intern_vit_6b_model(self.vision_tower_name): + self.cfg_only = InternVisionConfig.from_pretrained(self.vision_tower_name) + elif is_internvl_14b_model(self.vision_tower_name): + self.cfg_only = InternVLConfig.from_pretrained(self.vision_tower_name) + else: + self.cfg_only = CLIPVisionConfig.from_pretrained(self.vision_tower_name) + + def load_model(self): + if "EVA" in self.vision_tower_name or "eva" in self.vision_tower_name: + self.image_processor = CLIPImageProcessor.from_pretrained(self.vision_tower_name) + self.vision_tower = EvaCLIPVisionModel.from_pretrained(self.vision_tower_name) + elif is_intern_vit_6b_model(self.vision_tower_name): + crop_size = 448 if "448" in self.vision_tower_name else 336 + self.image_processor = CLIPImageProcessor( + crop_size=crop_size, do_center_crop=True, do_normalize=True, do_resize=True, + image_mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], image_std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225], size=crop_size + ) + # self.vision_tower = InternVisionModel.from_pretrained(self.vision_tower_name) + self.vision_tower = InternVisionModel.from_pretrained("/root/autodl-tmp/InternViT-6B-224px") + elif is_internvl_14b_model(self.vision_tower_name): + self.image_processor = CLIPImageProcessor( + crop_size=336, do_center_crop=True, do_normalize=True, do_resize=True, + image_mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], image_std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225], size=336 + ) + self.vision_tower = InternVLModel.from_pretrained(self.vision_tower_name) + self.vision_tower.eval() + else: + self.image_processor = CLIPImageProcessor.from_pretrained(self.vision_tower_name) + self.vision_tower = CLIPVisionModel.from_pretrained(self.vision_tower_name) + self.vision_tower.requires_grad_(False) + + self.is_loaded = True + + def feature_select(self, image_forward_outs): + image_features = image_forward_outs.hidden_states[self.select_layer] + if self.select_feature == 'patch': + image_features = image_features[:, 1:] + elif self.select_feature == 'cls_patch': + image_features = image_features + else: + raise ValueError(f'Unexpected select feature: {self.select_feature}') + return image_features + + @torch.no_grad() + def forward(self, images): + if type(images) is list: + image_features = [] + for image in images: + if is_internvl_14b_model(self.vision_tower_name): + image_forward_out, query_out = self.vision_tower(image.to(device=self.device, dtype=self.dtype).unsqueeze(0), output_hidden_states=True) + image_feature = self.feature_select(image_forward_out).to(image.dtype) + image_features.append([image_feature, query_out]) + else: + image_forward_out = self.vision_tower(image.to(device=self.device, dtype=self.dtype).unsqueeze(0), output_hidden_states=True) + image_feature = self.feature_select(image_forward_out).to(image.dtype) + image_features.append(image_feature) + else: + if is_internvl_14b_model(self.vision_tower_name): + image_forward_outs, query_outs = self.vision_tower(images.to(device=self.device, dtype=self.dtype), output_hidden_states=True) + image_features = self.feature_select(image_forward_outs).to(images.dtype) + image_features = [image_features, query_outs] + else: + image_forward_outs = self.vision_tower(images.to(device=self.device, dtype=self.dtype), output_hidden_states=True) + image_features = self.feature_select(image_forward_outs).to(images.dtype) + + return image_features + + @property + def dummy_feature(self): + return torch.zeros(1, self.hidden_size, device=self.device, dtype=self.dtype) + + @property + def dtype(self): + return self.vision_tower.dtype + + @property + def device(self): + return self.vision_tower.device + + @property + def config(self): + if self.is_loaded: + return self.vision_tower.config + else: + return self.cfg_only + + @property + def hidden_size(self): + return self.config.hidden_size + + @property + def num_patches(self): + if is_internvl_14b_model(self.vision_tower_name): + return (self.config.image_size // self.config.patch_size) ** 2 + 96 + else: + return (self.config.image_size // self.config.patch_size) ** 2 diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/eva_clip/__pycache__/configuration_evaclip.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/eva_clip/__pycache__/configuration_evaclip.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c9e8e97e0c67fa7485514562b51ceb589ee3727 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/eva_clip/__pycache__/configuration_evaclip.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/eva_clip/__pycache__/modeling_evaclip.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/eva_clip/__pycache__/modeling_evaclip.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c2a225572773e55307ef097fa09fc67b000150d5 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/eva_clip/__pycache__/modeling_evaclip.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/eva_clip/configuration_evaclip.py b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/eva_clip/configuration_evaclip.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bf8ce46c9649241aa763d1a9fe5abc7df4415c27 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/eva_clip/configuration_evaclip.py @@ -0,0 +1,425 @@ +# coding=utf-8 +# Copyright 2021 The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved. +# +# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); +# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. +# You may obtain a copy of the License at +# +# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 +# +# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, +# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. +# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and +# limitations under the License. +""" EvaCLIP model configuration""" +# Code mainly copied here: https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/main/src/transformers/models/clip/configuration_clip.py +# and adjusted for evaclip + +import copy +import os +from collections import OrderedDict +from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Mapping, Optional, Union + + +if TYPE_CHECKING: + from transformers.processing_utils import ProcessorMixin + from transformers.utils import TensorType + +from transformers.configuration_utils import PretrainedConfig +from transformers.utils import logging + + +logger = logging.get_logger(__name__) + + +class EvaCLIPTextConfig(PretrainedConfig): + r""" + This is the configuration class to store the configuration of a [`CLIPTextModel`]. It is used to instantiate a CLIP + text encoder according to the specified arguments, defining the model architecture. Instantiating a configuration + with the defaults will yield a similar configuration to that of the text encoder of the CLIP + [openai/clip-vit-base-patch32](https://huggingface.co/openai/clip-vit-base-patch32) architecture. + + Configuration objects inherit from [`PretrainedConfig`] and can be used to control the model outputs. Read the + documentation from [`PretrainedConfig`] for more information. + + Args: + vocab_size (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 49408): + Vocabulary size of the CLIP text model. Defines the number of different tokens that can be represented by + the `inputs_ids` passed when calling [`CLIPModel`]. + hidden_size (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 512): + Dimensionality of the encoder layers and the pooler layer. + intermediate_size (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 2048): + Dimensionality of the "intermediate" (i.e., feed-forward) layer in the Transformer encoder. + num_hidden_layers (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 12): + Number of hidden layers in the Transformer encoder. + num_attention_heads (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 8): + Number of attention heads for each attention layer in the Transformer encoder. + max_position_embeddings (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 77): + The maximum sequence length that this model might ever be used with. Typically set this to something large + just in case (e.g., 512 or 1024 or 2048). + hidden_act (`str` or `function`, *optional*, defaults to `"quick_gelu"`): + The non-linear activation function (function or string) in the encoder and pooler. If string, `"gelu"`, + `"relu"`, `"selu"` and `"gelu_new"` `"quick_gelu"` are supported. + layer_norm_eps (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 1e-5): + The epsilon used by the layer normalization layers. + attention_dropout (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 0.0): + The dropout ratio for the attention probabilities. + initializer_range (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 0.02): + The standard deviation of the truncated_normal_initializer for initializing all weight matrices. + initializer_factor (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 1): + A factor for initializing all weight matrices (should be kept to 1, used internally for initialization + testing). + + Example: + + ```python + >>> from transformers import CLIPTextConfig, CLIPTextModel + + >>> # Initializing a CLIPTextConfig with openai/clip-vit-base-patch32 style configuration + >>> configuration = CLIPTextConfig() + + >>> # Initializing a CLIPTextModel (with random weights) from the openai/clip-vit-base-patch32 style configuration + >>> model = CLIPTextModel(configuration) + + >>> # Accessing the model configuration + >>> configuration = model.config + ```""" + model_type = "clip_text_model" + + def __init__( + self, + vocab_size=49408, + hidden_size=512, + intermediate_size=2048, + projection_dim=512, + num_hidden_layers=12, + num_attention_heads=8, + max_position_embeddings=77, + hidden_act="gelu", + layer_norm_eps=1e-5, + attention_dropout=0.0, + initializer_range=0.02, + initializer_factor=1.0, + q_bias=True, + k_bias=True, + v_bias=True, + post_layernorm=False, + pad_token_id=1, + bos_token_id=0, + eos_token_id=2, + **kwargs, + ): + super().__init__(pad_token_id=pad_token_id, bos_token_id=bos_token_id, eos_token_id=eos_token_id, **kwargs) + + self.vocab_size = vocab_size + self.hidden_size = hidden_size + self.intermediate_size = intermediate_size + self.projection_dim = projection_dim + self.num_hidden_layers = num_hidden_layers + self.num_attention_heads = num_attention_heads + self.max_position_embeddings = max_position_embeddings + self.layer_norm_eps = layer_norm_eps + self.hidden_act = hidden_act + self.initializer_range = initializer_range + self.initializer_factor = initializer_factor + self.q_bias=q_bias + self.k_bias=k_bias + self.v_bias=v_bias + self.post_layernorm = post_layernorm + self.attention_dropout = attention_dropout + + @classmethod + def from_pretrained(cls, pretrained_model_name_or_path: Union[str, os.PathLike], **kwargs) -> "PretrainedConfig": + cls._set_token_in_kwargs(kwargs) + + config_dict, kwargs = cls.get_config_dict(pretrained_model_name_or_path, **kwargs) + + # get the text config dict if we are loading from CLIPConfig + if config_dict.get("model_type") == "clip": + config_dict = config_dict["text_config"] + + if "model_type" in config_dict and hasattr(cls, "model_type") and config_dict["model_type"] != cls.model_type: + logger.warning( + f"You are using a model of type {config_dict['model_type']} to instantiate a model of type " + f"{cls.model_type}. This is not supported for all configurations of models and can yield errors." + ) + + return cls.from_dict(config_dict, **kwargs) + + +class EvaCLIPVisionConfig(PretrainedConfig): + r""" + This is the configuration class to store the configuration of a [`CLIPVisionModel`]. It is used to instantiate a + CLIP vision encoder according to the specified arguments, defining the model architecture. Instantiating a + configuration with the defaults will yield a similar configuration to that of the vision encoder of the CLIP + [openai/clip-vit-base-patch32](https://huggingface.co/openai/clip-vit-base-patch32) architecture. + + Configuration objects inherit from [`PretrainedConfig`] and can be used to control the model outputs. Read the + documentation from [`PretrainedConfig`] for more information. + + Args: + hidden_size (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 768): + Dimensionality of the encoder layers and the pooler layer. + intermediate_size (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 3072): + Dimensionality of the "intermediate" (i.e., feed-forward) layer in the Transformer encoder. + num_hidden_layers (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 12): + Number of hidden layers in the Transformer encoder. + num_attention_heads (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 12): + Number of attention heads for each attention layer in the Transformer encoder. + image_size (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 224): + The size (resolution) of each image. + patch_size (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 32): + The size (resolution) of each patch. + hidden_act (`str` or `function`, *optional*, defaults to `"quick_gelu"`): + The non-linear activation function (function or string) in the encoder and pooler. If string, `"gelu"`, + `"relu"`, `"selu"` and `"gelu_new"` ``"quick_gelu"` are supported. + layer_norm_eps (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 1e-5): + The epsilon used by the layer normalization layers. + attention_dropout (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 0.0): + The dropout ratio for the attention probabilities. + initializer_range (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 0.02): + The standard deviation of the truncated_normal_initializer for initializing all weight matrices. + initializer_factor (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 1): + A factor for initializing all weight matrices (should be kept to 1, used internally for initialization + testing). + + Example: + + ```python + >>> from transformers import CLIPVisionConfig, CLIPVisionModel + + >>> # Initializing a CLIPVisionConfig with openai/clip-vit-base-patch32 style configuration + >>> configuration = CLIPVisionConfig() + + >>> # Initializing a CLIPVisionModel (with random weights) from the openai/clip-vit-base-patch32 style configuration + >>> model = CLIPVisionModel(configuration) + + >>> # Accessing the model configuration + >>> configuration = model.config + ```""" + + model_type = "clip_vision_model" + + def __init__( + self, + hidden_size=768, + intermediate_size=3072, + projection_dim=512, + num_hidden_layers=12, + num_attention_heads=12, + num_channels=3, + image_size=224, + patch_size=32, + hidden_act="gelu", + layer_norm_eps=1e-5, + attention_dropout=0.0, + initializer_range=0.02, + initializer_factor=1.0, + q_bias=True, + k_bias=True, + v_bias=True, + post_layernorm=False, + **kwargs, + ): + super().__init__(**kwargs) + + self.hidden_size = hidden_size + self.intermediate_size = intermediate_size + self.projection_dim = projection_dim + self.num_hidden_layers = num_hidden_layers + self.num_attention_heads = num_attention_heads + self.num_channels = num_channels + self.patch_size = patch_size + self.image_size = image_size + self.initializer_range = initializer_range + self.initializer_factor = initializer_factor + self.q_bias=q_bias + self.k_bias=k_bias + self.v_bias=v_bias + self.post_layernorm = post_layernorm + self.attention_dropout = attention_dropout + self.layer_norm_eps = layer_norm_eps + self.hidden_act = hidden_act + + @classmethod + def from_pretrained(cls, pretrained_model_name_or_path: Union[str, os.PathLike], **kwargs) -> "PretrainedConfig": + cls._set_token_in_kwargs(kwargs) + + config_dict, kwargs = cls.get_config_dict(pretrained_model_name_or_path, **kwargs) + + # get the vision config dict if we are loading from CLIPConfig + if config_dict.get("model_type") == "clip": + config_dict = config_dict["vision_config"] + + if "model_type" in config_dict and hasattr(cls, "model_type") and config_dict["model_type"] != cls.model_type: + logger.warning( + f"You are using a model of type {config_dict['model_type']} to instantiate a model of type " + f"{cls.model_type}. This is not supported for all configurations of models and can yield errors." + ) + + return cls.from_dict(config_dict, **kwargs) + + +class EvaCLIPConfig(PretrainedConfig): + r""" + [`CLIPConfig`] is the configuration class to store the configuration of a [`CLIPModel`]. It is used to instantiate + a CLIP model according to the specified arguments, defining the text model and vision model configs. Instantiating + a configuration with the defaults will yield a similar configuration to that of the CLIP + [openai/clip-vit-base-patch32](https://huggingface.co/openai/clip-vit-base-patch32) architecture. + + Configuration objects inherit from [`PretrainedConfig`] and can be used to control the model outputs. Read the + documentation from [`PretrainedConfig`] for more information. + + Args: + text_config (`dict`, *optional*): + Dictionary of configuration options used to initialize [`CLIPTextConfig`]. + vision_config (`dict`, *optional*): + Dictionary of configuration options used to initialize [`CLIPVisionConfig`]. + projection_dim (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 512): + Dimentionality of text and vision projection layers. + logit_scale_init_value (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 2.6592): + The inital value of the *logit_scale* paramter. Default is used as per the original CLIP implementation. + kwargs (*optional*): + Dictionary of keyword arguments. + + Example: + + ```python + >>> from transformers import CLIPConfig, CLIPModel + + >>> # Initializing a CLIPConfig with openai/clip-vit-base-patch32 style configuration + >>> configuration = CLIPConfig() + + >>> # Initializing a CLIPModel (with random weights) from the openai/clip-vit-base-patch32 style configuration + >>> model = CLIPModel(configuration) + + >>> # Accessing the model configuration + >>> configuration = model.config + + >>> # We can also initialize a CLIPConfig from a CLIPTextConfig and a CLIPVisionConfig + >>> from transformers import CLIPTextConfig, CLIPVisionConfig + + >>> # Initializing a CLIPText and CLIPVision configuration + >>> config_text = CLIPTextConfig() + >>> config_vision = CLIPVisionConfig() + + >>> config = CLIPConfig.from_text_vision_configs(config_text, config_vision) + ```""" + + model_type = "clip" + is_composition = True + + def __init__( + self, text_config=None, vision_config=None, projection_dim=512, logit_scale_init_value=2.6592, **kwargs + ): + # If `_config_dict` exist, we use them for the backward compatibility. + # We pop out these 2 attributes before calling `super().__init__` to avoid them being saved (which causes a lot + # of confusion!). + text_config_dict = kwargs.pop("text_config_dict", None) + vision_config_dict = kwargs.pop("vision_config_dict", None) + + super().__init__(**kwargs) + + # Instead of simply assigning `[text|vision]_config_dict` to `[text|vision]_config`, we use the values in + # `[text|vision]_config_dict` to update the values in `[text|vision]_config`. The values should be same in most + # cases, but we don't want to break anything regarding `_config_dict` that existed before commit `8827e1b2`. + if text_config_dict is not None: + if text_config is None: + text_config = {} + + # This is the complete result when using `text_config_dict`. + _text_config_dict = EvaCLIPTextConfig(**text_config_dict).to_dict() + + # Give a warning if the values exist in both `_text_config_dict` and `text_config` but being different. + for key, value in _text_config_dict.items(): + if key in text_config and value != text_config[key] and key not in ["transformers_version"]: + # If specified in `text_config_dict` + if key in text_config_dict: + message = ( + f"`{key}` is found in both `text_config_dict` and `text_config` but with different values. " + f'The value `text_config_dict["{key}"]` will be used instead.' + ) + # If inferred from default argument values (just to be super careful) + else: + message = ( + f"`text_config_dict` is provided which will be used to initialize `CLIPTextConfig`. The " + f'value `text_config["{key}"]` will be overriden.' + ) + logger.warning(message) + + # Update all values in `text_config` with the ones in `_text_config_dict`. + text_config.update(_text_config_dict) + + if vision_config_dict is not None: + if vision_config is None: + vision_config = {} + + # This is the complete result when using `vision_config_dict`. + _vision_config_dict = EvaCLIPVisionConfig(**vision_config_dict).to_dict() + # convert keys to string instead of integer + if "id2label" in _vision_config_dict: + _vision_config_dict["id2label"] = { + str(key): value for key, value in _vision_config_dict["id2label"].items() + } + + # Give a warning if the values exist in both `_vision_config_dict` and `vision_config` but being different. + for key, value in _vision_config_dict.items(): + if key in vision_config and value != vision_config[key] and key not in ["transformers_version"]: + # If specified in `vision_config_dict` + if key in vision_config_dict: + message = ( + f"`{key}` is found in both `vision_config_dict` and `vision_config` but with different " + f'values. The value `vision_config_dict["{key}"]` will be used instead.' + ) + # If inferred from default argument values (just to be super careful) + else: + message = ( + f"`vision_config_dict` is provided which will be used to initialize `CLIPVisionConfig`. " + f'The value `vision_config["{key}"]` will be overriden.' + ) + logger.warning(message) + + # Update all values in `vision_config` with the ones in `_vision_config_dict`. + vision_config.update(_vision_config_dict) + + if text_config is None: + text_config = {} + logger.info("`text_config` is `None`. Initializing the `CLIPTextConfig` with default values.") + + if vision_config is None: + vision_config = {} + logger.info("`vision_config` is `None`. initializing the `CLIPVisionConfig` with default values.") + + self.text_config = EvaCLIPTextConfig(**text_config) + self.vision_config = EvaCLIPVisionConfig(**vision_config) + + self.projection_dim = projection_dim + self.logit_scale_init_value = logit_scale_init_value + self.initializer_factor = 1.0 + + @classmethod + def from_text_vision_configs(cls, text_config: EvaCLIPTextConfig, vision_config: EvaCLIPVisionConfig, **kwargs): + r""" + Instantiate a [`CLIPConfig`] (or a derived class) from clip text model configuration and clip vision model + configuration. + + Returns: + [`CLIPConfig`]: An instance of a configuration object + """ + + return cls(text_config=text_config.to_dict(), vision_config=vision_config.to_dict(), **kwargs) + + def to_dict(self): + """ + Serializes this instance to a Python dictionary. Override the default [`~PretrainedConfig.to_dict`]. + + Returns: + `Dict[str, any]`: Dictionary of all the attributes that make up this configuration instance, + """ + output = copy.deepcopy(self.__dict__) + output["text_config"] = self.text_config.to_dict() + output["vision_config"] = self.vision_config.to_dict() + output["model_type"] = self.__class__.model_type + return output + diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/eva_clip/modeling_evaclip.py b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/eva_clip/modeling_evaclip.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c8a29c8d65cfbcef482e1268d0ca75281fa2b09 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/eva_clip/modeling_evaclip.py @@ -0,0 +1,1428 @@ +# coding=utf-8 +# Copyright 2021 The OpenAI Team Authors and The HuggingFace Team. All rights reserved. +# +# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); +# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. +# You may obtain a copy of the License at +# +# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 +# +# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, +# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. +# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and +# limitations under the License. +""" PyTorch EvaCLIP model.""" +# Code mainly taken from https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/main/src/transformers/models/clip/modeling_clip.py#L943 +# and adjusteed for EvaClip + + +from dataclasses import dataclass +from typing import Any, Optional, Tuple, Union + +import torch +import torch.utils.checkpoint +from torch import nn + +from transformers.activations import ACT2FN +from transformers.modeling_outputs import BaseModelOutput, BaseModelOutputWithPooling +from transformers.modeling_utils import PreTrainedModel +from transformers.utils import ( + ModelOutput, + add_start_docstrings, + add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward, + logging, + replace_return_docstrings, +) +from .configuration_evaclip import EvaCLIPConfig, EvaCLIPTextConfig, EvaCLIPVisionConfig + +logger = logging.get_logger(__name__) + +_CHECKPOINT_FOR_DOC = "QuanSun/EVA02_CLIP_E_psz14_plus_s9B" + +Eva_CLIP_PRETRAINED_MODEL_ARCHIVE_LIST = [ + "EVA02_CLIP_E_psz14_plus_s9B", +] + +# Copied from transformers.models.bart.modeling_bart._expand_mask +def _expand_mask(mask: torch.Tensor, dtype: torch.dtype, tgt_len: Optional[int] = None): + """ + Expands attention_mask from `[bsz, seq_len]` to `[bsz, 1, tgt_seq_len, src_seq_len]`. + """ + bsz, src_len = mask.size() + tgt_len = tgt_len if tgt_len is not None else src_len + + expanded_mask = mask[:, None, None, :].expand(bsz, 1, tgt_len, src_len).to(dtype) + + inverted_mask = 1.0 - expanded_mask + + return inverted_mask.masked_fill(inverted_mask.to(torch.bool), torch.finfo(dtype).min) + + +# contrastive loss function, adapted from +# https://sachinruk.github.io/blog/pytorch/pytorch%20lightning/loss%20function/gpu/2021/03/07/CLIP.html +def contrastive_loss(logits: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: + return nn.functional.cross_entropy(logits, torch.arange(len(logits), device=logits.device)) + + +def clip_loss(similarity: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: + caption_loss = contrastive_loss(similarity) + image_loss = contrastive_loss(similarity.t()) + return (caption_loss + image_loss) / 2.0 + + +@dataclass +class EvaCLIPVisionModelOutput(ModelOutput): + """ + Base class for vision model's outputs that also contains image embeddings of the pooling of the last hidden states. + + Args: + image_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, output_dim)` *optional* returned when model is initialized with `with_projection=True`): + The image embeddings obtained by applying the projection layer to the pooler_output. + last_hidden_state (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`): + Sequence of hidden-states at the output of the last layer of the model. + hidden_states (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, *optional*, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`): + Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for the output of the embeddings, if the model has an embedding layer, + + one for the output of each layer) of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`. + + Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the optional initial embedding outputs. + attentions (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, *optional*, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`): + Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, + sequence_length)`. + + Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention + heads. + """ + + image_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None + last_hidden_state: torch.FloatTensor = None + hidden_states: Optional[Tuple[torch.FloatTensor]] = None + attentions: Optional[Tuple[torch.FloatTensor]] = None + + +@dataclass +class EvaCLIPTextModelOutput(ModelOutput): + """ + Base class for text model's outputs that also contains a pooling of the last hidden states. + + Args: + text_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, output_dim)` *optional* returned when model is initialized with `with_projection=True`): + The text embeddings obtained by applying the projection layer to the pooler_output. + last_hidden_state (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`): + Sequence of hidden-states at the output of the last layer of the model. + hidden_states (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, *optional*, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`): + Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for the output of the embeddings, if the model has an embedding layer, + + one for the output of each layer) of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`. + + Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the optional initial embedding outputs. + attentions (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, *optional*, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`): + Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, + sequence_length)`. + + Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention + heads. + """ + + text_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None + last_hidden_state: torch.FloatTensor = None + hidden_states: Optional[Tuple[torch.FloatTensor]] = None + attentions: Optional[Tuple[torch.FloatTensor]] = None + + +@dataclass +class EvaCLIPOutput(ModelOutput): + """ + Args: + loss (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(1,)`, *optional*, returned when `return_loss` is `True`): + Contrastive loss for image-text similarity. + logits_per_image:(`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(image_batch_size, text_batch_size)`): + The scaled dot product scores between `image_embeds` and `text_embeds`. This represents the image-text + similarity scores. + logits_per_text:(`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(text_batch_size, image_batch_size)`): + The scaled dot product scores between `text_embeds` and `image_embeds`. This represents the text-image + similarity scores. + text_embeds(`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, output_dim`): + The text embeddings obtained by applying the projection layer to the pooled output of [`EvaCLIPTextModel`]. + image_embeds(`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, output_dim`): + The image embeddings obtained by applying the projection layer to the pooled output of [`EvaCLIPVisionModel`]. + text_model_output(`BaseModelOutputWithPooling`): + The output of the [`EvaCLIPTextModel`]. + vision_model_output(`BaseModelOutputWithPooling`): + The output of the [`EvaCLIPVisionModel`]. + """ + + loss: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None + logits_per_image: torch.FloatTensor = None + logits_per_text: torch.FloatTensor = None + text_embeds: torch.FloatTensor = None + image_embeds: torch.FloatTensor = None + text_model_output: BaseModelOutputWithPooling = None + vision_model_output: BaseModelOutputWithPooling = None + + def to_tuple(self) -> Tuple[Any]: + return tuple( + self[k] if k not in ["text_model_output", "vision_model_output"] else getattr(self, k).to_tuple() + for k in self.keys() + ) + + +class EvaCLIPVisionEmbeddings(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config: EvaCLIPVisionConfig): + super().__init__() + self.config = config + self.embed_dim = config.hidden_size + self.image_size = config.image_size + self.patch_size = config.patch_size + + self.class_embedding = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(self.embed_dim)) + + self.patch_embedding = nn.Conv2d( + in_channels=config.num_channels, + out_channels=self.embed_dim, + kernel_size=self.patch_size, + stride=self.patch_size, + bias=True, + ) + + self.num_patches = (self.image_size // self.patch_size) ** 2 + self.num_positions = self.num_patches + 1 + self.position_embedding = nn.Embedding(self.num_positions, self.embed_dim) + self.register_buffer("position_ids", torch.arange(self.num_positions).expand((1, -1)), persistent = False) + + def forward(self, pixel_values: torch.FloatTensor) -> torch.Tensor: + batch_size = pixel_values.shape[0] + patch_embeds = self.patch_embedding(pixel_values) # shape = [*, width, grid, grid] + patch_embeds = patch_embeds.flatten(2).transpose(1, 2) + + class_embeds = self.class_embedding.expand(batch_size, 1, -1) + embeddings = torch.cat([class_embeds, patch_embeds], dim=1) + embeddings = embeddings + self.position_embedding(self.position_ids) + return embeddings + + +class EvaCLIPTextEmbeddings(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config: EvaCLIPTextConfig): + super().__init__() + embed_dim = config.hidden_size + + self.token_embedding = nn.Embedding(config.vocab_size, embed_dim) + self.position_embedding = nn.Embedding(config.max_position_embeddings, embed_dim) + + # position_ids (1, len position emb) is contiguous in memory and exported when serialized + self.register_buffer("position_ids", torch.arange(config.max_position_embeddings).expand((1, -1)), persistent=False) + + def forward( + self, + input_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None, + position_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None, + inputs_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, + ) -> torch.Tensor: + seq_length = input_ids.shape[-1] if input_ids is not None else inputs_embeds.shape[-2] + + if position_ids is None: + position_ids = self.position_ids[:, :seq_length] + + if inputs_embeds is None: + inputs_embeds = self.token_embedding(input_ids) + + position_embeddings = self.position_embedding(position_ids) + embeddings = inputs_embeds + position_embeddings + + return embeddings + + +class EvaCLIPAttention(nn.Module): + """Multi-headed attention from 'Attention Is All You Need' paper""" + + def __init__(self, config): + super().__init__() + self.config = config + self.embed_dim = config.hidden_size + self.num_heads = config.num_attention_heads + self.head_dim = self.embed_dim // self.num_heads + if self.head_dim * self.num_heads != self.embed_dim: + raise ValueError( + f"embed_dim must be divisible by num_heads (got `embed_dim`: {self.embed_dim} and `num_heads`:" + f" {self.num_heads})." + ) + self.scale = self.head_dim**-0.5 + self.dropout = config.attention_dropout + self.k_proj = nn.Linear(self.embed_dim, self.embed_dim, bias=config.k_bias) + self.v_proj = nn.Linear(self.embed_dim, self.embed_dim, bias=config.v_bias) + self.q_proj = nn.Linear(self.embed_dim, self.embed_dim, bias=config.q_bias) + self.out_proj = nn.Linear(self.embed_dim, self.embed_dim, bias=True) + + def _shape(self, tensor: torch.Tensor, seq_len: int, bsz: int): + return tensor.view(bsz, seq_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2).contiguous() + + def forward( + self, + hidden_states: torch.Tensor, + attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + causal_attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + output_attentions: Optional[bool] = False, + ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, Optional[torch.Tensor], Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]]]: + """Input shape: Batch x Time x Channel""" + + bsz, tgt_len, embed_dim = hidden_states.size() + + # get query proj + query_states = self.q_proj(hidden_states) * self.scale + key_states = self._shape(self.k_proj(hidden_states), -1, bsz) + value_states = self._shape(self.v_proj(hidden_states), -1, bsz) + + proj_shape = (bsz * self.num_heads, -1, self.head_dim) + query_states = self._shape(query_states, tgt_len, bsz).view(*proj_shape) + key_states = key_states.view(*proj_shape) + value_states = value_states.view(*proj_shape) + + src_len = key_states.size(1) + attn_weights = torch.bmm(query_states, key_states.transpose(1, 2)) + + if attn_weights.size() != (bsz * self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len): + raise ValueError( + f"Attention weights should be of size {(bsz * self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len)}, but is" + f" {attn_weights.size()}" + ) + + # apply the causal_attention_mask first + if causal_attention_mask is not None: + if causal_attention_mask.size() != (bsz, 1, tgt_len, src_len): + raise ValueError( + f"Attention mask should be of size {(bsz, 1, tgt_len, src_len)}, but is" + f" {causal_attention_mask.size()}" + ) + attn_weights = attn_weights.view(bsz, self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len) + causal_attention_mask + attn_weights = attn_weights.view(bsz * self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len) + + if attention_mask is not None: + if attention_mask.size() != (bsz, 1, tgt_len, src_len): + raise ValueError( + f"Attention mask should be of size {(bsz, 1, tgt_len, src_len)}, but is {attention_mask.size()}" + ) + attn_weights = attn_weights.view(bsz, self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len) + attention_mask + attn_weights = attn_weights.view(bsz * self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len) + + attn_weights = nn.functional.softmax(attn_weights, dim=-1) + + if output_attentions: + # this operation is a bit akward, but it's required to + # make sure that attn_weights keeps its gradient. + # In order to do so, attn_weights have to reshaped + # twice and have to be reused in the following + attn_weights_reshaped = attn_weights.view(bsz, self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len) + attn_weights = attn_weights_reshaped.view(bsz * self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len) + else: + attn_weights_reshaped = None + + attn_probs = nn.functional.dropout(attn_weights, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + + attn_output = torch.bmm(attn_probs, value_states) + + if attn_output.size() != (bsz * self.num_heads, tgt_len, self.head_dim): + raise ValueError( + f"`attn_output` should be of size {(bsz, self.num_heads, tgt_len, self.head_dim)}, but is" + f" {attn_output.size()}" + ) + + attn_output = attn_output.view(bsz, self.num_heads, tgt_len, self.head_dim) + attn_output = attn_output.transpose(1, 2) + attn_output = attn_output.reshape(bsz, tgt_len, embed_dim) + + attn_output = self.out_proj(attn_output) + + return attn_output, attn_weights_reshaped + +class EvaCLIPTextAttention(nn.Module): + """Multi-headed attention from 'Attention Is All You Need' paper""" + + def __init__(self, config): + super().__init__() + self.config = config + self.embed_dim = config.hidden_size + self.num_heads = config.num_attention_heads + self.head_dim = self.embed_dim // self.num_heads + if self.head_dim * self.num_heads != self.embed_dim: + raise ValueError( + f"embed_dim must be divisible by num_heads (got `embed_dim`: {self.embed_dim} and `num_heads`:" + f" {self.num_heads})." + ) + self.scale = self.head_dim**-0.5 + self.dropout = config.attention_dropout + self.k_proj = nn.Linear(self.embed_dim, self.embed_dim, bias=config.k_bias) + self.v_proj = nn.Linear(self.embed_dim, self.embed_dim, bias=config.v_bias) + self.q_proj = nn.Linear(self.embed_dim, self.embed_dim, bias=config.q_bias) + self.out_proj = nn.Linear(self.embed_dim, self.embed_dim, bias=True) + + def _shape(self, tensor: torch.Tensor, seq_len: int, bsz: int): + return tensor.view(bsz, seq_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2).contiguous() + + def forward( + self, + hidden_states: torch.Tensor, + attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + causal_attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + output_attentions: Optional[bool] = False, + ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, Optional[torch.Tensor], Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]]]: + """Input shape: Batch x Time x Channel""" + + bsz, tgt_len, embed_dim = hidden_states.size() + + # get query proj + query_states = self.q_proj(hidden_states) * self.scale + key_states = self._shape(self.k_proj(hidden_states), -1, bsz) + value_states = self._shape(self.v_proj(hidden_states), -1, bsz) + + proj_shape = (bsz * self.num_heads, -1, self.head_dim) + query_states = self._shape(query_states, tgt_len, bsz).view(*proj_shape) + key_states = key_states.view(*proj_shape) + value_states = value_states.view(*proj_shape) + + src_len = key_states.size(1) + attn_weights = torch.bmm(query_states, key_states.transpose(1, 2)) + + if attn_weights.size() != (bsz * self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len): + raise ValueError( + f"Attention weights should be of size {(bsz * self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len)}, but is" + f" {attn_weights.size()}" + ) + + # apply the causal_attention_mask first + if causal_attention_mask is not None: + if causal_attention_mask.size() != (bsz, 1, tgt_len, src_len): + raise ValueError( + f"Attention mask should be of size {(bsz, 1, tgt_len, src_len)}, but is" + f" {causal_attention_mask.size()}" + ) + attn_weights = attn_weights.view(bsz, self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len) + causal_attention_mask + attn_weights = attn_weights.view(bsz * self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len) + + if attention_mask is not None: + if attention_mask.size() != (bsz, 1, tgt_len, src_len): + raise ValueError( + f"Attention mask should be of size {(bsz, 1, tgt_len, src_len)}, but is {attention_mask.size()}" + ) + attn_weights = attn_weights.view(bsz, self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len) + attention_mask + attn_weights = attn_weights.view(bsz * self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len) + + attn_weights = nn.functional.softmax(attn_weights, dim=-1) + + if output_attentions: + # this operation is a bit akward, but it's required to + # make sure that attn_weights keeps its gradient. + # In order to do so, attn_weights have to reshaped + # twice and have to be reused in the following + attn_weights_reshaped = attn_weights.view(bsz, self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len) + attn_weights = attn_weights_reshaped.view(bsz * self.num_heads, tgt_len, src_len) + else: + attn_weights_reshaped = None + + attn_probs = nn.functional.dropout(attn_weights, p=self.dropout, training=self.training) + + attn_output = torch.bmm(attn_probs, value_states) + + if attn_output.size() != (bsz * self.num_heads, tgt_len, self.head_dim): + raise ValueError( + f"`attn_output` should be of size {(bsz, self.num_heads, tgt_len, self.head_dim)}, but is" + f" {attn_output.size()}" + ) + + attn_output = attn_output.view(bsz, self.num_heads, tgt_len, self.head_dim) + attn_output = attn_output.transpose(1, 2) + attn_output = attn_output.reshape(bsz, tgt_len, embed_dim) + + attn_output = self.out_proj(attn_output) + + return attn_output, attn_weights_reshaped + +class EvaCLIPMLP(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config): + super().__init__() + self.config = config + self.activation_fn = ACT2FN[config.hidden_act] + self.fc1 = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.intermediate_size) + self.fc2 = nn.Linear(config.intermediate_size, config.hidden_size) + + def forward(self, hidden_states: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: + hidden_states = self.fc1(hidden_states) + hidden_states = self.activation_fn(hidden_states) + hidden_states = self.fc2(hidden_states) + return hidden_states + + +class EvaCLIPEncoderLayer(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config: EvaCLIPConfig): + super().__init__() + self.config = config + self.embed_dim = config.hidden_size + self.post_layernorm = config.post_layernorm if config.post_layernorm is not None else False + self.self_attn = EvaCLIPAttention(config) + self.layer_norm1 = nn.LayerNorm(self.embed_dim, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) + self.mlp = EvaCLIPMLP(config) + self.layer_norm2 = nn.LayerNorm(self.embed_dim, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) + + def forward( + self, + hidden_states: torch.Tensor, + attention_mask: torch.Tensor, + causal_attention_mask: torch.Tensor, + output_attentions: Optional[bool] = False, + ) -> Tuple[torch.FloatTensor]: + """ + Args: + hidden_states (`torch.FloatTensor`): input to the layer of shape `(batch, seq_len, embed_dim)` + attention_mask (`torch.FloatTensor`): attention mask of size + `(batch, 1, tgt_len, src_len)` where padding elements are indicated by very large negative values. + `(config.encoder_attention_heads,)`. + output_attentions (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under + returned tensors for more detail. + """ + residual = hidden_states + + if not self.post_layernorm: + hidden_states = self.layer_norm1(hidden_states) + hidden_states, attn_weights = self.self_attn( + hidden_states=hidden_states, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + causal_attention_mask=causal_attention_mask, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + ) + if self.post_layernorm: + hidden_states = self.layer_norm1(hidden_states) + hidden_states = residual + hidden_states + residual = hidden_states + if not self.post_layernorm: + hidden_states = self.layer_norm2(hidden_states) + hidden_states = self.mlp(hidden_states) + if self.post_layernorm: + hidden_states = self.layer_norm2(hidden_states) + hidden_states = residual + hidden_states + + outputs = (hidden_states,) + + if output_attentions: + outputs += (attn_weights,) + + return outputs + + +class EvaCLIPPreTrainedModel(PreTrainedModel): + """ + An abstract class to handle weights initialization and a simple interface for downloading and loading pretrained + models. + """ + + config_class = EvaCLIPConfig + base_model_prefix = "clip" + supports_gradient_checkpointing = True + _keys_to_ignore_on_load_missing = [r"position_ids"] + + def _init_weights(self, module): + """Initialize the weights""" + factor = self.config.initializer_factor + if isinstance(module, EvaCLIPTextEmbeddings): + module.token_embedding.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=factor * 0.02) + module.position_embedding.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=factor * 0.02) + elif isinstance(module, EvaCLIPVisionEmbeddings): + factor = self.config.initializer_factor + nn.init.normal_(module.class_embedding, mean=0.0, std=module.embed_dim**-0.5 * factor) + nn.init.normal_(module.patch_embedding.weight, std=module.config.initializer_range * factor) + nn.init.normal_(module.position_embedding.weight, std=module.config.initializer_range * factor) + elif isinstance(module, EvaCLIPAttention): + factor = self.config.initializer_factor + in_proj_std = (module.embed_dim**-0.5) * ((2 * module.config.num_hidden_layers) ** -0.5) * factor + out_proj_std = (module.embed_dim**-0.5) * factor + nn.init.normal_(module.q_proj.weight, std=in_proj_std) + nn.init.normal_(module.k_proj.weight, std=in_proj_std) + nn.init.normal_(module.v_proj.weight, std=in_proj_std) + nn.init.normal_(module.out_proj.weight, std=out_proj_std) + elif isinstance(module, EvaCLIPMLP): + factor = self.config.initializer_factor + in_proj_std = ( + (module.config.hidden_size**-0.5) * ((2 * module.config.num_hidden_layers) ** -0.5) * factor + ) + fc_std = (2 * module.config.hidden_size) ** -0.5 * factor + nn.init.normal_(module.fc1.weight, std=fc_std) + nn.init.normal_(module.fc2.weight, std=in_proj_std) + elif isinstance(module, EvaCLIPModel): + nn.init.normal_( + module.text_projection.weight, + std=module.text_embed_dim**-0.5 * self.config.initializer_factor, + ) + nn.init.normal_( + module.visual_projection.weight, + std=module.vision_embed_dim**-0.5 * self.config.initializer_factor, + ) + elif isinstance(module, EvaCLIPVisionModelWithProjection): + nn.init.normal_( + module.visual_projection.weight, + std=self.config.hidden_size**-0.5 * self.config.initializer_factor, + ) + elif isinstance(module, EvaCLIPTextModelWithProjection): + nn.init.normal_( + module.text_projection.weight, + std=self.config.hidden_size**-0.5 * self.config.initializer_factor, + ) + + if isinstance(module, nn.LayerNorm): + module.bias.data.zero_() + module.weight.data.fill_(1.0) + if isinstance(module, nn.Linear) and module.bias is not None: + module.bias.data.zero_() + + def _set_gradient_checkpointing(self, module, value=False): + if isinstance(module, EvaCLIPEncoder): + module.gradient_checkpointing = value + + +EvaCLIP_START_DOCSTRING = r""" + This model inherits from [`PreTrainedModel`]. Check the superclass documentation for the generic methods the + library implements for all its model (such as downloading or saving, resizing the input embeddings, pruning heads + etc.) + + This model is also a PyTorch [torch.nn.Module](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/nn.html#torch.nn.Module) subclass. + Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage + and behavior. + + Parameters: + config ([`CLIPConfig`]): Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. + Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the + configuration. Check out the [`~PreTrainedModel.from_pretrained`] method to load the model weights. +""" + +EvaCLIP_TEXT_INPUTS_DOCSTRING = r""" + Args: + input_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`): + Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary. Padding will be ignored by default should you provide + it. + + Indices can be obtained using [`AutoTokenizer`]. See [`PreTrainedTokenizer.encode`] and + [`PreTrainedTokenizer.__call__`] for details. + + [What are input IDs?](../glossary#input-ids) + attention_mask (`torch.Tensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, *optional*): + Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`: + + - 1 for tokens that are **not masked**, + - 0 for tokens that are **masked**. + + [What are attention masks?](../glossary#attention-mask) + position_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, *optional*): + Indices of positions of each input sequence tokens in the position embeddings. Selected in the range `[0, + config.max_position_embeddings - 1]`. + + [What are position IDs?](../glossary#position-ids) + output_attentions (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned + tensors for more detail. + output_hidden_states (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for + more detail. + return_dict (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return a [`~utils.ModelOutput`] instead of a plain tuple. +""" + +EvaCLIP_VISION_INPUTS_DOCSTRING = r""" + Args: + pixel_values (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, num_channels, height, width)`): + Pixel values. Padding will be ignored by default should you provide it. Pixel values can be obtained using + [`AutoImageProcessor`]. See [`CLIPImageProcessor.__call__`] for details. + output_attentions (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned + tensors for more detail. + output_hidden_states (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for + more detail. + return_dict (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return a [`~utils.ModelOutput`] instead of a plain tuple. +""" + +EvaCLIP_INPUTS_DOCSTRING = r""" + Args: + input_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`): + Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary. Padding will be ignored by default should you provide + it. + + Indices can be obtained using [`AutoTokenizer`]. See [`PreTrainedTokenizer.encode`] and + [`PreTrainedTokenizer.__call__`] for details. + + [What are input IDs?](../glossary#input-ids) + attention_mask (`torch.Tensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, *optional*): + Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`: + + - 1 for tokens that are **not masked**, + - 0 for tokens that are **masked**. + + [What are attention masks?](../glossary#attention-mask) + position_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, *optional*): + Indices of positions of each input sequence tokens in the position embeddings. Selected in the range `[0, + config.max_position_embeddings - 1]`. + + [What are position IDs?](../glossary#position-ids) + pixel_values (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, num_channels, height, width)`): + Pixel values. Padding will be ignored by default should you provide it. Pixel values can be obtained using + [`AutoImageProcessor`]. See [`CLIPImageProcessor.__call__`] for details. + return_loss (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return the contrastive loss. + output_attentions (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned + tensors for more detail. + output_hidden_states (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for + more detail. + return_dict (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return a [`~utils.ModelOutput`] instead of a plain tuple. +""" + + +class EvaCLIPEncoder(nn.Module): + """ + Transformer encoder consisting of `config.num_hidden_layers` self attention layers. Each layer is a + [`CLIPEncoderLayer`]. + + Args: + config: CLIPConfig + """ + + def __init__(self, config: EvaCLIPConfig): + super().__init__() + self.config = config + self.layers = nn.ModuleList([EvaCLIPEncoderLayer(config) for _ in range(config.num_hidden_layers)]) + self.gradient_checkpointing = False + + def forward( + self, + inputs_embeds, + attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + causal_attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, + ) -> Union[Tuple, BaseModelOutput]: + r""" + Args: + inputs_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`): + Optionally, instead of passing `input_ids` you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. + This is useful if you want more control over how to convert `input_ids` indices into associated vectors + than the model's internal embedding lookup matrix. + attention_mask (`torch.Tensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, *optional*): + Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`: + + - 1 for tokens that are **not masked**, + - 0 for tokens that are **masked**. + + [What are attention masks?](../glossary#attention-mask) + causal_attention_mask (`torch.Tensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, *optional*): + Causal mask for the text model. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`: + + - 1 for tokens that are **not masked**, + - 0 for tokens that are **masked**. + + [What are attention masks?](../glossary#attention-mask) + output_attentions (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under + returned tensors for more detail. + output_hidden_states (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors + for more detail. + return_dict (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return a [`~utils.ModelOutput`] instead of a plain tuple. + """ + output_attentions = output_attentions if output_attentions is not None else self.config.output_attentions + output_hidden_states = ( + output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states + ) + return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict + + encoder_states = () if output_hidden_states else None + all_attentions = () if output_attentions else None + + hidden_states = inputs_embeds + for idx, encoder_layer in enumerate(self.layers): + if output_hidden_states: + encoder_states = encoder_states + (hidden_states,) + if self.gradient_checkpointing and self.training: + + def create_custom_forward(module): + def custom_forward(*inputs): + return module(*inputs, output_attentions) + + return custom_forward + + layer_outputs = torch.utils.checkpoint.checkpoint( + create_custom_forward(encoder_layer), + hidden_states, + attention_mask, + causal_attention_mask, + ) + else: + layer_outputs = encoder_layer( + hidden_states, + attention_mask, + causal_attention_mask, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + ) + + hidden_states = layer_outputs[0] + + if output_attentions: + all_attentions = all_attentions + (layer_outputs[1],) + + if output_hidden_states: + encoder_states = encoder_states + (hidden_states,) + + if not return_dict: + return tuple(v for v in [hidden_states, encoder_states, all_attentions] if v is not None) + return BaseModelOutput( + last_hidden_state=hidden_states, hidden_states=encoder_states, attentions=all_attentions + ) + + +class EvaCLIPTextTransformer(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config: EvaCLIPTextConfig): + super().__init__() + self.config = config + embed_dim = config.hidden_size + self.embeddings = EvaCLIPTextEmbeddings(config) + self.encoder = EvaCLIPEncoder(config) + self.final_layer_norm = nn.LayerNorm(embed_dim, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) + + @add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward(EvaCLIP_TEXT_INPUTS_DOCSTRING) + @replace_return_docstrings(output_type=BaseModelOutputWithPooling, config_class=EvaCLIPTextConfig) + def forward( + self, + input_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + position_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, + ) -> Union[Tuple, BaseModelOutputWithPooling]: + r""" + Returns: + + """ + output_attentions = output_attentions if output_attentions is not None else self.config.output_attentions + output_hidden_states = ( + output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states + ) + return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict + + if input_ids is None: + raise ValueError("You have to specify input_ids") + + input_shape = input_ids.size() + input_ids = input_ids.view(-1, input_shape[-1]) + + hidden_states = self.embeddings(input_ids=input_ids, position_ids=position_ids) + + bsz, seq_len = input_shape + # CLIP's text model uses causal mask, prepare it here. + # https://github.com/openai/CLIP/blob/cfcffb90e69f37bf2ff1e988237a0fbe41f33c04/clip/model.py#L324 + causal_attention_mask = self._build_causal_attention_mask(bsz, seq_len, hidden_states.dtype).to( + hidden_states.device + ) + # expand attention_mask + if attention_mask is not None: + # [bsz, seq_len] -> [bsz, 1, tgt_seq_len, src_seq_len] + attention_mask = _expand_mask(attention_mask, hidden_states.dtype) + + encoder_outputs = self.encoder( + inputs_embeds=hidden_states, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + causal_attention_mask=causal_attention_mask, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, + return_dict=return_dict, + ) + + last_hidden_state = encoder_outputs[0] + last_hidden_state = self.final_layer_norm(last_hidden_state) + + # text_embeds.shape = [batch_size, sequence_length, transformer.width] + # take features from the eot embedding (eot_token is the highest number in each sequence) + # casting to torch.int for onnx compatibility: argmax doesn't support int64 inputs with opset 14 + pooled_output = last_hidden_state[ + torch.arange(last_hidden_state.shape[0], device=last_hidden_state.device), + input_ids.to(dtype=torch.int, device=last_hidden_state.device).argmax(dim=-1), + ] + + if not return_dict: + return (last_hidden_state, pooled_output) + encoder_outputs[1:] + + return BaseModelOutputWithPooling( + last_hidden_state=last_hidden_state, + pooler_output=pooled_output, + hidden_states=encoder_outputs.hidden_states, + attentions=encoder_outputs.attentions, + ) + + def _build_causal_attention_mask(self, bsz, seq_len, dtype): + # lazily create causal attention mask, with full attention between the vision tokens + # pytorch uses additive attention mask; fill with -inf + mask = torch.empty(bsz, seq_len, seq_len, dtype=dtype) + mask.fill_(torch.tensor(torch.finfo(dtype).min)) + mask.triu_(1) # zero out the lower diagonal + mask = mask.unsqueeze(1) # expand mask + return mask + + +@add_start_docstrings( + """The text model from EvaCLIP without any head or projection on top.""", + EvaCLIP_START_DOCSTRING, +) +class EvaCLIPTextModel(EvaCLIPPreTrainedModel): + config_class = EvaCLIPTextConfig + + _no_split_modules = ["EvaCLIPEncoderLayer"] + + def __init__(self, config: EvaCLIPTextConfig): + super().__init__(config) + self.text_model = EvaCLIPTextTransformer(config) + # Initialize weights and apply final processing + self.post_init() + + def get_input_embeddings(self) -> nn.Module: + return self.text_model.embeddings.token_embedding + + def set_input_embeddings(self, value): + self.text_model.embeddings.token_embedding = value + + @add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward(EvaCLIP_TEXT_INPUTS_DOCSTRING) + @replace_return_docstrings(output_type=BaseModelOutputWithPooling, config_class=EvaCLIPTextConfig) + def forward( + self, + input_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + position_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, + ) -> Union[Tuple, BaseModelOutputWithPooling]: + r""" + Returns: + + Examples: + + ```python + >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, CLIPTextModel + + >>> model = CLIPTextModel.from_pretrained("openai/clip-vit-base-patch32") + >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("openai/clip-vit-base-patch32") + + >>> inputs = tokenizer(["a photo of a cat", "a photo of a dog"], padding=True, return_tensors="pt") + + >>> outputs = model(**inputs) + >>> last_hidden_state = outputs.last_hidden_state + >>> pooled_output = outputs.pooler_output # pooled (EOS token) states + ```""" + return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict + + return self.text_model( + input_ids=input_ids, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + position_ids=position_ids, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, + return_dict=return_dict, + ) + + +class EvaCLIPVisionTransformer(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config: EvaCLIPVisionConfig): + super().__init__() + self.config = config + embed_dim = config.hidden_size + + self.embeddings = EvaCLIPVisionEmbeddings(config) + self.encoder = EvaCLIPEncoder(config) + self.post_layernorm = nn.LayerNorm(embed_dim, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) + + @add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward(EvaCLIP_VISION_INPUTS_DOCSTRING) + @replace_return_docstrings(output_type=BaseModelOutputWithPooling, config_class=EvaCLIPVisionConfig) + def forward( + self, + pixel_values: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, + output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, + ) -> Union[Tuple, BaseModelOutputWithPooling]: + r""" + Returns: + + """ + output_attentions = output_attentions if output_attentions is not None else self.config.output_attentions + output_hidden_states = ( + output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states + ) + return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict + + if pixel_values is None: + raise ValueError("You have to specify pixel_values") + + hidden_states = self.embeddings(pixel_values) + + encoder_outputs = self.encoder( + inputs_embeds=hidden_states, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, + return_dict=return_dict, + ) + + last_hidden_state = encoder_outputs[0] + pooled_output = last_hidden_state[:, 0, :] + pooled_output = self.post_layernorm(pooled_output) + + if not return_dict: + return (last_hidden_state, pooled_output) + encoder_outputs[1:] + + return BaseModelOutputWithPooling( + last_hidden_state=last_hidden_state, + pooler_output=pooled_output, + hidden_states=encoder_outputs.hidden_states, + attentions=encoder_outputs.attentions, + ) + + +@add_start_docstrings( + """The vision model from EvaCLIP without any head or projection on top.""", + EvaCLIP_START_DOCSTRING, +) +class EvaCLIPVisionModel(EvaCLIPPreTrainedModel): + config_class = EvaCLIPVisionConfig + main_input_name = "pixel_values" + + def __init__(self, config: EvaCLIPVisionConfig): + super().__init__(config) + self.vision_model = EvaCLIPVisionTransformer(config) + # Initialize weights and apply final processing + self.post_init() + + def get_input_embeddings(self) -> nn.Module: + return self.vision_model.embeddings.patch_embedding + + @add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward(EvaCLIP_VISION_INPUTS_DOCSTRING) + @replace_return_docstrings(output_type=BaseModelOutputWithPooling, config_class=EvaCLIPVisionConfig) + def forward( + self, + pixel_values: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, + output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, + ) -> Union[Tuple, BaseModelOutputWithPooling]: + r""" + Returns: + + Examples: + + ```python + >>> from PIL import Image + >>> import requests + >>> from transformers import AutoProcessor, CLIPVisionModel + + >>> model = CLIPVisionModel.from_pretrained("openai/clip-vit-base-patch32") + >>> processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained("openai/clip-vit-base-patch32") + + >>> url = "http://images.cocodataset.org/val2017/000000039769.jpg" + >>> image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw) + + >>> inputs = processor(images=image, return_tensors="pt") + + >>> outputs = model(**inputs) + >>> last_hidden_state = outputs.last_hidden_state + >>> pooled_output = outputs.pooler_output # pooled CLS states + ```""" + return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict + + return self.vision_model( + pixel_values=pixel_values, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, + return_dict=return_dict, + ) + + +@add_start_docstrings(EvaCLIP_START_DOCSTRING) +class EvaCLIPModel(EvaCLIPPreTrainedModel): + config_class = EvaCLIPConfig + + def __init__(self, config: EvaCLIPConfig): + super().__init__(config) + + if not (type(config.text_config).__name__ == "EvaCLIPTextConfig"): + raise ValueError( + "config.text_config is expected to be of type EvaCLIPTextConfig but is of type" + f" {type(config.text_config)}." + ) + + if not (type(config.vision_config).__name__ == "EvaCLIPVisionConfig"): + raise ValueError( + "config.vision_config is expected to be of type EvaCLIPVisionConfig but is of type" + f" {type(config.vision_config)}." + ) + + text_config = config.text_config + vision_config = config.vision_config + + self.projection_dim = config.projection_dim + self.text_embed_dim = text_config.hidden_size + self.vision_embed_dim = vision_config.hidden_size + + self.text_model = EvaCLIPTextTransformer(text_config) + self.vision_model = EvaCLIPVisionTransformer(vision_config) + + self.visual_projection = nn.Linear(self.vision_embed_dim, self.projection_dim, bias=True) + self.text_projection = nn.Linear(self.text_embed_dim, self.projection_dim, bias=False) + self.logit_scale = nn.Parameter(torch.ones([]) * self.config.logit_scale_init_value) + + # Initialize weights and apply final processing + self.post_init() + + @add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward(EvaCLIP_TEXT_INPUTS_DOCSTRING) + def get_text_features( + self, + input_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + position_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, + ) -> torch.FloatTensor: + r""" + Returns: + text_features (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, output_dim`): The text embeddings obtained by + applying the projection layer to the pooled output of [`CLIPTextModel`]. + + Examples: + + ```python + >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, CLIPModel + + >>> model = CLIPModel.from_pretrained("openai/clip-vit-base-patch32") + >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("openai/clip-vit-base-patch32") + + >>> inputs = tokenizer(["a photo of a cat", "a photo of a dog"], padding=True, return_tensors="pt") + >>> text_features = model.get_text_features(**inputs) + ```""" + # Use CLIP model's config for some fields (if specified) instead of those of vision & text components. + output_attentions = output_attentions if output_attentions is not None else self.config.output_attentions + output_hidden_states = ( + output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states + ) + return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict + + text_outputs = self.text_model( + input_ids=input_ids, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + position_ids=position_ids, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, + return_dict=return_dict, + ) + + pooled_output = text_outputs[1] + text_features = self.text_projection(pooled_output) + + return text_features + + @add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward(EvaCLIP_VISION_INPUTS_DOCSTRING) + def get_image_features( + self, + pixel_values: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, + output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, + ) -> torch.FloatTensor: + r""" + Returns: + image_features (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, output_dim`): The image embeddings obtained by + applying the projection layer to the pooled output of [`EvaCLIPVisionModel`]. + + Examples: + + ```python + >>> from PIL import Image + >>> import requests + >>> from transformers import AutoProcessor, CLIPModel + + >>> model = CLIPModel.from_pretrained("openai/clip-vit-base-patch32") + >>> processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained("openai/clip-vit-base-patch32") + + >>> url = "http://images.cocodataset.org/val2017/000000039769.jpg" + >>> image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw) + + >>> inputs = processor(images=image, return_tensors="pt") + + >>> image_features = model.get_image_features(**inputs) + ```""" + # Use EvaCLIP model's config for some fields (if specified) instead of those of vision & text components. + output_attentions = output_attentions if output_attentions is not None else self.config.output_attentions + output_hidden_states = ( + output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states + ) + return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict + + vision_outputs = self.vision_model( + pixel_values=pixel_values, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, + return_dict=return_dict, + ) + + pooled_output = vision_outputs[1] # pooled_output + image_features = self.visual_projection(pooled_output) + + return image_features + + @add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward(EvaCLIP_INPUTS_DOCSTRING) + @replace_return_docstrings(output_type=EvaCLIPOutput, config_class=EvaCLIPConfig) + def forward( + self, + input_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None, + pixel_values: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, + attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + position_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None, + return_loss: Optional[bool] = None, + output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, + ) -> Union[Tuple, EvaCLIPOutput]: + r""" + Returns: + + Examples: + + ```python + >>> from PIL import Image + >>> import requests + >>> from transformers import AutoProcessor, CLIPModel + + >>> model = CLIPModel.from_pretrained("openai/clip-vit-base-patch32") + >>> processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained("openai/clip-vit-base-patch32") + + >>> url = "http://images.cocodataset.org/val2017/000000039769.jpg" + >>> image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw) + + >>> inputs = processor( + ... text=["a photo of a cat", "a photo of a dog"], images=image, return_tensors="pt", padding=True + ... ) + + >>> outputs = model(**inputs) + >>> logits_per_image = outputs.logits_per_image # this is the image-text similarity score + >>> probs = logits_per_image.softmax(dim=1) # we can take the softmax to get the label probabilities + ```""" + # Use CLIP model's config for some fields (if specified) instead of those of vision & text components. + output_attentions = output_attentions if output_attentions is not None else self.config.output_attentions + output_hidden_states = ( + output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states + ) + return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict + + vision_outputs = self.vision_model( + pixel_values=pixel_values, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, + return_dict=return_dict, + ) + + text_outputs = self.text_model( + input_ids=input_ids, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + position_ids=position_ids, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, + return_dict=return_dict, + ) + + image_embeds = vision_outputs[1] + image_embeds = self.visual_projection(image_embeds) + + text_embeds = text_outputs[1] + text_embeds = self.text_projection(text_embeds) + + # normalized features + image_embeds = image_embeds / image_embeds.norm(p=2, dim=-1, keepdim=True) + text_embeds = text_embeds / text_embeds.norm(p=2, dim=-1, keepdim=True) + + # cosine similarity as logits + logit_scale = self.logit_scale.exp() + logits_per_text = torch.matmul(text_embeds, image_embeds.t()) * logit_scale + logits_per_image = logits_per_text.t() + + loss = None + if return_loss: + loss = clip_loss(logits_per_text) + + if not return_dict: + output = (logits_per_image, logits_per_text, text_embeds, image_embeds, text_outputs, vision_outputs) + return ((loss,) + output) if loss is not None else output + + return EvaCLIPOutput( + loss=loss, + logits_per_image=logits_per_image, + logits_per_text=logits_per_text, + text_embeds=text_embeds, + image_embeds=image_embeds, + text_model_output=text_outputs, + vision_model_output=vision_outputs, + ) + + +@add_start_docstrings( + """ + EvaCLIP Text Model with a projection layer on top (a linear layer on top of the pooled output). + """, + EvaCLIP_START_DOCSTRING, +) +class EvaCLIPTextModelWithProjection(EvaCLIPPreTrainedModel): + config_class = EvaCLIPTextConfig + + _no_split_modules = ["EvaCLIPEncoderLayer"] + + def __init__(self, config: EvaCLIPTextConfig): + super().__init__(config) + + self.text_model = EvaCLIPTextTransformer(config) + + self.text_projection = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.projection_dim, bias=False) + + # Initialize weights and apply final processing + self.posxt_init() + + def get_input_embeddings(self) -> nn.Module: + return self.text_model.embeddings.token_embedding + + def set_input_embeddings(self, value): + self.text_model.embeddings.token_embedding = value + + @add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward(EvaCLIP_TEXT_INPUTS_DOCSTRING) + @replace_return_docstrings(output_type=EvaCLIPTextModelOutput, config_class=EvaCLIPTextConfig) + def forward( + self, + input_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + position_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, + ) -> Union[Tuple, EvaCLIPTextModelOutput]: + r""" + Returns: + + Examples: + + ```python + >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, CLIPTextModelWithProjection + + >>> model = CLIPTextModelWithProjection.from_pretrained("openai/clip-vit-base-patch32") + >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("openai/clip-vit-base-patch32") + + >>> inputs = tokenizer(["a photo of a cat", "a photo of a dog"], padding=True, return_tensors="pt") + + >>> outputs = model(**inputs) + >>> text_embeds = outputs.text_embeds + ```""" + return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict + + text_outputs = self.text_model( + input_ids=input_ids, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + position_ids=position_ids, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, + return_dict=return_dict, + ) + + pooled_output = text_outputs[1] + + text_embeds = self.text_projection(pooled_output) + + if not return_dict: + outputs = (text_embeds, text_outputs[0]) + text_outputs[2:] + return tuple(output for output in outputs if output is not None) + + return EvaCLIPTextModelOutput( + text_embeds=text_embeds, + last_hidden_state=text_outputs.last_hidden_state, + hidden_states=text_outputs.hidden_states, + attentions=text_outputs.attentions, + ) + + +@add_start_docstrings( + """ + EvaCLIP Vision Model with a projection layer on top (a linear layer on top of the pooled output). + """, + EvaCLIP_START_DOCSTRING, +) +class EvaCLIPVisionModelWithProjection(EvaCLIPPreTrainedModel): + config_class = EvaCLIPVisionConfig + main_input_name = "pixel_values" + + def __init__(self, config: EvaCLIPVisionConfig): + super().__init__(config) + + self.vision_model = EvaCLIPVisionTransformer(config) + + self.visual_projection = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.projection_dim, bias=False) + + # Initialize weights and apply final processing + self.post_init() + + def get_input_embeddings(self) -> nn.Module: + return self.vision_model.embeddings.patch_embedding + + @add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward(EvaCLIP_VISION_INPUTS_DOCSTRING) + @replace_return_docstrings(output_type=EvaCLIPVisionModelOutput, config_class=EvaCLIPVisionConfig) + def forward( + self, + pixel_values: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, + output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, + ) -> Union[Tuple, EvaCLIPVisionModelOutput]: + r""" + Returns: + + Examples: + + ```python + >>> from PIL import Image + >>> import requests + >>> from transformers import AutoProcessor, CLIPVisionModelWithProjection + + >>> model = CLIPVisionModelWithProjection.from_pretrained("openai/clip-vit-base-patch32") + >>> processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained("openai/clip-vit-base-patch32") + + >>> url = "http://images.cocodataset.org/val2017/000000039769.jpg" + >>> image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw) + + >>> inputs = processor(images=image, return_tensors="pt") + + >>> outputs = model(**inputs) + >>> image_embeds = outputs.image_embeds + ```""" + return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict + + vision_outputs = self.vision_model( + pixel_values=pixel_values, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, + return_dict=return_dict, + ) + + pooled_output = vision_outputs[1] # pooled_output + + image_embeds = self.visual_projection(pooled_output) + + if not return_dict: + outputs = (image_embeds, vision_outputs[0]) + vision_outputs[2:] + return tuple(output for output in outputs if output is not None) + + return EvaCLIPVisionModelOutput( + image_embeds=image_embeds, + last_hidden_state=vision_outputs.last_hidden_state, + hidden_states=vision_outputs.hidden_states, + attentions=vision_outputs.attentions, + ) diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/intern_vit_6b/__pycache__/configuration_intern_vit.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/intern_vit_6b/__pycache__/configuration_intern_vit.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc3f726ff7c98e4dbaa366a098dfa2b1482b7010 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/intern_vit_6b/__pycache__/configuration_intern_vit.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/intern_vit_6b/__pycache__/flash_attention.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/intern_vit_6b/__pycache__/flash_attention.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67ca76a091d02183e47dc5e2826449aeb1781136 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/intern_vit_6b/__pycache__/flash_attention.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/intern_vit_6b/__pycache__/modeling_intern_vit.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/intern_vit_6b/__pycache__/modeling_intern_vit.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..409378346568dbfe8558304efde5ae345d027b04 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/intern_vit_6b/__pycache__/modeling_intern_vit.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/intern_vit_6b/configuration_intern_vit.py b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/intern_vit_6b/configuration_intern_vit.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b85920fa23f29725600cff5810020a9a906954d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/intern_vit_6b/configuration_intern_vit.py @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +# -------------------------------------------------------- +# InternVL +# Copyright (c) 2023 OpenGVLab +# Licensed under The MIT License [see LICENSE for details] +# -------------------------------------------------------- +import os +from typing import Union + +from transformers.configuration_utils import PretrainedConfig +from transformers.utils import logging + +logger = logging.get_logger(__name__) + + +class InternVisionConfig(PretrainedConfig): + r""" + This is the configuration class to store the configuration of a [`InternVisionModel`]. It is used to + instantiate a vision encoder according to the specified arguments, defining the model architecture. + + Configuration objects inherit from [`PretrainedConfig`] and can be used to control the model outputs. Read the + documentation from [`PretrainedConfig`] for more information. + + Args: + num_channels (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 3): + Number of color channels in the input images (e.g., 3 for RGB). + patch_size (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 14): + The size (resolution) of each patch. + image_size (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 224): + The size (resolution) of each image. + qkv_bias (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `False`): + Whether to add a bias to the queries and values in the self-attention layers. + hidden_size (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 3200): + Dimensionality of the encoder layers and the pooler layer. + num_attention_heads (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 25): + Number of attention heads for each attention layer in the Transformer encoder. + intermediate_size (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 12800): + Dimensionality of the "intermediate" (i.e., feed-forward) layer in the Transformer encoder. + qk_normalization (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `True`): + Whether to normalize the queries and keys in the self-attention layers. + num_hidden_layers (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 48): + Number of hidden layers in the Transformer encoder. + use_flash_attn (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `True`): + Whether to use flash attention mechanism. + hidden_act (`str` or `function`, *optional*, defaults to `"gelu"`): + The non-linear activation function (function or string) in the encoder and pooler. If string, `"gelu"`, + `"relu"`, `"selu"` and `"gelu_new"` ``"gelu"` are supported. + layer_norm_eps (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 1e-6): + The epsilon used by the layer normalization layers. + dropout (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 0.0): + The dropout probability for all fully connected layers in the embeddings, encoder, and pooler. + drop_path_rate (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 0.0): + Dropout rate for stochastic depth. + attention_dropout (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 0.0): + The dropout ratio for the attention probabilities. + initializer_range (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 0.02): + The standard deviation of the truncated_normal_initializer for initializing all weight matrices. + initializer_factor (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 0.1): + A factor for layer scale. + """ + + model_type = 'intern_vit_6b' + + def __init__( + self, + num_channels=3, + patch_size=14, + image_size=224, + qkv_bias=False, + hidden_size=3200, + num_attention_heads=25, + intermediate_size=12800, + qk_normalization=True, + num_hidden_layers=48, + use_flash_attn=True, + hidden_act='gelu', + layer_norm_eps=1e-6, + dropout=0.0, + drop_path_rate=0.0, + attention_dropout=0.0, + initializer_range=0.02, + initializer_factor=0.1, + **kwargs, + ): + super().__init__(**kwargs) + + self.hidden_size = hidden_size + self.intermediate_size = intermediate_size + self.dropout = dropout + self.drop_path_rate = drop_path_rate + self.num_hidden_layers = num_hidden_layers + self.num_attention_heads = num_attention_heads + self.num_channels = num_channels + self.patch_size = patch_size + self.image_size = image_size + self.initializer_range = initializer_range + self.initializer_factor = initializer_factor + self.attention_dropout = attention_dropout + self.layer_norm_eps = layer_norm_eps + self.hidden_act = hidden_act + self.qkv_bias = qkv_bias + self.qk_normalization = qk_normalization + self.use_flash_attn = use_flash_attn + + @classmethod + def from_pretrained(cls, pretrained_model_name_or_path: Union[str, os.PathLike], **kwargs) -> 'PretrainedConfig': + config_dict, kwargs = cls.get_config_dict(pretrained_model_name_or_path, **kwargs) + + if 'vision_config' in config_dict: + config_dict = config_dict['vision_config'] + + if 'model_type' in config_dict and hasattr(cls, 'model_type') and config_dict['model_type'] != cls.model_type: + logger.warning( + f"You are using a model of type {config_dict['model_type']} to instantiate a model of type " + f'{cls.model_type}. This is not supported for all configurations of models and can yield errors.' + ) + + return cls.from_dict(config_dict, **kwargs) diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/intern_vit_6b/flash_attention.py b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/intern_vit_6b/flash_attention.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..49ebb469fede391eaf1d6be996483ea6c6ee2960 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/intern_vit_6b/flash_attention.py @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +from einops import rearrange + +try: # v1 + from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import \ + flash_attn_unpadded_qkvpacked_func +except: # v2 + from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import flash_attn_varlen_qkvpacked_func as flash_attn_unpadded_qkvpacked_func + +from flash_attn.bert_padding import pad_input, unpad_input + + +class FlashAttention(nn.Module): + """Implement the scaled dot product attention with softmax. + Arguments + --------- + softmax_scale: The temperature to use for the softmax attention. + (default: 1/sqrt(d_keys) where d_keys is computed at + runtime) + attention_dropout: The dropout rate to apply to the attention + (default: 0.0) + """ + + def __init__(self, softmax_scale=None, attention_dropout=0.0, device=None, dtype=None): + super().__init__() + self.softmax_scale = softmax_scale + self.dropout_p = attention_dropout + + def forward(self, qkv, key_padding_mask=None, causal=False, cu_seqlens=None, + max_s=None, need_weights=False): + """Implements the multihead softmax attention. + Arguments + --------- + qkv: The tensor containing the query, key, and value. (B, S, 3, H, D) if key_padding_mask is None + if unpadded: (nnz, 3, h, d) + key_padding_mask: a bool tensor of shape (B, S) + """ + assert not need_weights + assert qkv.dtype in [torch.float16, torch.bfloat16] + assert qkv.is_cuda + + if cu_seqlens is None: + batch_size = qkv.shape[0] + seqlen = qkv.shape[1] + if key_padding_mask is None: + qkv = rearrange(qkv, 'b s ... -> (b s) ...') + max_s = seqlen + cu_seqlens = torch.arange(0, (batch_size + 1) * seqlen, step=seqlen, dtype=torch.int32, + device=qkv.device) + output = flash_attn_unpadded_qkvpacked_func( + qkv, cu_seqlens, max_s, self.dropout_p if self.training else 0.0, + softmax_scale=self.softmax_scale, causal=causal + ) + output = rearrange(output, '(b s) ... -> b s ...', b=batch_size) + else: + nheads = qkv.shape[-2] + x = rearrange(qkv, 'b s three h d -> b s (three h d)') + x_unpad, indices, cu_seqlens, max_s = unpad_input(x, key_padding_mask) + x_unpad = rearrange(x_unpad, 'nnz (three h d) -> nnz three h d', three=3, h=nheads) + output_unpad = flash_attn_unpadded_qkvpacked_func( + x_unpad, cu_seqlens, max_s, self.dropout_p if self.training else 0.0, + softmax_scale=self.softmax_scale, causal=causal + ) + output = rearrange(pad_input(rearrange(output_unpad, 'nnz h d -> nnz (h d)'), + indices, batch_size, seqlen), + 'b s (h d) -> b s h d', h=nheads) + else: + assert max_s is not None + output = flash_attn_unpadded_qkvpacked_func( + qkv, cu_seqlens, max_s, self.dropout_p if self.training else 0.0, + softmax_scale=self.softmax_scale, causal=causal + ) + + return output, None diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/intern_vit_6b/modeling_intern_vit.py b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/intern_vit_6b/modeling_intern_vit.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd8ebb119a1c36b69451c7f4f2ec1e9013ec875f --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/intern_vit_6b/modeling_intern_vit.py @@ -0,0 +1,354 @@ +# -------------------------------------------------------- +# InternVL +# Copyright (c) 2023 OpenGVLab +# Licensed under The MIT License [see LICENSE for details] +# -------------------------------------------------------- +from typing import Optional, Tuple, Union + +import torch +import torch.nn.functional as F +import torch.utils.checkpoint +from einops import rearrange +from timm.models.layers import DropPath +from torch import nn +from transformers.activations import ACT2FN +from transformers.modeling_outputs import (BaseModelOutput, + BaseModelOutputWithPooling) +from transformers.modeling_utils import PreTrainedModel +from transformers.utils import logging + +from .configuration_intern_vit import InternVisionConfig + +try: + from .flash_attention import FlashAttention + has_flash_attn = True +except: + print('FlashAttention is not installed.') + has_flash_attn = False + + +logger = logging.get_logger(__name__) + + +class InternRMSNorm(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, hidden_size, eps=1e-6): + super().__init__() + self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(hidden_size)) + self.variance_epsilon = eps + + def forward(self, hidden_states): + input_dtype = hidden_states.dtype + hidden_states = hidden_states.to(torch.float32) + variance = hidden_states.pow(2).mean(-1, keepdim=True) + hidden_states = hidden_states * torch.rsqrt(variance + self.variance_epsilon) + return self.weight * hidden_states.to(input_dtype) + + +try: + from apex.normalization import FusedRMSNorm + + InternRMSNorm = FusedRMSNorm # noqa + + logger.info('Discovered apex.normalization.FusedRMSNorm - will use it instead of InternRMSNorm') +except ImportError: + # using the normal InternRMSNorm + pass +except Exception: + logger.warning('discovered apex but it failed to load, falling back to InternRMSNorm') + pass + + +class InternVisionEmbeddings(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config: InternVisionConfig): + super().__init__() + self.config = config + self.embed_dim = config.hidden_size + self.image_size = config.image_size + self.patch_size = config.patch_size + + self.class_embedding = nn.Parameter( + torch.randn(1, 1, self.embed_dim), + ) + + self.patch_embedding = nn.Conv2d( + in_channels=3, out_channels=self.embed_dim, kernel_size=self.patch_size, stride=self.patch_size + ) + + self.num_patches = (self.image_size // self.patch_size) ** 2 + self.num_positions = self.num_patches + 1 + + self.position_embedding = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(1, self.num_positions, self.embed_dim)) + + def _get_pos_embed(self, pos_embed, H, W): + target_dtype = pos_embed.dtype + pos_embed = pos_embed.float().reshape( + 1, self.image_size // self.patch_size, self.image_size // self.patch_size, -1).permute(0, 3, 1, 2) + pos_embed = F.interpolate(pos_embed, size=(H, W), mode='bicubic', align_corners=False).\ + reshape(1, -1, H * W).permute(0, 2, 1).to(target_dtype) + return pos_embed + + def forward(self, pixel_values: torch.FloatTensor) -> torch.Tensor: + target_dtype = self.patch_embedding.weight.dtype + patch_embeds = self.patch_embedding(pixel_values) # shape = [*, channel, width, height] + batch_size, _, height, width = patch_embeds.shape + patch_embeds = patch_embeds.flatten(2).transpose(1, 2) + class_embeds = self.class_embedding.expand(batch_size, 1, -1).to(target_dtype) + embeddings = torch.cat([class_embeds, patch_embeds], dim=1) + position_embedding = torch.cat([ + self.position_embedding[:, :1, :], + self._get_pos_embed(self.position_embedding[:, 1:, :], height, width) + ], dim=1) + embeddings = embeddings + position_embedding.to(target_dtype) + return embeddings + + +class InternAttention(nn.Module): + """Multi-headed attention from 'Attention Is All You Need' paper""" + + def __init__(self, config: InternVisionConfig): + super().__init__() + self.config = config + self.embed_dim = config.hidden_size + self.num_heads = config.num_attention_heads + self.use_flash_attn = config.use_flash_attn and has_flash_attn + if config.use_flash_attn and not has_flash_attn: + print('Warning: Flash Attention is not available, use_flash_attn is set to False.') + self.head_dim = self.embed_dim // self.num_heads + if self.head_dim * self.num_heads != self.embed_dim: + raise ValueError( + f'embed_dim must be divisible by num_heads (got `embed_dim`: {self.embed_dim} and `num_heads`:' + f' {self.num_heads}).' + ) + + self.scale = self.head_dim ** -0.5 + self.qkv = nn.Linear(self.embed_dim, 3 * self.embed_dim, bias=config.qkv_bias) + self.attn_drop = nn.Dropout(config.attention_dropout) + self.proj_drop = nn.Dropout(config.dropout) + + self.qk_normalization = config.qk_normalization + + if self.qk_normalization: + self.q_norm = InternRMSNorm(self.embed_dim, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) + self.k_norm = InternRMSNorm(self.embed_dim, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) + + if self.use_flash_attn: + self.inner_attn = FlashAttention(attention_dropout=config.attention_dropout) + self.proj = nn.Linear(self.embed_dim, self.embed_dim) + + def _naive_attn(self, x): + B, N, C = x.shape + qkv = self.qkv(x).reshape(B, N, 3, self.num_heads, C // self.num_heads).permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4) + q, k, v = qkv.unbind(0) # make torchscript happy (cannot use tensor as tuple) + + if self.qk_normalization: + B_, H_, N_, D_ = q.shape + q = self.q_norm(q.transpose(1, 2).flatten(-2, -1)).view(B_, N_, H_, D_).transpose(1, 2) + k = self.k_norm(k.transpose(1, 2).flatten(-2, -1)).view(B_, N_, H_, D_).transpose(1, 2) + + attn = ((q * self.scale) @ k.transpose(-2, -1)) + attn = attn.softmax(dim=-1) + attn = self.attn_drop(attn) + + x = (attn @ v).transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, N, C) + x = self.proj(x) + x = self.proj_drop(x) + return x + + def _flash_attn(self, x, key_padding_mask=None, need_weights=False): + qkv = self.qkv(x) + qkv = rearrange(qkv, 'b s (three h d) -> b s three h d', three=3, h=self.num_heads) + + if self.qk_normalization: + q, k, v = qkv.unbind(2) + q = self.q_norm(q.flatten(-2, -1)).view(q.shape) + k = self.k_norm(k.flatten(-2, -1)).view(k.shape) + qkv = torch.stack([q, k, v], dim=2) + + context, _ = self.inner_attn( + qkv, key_padding_mask=key_padding_mask, need_weights=need_weights, causal=False + ) + outs = self.proj(rearrange(context, 'b s h d -> b s (h d)')) + outs = self.proj_drop(outs) + return outs + + def forward(self, hidden_states: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: + x = self._naive_attn(hidden_states) if not self.use_flash_attn else self._flash_attn(hidden_states) + return x + + +class InternMLP(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config: InternVisionConfig): + super().__init__() + self.config = config + self.act = ACT2FN[config.hidden_act] + self.fc1 = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.intermediate_size) + self.fc2 = nn.Linear(config.intermediate_size, config.hidden_size) + + def forward(self, hidden_states: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: + hidden_states = self.fc1(hidden_states) + hidden_states = self.act(hidden_states) + hidden_states = self.fc2(hidden_states) + return hidden_states + + +class InternVisionEncoderLayer(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config: InternVisionConfig, drop_path_rate: float): + super().__init__() + self.embed_dim = config.hidden_size + self.intermediate_size = config.intermediate_size + + self.attn = InternAttention(config) + self.mlp = InternMLP(config) + self.norm1 = InternRMSNorm(self.embed_dim, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) + self.norm2 = InternRMSNorm(self.embed_dim, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) + + self.ls1 = nn.Parameter(config.initializer_factor * torch.ones(self.embed_dim)) + self.ls2 = nn.Parameter(config.initializer_factor * torch.ones(self.embed_dim)) + self.drop_path1 = DropPath(drop_path_rate) if drop_path_rate > 0. else nn.Identity() + self.drop_path2 = DropPath(drop_path_rate) if drop_path_rate > 0. else nn.Identity() + + def forward( + self, + hidden_states: torch.Tensor, + ) -> Tuple[torch.FloatTensor, Optional[torch.FloatTensor], Optional[Tuple[torch.FloatTensor]]]: + """ + Args: + hidden_states (`Tuple[torch.FloatTensor, Optional[torch.FloatTensor]]`): input to the layer of shape `(batch, seq_len, embed_dim)` + """ + hidden_states = hidden_states + self.drop_path1(self.attn(self.norm1(hidden_states)) * self.ls1) + + hidden_states = hidden_states + self.drop_path2(self.mlp(self.norm2(hidden_states)) * self.ls2) + + return hidden_states + + +class InternVisionEncoder(nn.Module): + """ + Transformer encoder consisting of `config.num_hidden_layers` self attention layers. Each layer is a + [`InternEncoderLayer`]. + + Args: + config (`InternConfig`): + The corresponding vision configuration for the `InternEncoder`. + """ + + def __init__(self, config: InternVisionConfig): + super().__init__() + self.config = config + # stochastic depth decay rule + dpr = [x.item() for x in torch.linspace(0, config.drop_path_rate, config.num_hidden_layers)] + self.layers = nn.ModuleList([ + InternVisionEncoderLayer(config, dpr[idx]) for idx in range(config.num_hidden_layers)]) + self.gradient_checkpointing = True + + def forward( + self, + inputs_embeds, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, + ) -> Union[Tuple, BaseModelOutput]: + r""" + Args: + inputs_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`): + Embedded representation of the inputs. Should be float, not int tokens. + output_hidden_states (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors + for more detail. + return_dict (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return a [`~utils.ModelOutput`] instead of a plain tuple. + """ + output_hidden_states = ( + output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states + ) + return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict + + encoder_states = () if output_hidden_states else None + hidden_states = inputs_embeds + + for idx, encoder_layer in enumerate(self.layers): + if output_hidden_states: + encoder_states = encoder_states + (hidden_states,) + if self.gradient_checkpointing and self.training: + layer_outputs = torch.utils.checkpoint.checkpoint( + encoder_layer, + hidden_states) + else: + layer_outputs = encoder_layer( + hidden_states, + ) + hidden_states = layer_outputs + + if output_hidden_states: + encoder_states = encoder_states + (hidden_states,) + + if not return_dict: + return tuple(v for v in [hidden_states, encoder_states] if v is not None) + return BaseModelOutput( + last_hidden_state=hidden_states, hidden_states=encoder_states + ) + + +class InternVisionModel(PreTrainedModel): + main_input_name = 'pixel_values' + config_class = InternVisionConfig + + def __init__(self, config: InternVisionConfig): + super().__init__(config) + self.config = config + + self.embeddings = InternVisionEmbeddings(config) + self.encoder = InternVisionEncoder(config) + + def resize_pos_embeddings(self, old_size, new_size, patch_size): + pos_emb = self.embeddings.position_embedding + _, num_positions, embed_dim = pos_emb.shape + cls_emb = pos_emb[:, :1, :] + pos_emb = pos_emb[:, 1:, :].reshape(1, old_size // patch_size, old_size // patch_size, -1).permute(0, 3, 1, 2) + pos_emb = F.interpolate(pos_emb.float(), size=new_size // patch_size, mode='bicubic', align_corners=False) + pos_emb = pos_emb.to(cls_emb.dtype).reshape(1, embed_dim, -1).permute(0, 2, 1) + pos_emb = torch.cat([cls_emb, pos_emb], dim=1) + self.embeddings.position_embedding = nn.Parameter(pos_emb) + logger.info('Resized position embeddings from {} to {}'.format(old_size, new_size)) + + def get_input_embeddings(self): + return self.embeddings + + def forward( + self, + pixel_values: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, + pixel_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, + ) -> Union[Tuple, BaseModelOutputWithPooling]: + output_hidden_states = ( + output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states + ) + return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict + + if pixel_values is None and pixel_embeds is None: + raise ValueError('You have to specify pixel_values or pixel_embeds') + + if pixel_embeds is not None: + hidden_states = pixel_embeds + else: + if len(pixel_values.shape) == 4: + hidden_states = self.embeddings(pixel_values) + else: + raise ValueError(f'wrong pixel_values size: {pixel_values.shape}') + encoder_outputs = self.encoder( + inputs_embeds=hidden_states, + output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, + return_dict=return_dict, + ) + last_hidden_state = encoder_outputs.last_hidden_state + pooled_output = last_hidden_state[:, 0, :] + + if not return_dict: + return (last_hidden_state, pooled_output) + encoder_outputs[1:] + + return BaseModelOutputWithPooling( + last_hidden_state=last_hidden_state, + pooler_output=pooled_output, + hidden_states=encoder_outputs.hidden_states, + attentions=encoder_outputs.attentions, + ) diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__init__.py b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cac6801a1b33d20b298080d24e9998e456b36874 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +# -------------------------------------------------------- +# InternVL +# Copyright (c) 2023 OpenGVLab +# Licensed under The MIT License [see LICENSE for details] +# -------------------------------------------------------- + +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import torchvision.transforms as T +from torchvision.transforms import InterpolationMode +from transformers import LlamaTokenizer + +from .configuration_intern_vit import InternVisionConfig +from .configuration_internvl import InternVLConfig +from .modeling_intern_vit import InternVisionModel +from .modeling_internvl import InternVL_C, InternVL_G, InternVLModel + +__all__ = ['InternVisionConfig', 'InternVisionModel', 'InternVLConfig', + 'InternVLModel', 'InternVL_C', 'InternVL_G'] + + +# Prefix the text "summarize:" +class InternVLTokenizer(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, model_path): + super(InternVLTokenizer, self).__init__() + self.tokenizer = LlamaTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_path) + self.tokenizer.pad_token = ' ' # allow padding + self.tokenizer.add_eos_token = True + + def forward(self, text, prefix='summarize:'): + if type(text) == str: + text = prefix + text + elif type(text) == list: + text = [prefix + item for item in text] + text = self.tokenizer(text, return_tensors='pt', max_length=80, truncation=True, padding='max_length').input_ids + return text + + +def build_transform(task, image_size=224, mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225]): + if task == 'retrieval': + transform = T.Compose([ + T.Lambda(lambda img: img.convert('RGB') if img.mode != 'RGB' else img), + T.Resize((image_size, image_size), interpolation=InterpolationMode.BICUBIC), + T.ToTensor(), + T.Normalize(mean=mean, std=std)]) + else: + transform = T.Compose([ + T.Lambda(lambda img: img.convert('RGB') if img.mode != 'RGB' else img), + T.Resize(image_size, interpolation=InterpolationMode.BICUBIC), + T.CenterCrop(image_size), + T.ToTensor(), + T.Normalize(mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225])]) + return transform + + +def load_internvl_c_huggingface(ckpt_path, device, task): + model = InternVL_C.from_pretrained(ckpt_path, torch_dtype=torch.float16).to(device) + if model.config.use_backbone_lora: + model.vision_model.merge_and_unload() + model.vision_model = model.vision_model.model + if model.config.use_qllama_lora: + model.qllama.merge_and_unload() + model.qllama = model.qllama.model + if model.config.force_image_size is not None: + image_size = model.config.force_image_size + else: + image_size = model.config.vision_config.image_size + transform = build_transform(task, image_size) + tokenizer = InternVLTokenizer(ckpt_path) + return model, transform, tokenizer + + +def load_internvl_g_huggingface(ckpt_path, device, task): + model = InternVL_G.from_pretrained(ckpt_path, torch_dtype=torch.float16).to(device) + if model.config.use_backbone_lora: + model.vision_model.merge_and_unload() + model.vision_model = model.vision_model.model + if model.config.use_qllama_lora: + model.qllama.merge_and_unload() + model.qllama = model.qllama.model + if model.config.force_image_size is not None: + image_size = model.config.force_image_size + else: + image_size = model.config.vision_config.image_size + transform = build_transform(task, image_size) + tokenizer = InternVLTokenizer(ckpt_path) + return model, transform, tokenizer diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56c6c06ddd2b5d38197ebf3aa84cdeb72a575d47 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/configuration_intern_vit.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/configuration_intern_vit.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8398a473a1a24dd817f90c4b227d6bc643ad3fc2 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/configuration_intern_vit.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/configuration_internvl.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/configuration_internvl.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..685c23b6628853be2767ca9625bdc38e45599378 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/configuration_internvl.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/flash_attention.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/flash_attention.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8b47efaae4a2e2d86d64a1711d91a540dab59ad Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/flash_attention.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/modeling_intern_vit.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/modeling_intern_vit.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eafe1acae3aed359a35de4f202382d215ea48f60 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/modeling_intern_vit.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/modeling_internvl.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/modeling_internvl.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8611f6e634487a36f4c934a1ff72655844099383 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/modeling_internvl.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/modeling_qllama.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/modeling_qllama.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ba180547f3c793922090754bd1b67152a3cbfc2 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/__pycache__/modeling_qllama.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/configuration_intern_vit.py b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/configuration_intern_vit.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b85920fa23f29725600cff5810020a9a906954d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/configuration_intern_vit.py @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +# -------------------------------------------------------- +# InternVL +# Copyright (c) 2023 OpenGVLab +# Licensed under The MIT License [see LICENSE for details] +# -------------------------------------------------------- +import os +from typing import Union + +from transformers.configuration_utils import PretrainedConfig +from transformers.utils import logging + +logger = logging.get_logger(__name__) + + +class InternVisionConfig(PretrainedConfig): + r""" + This is the configuration class to store the configuration of a [`InternVisionModel`]. It is used to + instantiate a vision encoder according to the specified arguments, defining the model architecture. + + Configuration objects inherit from [`PretrainedConfig`] and can be used to control the model outputs. Read the + documentation from [`PretrainedConfig`] for more information. + + Args: + num_channels (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 3): + Number of color channels in the input images (e.g., 3 for RGB). + patch_size (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 14): + The size (resolution) of each patch. + image_size (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 224): + The size (resolution) of each image. + qkv_bias (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `False`): + Whether to add a bias to the queries and values in the self-attention layers. + hidden_size (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 3200): + Dimensionality of the encoder layers and the pooler layer. + num_attention_heads (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 25): + Number of attention heads for each attention layer in the Transformer encoder. + intermediate_size (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 12800): + Dimensionality of the "intermediate" (i.e., feed-forward) layer in the Transformer encoder. + qk_normalization (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `True`): + Whether to normalize the queries and keys in the self-attention layers. + num_hidden_layers (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 48): + Number of hidden layers in the Transformer encoder. + use_flash_attn (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `True`): + Whether to use flash attention mechanism. + hidden_act (`str` or `function`, *optional*, defaults to `"gelu"`): + The non-linear activation function (function or string) in the encoder and pooler. If string, `"gelu"`, + `"relu"`, `"selu"` and `"gelu_new"` ``"gelu"` are supported. + layer_norm_eps (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 1e-6): + The epsilon used by the layer normalization layers. + dropout (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 0.0): + The dropout probability for all fully connected layers in the embeddings, encoder, and pooler. + drop_path_rate (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 0.0): + Dropout rate for stochastic depth. + attention_dropout (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 0.0): + The dropout ratio for the attention probabilities. + initializer_range (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 0.02): + The standard deviation of the truncated_normal_initializer for initializing all weight matrices. + initializer_factor (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 0.1): + A factor for layer scale. + """ + + model_type = 'intern_vit_6b' + + def __init__( + self, + num_channels=3, + patch_size=14, + image_size=224, + qkv_bias=False, + hidden_size=3200, + num_attention_heads=25, + intermediate_size=12800, + qk_normalization=True, + num_hidden_layers=48, + use_flash_attn=True, + hidden_act='gelu', + layer_norm_eps=1e-6, + dropout=0.0, + drop_path_rate=0.0, + attention_dropout=0.0, + initializer_range=0.02, + initializer_factor=0.1, + **kwargs, + ): + super().__init__(**kwargs) + + self.hidden_size = hidden_size + self.intermediate_size = intermediate_size + self.dropout = dropout + self.drop_path_rate = drop_path_rate + self.num_hidden_layers = num_hidden_layers + self.num_attention_heads = num_attention_heads + self.num_channels = num_channels + self.patch_size = patch_size + self.image_size = image_size + self.initializer_range = initializer_range + self.initializer_factor = initializer_factor + self.attention_dropout = attention_dropout + self.layer_norm_eps = layer_norm_eps + self.hidden_act = hidden_act + self.qkv_bias = qkv_bias + self.qk_normalization = qk_normalization + self.use_flash_attn = use_flash_attn + + @classmethod + def from_pretrained(cls, pretrained_model_name_or_path: Union[str, os.PathLike], **kwargs) -> 'PretrainedConfig': + config_dict, kwargs = cls.get_config_dict(pretrained_model_name_or_path, **kwargs) + + if 'vision_config' in config_dict: + config_dict = config_dict['vision_config'] + + if 'model_type' in config_dict and hasattr(cls, 'model_type') and config_dict['model_type'] != cls.model_type: + logger.warning( + f"You are using a model of type {config_dict['model_type']} to instantiate a model of type " + f'{cls.model_type}. This is not supported for all configurations of models and can yield errors.' + ) + + return cls.from_dict(config_dict, **kwargs) diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/configuration_internvl.py b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/configuration_internvl.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15f402489c3b51785872a73e6ebc67fde6f1185a --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/configuration_internvl.py @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +# -------------------------------------------------------- +# InternVL +# Copyright (c) 2023 OpenGVLab +# Licensed under The MIT License [see LICENSE for details] +# -------------------------------------------------------- +import copy + +from transformers import LlamaConfig +from transformers.configuration_utils import PretrainedConfig +from transformers.utils import logging + +from .configuration_intern_vit import InternVisionConfig + +logger = logging.get_logger(__name__) + + +class InternVLConfig(PretrainedConfig): + r""" + [`InternVLConfig`] is the configuration class to store the configuration of a + [`InternVLModel`]. It is used to instantiate a InternVLModel according to the specified + arguments, defining the InternViT-6B and QLLaMA configs. Instantiating a configuration with + the defaults will yield a similar configuration to that of the InternVL architecture. + + Configuration objects inherit from [`PretrainedConfig`] and can be used to control the model outputs. Read the + documentation from [`PretrainedConfig`] for more information. + + Args: + vision_config (`dict`, *optional*): + Dictionary of configuration options used to initialize [`InternVisionConfig`]. + qllama_config (`dict`, *optional*): + Dictionary of configuration options used to initialize [`LLaMAConfig`]. + clip_embed_dim (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 768): + Size of the embeddings from the CLIP model. + attn_pool_num_heads (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 16): + Number of attention heads used in the attention pooling layers. + num_query_token (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 96): + Number of query tokens used in the transformer. + label_smoothing (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 0.0): + The amount of label smoothing to apply. + cross_attention_frequency (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 2): + The frequency of cross-attention layers in the model. + use_backbone_lora (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 0): + If non-zero, indicates the use of LoRA in the backbone of the model. + use_qllama_lora (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 0): + If non-zero, indicates the use of LoRA in the QLLaMA of the model. + force_image_size (`int` or `None`, *optional*): + If not None, forces the model to use this specific image size. + initializer_range (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 0.02): + The standard deviation of the truncated_normal_initializer for initializing all weight matrices. + kwargs (*optional*): + Dictionary of additional keyword arguments. + """ + + model_type = 'internvl' + is_composition = True + + def __init__( + self, + vision_config=None, + qllama_config=None, + clip_embed_dim=768, + attn_pool_num_heads=16, + num_query_token=96, + label_smoothing=0.0, + cross_attention_frequency=2, + use_backbone_lora=0, + use_qllama_lora=0, + force_image_size=None, + initializer_range=0.02, + **kwargs): + super().__init__(**kwargs) + + if vision_config is None: + vision_config = {} + logger.info('vision_config is None. initializing the InternVisionConfig with default values.') + + if qllama_config is None: + qllama_config = {} + logger.info( + 'qllama_config is None. Initializing the InternTextConfig config with default values (`LlamaConfig`).') + + self.vision_config = InternVisionConfig(**vision_config) + self.qllama_config = LlamaConfig(**qllama_config) + self.qllama_config.num_query_token = num_query_token + self.qllama_config.cross_attention_frequency = cross_attention_frequency + self.hidden_size = self.qllama_config.hidden_size + + self.clip_embed_dim = clip_embed_dim + self.attn_pool_num_heads = attn_pool_num_heads + self.num_query_token = num_query_token + self.label_smoothing = label_smoothing + self.use_backbone_lora = use_backbone_lora + self.use_qllama_lora = use_qllama_lora + self.force_image_size = force_image_size + self.initializer_range = initializer_range + + def to_dict(self): + """ + Serializes this instance to a Python dictionary. Override the default [`~PretrainedConfig.to_dict`]. + + Returns: + `Dict[str, any]`: Dictionary of all the attributes that make up this configuration instance, + """ + output = copy.deepcopy(self.__dict__) + output['vision_config'] = self.vision_config.to_dict() + output['qllama_config'] = self.qllama_config.to_dict() + output['model_type'] = self.__class__.model_type + return output diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/flash_attention.py b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/flash_attention.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7cda9bfadd290da35bdd04cccd51725e2d419c2f --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/flash_attention.py @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +# https://github.com/Dao-AILab/flash-attention/blob/v0.2.8/flash_attn/flash_attention.py +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +from einops import rearrange + +try: # v1 + from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import \ + flash_attn_unpadded_qkvpacked_func +except: # v2 + from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import flash_attn_varlen_qkvpacked_func as flash_attn_unpadded_qkvpacked_func + +from flash_attn.bert_padding import pad_input, unpad_input + + +class FlashAttention(nn.Module): + """Implement the scaled dot product attention with softmax. + Arguments + --------- + softmax_scale: The temperature to use for the softmax attention. + (default: 1/sqrt(d_keys) where d_keys is computed at + runtime) + attention_dropout: The dropout rate to apply to the attention + (default: 0.0) + """ + + def __init__(self, softmax_scale=None, attention_dropout=0.0, device=None, dtype=None): + super().__init__() + self.softmax_scale = softmax_scale + self.dropout_p = attention_dropout + + def forward(self, qkv, key_padding_mask=None, causal=False, cu_seqlens=None, + max_s=None, need_weights=False): + """Implements the multihead softmax attention. + Arguments + --------- + qkv: The tensor containing the query, key, and value. (B, S, 3, H, D) if key_padding_mask is None + if unpadded: (nnz, 3, h, d) + key_padding_mask: a bool tensor of shape (B, S) + """ + assert not need_weights + assert qkv.dtype in [torch.float16, torch.bfloat16] + assert qkv.is_cuda + + if cu_seqlens is None: + batch_size = qkv.shape[0] + seqlen = qkv.shape[1] + if key_padding_mask is None: + qkv = rearrange(qkv, 'b s ... -> (b s) ...') + max_s = seqlen + cu_seqlens = torch.arange(0, (batch_size + 1) * seqlen, step=seqlen, dtype=torch.int32, + device=qkv.device) + output = flash_attn_unpadded_qkvpacked_func( + qkv, cu_seqlens, max_s, self.dropout_p if self.training else 0.0, + softmax_scale=self.softmax_scale, causal=causal + ) + output = rearrange(output, '(b s) ... -> b s ...', b=batch_size) + else: + nheads = qkv.shape[-2] + x = rearrange(qkv, 'b s three h d -> b s (three h d)') + x_unpad, indices, cu_seqlens, max_s = unpad_input(x, key_padding_mask) + x_unpad = rearrange(x_unpad, 'nnz (three h d) -> nnz three h d', three=3, h=nheads) + output_unpad = flash_attn_unpadded_qkvpacked_func( + x_unpad, cu_seqlens, max_s, self.dropout_p if self.training else 0.0, + softmax_scale=self.softmax_scale, causal=causal + ) + output = rearrange(pad_input(rearrange(output_unpad, 'nnz h d -> nnz (h d)'), + indices, batch_size, seqlen), + 'b s (h d) -> b s h d', h=nheads) + else: + assert max_s is not None + output = flash_attn_unpadded_qkvpacked_func( + qkv, cu_seqlens, max_s, self.dropout_p if self.training else 0.0, + softmax_scale=self.softmax_scale, causal=causal + ) + + return output, None diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/modeling_intern_vit.py b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/modeling_intern_vit.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd8ebb119a1c36b69451c7f4f2ec1e9013ec875f --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/modeling_intern_vit.py @@ -0,0 +1,354 @@ +# -------------------------------------------------------- +# InternVL +# Copyright (c) 2023 OpenGVLab +# Licensed under The MIT License [see LICENSE for details] +# -------------------------------------------------------- +from typing import Optional, Tuple, Union + +import torch +import torch.nn.functional as F +import torch.utils.checkpoint +from einops import rearrange +from timm.models.layers import DropPath +from torch import nn +from transformers.activations import ACT2FN +from transformers.modeling_outputs import (BaseModelOutput, + BaseModelOutputWithPooling) +from transformers.modeling_utils import PreTrainedModel +from transformers.utils import logging + +from .configuration_intern_vit import InternVisionConfig + +try: + from .flash_attention import FlashAttention + has_flash_attn = True +except: + print('FlashAttention is not installed.') + has_flash_attn = False + + +logger = logging.get_logger(__name__) + + +class InternRMSNorm(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, hidden_size, eps=1e-6): + super().__init__() + self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(hidden_size)) + self.variance_epsilon = eps + + def forward(self, hidden_states): + input_dtype = hidden_states.dtype + hidden_states = hidden_states.to(torch.float32) + variance = hidden_states.pow(2).mean(-1, keepdim=True) + hidden_states = hidden_states * torch.rsqrt(variance + self.variance_epsilon) + return self.weight * hidden_states.to(input_dtype) + + +try: + from apex.normalization import FusedRMSNorm + + InternRMSNorm = FusedRMSNorm # noqa + + logger.info('Discovered apex.normalization.FusedRMSNorm - will use it instead of InternRMSNorm') +except ImportError: + # using the normal InternRMSNorm + pass +except Exception: + logger.warning('discovered apex but it failed to load, falling back to InternRMSNorm') + pass + + +class InternVisionEmbeddings(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config: InternVisionConfig): + super().__init__() + self.config = config + self.embed_dim = config.hidden_size + self.image_size = config.image_size + self.patch_size = config.patch_size + + self.class_embedding = nn.Parameter( + torch.randn(1, 1, self.embed_dim), + ) + + self.patch_embedding = nn.Conv2d( + in_channels=3, out_channels=self.embed_dim, kernel_size=self.patch_size, stride=self.patch_size + ) + + self.num_patches = (self.image_size // self.patch_size) ** 2 + self.num_positions = self.num_patches + 1 + + self.position_embedding = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(1, self.num_positions, self.embed_dim)) + + def _get_pos_embed(self, pos_embed, H, W): + target_dtype = pos_embed.dtype + pos_embed = pos_embed.float().reshape( + 1, self.image_size // self.patch_size, self.image_size // self.patch_size, -1).permute(0, 3, 1, 2) + pos_embed = F.interpolate(pos_embed, size=(H, W), mode='bicubic', align_corners=False).\ + reshape(1, -1, H * W).permute(0, 2, 1).to(target_dtype) + return pos_embed + + def forward(self, pixel_values: torch.FloatTensor) -> torch.Tensor: + target_dtype = self.patch_embedding.weight.dtype + patch_embeds = self.patch_embedding(pixel_values) # shape = [*, channel, width, height] + batch_size, _, height, width = patch_embeds.shape + patch_embeds = patch_embeds.flatten(2).transpose(1, 2) + class_embeds = self.class_embedding.expand(batch_size, 1, -1).to(target_dtype) + embeddings = torch.cat([class_embeds, patch_embeds], dim=1) + position_embedding = torch.cat([ + self.position_embedding[:, :1, :], + self._get_pos_embed(self.position_embedding[:, 1:, :], height, width) + ], dim=1) + embeddings = embeddings + position_embedding.to(target_dtype) + return embeddings + + +class InternAttention(nn.Module): + """Multi-headed attention from 'Attention Is All You Need' paper""" + + def __init__(self, config: InternVisionConfig): + super().__init__() + self.config = config + self.embed_dim = config.hidden_size + self.num_heads = config.num_attention_heads + self.use_flash_attn = config.use_flash_attn and has_flash_attn + if config.use_flash_attn and not has_flash_attn: + print('Warning: Flash Attention is not available, use_flash_attn is set to False.') + self.head_dim = self.embed_dim // self.num_heads + if self.head_dim * self.num_heads != self.embed_dim: + raise ValueError( + f'embed_dim must be divisible by num_heads (got `embed_dim`: {self.embed_dim} and `num_heads`:' + f' {self.num_heads}).' + ) + + self.scale = self.head_dim ** -0.5 + self.qkv = nn.Linear(self.embed_dim, 3 * self.embed_dim, bias=config.qkv_bias) + self.attn_drop = nn.Dropout(config.attention_dropout) + self.proj_drop = nn.Dropout(config.dropout) + + self.qk_normalization = config.qk_normalization + + if self.qk_normalization: + self.q_norm = InternRMSNorm(self.embed_dim, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) + self.k_norm = InternRMSNorm(self.embed_dim, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) + + if self.use_flash_attn: + self.inner_attn = FlashAttention(attention_dropout=config.attention_dropout) + self.proj = nn.Linear(self.embed_dim, self.embed_dim) + + def _naive_attn(self, x): + B, N, C = x.shape + qkv = self.qkv(x).reshape(B, N, 3, self.num_heads, C // self.num_heads).permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4) + q, k, v = qkv.unbind(0) # make torchscript happy (cannot use tensor as tuple) + + if self.qk_normalization: + B_, H_, N_, D_ = q.shape + q = self.q_norm(q.transpose(1, 2).flatten(-2, -1)).view(B_, N_, H_, D_).transpose(1, 2) + k = self.k_norm(k.transpose(1, 2).flatten(-2, -1)).view(B_, N_, H_, D_).transpose(1, 2) + + attn = ((q * self.scale) @ k.transpose(-2, -1)) + attn = attn.softmax(dim=-1) + attn = self.attn_drop(attn) + + x = (attn @ v).transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, N, C) + x = self.proj(x) + x = self.proj_drop(x) + return x + + def _flash_attn(self, x, key_padding_mask=None, need_weights=False): + qkv = self.qkv(x) + qkv = rearrange(qkv, 'b s (three h d) -> b s three h d', three=3, h=self.num_heads) + + if self.qk_normalization: + q, k, v = qkv.unbind(2) + q = self.q_norm(q.flatten(-2, -1)).view(q.shape) + k = self.k_norm(k.flatten(-2, -1)).view(k.shape) + qkv = torch.stack([q, k, v], dim=2) + + context, _ = self.inner_attn( + qkv, key_padding_mask=key_padding_mask, need_weights=need_weights, causal=False + ) + outs = self.proj(rearrange(context, 'b s h d -> b s (h d)')) + outs = self.proj_drop(outs) + return outs + + def forward(self, hidden_states: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: + x = self._naive_attn(hidden_states) if not self.use_flash_attn else self._flash_attn(hidden_states) + return x + + +class InternMLP(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config: InternVisionConfig): + super().__init__() + self.config = config + self.act = ACT2FN[config.hidden_act] + self.fc1 = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.intermediate_size) + self.fc2 = nn.Linear(config.intermediate_size, config.hidden_size) + + def forward(self, hidden_states: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: + hidden_states = self.fc1(hidden_states) + hidden_states = self.act(hidden_states) + hidden_states = self.fc2(hidden_states) + return hidden_states + + +class InternVisionEncoderLayer(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config: InternVisionConfig, drop_path_rate: float): + super().__init__() + self.embed_dim = config.hidden_size + self.intermediate_size = config.intermediate_size + + self.attn = InternAttention(config) + self.mlp = InternMLP(config) + self.norm1 = InternRMSNorm(self.embed_dim, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) + self.norm2 = InternRMSNorm(self.embed_dim, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) + + self.ls1 = nn.Parameter(config.initializer_factor * torch.ones(self.embed_dim)) + self.ls2 = nn.Parameter(config.initializer_factor * torch.ones(self.embed_dim)) + self.drop_path1 = DropPath(drop_path_rate) if drop_path_rate > 0. else nn.Identity() + self.drop_path2 = DropPath(drop_path_rate) if drop_path_rate > 0. else nn.Identity() + + def forward( + self, + hidden_states: torch.Tensor, + ) -> Tuple[torch.FloatTensor, Optional[torch.FloatTensor], Optional[Tuple[torch.FloatTensor]]]: + """ + Args: + hidden_states (`Tuple[torch.FloatTensor, Optional[torch.FloatTensor]]`): input to the layer of shape `(batch, seq_len, embed_dim)` + """ + hidden_states = hidden_states + self.drop_path1(self.attn(self.norm1(hidden_states)) * self.ls1) + + hidden_states = hidden_states + self.drop_path2(self.mlp(self.norm2(hidden_states)) * self.ls2) + + return hidden_states + + +class InternVisionEncoder(nn.Module): + """ + Transformer encoder consisting of `config.num_hidden_layers` self attention layers. Each layer is a + [`InternEncoderLayer`]. + + Args: + config (`InternConfig`): + The corresponding vision configuration for the `InternEncoder`. + """ + + def __init__(self, config: InternVisionConfig): + super().__init__() + self.config = config + # stochastic depth decay rule + dpr = [x.item() for x in torch.linspace(0, config.drop_path_rate, config.num_hidden_layers)] + self.layers = nn.ModuleList([ + InternVisionEncoderLayer(config, dpr[idx]) for idx in range(config.num_hidden_layers)]) + self.gradient_checkpointing = True + + def forward( + self, + inputs_embeds, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, + ) -> Union[Tuple, BaseModelOutput]: + r""" + Args: + inputs_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`): + Embedded representation of the inputs. Should be float, not int tokens. + output_hidden_states (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors + for more detail. + return_dict (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return a [`~utils.ModelOutput`] instead of a plain tuple. + """ + output_hidden_states = ( + output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states + ) + return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict + + encoder_states = () if output_hidden_states else None + hidden_states = inputs_embeds + + for idx, encoder_layer in enumerate(self.layers): + if output_hidden_states: + encoder_states = encoder_states + (hidden_states,) + if self.gradient_checkpointing and self.training: + layer_outputs = torch.utils.checkpoint.checkpoint( + encoder_layer, + hidden_states) + else: + layer_outputs = encoder_layer( + hidden_states, + ) + hidden_states = layer_outputs + + if output_hidden_states: + encoder_states = encoder_states + (hidden_states,) + + if not return_dict: + return tuple(v for v in [hidden_states, encoder_states] if v is not None) + return BaseModelOutput( + last_hidden_state=hidden_states, hidden_states=encoder_states + ) + + +class InternVisionModel(PreTrainedModel): + main_input_name = 'pixel_values' + config_class = InternVisionConfig + + def __init__(self, config: InternVisionConfig): + super().__init__(config) + self.config = config + + self.embeddings = InternVisionEmbeddings(config) + self.encoder = InternVisionEncoder(config) + + def resize_pos_embeddings(self, old_size, new_size, patch_size): + pos_emb = self.embeddings.position_embedding + _, num_positions, embed_dim = pos_emb.shape + cls_emb = pos_emb[:, :1, :] + pos_emb = pos_emb[:, 1:, :].reshape(1, old_size // patch_size, old_size // patch_size, -1).permute(0, 3, 1, 2) + pos_emb = F.interpolate(pos_emb.float(), size=new_size // patch_size, mode='bicubic', align_corners=False) + pos_emb = pos_emb.to(cls_emb.dtype).reshape(1, embed_dim, -1).permute(0, 2, 1) + pos_emb = torch.cat([cls_emb, pos_emb], dim=1) + self.embeddings.position_embedding = nn.Parameter(pos_emb) + logger.info('Resized position embeddings from {} to {}'.format(old_size, new_size)) + + def get_input_embeddings(self): + return self.embeddings + + def forward( + self, + pixel_values: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, + pixel_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, + ) -> Union[Tuple, BaseModelOutputWithPooling]: + output_hidden_states = ( + output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states + ) + return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict + + if pixel_values is None and pixel_embeds is None: + raise ValueError('You have to specify pixel_values or pixel_embeds') + + if pixel_embeds is not None: + hidden_states = pixel_embeds + else: + if len(pixel_values.shape) == 4: + hidden_states = self.embeddings(pixel_values) + else: + raise ValueError(f'wrong pixel_values size: {pixel_values.shape}') + encoder_outputs = self.encoder( + inputs_embeds=hidden_states, + output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, + return_dict=return_dict, + ) + last_hidden_state = encoder_outputs.last_hidden_state + pooled_output = last_hidden_state[:, 0, :] + + if not return_dict: + return (last_hidden_state, pooled_output) + encoder_outputs[1:] + + return BaseModelOutputWithPooling( + last_hidden_state=last_hidden_state, + pooler_output=pooled_output, + hidden_states=encoder_outputs.hidden_states, + attentions=encoder_outputs.attentions, + ) diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/modeling_internvl.py b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/modeling_internvl.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7216638ba26c5d524e462442d2ea0915898795ac --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/modeling_internvl.py @@ -0,0 +1,543 @@ +# -------------------------------------------------------- +# InternVL +# Copyright (c) 2023 OpenGVLab +# Licensed under The MIT License [see LICENSE for details] +# -------------------------------------------------------- +from functools import partial +from typing import Optional + +import numpy as np +import torch +import torch.nn.functional as F +import torch.utils.checkpoint +from peft import LoraConfig, get_peft_model +from timm.models.layers import DropPath +from torch import nn +from transformers import GenerationConfig +from transformers.modeling_utils import PreTrainedModel +from transformers.utils import logging + +from .configuration_internvl import InternVLConfig +from .modeling_intern_vit import (InternVisionEmbeddings, InternVisionEncoder, + InternVisionModel) +from .modeling_qllama import LlamaForCausalLM, _expand_mask, _make_causal_mask + +try: + from .flash_attention import FlashAttention # v1/v2 +except: + print('FlashAttention is not installed.') + +logger = logging.get_logger(__name__) + + +class InternVLPreTrainedModel(PreTrainedModel): + """ + An abstract class to handle weights initialization and a simple interface for downloading and loading pretrained + models. + """ + + config_class = InternVLConfig + base_model_prefix = 'internvl' + supports_gradient_checkpointing = True + _keys_to_ignore_on_load_missing = [ + r'position_ids', + ] + _no_split_modules = ['InternAttention', 'LlamaDecoderLayer', 'LlamaForCausalLM'] + _skip_keys_device_placement = 'past_key_values' + _keep_in_fp32_modules = ['wo'] + + def _init_weights(self, module): + """Initialize the weights""" + factor = self.config.initializer_range + if isinstance(module, nn.Conv2d) or isinstance(module, nn.Embedding) or isinstance(module, nn.Linear): + module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=factor) + if hasattr(module, 'bias') and module.bias is not None: + module.bias.data.zero_() + if isinstance(module, InternVisionEmbeddings): + if hasattr(self.config, 'vision_config'): + factor = self.config.vision_config.initializer_range + nn.init.trunc_normal_(module.position_embedding, mean=0.0, std=factor) + nn.init.trunc_normal_(module.class_embedding, mean=0.0, std=factor) + elif isinstance(module, nn.LayerNorm): + module.bias.data.zero_() + module.weight.data.fill_(1.0) + elif isinstance(module, nn.Linear) and module.bias is not None: + module.bias.data.zero_() + + def _set_gradient_checkpointing(self, module, value=False): + if isinstance(module, InternVisionModel): + module.gradient_checkpointing = value + if isinstance(module, InternVisionEncoder): + module.gradient_checkpointing = value + + +class CrossAttention(nn.Module): + def __init__( + self, dim, num_heads=8, qkv_bias=False, qk_scale=None, attn_drop=0., + proj_drop=0., attn_head_dim=None, out_dim=None): + super().__init__() + if out_dim is None: + out_dim = dim + self.num_heads = num_heads + head_dim = dim // num_heads + if attn_head_dim is not None: + head_dim = attn_head_dim + all_head_dim = head_dim * self.num_heads + self.scale = qk_scale or head_dim ** -0.5 + assert all_head_dim == dim + + self.q = nn.Linear(dim, all_head_dim, bias=False) + self.k = nn.Linear(dim, all_head_dim, bias=False) + self.v = nn.Linear(dim, all_head_dim, bias=False) + + if qkv_bias: + self.q_bias = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(all_head_dim)) + self.k_bias = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(all_head_dim)) + self.v_bias = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(all_head_dim)) + else: + self.q_bias = None + self.k_bias = None + self.v_bias = None + + self.attn_drop = nn.Dropout(attn_drop) + self.proj = nn.Linear(all_head_dim, out_dim) + self.proj_drop = nn.Dropout(proj_drop) + + def forward(self, x, k=None, v=None): + B, N, C = x.shape + N_k = k.shape[1] + N_v = v.shape[1] + + q_bias, k_bias, v_bias = None, None, None + if self.q_bias is not None: + q_bias = self.q_bias + k_bias = self.k_bias + v_bias = self.v_bias + + q = F.linear(input=x, weight=self.q.weight, bias=q_bias) + q = q.reshape(B, N, 1, self.num_heads, -1).permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4).squeeze(0) # (B, N_head, N_q, dim) + + k = F.linear(input=k, weight=self.k.weight, bias=k_bias) + k = k.reshape(B, N_k, 1, self.num_heads, -1).permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4).squeeze(0) + + v = F.linear(input=v, weight=self.v.weight, bias=v_bias) + v = v.reshape(B, N_v, 1, self.num_heads, -1).permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4).squeeze(0) + + q = q * self.scale + attn = (q @ k.transpose(-2, -1)) # (B, N_head, N_q, N_k) + + attn = attn.softmax(dim=-1) + attn = self.attn_drop(attn) + + x = (attn @ v).transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, N, -1) + x = self.proj(x) + x = self.proj_drop(x) + + return x + + +class AttentiveBlock(nn.Module): + + def __init__(self, dim, num_heads, qkv_bias=False, qk_scale=None, drop=0., attn_drop=0., + drop_path=0., norm_layer=nn.LayerNorm, attn_head_dim=None, out_dim=None): + super().__init__() + + self.norm1_q = norm_layer(dim) + self.norm1_k = norm_layer(dim) + self.norm1_v = norm_layer(dim) + self.cross_attn = CrossAttention( + dim, num_heads=num_heads, qkv_bias=qkv_bias, qk_scale=qk_scale, attn_drop=attn_drop, + proj_drop=drop, attn_head_dim=attn_head_dim, out_dim=out_dim) + + self.drop_path = DropPath(drop_path) if drop_path > 0. else nn.Identity() + + def forward(self, x_q, x_kv, pos_q, pos_k, bool_masked_pos, rel_pos_bias=None): + x_q = self.norm1_q(x_q + pos_q) + x_k = self.norm1_k(x_kv + pos_k) + x_v = self.norm1_v(x_kv) + x = self.cross_attn(x_q, k=x_k, v=x_v) + + return x + + +class AttentionPoolingBlock(AttentiveBlock): + + def forward(self, x): + x_q = x.mean(1, keepdim=True) + x_kv, pos_q, pos_k = x, 0, 0 + x = super().forward(x_q, x_kv, pos_q, pos_k, bool_masked_pos=None, rel_pos_bias=None) + x = x.squeeze(1) + return x + + +class InternVLModel(InternVLPreTrainedModel): + config_class = InternVLConfig + main_input_name = 'pixel_values' + + def __init__(self, config: InternVLConfig): + super().__init__(config) + + text_hidden_size = config.qllama_config.hidden_size + vision_hidden_size = config.vision_config.hidden_size + clip_embed_dim = config.clip_embed_dim + attn_pool_num_heads = config.attn_pool_num_heads + config.qllama_config.num_query_token = config.num_query_token + self.num_query_token = config.num_query_token + self.label_smoothing = config.label_smoothing + + self.vision_model = InternVisionModel(config.vision_config) # frozen + self.qllama = LlamaForCausalLM(config.qllama_config) # frozen + self.query_tokens = nn.Parameter( # trainable + torch.zeros(1, config.num_query_token, text_hidden_size) + ) + # self.text_projection = nn.Parameter(torch.empty(text_hidden_size, clip_embed_dim)) # frozen + # self.logit_scale = nn.Parameter(torch.ones([]) * np.log(1 / 0.07)) # trainable + # self.clip_projector = AttentionPoolingBlock( # frozen + # dim=vision_hidden_size, num_heads=attn_pool_num_heads, qkv_bias=True, qk_scale=None, + # drop=0., attn_drop=0., norm_layer=partial(nn.LayerNorm, eps=1e-5), out_dim=clip_embed_dim) + # self.clip_projector2 = AttentionPoolingBlock( # trainable + # dim=text_hidden_size, num_heads=attn_pool_num_heads, qkv_bias=True, qk_scale=None, + # drop=0., attn_drop=0., norm_layer=partial(nn.LayerNorm, eps=1e-5), out_dim=clip_embed_dim) + # self.itm_head = nn.Linear(text_hidden_size, 2) # trainable + self.gradient_checkpointing = True + + # Initialize weights and apply final processing + # self.post_init() + + if config.use_backbone_lora: + self.wrap_backbone_lora(r=config.use_backbone_lora) + if config.use_qllama_lora: + self.wrap_qllama_lora(r=config.use_qllama_lora) + if config.force_image_size: + self.vision_model.resize_pos_embeddings( + old_size=config.vision_config.image_size, + new_size=config.force_image_size, + patch_size=config.vision_config.patch_size + ) + + def wrap_backbone_lora(self, r=128, lora_alpha=256, lora_dropout=0.05): + lora_config = LoraConfig( + r=r, + target_modules=['attn.qkv', 'attn.proj', 'mlp.fc1', 'mlp.fc2'], + lora_alpha=lora_alpha, + lora_dropout=lora_dropout, + ) + self.vision_model = get_peft_model(self.vision_model, lora_config) + self.vision_model.print_trainable_parameters() + + def wrap_qllama_lora(self, r=128, lora_alpha=256, lora_dropout=0.05): + lora_config = LoraConfig( + r=r, + target_modules=['self_attn.q_proj', 'self_attn.k_proj', 'self_attn.v_proj', 'self_attn.o_proj', + 'mlp.gate_proj', 'mlp.down_proj', 'mlp.up_proj'], + lora_alpha=lora_alpha, + lora_dropout=lora_dropout, + ) + self.qllama = get_peft_model(self.qllama, lora_config) + self.qllama.print_trainable_parameters() + + def get_input_embeddings(self): + return self.qllama.get_input_embeddings() + + def set_input_embeddings(self, value): + self.qllama.set_input_embeddings(value) + + def set_output_embeddings(self, new_embeddings): + self.qllama.set_output_embeddings(new_embeddings) + + def get_output_embeddings(self) -> nn.Module: + return self.qllama.get_output_embeddings() + + @torch.no_grad() + def generate( + self, + pixel_values: torch.FloatTensor, + input_ids: torch.FloatTensor, + attention_mask: torch.LongTensor, + generation_config: Optional[GenerationConfig] = None, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, + **generate_kwargs, + ) -> torch.LongTensor: + + vision_outputs = self.vision_model( + pixel_values=pixel_values, + output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, + return_dict=return_dict) + image_embeds = vision_outputs[0] + + batch_size = image_embeds.shape[0] + input_embeds = self.get_input_embeddings()(input_ids) + query_tokens = self.query_tokens.repeat(batch_size, 1, 1) + input_embeds = torch.cat([query_tokens, input_embeds], dim=1) + image_attention_mask = torch.ones(query_tokens.size()[:-1], dtype=torch.long, device=image_embeds.device) + attention_mask = torch.cat([image_attention_mask, attention_mask], dim=1) + + outputs = self.qllama.generate( + inputs_embeds=input_embeds, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + vision_hidden_states=image_embeds, + generation_config=generation_config, + use_zero_attention_mask=True, + **generate_kwargs, + ) + + return outputs + + def get_text_features( + self, + input_ids: torch.Tensor, + attention_mask: torch.Tensor, + output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, + ): + r""" + Returns: + text_outputs (`CausalLMOutputWithPast`, or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` if `return_dict=False`): + The language model outputs. If `return_dict=True`, the output is a [`CausalLMOutputWithPast`] that + contains the language model logits, the past key values and the hidden states if + `output_hidden_states=True`. + ```""" + output_attentions = output_attentions if output_attentions is not None else self.config.output_attentions + output_hidden_states = ( + output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states + ) + return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict + + input_embeds = self.get_input_embeddings()(input_ids) + attention_mask = _expand_mask(attention_mask, input_embeds.dtype).to( + input_embeds.device) # [bsz, 1, tgt_seq_len, src_seq_len] + attention_mask += _make_causal_mask( + (attention_mask.shape[0], attention_mask.shape[2]), + input_embeds.dtype, + device=input_embeds.device + ) + if type(self.qllama.model) == LlamaForCausalLM: + outputs = self.qllama.model.model.forward_train( + inputs_embeds=input_embeds, + vision_hidden_states=None, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, + return_dict=return_dict, + ).last_hidden_state + else: + outputs = self.qllama.model.forward_train( + inputs_embeds=input_embeds, + vision_hidden_states=None, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, + return_dict=return_dict, + ).last_hidden_state + return outputs + + def get_image_features( + self, + pixel_values: torch.FloatTensor, + output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, + ): + output_attentions = output_attentions if output_attentions is not None else self.config.output_attentions + output_hidden_states = ( + output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states + ) + return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict + + vision_outputs = self.vision_model( + pixel_values=pixel_values, + output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, + return_dict=return_dict) + image_embeds = vision_outputs[0] + backbone_embeds = image_embeds + + batch_size = image_embeds.shape[0] + input_embeds = self.query_tokens.repeat(batch_size, 1, 1) + + attention_mask = torch.ones(input_embeds.size()[:-1], dtype=torch.long, device=image_embeds.device) + attention_mask = _expand_mask(attention_mask, input_embeds.dtype).to( + input_embeds.device) # [bsz, 1, tgt_seq_len, src_seq_len] + if type(self.qllama.model) == LlamaForCausalLM: + outputs = self.qllama.model.model.forward_train( + inputs_embeds=input_embeds, + vision_hidden_states=image_embeds, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, + return_dict=return_dict, + ).last_hidden_state + else: + outputs = self.qllama.model.forward_train( + inputs_embeds=input_embeds, + vision_hidden_states=image_embeds, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, + return_dict=return_dict, + ).last_hidden_state + return backbone_embeds, outputs + + def encode_image(self, image, mode): + if mode == 'InternVL-C': + vision_outputs = self.vision_model( + pixel_values=image, + output_hidden_states=False, + return_dict=True) + image_embeds = vision_outputs[0] + image_embeds = self.clip_projector(image_embeds) + elif mode == 'InternVL-G': + backbone_embeds, image_embeds = self.get_image_features( + pixel_values=image, + output_hidden_states=False, + return_dict=True, + ) + backbone_embeds = self.clip_projector(backbone_embeds) + image_embeds = self.clip_projector2(image_embeds) + # ensemble + backbone_embeds = backbone_embeds / backbone_embeds.norm(dim=1, keepdim=True) + image_embeds = image_embeds / image_embeds.norm(dim=1, keepdim=True) + image_embeds = image_embeds + backbone_embeds + else: + raise NotImplementedError + return image_embeds + + def encode_text(self, text): + attention_mask = text > 0 + text_embeds = self.get_text_features( + input_ids=text, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + output_attentions=False, + output_hidden_states=False, + return_dict=True, + ) + text_embeds = text_embeds[torch.arange(text_embeds.shape[0]), attention_mask.sum(1) - 1] + text_embeds = text_embeds @ self.text_projection + return text_embeds + + def forward(self, pixel_values: torch.FloatTensor, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None) -> torch.Tensor: + output_hidden_states = ( + output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states + ) + return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict + + vision_outputs = self.vision_model( + pixel_values=pixel_values, + output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, + return_dict=return_dict) + image_embeds = vision_outputs[0] + + batch_size = image_embeds.shape[0] + input_embeds = self.query_tokens.repeat(batch_size, 1, 1) + + attention_mask = torch.ones(input_embeds.size()[:-1], dtype=torch.long, device=image_embeds.device) + attention_mask = _expand_mask(attention_mask, input_embeds.dtype).to( + input_embeds.device) # [bsz, 1, tgt_seq_len, src_seq_len] + if type(self.qllama.model) == LlamaForCausalLM: + outputs = self.qllama.model.model.forward_train( + inputs_embeds=input_embeds, + vision_hidden_states=image_embeds, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + output_attentions=False, + output_hidden_states=False, + return_dict=return_dict, + ).last_hidden_state + else: + outputs = self.qllama.model.forward_train( + inputs_embeds=input_embeds, + vision_hidden_states=image_embeds, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + output_attentions=False, + output_hidden_states=False, + return_dict=return_dict, + ).last_hidden_state + + return vision_outputs, outputs + + +class InternVL_C(InternVLModel): + + def encode_image(self, image): + vision_outputs = self.vision_model( + pixel_values=image, + output_hidden_states=False, + return_dict=True) + image_embeds = vision_outputs[0] + image_embeds = self.clip_projector(image_embeds) + return image_embeds + + def encode_text(self, text): + attention_mask = text > 0 + text_embeds = self.get_text_features( + input_ids=text, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + output_attentions=False, + output_hidden_states=False, + return_dict=True, + ) + text_embeds = text_embeds[torch.arange(text_embeds.shape[0]), attention_mask.sum(1) - 1] + text_embeds = text_embeds @ self.text_projection + return text_embeds + + def forward(self, image, text): + image_features = self.encode_image(image) + text_features = self.encode_text(text) + + # normalized features + image_features = image_features / image_features.norm(dim=1, keepdim=True) + text_features = text_features / text_features.norm(dim=1, keepdim=True) + + # cosine similarity as logits + logit_scale = self.logit_scale.exp() + logits_per_image = logit_scale * image_features @ text_features.t() + logits_per_text = logits_per_image.t() + + return logits_per_image, logits_per_text + + +class InternVL_G(InternVLModel): + + def encode_image(self, image): + backbone_embeds, image_embeds = self.get_image_features( + pixel_values=image, + output_hidden_states=False, + return_dict=True, + ) + backbone_embeds = self.clip_projector(backbone_embeds) + image_embeds = self.clip_projector2(image_embeds) + # ensemble + backbone_embeds = backbone_embeds / backbone_embeds.norm(dim=1, keepdim=True) + image_embeds = image_embeds / image_embeds.norm(dim=1, keepdim=True) + image_embeds = image_embeds + backbone_embeds + return image_embeds + + def encode_text(self, text): + attention_mask = text > 0 + text_embeds = self.get_text_features( + input_ids=text, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + output_attentions=False, + output_hidden_states=False, + return_dict=True, + ) + text_embeds = text_embeds[torch.arange(text_embeds.shape[0]), attention_mask.sum(1) - 1] + text_embeds = text_embeds @ self.text_projection + return text_embeds + + def forward(self, image, text): + image_features = self.encode_image(image) + text_features = self.encode_text(text) + + # normalized features + image_features = image_features / image_features.norm(dim=1, keepdim=True) + text_features = text_features / text_features.norm(dim=1, keepdim=True) + + # cosine similarity as logits + logit_scale = self.logit_scale.exp() + logits_per_image = logit_scale * image_features @ text_features.t() + logits_per_text = logits_per_image.t() + + return logits_per_image, logits_per_text diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/modeling_qllama.py b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/modeling_qllama.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..571863414d4ea0745c849f324e64e52ad1d1fed7 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/internvl_14b/modeling_qllama.py @@ -0,0 +1,1073 @@ +# Copyright 2022 EleutherAI and the HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved. +# +# This code is based on EleutherAI's GPT-NeoX library and the GPT-NeoX +# and OPT implementations in this library. It has been modified from its +# original forms to accommodate minor architectural differences compared +# to GPT-NeoX and OPT used by the Meta AI team that trained the model. +# +# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); +# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. +# You may obtain a copy of the License at +# +# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 +# +# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, +# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. +# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and +# limitations under the License. +""" PyTorch QLLaMA model.""" +import math +from typing import List, Optional, Tuple, Union + +import torch +import torch.utils.checkpoint +from torch import nn +from torch.nn import CrossEntropyLoss +from transformers import LlamaConfig +from transformers.activations import ACT2FN +from transformers.modeling_outputs import (BaseModelOutputWithPast, + CausalLMOutputWithPast) +from transformers.modeling_utils import PreTrainedModel +from transformers.utils import (add_start_docstrings, + add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward, logging, + replace_return_docstrings) + +logger = logging.get_logger(__name__) + +_CONFIG_FOR_DOC = 'LlamaConfig' + + +# Copied from transformers.models.bart.modeling_bart._make_causal_mask +def _make_causal_mask( + input_ids_shape: torch.Size, dtype: torch.dtype, device: torch.device, past_key_values_length: int = 0 +): + """ + Make causal mask used for bi-directional self-attention. + """ + bsz, tgt_len = input_ids_shape + mask = torch.full((tgt_len, tgt_len), torch.finfo(dtype).min, device=device) + mask_cond = torch.arange(mask.size(-1), device=device) + mask.masked_fill_(mask_cond < (mask_cond + 1).view(mask.size(-1), 1), 0) + mask = mask.to(dtype) + + if past_key_values_length > 0: + mask = torch.cat([torch.zeros(tgt_len, past_key_values_length, dtype=dtype, device=device), mask], dim=-1) + return mask[None, None, :, :].expand(bsz, 1, tgt_len, tgt_len + past_key_values_length) + + +# Copied from transformers.models.bart.modeling_bart._expand_mask +def _expand_mask(mask: torch.Tensor, dtype: torch.dtype, tgt_len: Optional[int] = None): + """ + Expands attention_mask from `[bsz, seq_len]` to `[bsz, 1, tgt_seq_len, src_seq_len]`. + """ + bsz, src_len = mask.size() + tgt_len = tgt_len if tgt_len is not None else src_len + + expanded_mask = mask[:, None, None, :].expand(bsz, 1, tgt_len, src_len).to(dtype) + + inverted_mask = 1.0 - expanded_mask + + return inverted_mask.masked_fill(inverted_mask.to(torch.bool), torch.finfo(dtype).min) + + +class LlamaRMSNorm(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, hidden_size, eps=1e-6): + """ + LlamaRMSNorm is equivalent to T5LayerNorm + """ + super().__init__() + self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(hidden_size)) + self.variance_epsilon = eps + + def forward(self, hidden_states): + variance = hidden_states.to(torch.float32).pow(2).mean(-1, keepdim=True) + hidden_states = hidden_states * torch.rsqrt(variance + self.variance_epsilon) + + # convert into half-precision if necessary + if self.weight.dtype in [torch.float16, torch.bfloat16]: + hidden_states = hidden_states.to(self.weight.dtype) + + return self.weight * hidden_states + + +try: + from functools import partial + + from apex.normalization import FusedRMSNorm + + LlamaRMSNorm = partial(FusedRMSNorm, eps=1e-6) # noqa + print('Discovered apex.normalization.FusedRMSNorm - will use it instead of LlamaRMSNorm') +except ImportError: + # using the normal LlamaRMSNorm + pass +except Exception: + print('discovered apex but it failed to load, falling back to LlamaRMSNorm') + pass + + +class LlamaRotaryEmbedding(torch.nn.Module): + def __init__(self, dim, max_position_embeddings=2048, base=10000, device=None): + super().__init__() + inv_freq = 1.0 / (base ** (torch.arange(0, dim, 2).float().to(device) / dim)) + self.register_buffer('inv_freq', inv_freq) + + # Build here to make `torch.jit.trace` work. + self.max_seq_len_cached = max_position_embeddings + t = torch.arange(self.max_seq_len_cached, device=self.inv_freq.device, dtype=self.inv_freq.dtype) + freqs = torch.einsum('i,j->ij', t, self.inv_freq) + # Different from paper, but it uses a different permutation in order to obtain the same calculation + emb = torch.cat((freqs, freqs), dim=-1) + self.register_buffer('cos_cached', emb.cos()[None, None, :, :], persistent=False) + self.register_buffer('sin_cached', emb.sin()[None, None, :, :], persistent=False) + + def forward(self, x, seq_len=None): + # x: [bs, num_attention_heads, seq_len, head_size] + # This `if` block is unlikely to be run after we build sin/cos in `__init__`. Keep the logic here just in case. + if seq_len > self.max_seq_len_cached: + self.max_seq_len_cached = seq_len + t = torch.arange(self.max_seq_len_cached, device=x.device, dtype=self.inv_freq.dtype) + freqs = torch.einsum('i,j->ij', t, self.inv_freq) + # Different from paper, but it uses a different permutation in order to obtain the same calculation + emb = torch.cat((freqs, freqs), dim=-1).to(x.device) + self.register_buffer('cos_cached', emb.cos()[None, None, :, :], persistent=False) + self.register_buffer('sin_cached', emb.sin()[None, None, :, :], persistent=False) + return ( + self.cos_cached[:, :, :seq_len, ...].to(dtype=x.dtype), + self.sin_cached[:, :, :seq_len, ...].to(dtype=x.dtype), + ) + + +class FixedLlamaRotaryEmbedding(torch.nn.Module): + def __init__(self, dim, max_position_embeddings=2048, base=10000, device=None): + super().__init__() + + self.dim = dim + self.max_position_embeddings = max_position_embeddings + self.base = base + self.inv_freq = 1.0 / (self.base ** (torch.arange(0, self.dim, 2).float().to(device) / self.dim)) + + # Build here to make `torch.jit.trace` work. + self._set_cos_sin_cache( + seq_len=max_position_embeddings, device=self.inv_freq.device, dtype=torch.get_default_dtype() + ) + + def _set_cos_sin_cache(self, seq_len, device, dtype): + self.max_seq_len_cached = seq_len + t = torch.arange(self.max_seq_len_cached, device=self.inv_freq.device, dtype=torch.float32) + + freqs = torch.outer(t, self.inv_freq) + # Different from paper, but it uses a different permutation in order to obtain the same calculation + emb = torch.cat((freqs, freqs), dim=-1) + self.register_buffer('cos_cached', emb.cos()[None, None, :, :], persistent=False) + self.register_buffer('sin_cached', emb.sin()[None, None, :, :], persistent=False) + + def forward(self, x, seq_len=None): + # x: [bs, num_attention_heads, seq_len, head_size] + if seq_len > self.max_seq_len_cached: + self._set_cos_sin_cache(seq_len=seq_len, device=x.device, dtype=x.dtype) + + return ( + self.cos_cached[:, :, :seq_len, ...].to(dtype=x.dtype), + self.sin_cached[:, :, :seq_len, ...].to(dtype=x.dtype), + ) + + +LlamaRotaryEmbedding = FixedLlamaRotaryEmbedding + + +def rotate_half(x): + """Rotates half the hidden dims of the input.""" + x1 = x[..., : x.shape[-1] // 2] + x2 = x[..., x.shape[-1] // 2:] + return torch.cat((-x2, x1), dim=-1) + + +def apply_rotary_pos_emb(q, k, cos, sin, position_ids): + gather_indices = position_ids[:, None, :, None] # [bs, 1, seq_len, 1] + gather_indices = gather_indices.repeat(1, cos.shape[1], 1, cos.shape[3]) + cos = torch.gather(cos.repeat(gather_indices.shape[0], 1, 1, 1), 2, gather_indices) + sin = torch.gather(sin.repeat(gather_indices.shape[0], 1, 1, 1), 2, gather_indices) + q_embed = (q * cos) + (rotate_half(q) * sin) + k_embed = (k * cos) + (rotate_half(k) * sin) + return q_embed, k_embed + + +class LlamaMLP(nn.Module): + def __init__( + self, + hidden_size: int, + intermediate_size: int, + hidden_act: str, + ): + super().__init__() + self.gate_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_size, intermediate_size, bias=False) + self.down_proj = nn.Linear(intermediate_size, hidden_size, bias=False) + self.up_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_size, intermediate_size, bias=False) + self.act_fn = ACT2FN[hidden_act] + + def forward(self, x): + return self.down_proj(self.act_fn(self.gate_proj(x)) * self.up_proj(x)) + + +class LlamaAttention(nn.Module): + """Multi-headed attention from 'Attention Is All You Need' paper""" + + def __init__(self, config: LlamaConfig): + super().__init__() + self.config = config + self.hidden_size = config.hidden_size + self.num_heads = config.num_attention_heads + self.head_dim = self.hidden_size // self.num_heads + self.max_position_embeddings = config.max_position_embeddings + + if (self.head_dim * self.num_heads) != self.hidden_size: + raise ValueError( + f'hidden_size must be divisible by num_heads (got `hidden_size`: {self.hidden_size}' + f' and `num_heads`: {self.num_heads}).' + ) + self.q_proj = nn.Linear(self.hidden_size, self.num_heads * self.head_dim, bias=False) + self.k_proj = nn.Linear(self.hidden_size, self.num_heads * self.head_dim, bias=False) + self.v_proj = nn.Linear(self.hidden_size, self.num_heads * self.head_dim, bias=False) + self.o_proj = nn.Linear(self.num_heads * self.head_dim, self.hidden_size, bias=False) + self.rotary_emb = LlamaRotaryEmbedding(self.head_dim, max_position_embeddings=self.max_position_embeddings) + + def _shape(self, tensor: torch.Tensor, seq_len: int, bsz: int): + return tensor.view(bsz, seq_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2).contiguous() + + def forward( + self, + hidden_states: torch.Tensor, + attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + position_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None, + past_key_value: Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]] = None, + output_attentions: bool = False, + use_cache: bool = False, + ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, Optional[torch.Tensor], Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]]]: + bsz, q_len, _ = hidden_states.size() + + query_states = self.q_proj(hidden_states).view(bsz, q_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2) + key_states = self.k_proj(hidden_states).view(bsz, q_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2) + value_states = self.v_proj(hidden_states).view(bsz, q_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2) + + kv_seq_len = key_states.shape[-2] + if past_key_value is not None: + kv_seq_len += past_key_value[0].shape[-2] + cos, sin = self.rotary_emb(value_states, seq_len=kv_seq_len) + query_states, key_states = apply_rotary_pos_emb(query_states, key_states, cos, sin, position_ids) + # [bsz, nh, t, hd] + + if past_key_value is not None: + # reuse k, v, self_attention + key_states = torch.cat([past_key_value[0], key_states], dim=2) + value_states = torch.cat([past_key_value[1], value_states], dim=2) + + past_key_value = (key_states, value_states) if use_cache else None + + attn_weights = torch.matmul(query_states, key_states.transpose(2, 3)) / math.sqrt(self.head_dim) + + if attn_weights.size() != (bsz, self.num_heads, q_len, kv_seq_len): + raise ValueError( + f'Attention weights should be of size {(bsz * self.num_heads, q_len, kv_seq_len)}, but is' + f' {attn_weights.size()}' + ) + + if attention_mask is not None: + if attention_mask.size() != (bsz, 1, q_len, kv_seq_len): + raise ValueError( + f'Attention mask should be of size {(bsz, 1, q_len, kv_seq_len)}, but is {attention_mask.size()}' + ) + attn_weights = attn_weights + attention_mask + attn_weights = torch.max(attn_weights, torch.tensor(torch.finfo(attn_weights.dtype).min)) + + # upcast attention to fp32 + attn_weights = nn.functional.softmax(attn_weights, dim=-1, dtype=torch.float32).to(query_states.dtype) + attn_output = torch.matmul(attn_weights, value_states) + + if attn_output.size() != (bsz, self.num_heads, q_len, self.head_dim): + raise ValueError( + f'`attn_output` should be of size {(bsz, self.num_heads, q_len, self.head_dim)}, but is' + f' {attn_output.size()}' + ) + + attn_output = attn_output.transpose(1, 2) + attn_output = attn_output.reshape(bsz, q_len, self.hidden_size) + + attn_output = self.o_proj(attn_output) + + if not output_attentions: + attn_weights = None + + return attn_output, attn_weights, past_key_value + + +class LlamaCrossAttention(nn.Module): + """Multi-headed attention from 'Attention Is All You Need' paper""" + + def __init__(self, config: LlamaConfig): + super().__init__() + self.config = config + self.hidden_size = config.hidden_size + self.num_heads = config.num_attention_heads + self.head_dim = self.hidden_size // self.num_heads + self.max_position_embeddings = config.max_position_embeddings + self.vision_hidden_size = 3200 + + if (self.head_dim * self.num_heads) != self.hidden_size: + raise ValueError( + f'hidden_size must be divisible by num_heads (got `hidden_size`: {self.hidden_size}' + f' and `num_heads`: {self.num_heads}).' + ) + self.q_proj = nn.Linear(self.hidden_size, self.num_heads * self.head_dim, bias=False) + self.o_proj = nn.Linear(self.num_heads * self.head_dim, self.hidden_size, bias=False) + self.norm1 = LlamaRMSNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.rms_norm_eps) + + self.k_proj = nn.Linear(self.vision_hidden_size, self.num_heads * self.head_dim, bias=False) + self.v_proj = nn.Linear(self.vision_hidden_size, self.num_heads * self.head_dim, bias=False) + self.norm2 = LlamaRMSNorm(self.vision_hidden_size, eps=config.rms_norm_eps) + + def _shape(self, tensor: torch.Tensor, seq_len: int, bsz: int): + return tensor.view(bsz, seq_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2).contiguous() + + def forward( + self, + hidden_states: torch.Tensor, + vision_hidden_states: torch.Tensor, + repeat_time: int = 1, + attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + past_key_value: Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]] = None, + output_attentions: bool = False, + use_cache: bool = False, + ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, Optional[torch.Tensor], Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]]]: + hidden_states = self.norm1(hidden_states) + + bsz, q_len, _ = hidden_states.size() + + query_states = self.q_proj(hidden_states).view(bsz, q_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2) + + vision_hidden_states = self.norm2(vision_hidden_states) + + bs_v, kv_len, _ = vision_hidden_states.size() + + key_states = self.k_proj(vision_hidden_states).view( + bs_v, kv_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2) + value_states = self.v_proj(vision_hidden_states).view( + bs_v, kv_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2) + + key_states = key_states.repeat(repeat_time, 1, 1, 1) + value_states = value_states.repeat(repeat_time, 1, 1, 1) + + kv_seq_len = key_states.shape[-2] + if past_key_value is not None: + kv_seq_len += past_key_value[0].shape[-2] + + if past_key_value is not None: + # reuse k, v, self_attention + key_states = torch.cat([past_key_value[0], key_states], dim=2) + value_states = torch.cat([past_key_value[1], value_states], dim=2) + + past_key_value = (key_states, value_states) if use_cache else None + + attn_weights = torch.matmul(query_states, key_states.transpose(2, 3)) / math.sqrt(self.head_dim) + + if attn_weights.size() != (bsz, self.num_heads, q_len, kv_seq_len): + raise ValueError( + f'Attention weights should be of size {(bsz * self.num_heads, q_len, kv_seq_len)}, but is' + f' {attn_weights.size()}' + ) + + if attention_mask is not None: + if attention_mask.size() != (bsz, 1, q_len, kv_seq_len): + raise ValueError( + f'Attention mask should be of size {(bsz, 1, q_len, kv_seq_len)}, but is {attention_mask.size()}' + ) + attn_weights = attn_weights + attention_mask + attn_weights = torch.max(attn_weights, torch.tensor(torch.finfo(attn_weights.dtype).min)) + + # upcast attention to fp32 + attn_weights = nn.functional.softmax(attn_weights, dim=-1, dtype=torch.float32).to(query_states.dtype) + attn_output = torch.matmul(attn_weights, value_states) + + if attn_output.size() != (bsz, self.num_heads, q_len, self.head_dim): + raise ValueError( + f'`attn_output` should be of size {(bsz, self.num_heads, q_len, self.head_dim)}, but is' + f' {attn_output.size()}' + ) + + attn_output = attn_output.transpose(1, 2) + attn_output = attn_output.reshape(bsz, q_len, self.hidden_size) + + attn_output = self.o_proj(attn_output) + + if not output_attentions: + attn_weights = None + + return attn_output, attn_weights, past_key_value + + +class LlamaDecoderLayer(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config: LlamaConfig, use_cross_attn: bool): + super().__init__() + self.hidden_size = config.hidden_size + self.self_attn = LlamaAttention(config=config) + self.cross_attn = LlamaCrossAttention(config=config) if use_cross_attn else None + self.mlp = LlamaMLP( + hidden_size=self.hidden_size, + intermediate_size=config.intermediate_size, + hidden_act=config.hidden_act, + ) + self.num_query_token = 96 + self.input_layernorm = LlamaRMSNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.rms_norm_eps) + self.post_attention_layernorm = LlamaRMSNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.rms_norm_eps) + + def forward( + self, + hidden_states: torch.Tensor, + vision_hidden_states: torch.Tensor, + attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + position_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None, + past_key_value: Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]] = None, + output_attentions: Optional[bool] = False, + use_cache: Optional[bool] = False, + repeat_time: int = 1, + ) -> Tuple[torch.FloatTensor, Optional[Tuple[torch.FloatTensor, torch.FloatTensor]]]: + """ + Args: + hidden_states (`torch.FloatTensor`): input to the layer of shape `(batch, seq_len, embed_dim)` + attention_mask (`torch.FloatTensor`, *optional*): attention mask of size + `(batch, 1, tgt_len, src_len)` where padding elements are indicated by very large negative values. + output_attentions (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under + returned tensors for more detail. + use_cache (`bool`, *optional*): + If set to `True`, `past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding + (see `past_key_values`). + past_key_value (`Tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, *optional*): cached past key and value projection states + """ + + residual = hidden_states + + hidden_states = self.input_layernorm(hidden_states) + + # Self Attention + hidden_states, self_attn_weights, present_key_value = self.self_attn( + hidden_states=hidden_states, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + position_ids=position_ids, + past_key_value=past_key_value, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + use_cache=use_cache, + ) + hidden_states = residual + hidden_states + + # when using generate function and cache mode, the size of hidden_states is 1, + # so we should not use cross attention + if self.cross_attn is not None and hidden_states.size(1) >= self.num_query_token \ + and vision_hidden_states is not None: + query_feats = hidden_states[:, :self.num_query_token, :] + text_feats = hidden_states[:, self.num_query_token:, :] + residual = query_feats + query_feats, _, _ = self.cross_attn( + hidden_states=query_feats, + vision_hidden_states=vision_hidden_states, + attention_mask=None, # not use attention mask in cross attention + past_key_value=past_key_value, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + use_cache=use_cache, + repeat_time=repeat_time, + ) + query_feats = residual + query_feats + hidden_states = torch.cat([query_feats, text_feats], dim=1) + + # Fully Connected + residual = hidden_states + hidden_states = self.post_attention_layernorm(hidden_states) + hidden_states = self.mlp(hidden_states) + hidden_states = residual + hidden_states + + outputs = (hidden_states,) + + if output_attentions: + outputs += (self_attn_weights,) + + if use_cache: + outputs += (present_key_value,) + + return outputs + + +LLAMA_START_DOCSTRING = r""" + This model inherits from [`PreTrainedModel`]. Check the superclass documentation for the generic methods the + library implements for all its model (such as downloading or saving, resizing the input embeddings, pruning heads + etc.) + + This model is also a PyTorch [torch.nn.Module](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/nn.html#torch.nn.Module) subclass. + Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage + and behavior. + + Parameters: + config ([`LlamaConfig`]): + Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not + load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the + [`~PreTrainedModel.from_pretrained`] method to load the model weights. +""" + + +@add_start_docstrings( + 'The bare LLaMA Model outputting raw hidden-states without any specific head on top.', + LLAMA_START_DOCSTRING, +) +class LlamaPreTrainedModel(PreTrainedModel): + config_class = LlamaConfig + base_model_prefix = 'model' + supports_gradient_checkpointing = True + _no_split_modules = ['LlamaDecoderLayer'] + _keys_to_ignore_on_load_unexpected = [r'decoder\.version'] + + def _init_weights(self, module): + std = self.config.initializer_range + if isinstance(module, nn.Linear): + module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=std) + if module.bias is not None: + module.bias.data.zero_() + elif isinstance(module, nn.Embedding): + module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=std) + if module.padding_idx is not None: + module.weight.data[module.padding_idx].zero_() + + def _set_gradient_checkpointing(self, module, value=False): + if isinstance(module, LlamaModel): + module.gradient_checkpointing = value + if isinstance(module, LlamaDecoderLayer): + module.gradient_checkpointing = value + + +LLAMA_INPUTS_DOCSTRING = r""" + Args: + input_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`): + Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary. Padding will be ignored by default should you provide + it. + + Indices can be obtained using [`AutoTokenizer`]. See [`PreTrainedTokenizer.encode`] and + [`PreTrainedTokenizer.__call__`] for details. + + [What are input IDs?](../glossary#input-ids) + attention_mask (`torch.Tensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, *optional*): + Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`: + + - 1 for tokens that are **not masked**, + - 0 for tokens that are **masked**. + + [What are attention masks?](../glossary#attention-mask) + + Indices can be obtained using [`AutoTokenizer`]. See [`PreTrainedTokenizer.encode`] and + [`PreTrainedTokenizer.__call__`] for details. + + If `past_key_values` is used, optionally only the last `decoder_input_ids` have to be input (see + `past_key_values`). + + If you want to change padding behavior, you should read [`modeling_opt._prepare_decoder_attention_mask`] + and modify to your needs. See diagram 1 in [the paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.13461) for more + information on the default strategy. + + - 1 indicates the head is **not masked**, + - 0 indicates the head is **masked**. + position_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, *optional*): + Indices of positions of each input sequence tokens in the position embeddings. Selected in the range `[0, + config.n_positions - 1]`. + + [What are position IDs?](../glossary#position-ids) + past_key_values (`tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor))`, *optional*, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`): + Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape + `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`) and 2 additional tensors of shape + `(batch_size, num_heads, encoder_sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`. + + Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks and in the cross-attention + blocks) that can be used (see `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding. + + If `past_key_values` are used, the user can optionally input only the last `decoder_input_ids` (those that + don't have their past key value states given to this model) of shape `(batch_size, 1)` instead of all + `decoder_input_ids` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`. + inputs_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`, *optional*): + Optionally, instead of passing `input_ids` you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This + is useful if you want more control over how to convert `input_ids` indices into associated vectors than the + model's internal embedding lookup matrix. + use_cache (`bool`, *optional*): + If set to `True`, `past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see + `past_key_values`). + output_attentions (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned + tensors for more detail. + output_hidden_states (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for + more detail. + return_dict (`bool`, *optional*): + Whether or not to return a [`~utils.ModelOutput`] instead of a plain tuple. +""" + + +@add_start_docstrings( + 'The bare LLaMA Model outputting raw hidden-states without any specific head on top.', + LLAMA_START_DOCSTRING, +) +class LlamaModel(LlamaPreTrainedModel): + """ + Transformer decoder consisting of *config.num_hidden_layers* layers. Each layer is a [`LlamaDecoderLayer`] + + Args: + config: LlamaConfig + """ + + def __init__(self, config: LlamaConfig): + super().__init__(config) + self.padding_idx = config.pad_token_id + self.vocab_size = config.vocab_size + self.cross_attention_frequency = config.cross_attention_frequency + self.num_query_token = config.num_query_token + self.embed_tokens = nn.Embedding(config.vocab_size, config.hidden_size, self.padding_idx) + use_cross_attn = [idx % self.cross_attention_frequency == 0 for idx in range(config.num_hidden_layers)] + self.layers = nn.ModuleList( + [LlamaDecoderLayer(config, use_cross_attn[idx]) for idx in range(config.num_hidden_layers)]) + self.norm = LlamaRMSNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.rms_norm_eps) + self.gradient_checkpointing = False + # Initialize weights and apply final processing + # self.post_init() + + def get_input_embeddings(self): + return self.embed_tokens + + def set_input_embeddings(self, value): + self.embed_tokens = value + + # Copied from transformers.models.bart.modeling_bart.BartDecoder._prepare_decoder_attention_mask + def _prepare_decoder_attention_mask(self, attention_mask, input_shape, inputs_embeds, past_key_values_length): + # create causal mask + # [bsz, seq_len] -> [bsz, 1, tgt_seq_len, src_seq_len] + combined_attention_mask = None + if input_shape[-1] > 1: + combined_attention_mask = _make_causal_mask( + input_shape, + inputs_embeds.dtype, + device=inputs_embeds.device, + past_key_values_length=past_key_values_length, + ) + + if attention_mask is not None: + # [bsz, seq_len] -> [bsz, 1, tgt_seq_len, src_seq_len] + expanded_attn_mask = _expand_mask(attention_mask, inputs_embeds.dtype, tgt_len=input_shape[-1]).to( + inputs_embeds.device + ) + combined_attention_mask = ( + expanded_attn_mask if combined_attention_mask is None else expanded_attn_mask + combined_attention_mask + ) + + return combined_attention_mask + + @add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward(LLAMA_INPUTS_DOCSTRING) + def forward( + self, + input_ids: torch.LongTensor = None, + attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + position_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None, + past_key_values: Optional[List[torch.FloatTensor]] = None, + inputs_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, + vision_hidden_states: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, + repeat_time: Optional[int] = 1, + use_cache: Optional[bool] = None, + output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + use_zero_attention_mask: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, + ) -> Union[Tuple, BaseModelOutputWithPast]: + output_attentions = output_attentions if output_attentions is not None else self.config.output_attentions + output_hidden_states = ( + output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states + ) + use_cache = use_cache if use_cache is not None else self.config.use_cache + return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict + + # retrieve input_ids and inputs_embeds + if input_ids is not None and inputs_embeds is not None: + raise ValueError('You cannot specify both decoder_input_ids and decoder_inputs_embeds at the same time') + elif input_ids is not None: + batch_size, seq_length = input_ids.shape + elif inputs_embeds is not None: + batch_size, seq_length, _ = inputs_embeds.shape + else: + raise ValueError('You have to specify either decoder_input_ids or decoder_inputs_embeds') + seq_length_with_past = seq_length + past_key_values_length = 0 + + if past_key_values is not None: + past_key_values_length = past_key_values[0][0].shape[2] + seq_length_with_past = seq_length_with_past + past_key_values_length + + if position_ids is None: + device = input_ids.device if input_ids is not None else inputs_embeds.device + position_ids = torch.arange( + past_key_values_length, seq_length + past_key_values_length, dtype=torch.long, device=device + ) + position_ids = position_ids.unsqueeze(0).view(-1, seq_length) + else: + position_ids = position_ids.view(-1, seq_length).long() + + if inputs_embeds is None: + inputs_embeds = self.embed_tokens(input_ids) + # embed positions + if attention_mask is None: + attention_mask = torch.ones( + (batch_size, seq_length_with_past), dtype=torch.bool, device=inputs_embeds.device + ) + attention_mask = self._prepare_decoder_attention_mask( + attention_mask, (batch_size, seq_length), inputs_embeds, past_key_values_length + ) + if use_zero_attention_mask: + attention_mask[:, :, :self.num_query_token, :self.num_query_token] = 0 + + hidden_states = inputs_embeds + + if self.gradient_checkpointing and self.training: + if use_cache: + logger.warning_once( + '`use_cache=True` is incompatible with gradient checkpointing. Setting `use_cache=False`...' + ) + use_cache = False + + # decoder layers + all_hidden_states = () if output_hidden_states else None + all_self_attns = () if output_attentions else None + next_decoder_cache = () if use_cache else None + + for idx, decoder_layer in enumerate(self.layers): + if output_hidden_states: + all_hidden_states += (hidden_states,) + + past_key_value = past_key_values[idx] if past_key_values is not None else None + + layer_outputs = decoder_layer( + hidden_states, + vision_hidden_states, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + position_ids=position_ids, + past_key_value=past_key_value, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + use_cache=use_cache, + repeat_time=repeat_time, + ) + + hidden_states = layer_outputs[0] + + if use_cache: + next_decoder_cache += (layer_outputs[2 if output_attentions else 1],) + + if output_attentions: + all_self_attns += (layer_outputs[1],) + + hidden_states = self.norm(hidden_states) + + # add hidden states from the last decoder layer + if output_hidden_states: + all_hidden_states += (hidden_states,) + + next_cache = next_decoder_cache if use_cache else None + if not return_dict: + return tuple(v for v in [hidden_states, next_cache, all_hidden_states, all_self_attns] if v is not None) + return BaseModelOutputWithPast( + last_hidden_state=hidden_states, + past_key_values=next_cache, + hidden_states=all_hidden_states, + attentions=all_self_attns, + ) + + @add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward(LLAMA_INPUTS_DOCSTRING) + def forward_train( + self, + input_ids: torch.LongTensor = None, + attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + position_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None, + past_key_values: Optional[List[torch.FloatTensor]] = None, + inputs_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, + vision_hidden_states: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, + repeat_time: Optional[int] = 1, + use_cache: Optional[bool] = None, + output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, + ) -> Union[Tuple, BaseModelOutputWithPast]: + output_attentions = output_attentions if output_attentions is not None else self.config.output_attentions + output_hidden_states = ( + output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states + ) + use_cache = use_cache if use_cache is not None else self.config.use_cache + + return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict + + # retrieve input_ids and inputs_embeds + if input_ids is not None and inputs_embeds is not None: + raise ValueError('You cannot specify both decoder_input_ids and decoder_inputs_embeds at the same time') + elif input_ids is not None: + batch_size, seq_length = input_ids.shape + elif inputs_embeds is not None: + batch_size, seq_length, _ = inputs_embeds.shape + else: + raise ValueError('You have to specify either decoder_input_ids or decoder_inputs_embeds') + + seq_length_with_past = seq_length + past_key_values_length = 0 + + if past_key_values is not None: + past_key_values_length = past_key_values[0][0].shape[2] + seq_length_with_past = seq_length_with_past + past_key_values_length + + if position_ids is None: + device = input_ids.device if input_ids is not None else inputs_embeds.device + position_ids = torch.arange( + past_key_values_length, seq_length + past_key_values_length, dtype=torch.long, device=device + ) + position_ids = position_ids.unsqueeze(0).view(-1, seq_length) + else: + position_ids = position_ids.view(-1, seq_length).long() + + if inputs_embeds is None: + inputs_embeds = self.embed_tokens(input_ids) + # embed positions + # if attention_mask is None: + # attention_mask = torch.ones( + # (batch_size, seq_length_with_past), dtype=torch.bool, device=inputs_embeds.device + # ) + # attention_mask = self._prepare_decoder_attention_mask( + # attention_mask, (batch_size, seq_length), inputs_embeds, past_key_values_length + # ) + hidden_states = inputs_embeds + + if self.gradient_checkpointing and self.training: + if use_cache: + logger.warning_once( + '`use_cache=True` is incompatible with gradient checkpointing. Setting `use_cache=False`...' + ) + use_cache = False + + # decoder layers + all_hidden_states = () if output_hidden_states else None + all_self_attns = () if output_attentions else None + next_decoder_cache = () if use_cache else None + + for idx, decoder_layer in enumerate(self.layers): + if output_hidden_states: + all_hidden_states += (hidden_states,) + + past_key_value = past_key_values[idx] if past_key_values is not None else None + + if self.gradient_checkpointing and self.training: + + def create_custom_forward(module): + def custom_forward(*inputs): + # None for past_key_value + return module(*inputs, output_attentions, None, repeat_time) + + return custom_forward + + layer_outputs = torch.utils.checkpoint.checkpoint( + create_custom_forward(decoder_layer), + hidden_states, + vision_hidden_states, + attention_mask, + position_ids, + None, + ) + else: + layer_outputs = decoder_layer( + hidden_states, + vision_hidden_states, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + position_ids=position_ids, + past_key_value=past_key_value, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + use_cache=use_cache, + repeat_time=repeat_time, + ) + + hidden_states = layer_outputs[0] + + if use_cache: + next_decoder_cache += (layer_outputs[2 if output_attentions else 1],) + + if output_attentions: + all_self_attns += (layer_outputs[1],) + + hidden_states = self.norm(hidden_states) + + # add hidden states from the last decoder layer + if output_hidden_states: + all_hidden_states += (hidden_states,) + + next_cache = next_decoder_cache if use_cache else None + if not return_dict: + return tuple(v for v in [hidden_states, next_cache, all_hidden_states, all_self_attns] if v is not None) + return BaseModelOutputWithPast( + last_hidden_state=hidden_states, + past_key_values=next_cache, + hidden_states=all_hidden_states, + attentions=all_self_attns, + ) + + +class LlamaForCausalLM(LlamaPreTrainedModel): + def __init__(self, config): + super().__init__(config) + self.model = LlamaModel(config) + + self.lm_head = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.vocab_size, bias=False) + + # Initialize weights and apply final processing + # self.post_init() + + def get_input_embeddings(self): + return self.model.embed_tokens + + def set_input_embeddings(self, value): + self.model.embed_tokens = value + + def get_output_embeddings(self): + return self.lm_head + + def set_output_embeddings(self, new_embeddings): + self.lm_head = new_embeddings + + def set_decoder(self, decoder): + self.model = decoder + + def get_decoder(self): + return self.model + + @add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward(LLAMA_INPUTS_DOCSTRING) + @replace_return_docstrings(output_type=CausalLMOutputWithPast, config_class=_CONFIG_FOR_DOC) + def forward( + self, + input_ids: torch.LongTensor = None, + attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + position_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None, + past_key_values: Optional[List[torch.FloatTensor]] = None, + inputs_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, + vision_hidden_states: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, + labels: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None, + use_cache: Optional[bool] = None, + output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None, + output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, + use_zero_attention_mask: Optional[bool] = None, + return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, + ) -> Union[Tuple, CausalLMOutputWithPast]: + r""" + Args: + labels (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, *optional*): + Labels for computing the masked language modeling loss. Indices should either be in `[0, ..., + config.vocab_size]` or -100 (see `input_ids` docstring). Tokens with indices set to `-100` are ignored + (masked), the loss is only computed for the tokens with labels in `[0, ..., config.vocab_size]`. + + Returns: + + Example: + + ```python + >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, LlamaForCausalLM + + >>> model = LlamaForCausalLM.from_pretrained(PATH_TO_CONVERTED_WEIGHTS) + >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(PATH_TO_CONVERTED_TOKENIZER) + + >>> prompt = "Hey, are you consciours? Can you talk to me?" + >>> inputs = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt") + + >>> # Generate + >>> generate_ids = model.generate(inputs.input_ids, max_length=30) + >>> tokenizer.batch_decode(generate_ids, skip_special_tokens=True, clean_up_tokenization_spaces=False)[0] + "Hey, are you consciours? Can you talk to me?\nI'm not consciours, but I can talk to you." + ```""" + + output_attentions = output_attentions if output_attentions is not None else self.config.output_attentions + output_hidden_states = ( + output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states + ) + return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict + + # decoder outputs consists of (dec_features, layer_state, dec_hidden, dec_attn) + outputs = self.model( + input_ids=input_ids, + attention_mask=attention_mask, + position_ids=position_ids, + past_key_values=past_key_values, + inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds, + vision_hidden_states=vision_hidden_states, + use_cache=use_cache, + output_attentions=output_attentions, + output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, + return_dict=return_dict, + use_zero_attention_mask=use_zero_attention_mask, + ) + + hidden_states = outputs[0] + logits = self.lm_head(hidden_states) + + loss = None + if labels is not None: + # Shift so that tokens < n predict n + shift_logits = logits[..., :-1, :].contiguous() + shift_labels = labels[..., 1:].contiguous() + # Flatten the tokens + loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss() + shift_logits = shift_logits.view(-1, self.config.vocab_size) + shift_labels = shift_labels.view(-1) + # Enable model parallelism + shift_labels = shift_labels.to(shift_logits.device) + loss = loss_fct(shift_logits, shift_labels) + + if not return_dict: + output = (logits,) + outputs[1:] + return (loss,) + output if loss is not None else output + + return CausalLMOutputWithPast( + loss=loss, + logits=logits, + past_key_values=outputs.past_key_values, + hidden_states=outputs.hidden_states, + attentions=outputs.attentions, + ) + + def prepare_inputs_for_generation( + self, input_ids, past_key_values=None, attention_mask=None, inputs_embeds=None, + vision_hidden_states=None, use_zero_attention_mask=None, **kwargs + ): + if past_key_values: + input_ids = input_ids[:, -1:] + + position_ids = kwargs.get('position_ids', None) + if attention_mask is not None and position_ids is None: + # create position_ids on the fly for batch generation + position_ids = attention_mask.long().cumsum(-1) - 1 + position_ids.masked_fill_(attention_mask == 0, 1) + if past_key_values: + position_ids = position_ids[:, -1].unsqueeze(-1) + + # if `inputs_embeds` are passed, we only want to use them in the 1st generation step + if inputs_embeds is not None and past_key_values is None: + model_inputs = {'inputs_embeds': inputs_embeds} + else: + model_inputs = {'input_ids': input_ids} + + model_inputs.update( + { + 'position_ids': position_ids, + 'past_key_values': past_key_values, + 'use_cache': kwargs.get('use_cache'), + 'attention_mask': attention_mask, + 'vision_hidden_states': vision_hidden_states, + 'use_zero_attention_mask': use_zero_attention_mask, + } + ) + return model_inputs + + @staticmethod + def _reorder_cache(past_key_values, beam_idx): + reordered_past = () + for layer_past in past_key_values: + reordered_past += (tuple(past_state.index_select(0, beam_idx) for past_state in layer_past),) + return reordered_past diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_projector/__pycache__/builder.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_projector/__pycache__/builder.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..75de5fcb306469f2716faa42bb38503d9ad99e8c Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_projector/__pycache__/builder.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_projector/builder.py b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_projector/builder.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6cd1aa3519869e2ca0fc20758439be6201317c38 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/model/multimodal_projector/builder.py @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import re + + +class IdentityMap(nn.Module): + def __init__(self): + super().__init__() + + def forward(self, x, *args, **kwargs): + return x + + @property + def config(self): + return {"mm_projector_type": 'identity'} + + +class SimpleResBlock(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, channels): + super().__init__() + self.pre_norm = nn.LayerNorm(channels) + + self.proj = nn.Sequential( + nn.Linear(channels, channels), + nn.GELU(), + nn.Linear(channels, channels) + ) + def forward(self, x): + x = self.pre_norm(x) + return x + self.proj(x) + + +class TwoMLP(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, config): + super().__init__() + self.vit_hidden_size = 3200 + self.mlp1 = nn.Sequential( + nn.Linear(self.vit_hidden_size, config.hidden_size), + nn.GELU(), + nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size), + ) + self.mlp2 = nn.Sequential( + nn.Linear(config.mm_hidden_size, config.hidden_size), + nn.GELU(), + nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size), + ) + + def forward(self, inputs): + images, queries = inputs + images = self.mlp1(images) + queries = self.mlp2(queries) + out = torch.cat([queries, images], dim=1) + assert out.size(1) == 576 + 96, f"Expected 576+96, got {out.size(1)}" + + return out + + +def build_vision_projector(config, delay_load=False, **kwargs): + projector_type = getattr(config, 'mm_projector_type', 'linear') + + if projector_type == 'linear': + return nn.Linear(config.mm_hidden_size, config.hidden_size) + + mlp_gelu_match = re.match(r'^mlp(\d+)x_gelu*', projector_type) + use_ln = "ln" in projector_type + print("use LN for projection: ", use_ln) + if mlp_gelu_match: + mlp_depth = int(mlp_gelu_match.group(1)) + modules = [] + if use_ln: + modules.append(nn.LayerNorm(config.mm_hidden_size)) + modules.append(nn.Linear(config.mm_hidden_size, config.hidden_size)) + for _ in range(1, mlp_depth): + modules.append(nn.GELU()) + modules.append(nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size)) + return nn.Sequential(*modules) + + if projector_type == 'identity': + return IdentityMap() + + if projector_type == 'two_mlp': + return TwoMLP(config) + + raise ValueError(f'Unknown projector type: {projector_type}') diff --git a/VISTA/llava/serve/__init__.py b/VISTA/llava/serve/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 diff --git a/VISTA/llava/serve/cli.py b/VISTA/llava/serve/cli.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9898e77e9b0a0743cfff83e71e7d87f1242ead60 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/serve/cli.py @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +import argparse +import torch + +from llava.constants import IMAGE_TOKEN_INDEX, DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN, DEFAULT_IM_START_TOKEN, DEFAULT_IM_END_TOKEN +from llava.conversation import conv_templates, SeparatorStyle +from llava.model.builder import load_pretrained_model +from llava.utils import disable_torch_init +from llava.mm_utils import process_images, tokenizer_image_token, get_model_name_from_path, KeywordsStoppingCriteria + +from PIL import Image + +import requests +from PIL import Image +from io import BytesIO +from transformers import TextStreamer + + +def load_image(image_file): + if image_file.startswith('http://') or image_file.startswith('https://'): + response = requests.get(image_file) + image = Image.open(BytesIO(response.content)).convert('RGB') + else: + image = Image.open(image_file).convert('RGB') + return image + + +def main(args): + # Model + disable_torch_init() + + model_name = get_model_name_from_path(args.model_path) + tokenizer, model, image_processor, context_len = load_pretrained_model(args.model_path, args.model_base, model_name, args.load_8bit, args.load_4bit, device=args.device) + + if 'llama-2' in model_name.lower(): + conv_mode = "llava_llama_2" + elif "v1" in model_name.lower(): + conv_mode = "llava_v1" + elif "mpt" in model_name.lower(): + conv_mode = "mpt" + else: + conv_mode = "llava_v0" + + if args.conv_mode is not None and conv_mode != args.conv_mode: + print('[WARNING] the auto inferred conversation mode is {}, while `--conv-mode` is {}, using {}'.format(conv_mode, args.conv_mode, args.conv_mode)) + else: + args.conv_mode = conv_mode + + conv = conv_templates[args.conv_mode].copy() + if "mpt" in model_name.lower(): + roles = ('user', 'assistant') + else: + roles = conv.roles + + image = load_image(args.image_file) + # Similar operation in model_worker.py + image_tensor = process_images([image], image_processor, args) + if type(image_tensor) is list: + image_tensor = [image.to(model.device, dtype=torch.float16) for image in image_tensor] + else: + image_tensor = image_tensor.to(model.device, dtype=torch.float16) + + while True: + try: + inp = input(f"{roles[0]}: ") + except EOFError: + inp = "" + if not inp: + print("exit...") + break + + print(f"{roles[1]}: ", end="") + + if image is not None: + # first message + if model.config.mm_use_im_start_end: + inp = DEFAULT_IM_START_TOKEN + DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN + DEFAULT_IM_END_TOKEN + '\n' + inp + else: + inp = DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN + '\n' + inp + conv.append_message(conv.roles[0], inp) + image = None + else: + # later messages + conv.append_message(conv.roles[0], inp) + conv.append_message(conv.roles[1], None) + prompt = conv.get_prompt() + + input_ids = tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer, IMAGE_TOKEN_INDEX, return_tensors='pt').unsqueeze(0).cuda() + stop_str = conv.sep if conv.sep_style != SeparatorStyle.TWO else conv.sep2 + keywords = [stop_str] + stopping_criteria = KeywordsStoppingCriteria(keywords, tokenizer, input_ids) + streamer = TextStreamer(tokenizer, skip_prompt=True, skip_special_tokens=True) + + with torch.inference_mode(): + output_ids = model.generate( + input_ids, + images=image_tensor, + do_sample=True, + temperature=args.temperature, + max_new_tokens=args.max_new_tokens, + streamer=streamer, + use_cache=True, + stopping_criteria=[stopping_criteria]) + + outputs = tokenizer.decode(output_ids[0, input_ids.shape[1]:]).strip() + conv.messages[-1][-1] = outputs + + if args.debug: + print("\n", {"prompt": prompt, "outputs": outputs}, "\n") + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument("--model-path", type=str, default="facebook/opt-350m") + parser.add_argument("--model-base", type=str, default=None) + parser.add_argument("--image-file", type=str, required=True) + parser.add_argument("--device", type=str, default="cuda") + parser.add_argument("--conv-mode", type=str, default=None) + parser.add_argument("--temperature", type=float, default=0.2) + parser.add_argument("--max-new-tokens", type=int, default=512) + parser.add_argument("--load-8bit", action="store_true") + parser.add_argument("--load-4bit", action="store_true") + parser.add_argument("--debug", action="store_true") + parser.add_argument("--image-aspect-ratio", type=str, default='pad') + args = parser.parse_args() + main(args) diff --git a/VISTA/llava/serve/controller.py b/VISTA/llava/serve/controller.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b61fca6ea9fe8aa37acd143784a3d76e90a58b9f --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/serve/controller.py @@ -0,0 +1,298 @@ +""" +A controller manages distributed workers. +It sends worker addresses to clients. +""" +import argparse +import asyncio +import dataclasses +from enum import Enum, auto +import json +import logging +import time +from typing import List, Union +import threading + +from fastapi import FastAPI, Request +from fastapi.responses import StreamingResponse +import numpy as np +import requests +import uvicorn + +from llava.constants import CONTROLLER_HEART_BEAT_EXPIRATION +from llava.utils import build_logger, server_error_msg + + +logger = build_logger("controller", "controller.log") + + +class DispatchMethod(Enum): + LOTTERY = auto() + SHORTEST_QUEUE = auto() + + @classmethod + def from_str(cls, name): + if name == "lottery": + return cls.LOTTERY + elif name == "shortest_queue": + return cls.SHORTEST_QUEUE + else: + raise ValueError(f"Invalid dispatch method") + + +@dataclasses.dataclass +class WorkerInfo: + model_names: List[str] + speed: int + queue_length: int + check_heart_beat: bool + last_heart_beat: str + + +def heart_beat_controller(controller): + while True: + time.sleep(CONTROLLER_HEART_BEAT_EXPIRATION) + controller.remove_stable_workers_by_expiration() + + +class Controller: + def __init__(self, dispatch_method: str): + # Dict[str -> WorkerInfo] + self.worker_info = {} + self.dispatch_method = DispatchMethod.from_str(dispatch_method) + + self.heart_beat_thread = threading.Thread( + target=heart_beat_controller, args=(self,)) + self.heart_beat_thread.start() + + logger.info("Init controller") + + def register_worker(self, worker_name: str, check_heart_beat: bool, + worker_status: dict): + if worker_name not in self.worker_info: + logger.info(f"Register a new worker: {worker_name}") + else: + logger.info(f"Register an existing worker: {worker_name}") + + if not worker_status: + worker_status = self.get_worker_status(worker_name) + if not worker_status: + return False + + self.worker_info[worker_name] = WorkerInfo( + worker_status["model_names"], worker_status["speed"], worker_status["queue_length"], + check_heart_beat, time.time()) + + logger.info(f"Register done: {worker_name}, {worker_status}") + return True + + def get_worker_status(self, worker_name: str): + try: + r = requests.post(worker_name + "/worker_get_status", timeout=5) + except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e: + logger.error(f"Get status fails: {worker_name}, {e}") + return None + + if r.status_code != 200: + logger.error(f"Get status fails: {worker_name}, {r}") + return None + + return r.json() + + def remove_worker(self, worker_name: str): + del self.worker_info[worker_name] + + def refresh_all_workers(self): + old_info = dict(self.worker_info) + self.worker_info = {} + + for w_name, w_info in old_info.items(): + if not self.register_worker(w_name, w_info.check_heart_beat, None): + logger.info(f"Remove stale worker: {w_name}") + + def list_models(self): + model_names = set() + + for w_name, w_info in self.worker_info.items(): + model_names.update(w_info.model_names) + + return list(model_names) + + def get_worker_address(self, model_name: str): + if self.dispatch_method == DispatchMethod.LOTTERY: + worker_names = [] + worker_speeds = [] + for w_name, w_info in self.worker_info.items(): + if model_name in w_info.model_names: + worker_names.append(w_name) + worker_speeds.append(w_info.speed) + worker_speeds = np.array(worker_speeds, dtype=np.float32) + norm = np.sum(worker_speeds) + if norm < 1e-4: + return "" + worker_speeds = worker_speeds / norm + if True: # Directly return address + pt = np.random.choice(np.arange(len(worker_names)), + p=worker_speeds) + worker_name = worker_names[pt] + return worker_name + + # Check status before returning + while True: + pt = np.random.choice(np.arange(len(worker_names)), + p=worker_speeds) + worker_name = worker_names[pt] + + if self.get_worker_status(worker_name): + break + else: + self.remove_worker(worker_name) + worker_speeds[pt] = 0 + norm = np.sum(worker_speeds) + if norm < 1e-4: + return "" + worker_speeds = worker_speeds / norm + continue + return worker_name + elif self.dispatch_method == DispatchMethod.SHORTEST_QUEUE: + worker_names = [] + worker_qlen = [] + for w_name, w_info in self.worker_info.items(): + if model_name in w_info.model_names: + worker_names.append(w_name) + worker_qlen.append(w_info.queue_length / w_info.speed) + if len(worker_names) == 0: + return "" + min_index = np.argmin(worker_qlen) + w_name = worker_names[min_index] + self.worker_info[w_name].queue_length += 1 + logger.info(f"names: {worker_names}, queue_lens: {worker_qlen}, ret: {w_name}") + return w_name + else: + raise ValueError(f"Invalid dispatch method: {self.dispatch_method}") + + def receive_heart_beat(self, worker_name: str, queue_length: int): + if worker_name not in self.worker_info: + logger.info(f"Receive unknown heart beat. {worker_name}") + return False + + self.worker_info[worker_name].queue_length = queue_length + self.worker_info[worker_name].last_heart_beat = time.time() + logger.info(f"Receive heart beat. {worker_name}") + return True + + def remove_stable_workers_by_expiration(self): + expire = time.time() - CONTROLLER_HEART_BEAT_EXPIRATION + to_delete = [] + for worker_name, w_info in self.worker_info.items(): + if w_info.check_heart_beat and w_info.last_heart_beat < expire: + to_delete.append(worker_name) + + for worker_name in to_delete: + self.remove_worker(worker_name) + + def worker_api_generate_stream(self, params): + worker_addr = self.get_worker_address(params["model"]) + if not worker_addr: + logger.info(f"no worker: {params['model']}") + ret = { + "text": server_error_msg, + "error_code": 2, + } + yield json.dumps(ret).encode() + b"\0" + + try: + response = requests.post(worker_addr + "/worker_generate_stream", + json=params, stream=True, timeout=5) + for chunk in response.iter_lines(decode_unicode=False, delimiter=b"\0"): + if chunk: + yield chunk + b"\0" + except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e: + logger.info(f"worker timeout: {worker_addr}") + ret = { + "text": server_error_msg, + "error_code": 3, + } + yield json.dumps(ret).encode() + b"\0" + + + # Let the controller act as a worker to achieve hierarchical + # management. This can be used to connect isolated sub networks. + def worker_api_get_status(self): + model_names = set() + speed = 0 + queue_length = 0 + + for w_name in self.worker_info: + worker_status = self.get_worker_status(w_name) + if worker_status is not None: + model_names.update(worker_status["model_names"]) + speed += worker_status["speed"] + queue_length += worker_status["queue_length"] + + return { + "model_names": list(model_names), + "speed": speed, + "queue_length": queue_length, + } + + +app = FastAPI() + + +@app.post("/register_worker") +async def register_worker(request: Request): + data = await request.json() + controller.register_worker( + data["worker_name"], data["check_heart_beat"], + data.get("worker_status", None)) + + +@app.post("/refresh_all_workers") +async def refresh_all_workers(): + models = controller.refresh_all_workers() + + +@app.post("/list_models") +async def list_models(): + models = controller.list_models() + return {"models": models} + + +@app.post("/get_worker_address") +async def get_worker_address(request: Request): + data = await request.json() + addr = controller.get_worker_address(data["model"]) + return {"address": addr} + + +@app.post("/receive_heart_beat") +async def receive_heart_beat(request: Request): + data = await request.json() + exist = controller.receive_heart_beat( + data["worker_name"], data["queue_length"]) + return {"exist": exist} + + +@app.post("/worker_generate_stream") +async def worker_api_generate_stream(request: Request): + params = await request.json() + generator = controller.worker_api_generate_stream(params) + return StreamingResponse(generator) + + +@app.post("/worker_get_status") +async def worker_api_get_status(request: Request): + return controller.worker_api_get_status() + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument("--host", type=str, default="localhost") + parser.add_argument("--port", type=int, default=21001) + parser.add_argument("--dispatch-method", type=str, choices=[ + "lottery", "shortest_queue"], default="shortest_queue") + args = parser.parse_args() + logger.info(f"args: {args}") + + controller = Controller(args.dispatch_method) + uvicorn.run(app, host=args.host, port=args.port, log_level="info") diff --git a/VISTA/llava/serve/examples/extreme_ironing.jpg b/VISTA/llava/serve/examples/extreme_ironing.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..638b078837f175039b2db49a63821288d9681daa Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/serve/examples/extreme_ironing.jpg differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/serve/examples/img1.jpg b/VISTA/llava/serve/examples/img1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de49b0b0ad7c70c159bfb7ab9f5d61aa6607b01c Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/serve/examples/img1.jpg differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/serve/examples/img4.jpg b/VISTA/llava/serve/examples/img4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3ab8f39119447776df688fc54349678529c171b2 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/serve/examples/img4.jpg differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/serve/examples/img5.jpg b/VISTA/llava/serve/examples/img5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1665b61b8dbadfb30d75362a9b58b66e3cc17d33 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/serve/examples/img5.jpg differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/serve/examples/img6.jpg b/VISTA/llava/serve/examples/img6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ca796f754ad181fed4dc0166817488540adce8c Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/serve/examples/img6.jpg differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/serve/examples/waterview.jpg b/VISTA/llava/serve/examples/waterview.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f44ebaba1aa493b8bab3baa4e827b76752b1869 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/llava/serve/examples/waterview.jpg differ diff --git a/VISTA/llava/serve/gradio_web_server.py b/VISTA/llava/serve/gradio_web_server.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86034a85007df3e6f08528344c77489df7e70212 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/serve/gradio_web_server.py @@ -0,0 +1,455 @@ +import argparse +import datetime +import json +import os +import time + +import gradio as gr +import requests +import random +from llava.conversation import (default_conversation, conv_templates, + SeparatorStyle) +from llava.constants import LOGDIR +from llava.utils import (build_logger, server_error_msg, + violates_moderation, moderation_msg) +import hashlib + + +logger = build_logger("gradio_web_server", "gradio_web_server.log") + +headers = {"User-Agent": "InternVL-Chat Client"} + +no_change_btn = gr.Button.update() +enable_btn = gr.Button.update(interactive=True) +disable_btn = gr.Button.update(interactive=False) + +priority = { + "vicuna-13b": "aaaaaaa", + "koala-13b": "aaaaaab", +} + + +def get_conv_log_filename(): + t = datetime.datetime.now() + name = os.path.join(LOGDIR, f"{t.year}-{t.month:02d}-{t.day:02d}-conv.json") + return name + + +def sort_models(models): + def custom_sort_key(model_name): + # InternVL-Chat-V1-5 should be the first item + if model_name == "InternVL-Chat-V1-5": + return (1, model_name) # 1 indicates highest precedence + else: + return (0, model_name) # 0 indicates normal order + + models.sort(key=custom_sort_key, reverse=True) + try: # We have five InternVL-Chat-V1-5 models, randomly choose one to be the first + first_three = models[:6] + random.shuffle(first_three) + models[:6] = first_three + except: + pass + return models + + +def get_model_list(): + ret = requests.post(args.controller_url + "/refresh_all_workers") + assert ret.status_code == 200 + ret = requests.post(args.controller_url + "/list_models") + models = ret.json()["models"] + models = sort_models(models) + + logger.info(f"Models: {models}") + return models + + +get_window_url_params = """ +function() { + const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); + url_params = Object.fromEntries(params); + console.log(url_params); + return url_params; + } +""" + + +def load_demo(url_params, request: gr.Request): + logger.info(f"load_demo. ip: {request.client.host}. params: {url_params}") + + dropdown_update = gr.Dropdown.update(visible=True) + if "model" in url_params: + model = url_params["model"] + if model in models: + dropdown_update = gr.Dropdown.update( + value=model, visible=True) + + state = default_conversation.copy() + return state, dropdown_update + + +def load_demo_refresh_model_list(request: gr.Request): + logger.info(f"load_demo. ip: {request.client.host}") + models = get_model_list() + state = default_conversation.copy() + dropdown_update = gr.Dropdown.update( + choices=models, + value=models[0] if len(models) > 0 else "" + ) + return state, dropdown_update + + +def vote_last_response(state, vote_type, model_selector, request: gr.Request): + with open(get_conv_log_filename(), "a") as fout: + data = { + "tstamp": round(time.time(), 4), + "type": vote_type, + "model": model_selector, + "state": state.dict(), + "ip": request.client.host, + } + fout.write(json.dumps(data) + "\n") + + +def upvote_last_response(state, model_selector, request: gr.Request): + logger.info(f"upvote. ip: {request.client.host}") + vote_last_response(state, "upvote", model_selector, request) + return ("",) + (disable_btn,) * 3 + + +def downvote_last_response(state, model_selector, request: gr.Request): + logger.info(f"downvote. ip: {request.client.host}") + vote_last_response(state, "downvote", model_selector, request) + return ("",) + (disable_btn,) * 3 + + +def flag_last_response(state, model_selector, request: gr.Request): + logger.info(f"flag. ip: {request.client.host}") + vote_last_response(state, "flag", model_selector, request) + return ("",) + (disable_btn,) * 3 + + +def regenerate(state, image_process_mode, request: gr.Request): + logger.info(f"regenerate. ip: {request.client.host}") + state.messages[-1][-1] = None + prev_human_msg = state.messages[-2] + if type(prev_human_msg[1]) in (tuple, list): + prev_human_msg[1] = (*prev_human_msg[1][:2], image_process_mode) + state.skip_next = False + return (state, state.to_gradio_chatbot(), "", None) + (disable_btn,) * 5 + + +def clear_history(request: gr.Request): + logger.info(f"clear_history. ip: {request.client.host}") + state = default_conversation.copy() + return (state, state.to_gradio_chatbot(), "", None) + (disable_btn,) * 5 + + +def add_text(state, text, image, image_process_mode, request: gr.Request): + logger.info(f"add_text. ip: {request.client.host}. len: {len(text)}") + if len(text) <= 0 and image is None: + state.skip_next = True + return (state, state.to_gradio_chatbot(), "", None) + (no_change_btn,) * 5 + if args.moderate: + flagged = violates_moderation(text) + if flagged: + state.skip_next = True + return (state, state.to_gradio_chatbot(), moderation_msg, None) + ( + no_change_btn,) * 5 + + if image is not None: + if '' not in text: + text = '\n' + text + text = (text, image, image_process_mode) + if len(state.get_images(return_pil=True)) > 0: + state = default_conversation.copy() + state.append_message(state.roles[0], text) + state.append_message(state.roles[1], None) + state.skip_next = False + return (state, state.to_gradio_chatbot(), "", None) + (disable_btn,) * 5 + + +def http_bot(state, model_selector, temperature, top_p, max_new_tokens, max_input_tiles, request: gr.Request): + logger.info(f"http_bot. ip: {request.client.host}") + start_tstamp = time.time() + model_name = model_selector + + if hasattr(state, 'skip_next') and state.skip_next: + # This generate call is skipped due to invalid inputs + yield (state, state.to_gradio_chatbot()) + (no_change_btn,) * 5 + return + + if len(state.messages) == state.offset + 2: + # First round of conversation + if "llava" in model_name.lower(): + if 'llama-2' in model_name.lower(): + template_name = "llava_llama_2" + elif "v1" in model_name.lower(): + if 'mmtag' in model_name.lower(): + template_name = "v1_mmtag" + elif 'plain' in model_name.lower() and 'finetune' not in model_name.lower(): + template_name = "v1_mmtag" + else: + template_name = "llava_v1" + elif "mpt" in model_name.lower(): + template_name = "mpt" + else: + if 'mmtag' in model_name.lower(): + template_name = "v0_mmtag" + elif 'plain' in model_name.lower() and 'finetune' not in model_name.lower(): + template_name = "v0_mmtag" + else: + template_name = "llava_v0" + elif "intern" in model_name.lower(): + if any(x in model_name.lower() for x in ["hermes2", "v1-2", "v1_2"]): + template_name = "Hermes-2" + elif any(x in model_name.lower() for x in ["internlm2", "v1-5", "v1_5"]): + template_name = "internlm2-chat" + elif any(x in model_name.lower() for x in ["chinese", "v1-1", "v1_1"]): + template_name = "internvl_zh" + else: + template_name = "llava_v1" + elif "mpt" in model_name: + template_name = "mpt_text" + elif "llama-2" in model_name: + template_name = "llama_2" + else: + template_name = "vicuna_v1" + logger.info(f"template: {template_name}") + new_state = conv_templates[template_name].copy() + new_state.append_message(new_state.roles[0], state.messages[-2][1]) + new_state.append_message(new_state.roles[1], None) + state = new_state + + # Query worker address + controller_url = args.controller_url + ret = requests.post(controller_url + "/get_worker_address", + json={"model": model_name}) + worker_addr = ret.json()["address"] + logger.info(f"model_name: {model_name}, worker_addr: {worker_addr}") + + # No available worker + if worker_addr == "": + state.messages[-1][-1] = server_error_msg + yield (state, state.to_gradio_chatbot(), disable_btn, disable_btn, disable_btn, enable_btn, enable_btn) + return + + # Construct prompt + prompt = state.get_prompt() + + all_images = state.get_images(return_pil=True) + all_image_hash = [hashlib.md5(image.tobytes()).hexdigest() for image in all_images] + for image, hash in zip(all_images, all_image_hash): + t = datetime.datetime.now() + filename = os.path.join(LOGDIR, "serve_images", f"{t.year}-{t.month:02d}-{t.day:02d}", f"{hash}.jpg") + if not os.path.isfile(filename): + os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(filename), exist_ok=True) + image.save(filename) + + # Make requests + pload = { + "model": model_name, + "prompt": prompt, + "temperature": float(temperature), + "top_p": float(top_p), + "max_new_tokens": max_new_tokens, + "max_input_tiles": max_input_tiles, + "stop": state.sep if state.sep_style in [SeparatorStyle.SINGLE, SeparatorStyle.MPT] else state.sep2, + "images": f'List of {len(state.get_images())} images: {all_image_hash}', + "org_images": f'List of {len(state.get_images(return_org=True))} images: {all_image_hash}', + } + logger.info(f"==== request ====\n{pload}") + + pload['images'] = state.get_images() + pload['org_images'] = state.get_images(return_org=True) + + state.messages[-1][-1] = "▌" + yield (state, state.to_gradio_chatbot()) + (disable_btn,) * 5 + + try: + # Stream output + response = requests.post(worker_addr + "/worker_generate_stream", + headers=headers, json=pload, stream=True, timeout=10) + for chunk in response.iter_lines(decode_unicode=False, delimiter=b"\0"): + if chunk: + data = json.loads(chunk.decode()) + if data["error_code"] == 0: + output = data["text"][len(prompt):].strip() + state.messages[-1][-1] = output + "▌" + yield (state, state.to_gradio_chatbot()) + (disable_btn,) * 5 + else: + output = data["text"] + f" (error_code: {data['error_code']})" + state.messages[-1][-1] = output + yield (state, state.to_gradio_chatbot()) + (disable_btn, disable_btn, disable_btn, enable_btn, enable_btn) + return + time.sleep(0.03) + except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e: + state.messages[-1][-1] = server_error_msg + yield (state, state.to_gradio_chatbot()) + (disable_btn, disable_btn, disable_btn, enable_btn, enable_btn) + return + + state.messages[-1][-1] = state.messages[-1][-1][:-1] + yield (state, state.to_gradio_chatbot()) + (enable_btn,) * 5 + + finish_tstamp = time.time() + logger.info(f"{output}") + + with open(get_conv_log_filename(), "a") as fout: + data = { + "tstamp": round(finish_tstamp, 4), + "type": "chat", + "model": model_name, + "start": round(start_tstamp, 4), + "finish": round(start_tstamp, 4), + "state": state.dict(), + "images": all_image_hash, + "ip": request.client.host, + } + fout.write(json.dumps(data) + "\n") + +title_markdown = (""" +# InternVL Family: A Pioneering Open-Source Alternative to GPT-4V [CVPR 2024 Oral] +💻 [[Code](https://github.com/OpenGVLab/InternVL)] | 📚 [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.14238)] | 🌟 [[Quick Start](https://github.com/OpenGVLab/InternVL?tab=readme-ov-file#quick-start-with-huggingface)] ｜ 🤗 [[Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/OpenGVLab/InternVL-Chat-V1-5)] +""") + +tos_markdown = (""" +### Terms of use +By using this service, users are required to agree to the following terms: +The service is a research preview intended for non-commercial use only. It only provides limited safety measures and may generate offensive content. It must not be used for any illegal, harmful, violent, racist, or sexual purposes. The service may collect user dialogue data for future research. +Please click the "Flag" button if you get any inappropriate answer! We will collect those to keep improving our moderator. +For an optimal experience, please use desktop computers for this demo, as mobile devices may compromise its quality. +""") + + +learn_more_markdown = (""" +### License +The service is a research preview intended for non-commercial use only, subject to the model [License](https://github.com/facebookresearch/llama/blob/main/MODEL_CARD.md) of LLaMA, [Terms of Use](https://openai.com/policies/terms-of-use) of the data generated by OpenAI, and [Privacy Practices](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/sharegpt-share-your-chatg/daiacboceoaocpibfodeljbdfacokfjb) of ShareGPT. Please contact us if you find any potential violation. + +### Acknowledgement +This demo is modified from LLaVA's demo. Thanks for their awesome work! +""") + +block_css = """ + +#buttons button { + min-width: min(120px,100%); +} + +""" + +def build_demo(embed_mode): + textbox = gr.Textbox(show_label=False, placeholder="Enter text and press ENTER", container=False) + with gr.Blocks(title="InternVL-Chat", theme=gr.themes.Default(), css=block_css) as demo: + state = gr.State() + + if not embed_mode: + gr.Markdown(title_markdown) + + with gr.Row(): + with gr.Column(scale=3): + with gr.Row(elem_id="model_selector_row"): + model_selector = gr.Dropdown( + choices=models, + value=models[0] if len(models) > 0 else "", + interactive=True, + show_label=False, + container=False) + + imagebox = gr.Image(type="pil") + image_process_mode = gr.Radio( + ["Crop", "Resize", "Pad", "Default"], + value="Default", + label="Preprocess for non-square image", visible=False) + + cur_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)) + gr.Examples(examples=[ + [f"{cur_dir}/examples/img1.jpg", "What does this image mean"], + [f"{cur_dir}/examples/img3.jpg", "Describe this image in detail"], + [f"{cur_dir}/examples/img5.jpg", "Please read the text in this image and return the information in the JSON format"], + [f"{cur_dir}/examples/img6.jpg", "How many dogs are in the figure, and why?"], + ], inputs=[imagebox, textbox]) + + with gr.Accordion("Parameters", open=False) as parameter_row: + temperature = gr.Slider(minimum=0.0, maximum=1.0, value=0.8, step=0.1, interactive=True, label="Temperature",) + top_p = gr.Slider(minimum=0.0, maximum=1.0, value=0.7, step=0.1, interactive=True, label="Top P",) + max_output_tokens = gr.Slider(minimum=0, maximum=4096, value=1024, step=64, interactive=True, label="Max output tokens",) + max_input_tiles = gr.Slider(minimum=1, maximum=32, value=12, step=1, interactive=True, label="Max input tiles (control the image size)",) + + with gr.Column(scale=8): + chatbot = gr.Chatbot(elem_id="chatbot", label="InternVL-Chat", height=550) + with gr.Row(): + with gr.Column(scale=8): + textbox.render() + with gr.Column(scale=1, min_width=50): + submit_btn = gr.Button(value="Send", variant="primary") + with gr.Row(elem_id="buttons") as button_row: + upvote_btn = gr.Button(value="👍 Upvote", interactive=False) + downvote_btn = gr.Button(value="👎 Downvote", interactive=False) + flag_btn = gr.Button(value="⚠️ Flag", interactive=False) + #stop_btn = gr.Button(value="⏹️ Stop Generation", interactive=False) + regenerate_btn = gr.Button(value="🔄 Regenerate", interactive=False) + clear_btn = gr.Button(value="🗑️ Clear", interactive=False) + + if not embed_mode: + gr.Markdown(tos_markdown) + gr.Markdown(learn_more_markdown) + url_params = gr.JSON(visible=False) + + # Register listeners + btn_list = [upvote_btn, downvote_btn, flag_btn, regenerate_btn, clear_btn] + upvote_btn.click(upvote_last_response, + [state, model_selector], [textbox, upvote_btn, downvote_btn, flag_btn]) + downvote_btn.click(downvote_last_response, + [state, model_selector], [textbox, upvote_btn, downvote_btn, flag_btn]) + flag_btn.click(flag_last_response, + [state, model_selector], [textbox, upvote_btn, downvote_btn, flag_btn]) + regenerate_btn.click(regenerate, [state, image_process_mode], + [state, chatbot, textbox, imagebox] + btn_list).then( + http_bot, [state, model_selector, temperature, top_p, max_output_tokens, max_input_tiles], + [state, chatbot] + btn_list) + clear_btn.click(clear_history, None, [state, chatbot, textbox, imagebox] + btn_list) + + textbox.submit(add_text, [state, textbox, imagebox, image_process_mode], [state, chatbot, textbox, imagebox] + btn_list + ).then(http_bot, [state, model_selector, temperature, top_p, max_output_tokens, max_input_tiles], + [state, chatbot] + btn_list) + submit_btn.click(add_text, [state, textbox, imagebox, image_process_mode], [state, chatbot, textbox, imagebox] + btn_list + ).then(http_bot, [state, model_selector, temperature, top_p, max_output_tokens, max_input_tiles], + [state, chatbot] + btn_list) + + if args.model_list_mode == "once": + demo.load(load_demo, [url_params], [state, model_selector], + _js=get_window_url_params) + elif args.model_list_mode == "reload": + demo.load(load_demo_refresh_model_list, None, [state, model_selector]) + else: + raise ValueError(f"Unknown model list mode: {args.model_list_mode}") + + return demo + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument("--host", type=str, default="0.0.0.0") + parser.add_argument("--port", type=int) + parser.add_argument("--controller-url", type=str, default="http://localhost:21001") + parser.add_argument("--concurrency-count", type=int, default=10) + parser.add_argument("--model-list-mode", type=str, default="once", + choices=["once", "reload"]) + parser.add_argument("--share", action="store_true") + parser.add_argument("--moderate", action="store_true") + parser.add_argument("--embed", action="store_true") + args = parser.parse_args() + logger.info(f"args: {args}") + + models = get_model_list() + + logger.info(args) + demo = build_demo(args.embed) + demo.queue( + concurrency_count=args.concurrency_count, + api_open=False + ).launch( + server_name=args.host, + server_port=args.port, + share=args.share + ) diff --git a/VISTA/llava/serve/model_worker.py b/VISTA/llava/serve/model_worker.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5cd896be6052ffbdf95976634300a4bb20344ff0 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/serve/model_worker.py @@ -0,0 +1,285 @@ +""" +A model worker executes the model. +""" +import argparse +import asyncio +import json +import time +import threading +import uuid + +from fastapi import FastAPI, Request, BackgroundTasks +from fastapi.responses import StreamingResponse +import requests +import torch +import uvicorn +from functools import partial + +from llava.constants import WORKER_HEART_BEAT_INTERVAL +from llava.utils import (build_logger, server_error_msg, + pretty_print_semaphore) +from llava.model.builder import load_pretrained_model +from llava.mm_utils import process_images, load_image_from_base64, tokenizer_image_token, KeywordsStoppingCriteria +from llava.constants import IMAGE_TOKEN_INDEX, DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN, DEFAULT_IM_START_TOKEN, DEFAULT_IM_END_TOKEN +from transformers import TextIteratorStreamer +from threading import Thread + + +GB = 1 << 30 + +worker_id = str(uuid.uuid4())[:6] +logger = build_logger("model_worker", f"model_worker_{worker_id}.log") +global_counter = 0 + +model_semaphore = None + + +def heart_beat_worker(controller): + + while True: + time.sleep(WORKER_HEART_BEAT_INTERVAL) + controller.send_heart_beat() + + +class ModelWorker: + def __init__(self, controller_addr, worker_addr, + worker_id, no_register, + model_path, model_base, model_name, + load_8bit, load_4bit, device): + self.controller_addr = controller_addr + self.worker_addr = worker_addr + self.worker_id = worker_id + if model_path.endswith("/"): + model_path = model_path[:-1] + if model_name is None: + model_paths = model_path.split("/") + if model_paths[-1].startswith('checkpoint-'): + self.model_name = model_paths[-2] + "_" + model_paths[-1] + else: + self.model_name = model_paths[-1] + else: + self.model_name = model_name + + self.device = device + logger.info(f"Loading the model {self.model_name} on worker {worker_id} ...") + self.tokenizer, self.model, self.image_processor, self.context_len = load_pretrained_model( + model_path, model_base, self.model_name, load_8bit, load_4bit, device=self.device) + self.is_multimodal = 'llava' in self.model_name.lower() or 'intern' in self.model_name.lower() + + if not no_register: + self.register_to_controller() + self.heart_beat_thread = threading.Thread( + target=heart_beat_worker, args=(self,)) + self.heart_beat_thread.start() + + def register_to_controller(self): + logger.info("Register to controller") + + url = self.controller_addr + "/register_worker" + data = { + "worker_name": self.worker_addr, + "check_heart_beat": True, + "worker_status": self.get_status() + } + r = requests.post(url, json=data) + assert r.status_code == 200 + + def send_heart_beat(self): + logger.info(f"Send heart beat. Models: {[self.model_name]}. " + f"Semaphore: {pretty_print_semaphore(model_semaphore)}. " + f"global_counter: {global_counter}") + + url = self.controller_addr + "/receive_heart_beat" + + while True: + try: + ret = requests.post(url, json={ + "worker_name": self.worker_addr, + "queue_length": self.get_queue_length()}, timeout=5) + exist = ret.json()["exist"] + break + except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e: + logger.error(f"heart beat error: {e}") + time.sleep(5) + + if not exist: + self.register_to_controller() + + def get_queue_length(self): + if model_semaphore is None: + return 0 + else: + return args.limit_model_concurrency - model_semaphore._value + (len( + model_semaphore._waiters) if model_semaphore._waiters is not None else 0) + + def get_status(self): + return { + "model_names": [self.model_name], + "speed": 1, + "queue_length": self.get_queue_length(), + } + + @torch.inference_mode() + def generate_stream(self, params): + tokenizer, model, image_processor = self.tokenizer, self.model, self.image_processor + + prompt = params["prompt"] + ori_prompt = prompt + images = params.get("images", None) + num_image_tokens = 0 + if images is not None and len(images) > 0 and self.is_multimodal: + if len(images) > 0: + if len(images) != prompt.count(DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN): + raise ValueError("Number of images does not match number of tokens in prompt") + + images = [load_image_from_base64(image) for image in images] + images = process_images(images, image_processor, model.config) + + if type(images) is list: + images = [image.to(self.model.device, dtype=torch.float16) for image in images] + else: + images = images.to(self.model.device, dtype=torch.float16) + + replace_token = DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN + if getattr(self.model.config, 'mm_use_im_start_end', False): + replace_token = DEFAULT_IM_START_TOKEN + replace_token + DEFAULT_IM_END_TOKEN + prompt = prompt.replace(DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN, replace_token) + + num_image_tokens = prompt.count(replace_token) * model.get_vision_tower().num_patches + else: + images = None + image_args = {"images": images} + else: + images = None + image_args = {} + + temperature = float(params.get("temperature", 1.0)) + top_p = float(params.get("top_p", 1.0)) + max_context_length = getattr(model.config, 'max_position_embeddings', 2048) + max_new_tokens = min(int(params.get("max_new_tokens", 256)), 1024) + stop_str = params.get("stop", None) + do_sample = True if temperature > 0.001 else False + + input_ids = tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer, IMAGE_TOKEN_INDEX, return_tensors='pt').unsqueeze(0).to(self.device) + keywords = [stop_str] + stopping_criteria = KeywordsStoppingCriteria(keywords, tokenizer, input_ids) + streamer = TextIteratorStreamer(tokenizer, skip_prompt=True, skip_special_tokens=True, timeout=15) + + max_new_tokens = min(max_new_tokens, max_context_length - input_ids.shape[-1] - num_image_tokens) + + if max_new_tokens < 1: + yield json.dumps({"text": ori_prompt + "Exceeds max token length. Please start a new conversation, thanks.", "error_code": 0}).encode() + b"\0" + return + + thread = Thread(target=model.generate, kwargs=dict( + inputs=input_ids, + do_sample=do_sample, + temperature=temperature, + top_p=top_p, + max_new_tokens=max_new_tokens, + streamer=streamer, + stopping_criteria=[stopping_criteria], + use_cache=True, + **image_args + )) + thread.start() + + generated_text = ori_prompt + for new_text in streamer: + generated_text += new_text + if generated_text.endswith(stop_str): + generated_text = generated_text[:-len(stop_str)] + yield json.dumps({"text": generated_text, "error_code": 0}).encode() + b"\0" + + def generate_stream_gate(self, params): + try: + for x in self.generate_stream(params): + yield x + except ValueError as e: + print("Caught ValueError:", e) + ret = { + "text": server_error_msg, + "error_code": 1, + } + yield json.dumps(ret).encode() + b"\0" + except torch.cuda.CudaError as e: + print("Caught torch.cuda.CudaError:", e) + ret = { + "text": server_error_msg, + "error_code": 1, + } + yield json.dumps(ret).encode() + b"\0" + except Exception as e: + print("Caught Unknown Error", e) + ret = { + "text": server_error_msg, + "error_code": 1, + } + yield json.dumps(ret).encode() + b"\0" + + +app = FastAPI() + + +def release_model_semaphore(fn=None): + model_semaphore.release() + if fn is not None: + fn() + + +@app.post("/worker_generate_stream") +async def generate_stream(request: Request): + global model_semaphore, global_counter + global_counter += 1 + params = await request.json() + + if model_semaphore is None: + model_semaphore = asyncio.Semaphore(args.limit_model_concurrency) + await model_semaphore.acquire() + worker.send_heart_beat() + generator = worker.generate_stream_gate(params) + background_tasks = BackgroundTasks() + background_tasks.add_task(partial(release_model_semaphore, fn=worker.send_heart_beat)) + return StreamingResponse(generator, background=background_tasks) + + +@app.post("/worker_get_status") +async def get_status(request: Request): + return worker.get_status() + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument("--host", type=str, default="localhost") + parser.add_argument("--port", type=int, default=21002) + parser.add_argument("--worker-address", type=str, + default="http://localhost:21002") + parser.add_argument("--controller-address", type=str, + default="http://localhost:21001") + parser.add_argument("--model-path", type=str, default="facebook/opt-350m") + parser.add_argument("--model-base", type=str, default=None) + parser.add_argument("--model-name", type=str) + parser.add_argument("--device", type=str, default="cuda") + parser.add_argument("--multi-modal", action="store_true", help="Multimodal mode is automatically detected with model name, please make sure `llava` is included in the model path.") + parser.add_argument("--limit-model-concurrency", type=int, default=5) + parser.add_argument("--stream-interval", type=int, default=1) + parser.add_argument("--no-register", action="store_true") + parser.add_argument("--load-8bit", action="store_true") + parser.add_argument("--load-4bit", action="store_true") + args = parser.parse_args() + logger.info(f"args: {args}") + + if args.multi_modal: + logger.warning("Multimodal mode is automatically detected with model name, please make sure `llava` is included in the model path.") + + worker = ModelWorker(args.controller_address, + args.worker_address, + worker_id, + args.no_register, + args.model_path, + args.model_base, + args.model_name, + args.load_8bit, + args.load_4bit, + args.device) + uvicorn.run(app, host=args.host, port=args.port, log_level="info") diff --git a/VISTA/llava/serve/register_worker.py b/VISTA/llava/serve/register_worker.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c2c40295e0351f25709ba25554c9329f15bf0d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/serve/register_worker.py @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +""" +Manually register workers. + +Usage: +python3 -m fastchat.serve.register_worker --controller http://localhost:21001 --worker-name http://localhost:21002 +""" + +import argparse + +import requests + +if __name__ == "__main__": + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument("--controller-address", type=str) + parser.add_argument("--worker-name", type=str) + parser.add_argument("--check-heart-beat", action="store_true") + args = parser.parse_args() + + url = args.controller_address + "/register_worker" + data = { + "worker_name": args.worker_name, + "check_heart_beat": args.check_heart_beat, + "worker_status": None, + } + r = requests.post(url, json=data) + assert r.status_code == 200 diff --git a/VISTA/llava/serve/test_message.py b/VISTA/llava/serve/test_message.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b090faed0e630b03b2294545050f1f4f5032cad --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/serve/test_message.py @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +import argparse +import json + +import requests + +from llava.conversation import default_conversation + + +def main(): + if args.worker_address: + worker_addr = args.worker_address + else: + controller_addr = args.controller_address + ret = requests.post(controller_addr + "/refresh_all_workers") + ret = requests.post(controller_addr + "/list_models") + models = ret.json()["models"] + models.sort() + print(f"Models: {models}") + + ret = requests.post(controller_addr + "/get_worker_address", + json={"model": args.model_name}) + worker_addr = ret.json()["address"] + print(f"worker_addr: {worker_addr}") + + if worker_addr == "": + return + + conv = default_conversation.copy() + conv.append_message(conv.roles[0], args.message) + prompt = conv.get_prompt() + + headers = {"User-Agent": "LLaVA Client"} + pload = { + "model": args.model_name, + "prompt": prompt, + "max_new_tokens": args.max_new_tokens, + "temperature": 0.7, + "stop": conv.sep, + } + response = requests.post(worker_addr + "/worker_generate_stream", headers=headers, + json=pload, stream=True) + + print(prompt.replace(conv.sep, "\n"), end="") + for chunk in response.iter_lines(chunk_size=8192, decode_unicode=False, delimiter=b"\0"): + if chunk: + data = json.loads(chunk.decode("utf-8")) + output = data["text"].split(conv.sep)[-1] + print(output, end="\r") + print("") + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument("--controller-address", type=str, default="http://localhost:21001") + parser.add_argument("--worker-address", type=str) + parser.add_argument("--model-name", type=str, default="facebook/opt-350m") + parser.add_argument("--max-new-tokens", type=int, default=32) + parser.add_argument("--message", type=str, default= + "Tell me a story with more than 1000 words.") + args = parser.parse_args() + + main() diff --git a/VISTA/llava/train/dist_utils.py b/VISTA/llava/train/dist_utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8c4e29b125d01c7f011fab182e7509c9912b994d --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/train/dist_utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +import os +import socket +import subprocess +from datetime import timedelta + +import torch +import torch.multiprocessing as mp +from torch import distributed as dist + +timeout = timedelta(minutes=60) + + +def _find_free_port(): + # Copied from https://github.com/facebookresearch/detectron2/blob/main/detectron2/engine/launch.py # noqa: E501 + sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) + # Binding to port 0 will cause the OS to find an available port for us + sock.bind(('', 0)) + port = sock.getsockname()[1] + sock.close() + # NOTE: there is still a chance the port could be taken by other processes. + return port + + +def _is_free_port(port): + ips = socket.gethostbyname_ex(socket.gethostname())[-1] + ips.append('localhost') + with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s: + return all(s.connect_ex((ip, port)) != 0 for ip in ips) + + +def init_dist(launcher, backend='nccl', **kwargs): + if mp.get_start_method(allow_none=True) is None: + mp.set_start_method('spawn') + if launcher == 'pytorch': + _init_dist_pytorch(backend, **kwargs) + elif launcher == 'mpi': + _init_dist_mpi(backend, **kwargs) + elif launcher == 'slurm': + _init_dist_slurm(backend, **kwargs) + else: + raise ValueError(f'Invalid launcher type: {launcher}') + + +def _init_dist_pytorch(backend, **kwargs): + # TODO: use local_rank instead of rank % num_gpus + rank = int(os.environ['RANK']) + num_gpus = torch.cuda.device_count() + torch.cuda.set_device(rank % num_gpus) + dist.init_process_group(backend=backend, **kwargs) + + +def _init_dist_mpi(backend, **kwargs): + local_rank = int(os.environ['OMPI_COMM_WORLD_LOCAL_RANK']) + torch.cuda.set_device(local_rank) + if 'MASTER_PORT' not in os.environ: + # 29500 is torch.distributed default port + os.environ['MASTER_PORT'] = '29500' + if 'MASTER_ADDR' not in os.environ: + raise KeyError('The environment variable MASTER_ADDR is not set') + os.environ['WORLD_SIZE'] = os.environ['OMPI_COMM_WORLD_SIZE'] + os.environ['RANK'] = os.environ['OMPI_COMM_WORLD_RANK'] + dist.init_process_group(backend=backend, **kwargs) + + +def _init_dist_slurm(backend, port=None): + """Initialize slurm distributed training environment. + + If argument ``port`` is not specified, then the master port will be system + environment variable ``MASTER_PORT``. If ``MASTER_PORT`` is not in system + environment variable, then a default port ``29500`` will be used. + + Args: + backend (str): Backend of torch.distributed. + port (int, optional): Master port. Defaults to None. + """ + proc_id = int(os.environ['SLURM_PROCID']) + ntasks = int(os.environ['SLURM_NTASKS']) + node_list = os.environ['SLURM_NODELIST'] + num_gpus = torch.cuda.device_count() + torch.cuda.set_device(proc_id % num_gpus) + addr = subprocess.getoutput( + f'scontrol show hostname {node_list} | head -n1') + # specify master port + if port is not None: + os.environ['MASTER_PORT'] = str(port) + elif 'MASTER_PORT' in os.environ: + pass # use MASTER_PORT in the environment variable + else: + # if torch.distributed default port(29500) is available + # then use it, else find a free port + if _is_free_port(29500): + os.environ['MASTER_PORT'] = '29500' + else: + os.environ['MASTER_PORT'] = str(_find_free_port()) + # use MASTER_ADDR in the environment variable if it already exists + if 'MASTER_ADDR' not in os.environ: + os.environ['MASTER_ADDR'] = addr + os.environ['WORLD_SIZE'] = str(ntasks) + os.environ['LOCAL_RANK'] = str(proc_id % num_gpus) + os.environ['RANK'] = str(proc_id) + dist.init_process_group(backend=backend, timeout=timeout) diff --git a/VISTA/llava/train/llama_flash_attn_monkey_patch.py b/VISTA/llava/train/llama_flash_attn_monkey_patch.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..209e49a36520464d147d7c20ae4bbd9ac435d9ea --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/train/llama_flash_attn_monkey_patch.py @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +from typing import Optional, Tuple +import warnings + +import torch + +import transformers +from transformers.models.llama.modeling_llama import apply_rotary_pos_emb, repeat_kv + +try: + from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import flash_attn_unpadded_qkvpacked_func +except ImportError: + from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import flash_attn_varlen_qkvpacked_func as flash_attn_unpadded_qkvpacked_func +from flash_attn.bert_padding import unpad_input, pad_input + + +def forward( + self, + hidden_states: torch.Tensor, + attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + position_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + past_key_value: Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]] = None, + output_attentions: bool = False, + use_cache: bool = False, +) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, Optional[torch.Tensor], Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]]]: + if output_attentions: + warnings.warn( + "Output attentions is not supported for patched `LlamaAttention`, returning `None` instead." + ) + + bsz, q_len, _ = hidden_states.size() + + query_states = ( + self.q_proj(hidden_states) + .view(bsz, q_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim) + .transpose(1, 2) + ) + key_states = ( + self.k_proj(hidden_states) + .view(bsz, q_len, self.num_key_value_heads, self.head_dim) + .transpose(1, 2) + ) + value_states = ( + self.v_proj(hidden_states) + .view(bsz, q_len, self.num_key_value_heads, self.head_dim) + .transpose(1, 2) + ) # shape: (b, num_heads, s, head_dim) + + kv_seq_len = key_states.shape[-2] + if past_key_value is not None: + kv_seq_len += past_key_value[0].shape[-2] + + cos, sin = self.rotary_emb(value_states, seq_len=kv_seq_len) + query_states, key_states = apply_rotary_pos_emb( + query_states, key_states, cos, sin, position_ids + ) + + if past_key_value is not None: + # reuse k, v + key_states = torch.cat([past_key_value[0], key_states], dim=2) + value_states = torch.cat([past_key_value[1], value_states], dim=2) + + past_key_value = (key_states, value_states) if use_cache else None + + # repeat k/v heads if n_kv_heads < n_heads + key_states = repeat_kv(key_states, self.num_key_value_groups) + value_states = repeat_kv(value_states, self.num_key_value_groups) + + # Transform the data into the format required by flash attention + qkv = torch.stack([query_states, key_states, value_states], dim=2) + qkv = qkv.transpose(1, 3) # shape: [b, s, 3, num_heads, head_dim] + key_padding_mask = attention_mask + + if key_padding_mask is None: + qkv = qkv.reshape(-1, 3, self.num_heads, self.head_dim) + cu_q_lens = torch.arange( + 0, (bsz + 1) * q_len, step=q_len, dtype=torch.int32, device=qkv.device + ) + max_s = q_len + output = flash_attn_unpadded_qkvpacked_func( + qkv, cu_q_lens, max_s, 0.0, softmax_scale=None, causal=True + ) + output = output.view(bsz, q_len, -1) + else: + qkv = qkv.reshape(bsz, q_len, -1) + qkv, indices, cu_q_lens, max_s = unpad_input(qkv, key_padding_mask) + qkv = qkv.view(-1, 3, self.num_heads, self.head_dim) + output_unpad = flash_attn_unpadded_qkvpacked_func( + qkv, cu_q_lens, max_s, 0.0, softmax_scale=None, causal=True + ) + output_unpad = output_unpad.reshape(-1, self.num_heads * self.head_dim) + output = pad_input(output_unpad, indices, bsz, q_len) + + return self.o_proj(output), None, past_key_value + + +# Disable the transformation of the attention mask in LlamaModel as the flash attention +# requires the attention mask to be the same as the key_padding_mask +def _prepare_decoder_attention_mask( + self, attention_mask, input_shape, inputs_embeds, past_key_values_length +): + # [bsz, seq_len] + return attention_mask + + +def replace_llama_attn_with_flash_attn(): + cuda_major, cuda_minor = torch.cuda.get_device_capability() + if cuda_major < 8: + warnings.warn( + "Flash attention is only supported on A100 or H100 GPU during training due to head dim > 64 backward." + "ref: https://github.com/HazyResearch/flash-attention/issues/190#issuecomment-1523359593" + ) + transformers.models.llama.modeling_llama.LlamaModel._prepare_decoder_attention_mask = ( + _prepare_decoder_attention_mask + ) + transformers.models.llama.modeling_llama.LlamaAttention.forward = forward \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/llava/train/llava_trainer.py b/VISTA/llava/train/llava_trainer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a999808ece79f7260cdde749bf86e6125f075f75 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/train/llava_trainer.py @@ -0,0 +1,180 @@ +import os +import torch + +from torch.utils.data import Sampler + +from transformers import Trainer +from transformers.trainer import ( + has_length, +) +from typing import List, Optional + + +def maybe_zero_3(param, ignore_status=False, name=None): + from deepspeed import zero + from deepspeed.runtime.zero.partition_parameters import ZeroParamStatus + if hasattr(param, "ds_id"): + if param.ds_status == ZeroParamStatus.NOT_AVAILABLE: + if not ignore_status: + print(name, 'no ignore status') + with zero.GatheredParameters([param]): + param = param.data.detach().cpu().clone() + else: + param = param.detach().cpu().clone() + return param + + +def get_mm_adapter_state_maybe_zero_3(named_params, keys_to_match): + to_return = {k: t for k, t in named_params if any(key_match in k for key_match in keys_to_match)} + to_return = {k: maybe_zero_3(v, ignore_status=True, name=k).cpu() for k, v in to_return.items()} + return to_return + + +def split_to_even_chunks(indices, lengths, num_chunks): + """ + Split a list of indices into `chunks` chunks of roughly equal lengths. + """ + + if len(indices) % num_chunks != 0: + return [indices[i::num_chunks] for i in range(num_chunks)] + + num_indices_per_chunk = len(indices) // num_chunks + + chunks = [[] for _ in range(num_chunks)] + chunks_lengths = [0 for _ in range(num_chunks)] + for index in indices: + shortest_chunk = chunks_lengths.index(min(chunks_lengths)) + chunks[shortest_chunk].append(index) + chunks_lengths[shortest_chunk] += lengths[index] + if len(chunks[shortest_chunk]) == num_indices_per_chunk: + chunks_lengths[shortest_chunk] = float("inf") + + return chunks + + +def get_modality_length_grouped_indices(lengths, batch_size, world_size, generator=None): + # We need to use torch for the random part as a distributed sampler will set the random seed for torch. + assert all(l != 0 for l in lengths), "Should not have zero length." + mm_indices, mm_lengths = zip(*[(i, l) for i, l in enumerate(lengths) if l > 0]) + lang_indices, lang_lengths = zip(*[(i, -l) for i, l in enumerate(lengths) if l < 0]) + + assert len(mm_indices) > 0, "Should have at least one multimodal sample." + assert len(lang_indices) > 0, "Should have at least one language sample." + + mm_shuffle = [mm_indices[i] for i in get_length_grouped_indices(mm_lengths, batch_size, world_size, generator=None)] + lang_shuffle = [lang_indices[i] for i in get_length_grouped_indices(lang_lengths, batch_size, world_size, generator=None)] + megabatch_size = world_size * batch_size + mm_megabatches = [mm_shuffle[i : i + megabatch_size] for i in range(0, len(mm_shuffle), megabatch_size)] + lang_megabatches = [lang_shuffle[i : i + megabatch_size] for i in range(0, len(lang_shuffle), megabatch_size)] + + last_mm = mm_megabatches[-1] + last_lang = lang_megabatches[-1] + additional_batch = last_mm + last_lang + megabatches = mm_megabatches[:-1] + lang_megabatches[:-1] + megabatch_indices = torch.randperm(len(megabatches), generator=generator) + megabatches = [megabatches[i] for i in megabatch_indices] + + if len(additional_batch) >= megabatch_size: + megabatches = [additional_batch[:megabatch_size]] + megabatches + additional_batch = additional_batch[megabatch_size:] + + if len(additional_batch) > 0: + megabatches.append(additional_batch) + + return [i for megabatch in megabatches for i in megabatch] + + +def get_length_grouped_indices(lengths, batch_size, world_size, generator=None, merge=True): + # We need to use torch for the random part as a distributed sampler will set the random seed for torch. + indices = torch.randperm(len(lengths), generator=generator) + megabatch_size = world_size * batch_size + megabatches = [indices[i : i + megabatch_size].tolist() for i in range(0, len(lengths), megabatch_size)] + megabatches = [sorted(megabatch, key=lambda i: lengths[i], reverse=True) for megabatch in megabatches] + megabatches = [split_to_even_chunks(megabatch, lengths, world_size) for megabatch in megabatches] + + return [i for megabatch in megabatches for batch in megabatch for i in batch] + + +class LengthGroupedSampler(Sampler): + r""" + Sampler that samples indices in a way that groups together features of the dataset of roughly the same length while + keeping a bit of randomness. + """ + + def __init__( + self, + batch_size: int, + world_size: int, + lengths: Optional[List[int]] = None, + generator=None, + group_by_modality: bool = False, + ): + if lengths is None: + raise ValueError("Lengths must be provided.") + + self.batch_size = batch_size + self.world_size = world_size + self.lengths = lengths + self.generator = generator + self.group_by_modality = group_by_modality + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.lengths) + + def __iter__(self): + if self.group_by_modality: + indices = get_modality_length_grouped_indices(self.lengths, self.batch_size, self.world_size, generator=self.generator) + else: + indices = get_length_grouped_indices(self.lengths, self.batch_size, self.world_size, generator=self.generator) + return iter(indices) + + +class LLaVATrainer(Trainer): + + def _get_train_sampler(self) -> Optional[torch.utils.data.Sampler]: + if self.train_dataset is None or not has_length(self.train_dataset): + return None + + if self.args.group_by_modality_length: + lengths = self.train_dataset.modality_lengths + return LengthGroupedSampler( + # self.args.train_batch_size * self.args.gradient_accumulation_steps, # TODO: seems that we should not have gradient_accumulation_steps + self.args.train_batch_size, + world_size=self.args.world_size, + lengths=lengths, + group_by_modality=True, + ) + else: + return super()._get_train_sampler() + + def _save_checkpoint(self, model, trial, metrics=None): + if getattr(self.args, 'tune_mm_mlp_adapter', False): + from transformers.trainer_utils import PREFIX_CHECKPOINT_DIR + checkpoint_folder = f"{PREFIX_CHECKPOINT_DIR}-{self.state.global_step}" + + run_dir = self._get_output_dir(trial=trial) + output_dir = os.path.join(run_dir, checkpoint_folder) + + # Only save Adapter + keys_to_match = ['mm_projector', 'vision_resampler'] + if getattr(self.args, "use_im_start_end", False): + keys_to_match.extend(['embed_tokens', 'embed_in']) + + # also save pos embedding + if getattr(self.args, "tune_vit_pos_embedding", False): + keys_to_match.extend(['vision_tower.embeddings.position_embedding']) + + weight_to_save = get_mm_adapter_state_maybe_zero_3(self.model.named_parameters(), keys_to_match) + print("weight to save:", weight_to_save.keys()) + + if self.args.local_rank == 0 or self.args.local_rank == -1: + self.model.config.save_pretrained(output_dir) + torch.save(weight_to_save, os.path.join(output_dir, f'mm_projector.bin')) + else: + super(LLaVATrainer, self)._save_checkpoint(model, trial, metrics) + + def _save(self, output_dir: Optional[str] = None, state_dict=None): + if getattr(self.args, 'tune_mm_mlp_adapter', False): + pass + else: + super(LLaVATrainer, self)._save(output_dir, state_dict) diff --git a/VISTA/llava/train/train.py b/VISTA/llava/train/train.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10f019a9250db196fc98df4c6a01eebd3d4cca24 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/train/train.py @@ -0,0 +1,993 @@ +# Adopted from https://github.com/lm-sys/FastChat. Below is the original copyright: +# Adopted from tatsu-lab@stanford_alpaca. Below is the original copyright: +# Copyright 2023 Rohan Taori, Ishaan Gulrajani, Tianyi Zhang, Yann Dubois, Xuechen Li +# +# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); +# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. +# You may obtain a copy of the License at +# +# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 +# +# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, +# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. +# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and +# limitations under the License. + +import os +import copy +from dataclasses import dataclass, field +import json +import logging +import pathlib +from typing import Dict, Optional, Sequence, List + +import torch +import random + +import transformers + +from llava.constants import IGNORE_INDEX, IMAGE_TOKEN_INDEX, DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN, DEFAULT_IM_START_TOKEN, DEFAULT_IM_END_TOKEN +from torch.utils.data import Dataset +from llava.train.llava_trainer import LLaVATrainer + +from llava import conversation as conversation_lib +from llava.model import * +from llava.mm_utils import tokenizer_image_token + +from PIL import Image + + +local_rank = None + + +def rank0_print(*args): + if local_rank == 0: + print(*args) + + +@dataclass +class ModelArguments: + model_name_or_path: Optional[str] = field(default="facebook/opt-125m") + version: Optional[str] = field(default="v0") + freeze_backbone: bool = field(default=False) + tune_mm_mlp_adapter: bool = field(default=False) + tune_vit_pos_embedding: bool = field(default=False) + vision_tower: Optional[str] = field(default=None) + mm_vision_select_layer: Optional[int] = field(default=-1) # default to the last layer + pretrain_mm_mlp_adapter: Optional[str] = field(default=None) + mm_projector_type: Optional[str] = field(default='linear') + mm_use_im_start_end: bool = field(default=False) + mm_use_im_patch_token: bool = field(default=True) + mm_vision_select_feature: Optional[str] = field(default="patch") + + +@dataclass +class DataArguments: + data_path: str = field(default=None, + metadata={"help": "Path to the training data."}) + lazy_preprocess: bool = False + is_multimodal: bool = False + image_folder: Optional[str] = field(default=None) + image_aspect_ratio: str = 'square' + image_grid_pinpoints: Optional[str] = field(default=None) + + +@dataclass +class TrainingArguments(transformers.TrainingArguments): + cache_dir: Optional[str] = field(default=None) + optim: str = field(default="adamw_torch") + remove_unused_columns: bool = field(default=False) + freeze_mm_mlp_adapter: bool = field(default=False) + freeze_llm: bool = field(default=False) + mpt_attn_impl: Optional[str] = field(default="triton") + model_max_length: int = field( + default=512, + metadata={ + "help": + "Maximum sequence length. Sequences will be right padded (and possibly truncated)." + }, + ) + double_quant: bool = field( + default=True, + metadata={"help": "Compress the quantization statistics through double quantization."} + ) + quant_type: str = field( + default="nf4", + metadata={"help": "Quantization data type to use. Should be one of `fp4` or `nf4`."} + ) + bits: int = field( + default=16, + metadata={"help": "How many bits to use."} + ) + lora_enable: bool = False + lora_r: int = 64 + lora_alpha: int = 16 + lora_dropout: float = 0.05 + lora_weight_path: str = "" + lora_bias: str = "none" + group_by_modality_length: bool = field(default=False) + + +def maybe_zero_3(param, ignore_status=False, name=None): + from deepspeed import zero + from deepspeed.runtime.zero.partition_parameters import ZeroParamStatus + if hasattr(param, "ds_id"): + if param.ds_status == ZeroParamStatus.NOT_AVAILABLE: + if not ignore_status: + logging.warning(f"{name}: param.ds_status != ZeroParamStatus.NOT_AVAILABLE: {param.ds_status}") + with zero.GatheredParameters([param]): + param = param.data.detach().cpu().clone() + else: + param = param.detach().cpu().clone() + return param + + +# Borrowed from peft.utils.get_peft_model_state_dict +def get_peft_state_maybe_zero_3(named_params, bias): + if bias == "none": + to_return = {k: t for k, t in named_params if "lora_" in k} + elif bias == "all": + to_return = {k: t for k, t in named_params if "lora_" in k or "bias" in k} + elif bias == "lora_only": + to_return = {} + maybe_lora_bias = {} + lora_bias_names = set() + for k, t in named_params: + if "lora_" in k: + to_return[k] = t + bias_name = k.split("lora_")[0] + "bias" + lora_bias_names.add(bias_name) + elif "bias" in k: + maybe_lora_bias[k] = t + for k, t in maybe_lora_bias: + if bias_name in lora_bias_names: + to_return[bias_name] = t + else: + raise NotImplementedError + to_return = {k: maybe_zero_3(v, ignore_status=True) for k, v in to_return.items()} + return to_return + + +def get_peft_state_non_lora_maybe_zero_3(named_params, require_grad_only=True): + to_return = {k: t for k, t in named_params if "lora_" not in k} + if require_grad_only: + to_return = {k: t for k, t in to_return.items() if t.requires_grad} + to_return = {k: maybe_zero_3(v, ignore_status=True).cpu() for k, v in to_return.items()} + return to_return + + +def get_mm_adapter_state_maybe_zero_3(named_params, keys_to_match): + to_return = {k: t for k, t in named_params if any(key_match in k for key_match in keys_to_match)} + to_return = {k: maybe_zero_3(v, ignore_status=True).cpu() for k, v in to_return.items()} + return to_return + + +def find_all_linear_names(model): + cls = torch.nn.Linear + lora_module_names = set() + for name, module in model.named_modules(): + if isinstance(module, cls): + names = name.split('.') + lora_module_names.add(names[0] if len(names) == 1 else names[-1]) + + + if 'lm_head' in lora_module_names: # needed for 16-bit + lora_module_names.remove('lm_head') + return list(lora_module_names) + + +def safe_save_model_for_hf_trainer(trainer: transformers.Trainer, + output_dir: str): + """Collects the state dict and dump to disk.""" + + if getattr(trainer.args, "tune_mm_mlp_adapter", False): + # Only save Adapter + keys_to_match = ['mm_projector'] + if getattr(trainer.args, "use_im_start_end", False): + keys_to_match.extend(['embed_tokens', 'embed_in']) + + # also save pos embedding + if getattr(trainer.args, "tune_vit_pos_embedding", False): + keys_to_match.extend(['vision_tower.embeddings.position_embedding']) + + weight_to_save = get_mm_adapter_state_maybe_zero_3(trainer.model.named_parameters(), keys_to_match) + print("weight to save:", weight_to_save.keys()) + trainer.model.config.save_pretrained(output_dir) + + current_folder = output_dir.split('/')[-1] + parent_folder = os.path.dirname(output_dir) + if trainer.args.local_rank == 0 or trainer.args.local_rank == -1: + if current_folder.startswith('checkpoint-'): + mm_projector_folder = os.path.join(parent_folder, "mm_projector") + os.makedirs(mm_projector_folder, exist_ok=True) + torch.save(weight_to_save, os.path.join(mm_projector_folder, f'{current_folder}.bin')) + else: + torch.save(weight_to_save, os.path.join(output_dir, f'mm_projector.bin')) + return + + if trainer.deepspeed: + torch.cuda.synchronize() + trainer.save_model(output_dir) + return + + state_dict = trainer.model.state_dict() + if trainer.args.should_save: + cpu_state_dict = { + key: value.cpu() + for key, value in state_dict.items() + } + del state_dict + trainer._save(output_dir, state_dict=cpu_state_dict) # noqa + + +def smart_tokenizer_and_embedding_resize( + special_tokens_dict: Dict, + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, + model: transformers.PreTrainedModel, +): + """Resize tokenizer and embedding. + + Note: This is the unoptimized version that may make your embedding size not be divisible by 64. + """ + num_new_tokens = tokenizer.add_special_tokens(special_tokens_dict) + model.resize_token_embeddings(len(tokenizer)) + + if num_new_tokens > 0: + input_embeddings = model.get_input_embeddings().weight.data + output_embeddings = model.get_output_embeddings().weight.data + + input_embeddings_avg = input_embeddings[:-num_new_tokens].mean( + dim=0, keepdim=True) + output_embeddings_avg = output_embeddings[:-num_new_tokens].mean( + dim=0, keepdim=True) + + input_embeddings[-num_new_tokens:] = input_embeddings_avg + output_embeddings[-num_new_tokens:] = output_embeddings_avg + + +def _tokenize_fn(strings: Sequence[str], + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer) -> Dict: + """Tokenize a list of strings.""" + tokenized_list = [ + tokenizer( + text, + return_tensors="pt", + padding="longest", + max_length=tokenizer.model_max_length, + truncation=True, + ) for text in strings + ] + input_ids = labels = [ + tokenized.input_ids[0] for tokenized in tokenized_list + ] + input_ids_lens = labels_lens = [ + tokenized.input_ids.ne(tokenizer.pad_token_id).sum().item() + for tokenized in tokenized_list + ] + return dict( + input_ids=input_ids, + labels=labels, + input_ids_lens=input_ids_lens, + labels_lens=labels_lens, + ) + + +def _mask_targets(target, tokenized_lens, speakers): + # cur_idx = 0 + cur_idx = tokenized_lens[0] + tokenized_lens = tokenized_lens[1:] + target[:cur_idx] = IGNORE_INDEX + for tokenized_len, speaker in zip(tokenized_lens, speakers): + if speaker == "human": + target[cur_idx+2:cur_idx + tokenized_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + cur_idx += tokenized_len + + +def _add_speaker_and_signal(header, source, get_conversation=True): + """Add speaker and start/end signal on each round.""" + BEGIN_SIGNAL = "### " + END_SIGNAL = "\n" + conversation = header + for sentence in source: + from_str = sentence["from"] + if from_str.lower() == "human": + from_str = conversation_lib.default_conversation.roles[0] + elif from_str.lower() == "gpt": + from_str = conversation_lib.default_conversation.roles[1] + else: + from_str = 'unknown' + sentence["value"] = (BEGIN_SIGNAL + from_str + ": " + + sentence["value"] + END_SIGNAL) + if get_conversation: + conversation += sentence["value"] + conversation += BEGIN_SIGNAL + return conversation + + +def preprocess_multimodal( + sources: Sequence[str], + data_args: DataArguments +) -> Dict: + is_multimodal = data_args.is_multimodal + if not is_multimodal: + return sources + + for source in sources: + for sentence in source: + if DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN in sentence['value']: + sentence['value'] = sentence['value'].replace(DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN, '').strip() + sentence['value'] = DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN + '\n' + sentence['value'] + sentence['value'] = sentence['value'].strip() + if "mmtag" in conversation_lib.default_conversation.version: + sentence['value'] = sentence['value'].replace(DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN, '' + DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN + '') + replace_token = DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN + if data_args.mm_use_im_start_end: + replace_token = DEFAULT_IM_START_TOKEN + replace_token + DEFAULT_IM_END_TOKEN + sentence["value"] = sentence["value"].replace(DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN, replace_token) + + return sources + + +def preprocess_llama_2( + sources, + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, + has_image: bool = False +) -> Dict: + conv = conversation_lib.default_conversation.copy() + roles = {"human": conv.roles[0], "gpt": conv.roles[1]} + + # Apply prompt templates + conversations = [] + for i, source in enumerate(sources): + if roles[source[0]["from"]] != conv.roles[0]: + # Skip the first one if it is not from human + source = source[1:] + + conv.messages = [] + for j, sentence in enumerate(source): + role = roles[sentence["from"]] + assert role == conv.roles[j % 2], f"{i}" + conv.append_message(role, sentence["value"]) + conversations.append(conv.get_prompt()) + + # Tokenize conversations + + if has_image: + input_ids = torch.stack([tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer, return_tensors='pt') for prompt in conversations], dim=0) + else: + input_ids = tokenizer( + conversations, + return_tensors="pt", + padding="longest", + max_length=tokenizer.model_max_length, + truncation=True, + ).input_ids + + targets = input_ids.clone() + + assert conv.sep_style == conversation_lib.SeparatorStyle.LLAMA_2 + + # Mask targets + sep = "[/INST] " + for conversation, target in zip(conversations, targets): + total_len = int(target.ne(tokenizer.pad_token_id).sum()) + + rounds = conversation.split(conv.sep2) + cur_len = 1 + target[:cur_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + for i, rou in enumerate(rounds): + if rou == "": + break + + parts = rou.split(sep) + if len(parts) != 2: + break + parts[0] += sep + + if has_image: + round_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(rou, tokenizer)) + instruction_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(parts[0], tokenizer)) - 2 + else: + round_len = len(tokenizer(rou).input_ids) + instruction_len = len(tokenizer(parts[0]).input_ids) - 2 + + target[cur_len : cur_len + instruction_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + + cur_len += round_len + target[cur_len:] = IGNORE_INDEX + + if cur_len < tokenizer.model_max_length: + if cur_len != total_len: + target[:] = IGNORE_INDEX + print( + f"WARNING: tokenization mismatch: {cur_len} vs. {total_len}." + f" (ignored)" + ) + + return dict( + input_ids=input_ids, + labels=targets, + ) + + +def preprocess_v1( + sources, + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, + has_image: bool = False +) -> Dict: + conv = conversation_lib.default_conversation.copy() + roles = {"human": conv.roles[0], "gpt": conv.roles[1]} + + # Apply prompt templates + conversations = [] + for i, source in enumerate(sources): + if roles[source[0]["from"]] != conv.roles[0]: + # Skip the first one if it is not from human + source = source[1:] + + conv.messages = [] + for j, sentence in enumerate(source): + role = roles[sentence["from"]] + assert role == conv.roles[j % 2], f"{i}" + conv.append_message(role, sentence["value"]) + conversations.append(conv.get_prompt()) + + # Tokenize conversations + + if has_image: + input_ids = torch.stack([tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer, return_tensors='pt') for prompt in conversations], dim=0) + else: + input_ids = tokenizer( + conversations, + return_tensors="pt", + padding="longest", + max_length=tokenizer.model_max_length, + truncation=True, + ).input_ids + + targets = input_ids.clone() + + assert conv.sep_style == conversation_lib.SeparatorStyle.TWO + + # Mask targets + sep = conv.sep + conv.roles[1] + ": " + for conversation, target in zip(conversations, targets): + total_len = int(target.ne(tokenizer.pad_token_id).sum()) + + rounds = conversation.split(conv.sep2) + cur_len = 1 + target[:cur_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + for i, rou in enumerate(rounds): + if rou == "": + break + + parts = rou.split(sep) + if len(parts) != 2: + break + parts[0] += sep + + if has_image: + round_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(rou, tokenizer)) + instruction_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(parts[0], tokenizer)) - 2 + else: + round_len = len(tokenizer(rou).input_ids) + instruction_len = len(tokenizer(parts[0]).input_ids) - 2 + + if i != 0 and not tokenizer.legacy: # compatible with transformers==4.32.0 + # The legacy and non-legacy modes handle special tokens differently + instruction_len -= 1 + + # Ignore the user instructions + target[cur_len : cur_len + instruction_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + cur_len += round_len + + if i != 0 and not tokenizer.legacy: # compatible with transformers==4.32.0 + # The legacy and non-legacy modes handle special tokens differently + cur_len -= 1 + + target[cur_len:] = IGNORE_INDEX + + if cur_len < tokenizer.model_max_length: + if cur_len != total_len: + target[:] = IGNORE_INDEX + print( + f"WARNING: tokenization mismatch: {cur_len} vs. {total_len}." + f" (ignored)" + ) + + return dict( + input_ids=input_ids, + labels=targets, + ) + + +def preprocess_mpt( + sources, + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, +) -> Dict: + conv = conversation_lib.default_conversation.copy() + roles = {"human": conv.roles[0], "gpt": conv.roles[1]} + + # Apply prompt templates + conversations = [] + for i, source in enumerate(sources): + if roles[source[0]["from"]] != conv.roles[0]: + # Skip the first one if it is not from human + source = source[1:] + + conv.messages = [] + for j, sentence in enumerate(source): + role = roles[sentence["from"]] + assert role == conv.roles[j % 2], f"{i}" + conv.append_message(role, sentence["value"]) + conversations.append(conv.get_prompt()) + + # Tokenize conversations + input_ids = torch.stack([tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer, return_tensors='pt') for prompt in conversations], dim=0) + targets = input_ids.clone() + assert conv.sep_style == conversation_lib.SeparatorStyle.MPT + + # Mask targets + sep = conv.sep + conv.roles[1] + for conversation, target in zip(conversations, targets): + total_len = int(target.ne(tokenizer.pad_token_id).sum()) + + rounds = conversation.split(conv.sep) + re_rounds = [conv.sep.join(rounds[:3])] # system + user + gpt + for conv_idx in range(3, len(rounds), 2): + re_rounds.append(conv.sep.join(rounds[conv_idx:conv_idx+2])) # user + gpt + cur_len = 0 + target[:cur_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + for i, rou in enumerate(re_rounds): + if rou == "": + break + + parts = rou.split(sep) + if len(parts) != 2: + break + parts[0] += sep + round_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(rou, tokenizer)) + len(tokenizer_image_token(conv.sep, tokenizer)) + instruction_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(parts[0], tokenizer)) + target[cur_len : cur_len + instruction_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + + cur_len += round_len + target[cur_len:] = IGNORE_INDEX + + if cur_len < tokenizer.model_max_length: + if cur_len != total_len: + target[:] = IGNORE_INDEX + print( + f"WARNING: tokenization mismatch: {cur_len} vs. {total_len}." + f" (ignored)" + ) + + return dict( + input_ids=input_ids, + labels=targets, + ) + + +def preprocess_plain( + sources: Sequence[str], + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, +) -> Dict: + # add end signal and concatenate together + conversations = [] + for source in sources: + assert len(source) == 2 + assert DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN in source[0]['value'] + source[0]['value'] = DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN + conversation = source[0]['value'] + source[1]['value'] + conversation_lib.default_conversation.sep + conversations.append(conversation) + # tokenize conversations + input_ids = [tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer, return_tensors='pt') for prompt in conversations] + targets = copy.deepcopy(input_ids) + for target, source in zip(targets, sources): + tokenized_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(source[0]['value'], tokenizer)) + target[:tokenized_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + + return dict(input_ids=input_ids, labels=targets) + + +def preprocess( + sources: Sequence[str], + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, + has_image: bool = False +) -> Dict: + """ + Given a list of sources, each is a conversation list. This transform: + 1. Add signal '### ' at the beginning each sentence, with end signal '\n'; + 2. Concatenate conversations together; + 3. Tokenize the concatenated conversation; + 4. Make a deepcopy as the target. Mask human words with IGNORE_INDEX. + """ + if conversation_lib.default_conversation.sep_style == conversation_lib.SeparatorStyle.PLAIN: + return preprocess_plain(sources, tokenizer) + if conversation_lib.default_conversation.sep_style == conversation_lib.SeparatorStyle.LLAMA_2: + return preprocess_llama_2(sources, tokenizer, has_image=has_image) + if conversation_lib.default_conversation.version.startswith("v1"): + return preprocess_v1(sources, tokenizer, has_image=has_image) + if conversation_lib.default_conversation.version == "mpt": + return preprocess_mpt(sources, tokenizer) + # add end signal and concatenate together + conversations = [] + for source in sources: + header = f"{conversation_lib.default_conversation.system}\n\n" + conversation = _add_speaker_and_signal(header, source) + conversations.append(conversation) + # tokenize conversations + def get_tokenize_len(prompts): + return [len(tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer)) for prompt in prompts] + + if has_image: + input_ids = [tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer, return_tensors='pt') for prompt in conversations] + else: + conversations_tokenized = _tokenize_fn(conversations, tokenizer) + input_ids = conversations_tokenized["input_ids"] + + targets = copy.deepcopy(input_ids) + for target, source in zip(targets, sources): + if has_image: + tokenized_lens = get_tokenize_len([header] + [s["value"] for s in source]) + else: + tokenized_lens = _tokenize_fn([header] + [s["value"] for s in source], tokenizer)["input_ids_lens"] + speakers = [sentence["from"] for sentence in source] + _mask_targets(target, tokenized_lens, speakers) + + return dict(input_ids=input_ids, labels=targets) + + +class LazySupervisedDataset(Dataset): + """Dataset for supervised fine-tuning.""" + + def __init__(self, data_path: str, + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, + data_args: DataArguments): + super(LazySupervisedDataset, self).__init__() + list_data_dict = json.load(open(data_path, "r")) + + rank0_print("Formatting inputs...Skip in lazy mode") + self.tokenizer = tokenizer + self.list_data_dict = list_data_dict + self.data_args = data_args + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.list_data_dict) + + @property + def lengths(self): + length_list = [] + for sample in self.list_data_dict: + img_tokens = 128 if 'image' in sample else 0 + length_list.append(sum(len(conv['value'].split()) for conv in sample['conversations']) + img_tokens) + return length_list + + @property + def modality_lengths(self): + length_list = [] + for sample in self.list_data_dict: + cur_len = sum(len(conv['value'].split()) for conv in sample['conversations']) + cur_len = cur_len if 'image' in sample else -cur_len + length_list.append(cur_len) + return length_list + + def __getitem__(self, i) -> Dict[str, torch.Tensor]: + flag = False + while not flag: + try: + sources = self.list_data_dict[i] + if isinstance(i, int): + sources = [sources] + assert len(sources) == 1, "Don't know why it is wrapped to a list" # FIXME + if 'image' in sources[0]: + image_file = self.list_data_dict[i]['image'] + image_folder = self.data_args.image_folder + processor = self.data_args.image_processor + image = Image.open(os.path.join(image_folder, image_file)).convert('RGB') + if self.data_args.image_aspect_ratio == 'pad': + def expand2square(pil_img, background_color): + width, height = pil_img.size + if width == height: + return pil_img + elif width > height: + result = Image.new(pil_img.mode, (width, width), background_color) + result.paste(pil_img, (0, (width - height) // 2)) + return result + else: + result = Image.new(pil_img.mode, (height, height), background_color) + result.paste(pil_img, ((height - width) // 2, 0)) + return result + image = expand2square(image, tuple(int(x*255) for x in processor.image_mean)) + image = processor.preprocess(image, return_tensors='pt')['pixel_values'][0] + else: + image = processor.preprocess(image, return_tensors='pt')['pixel_values'][0] + sources = preprocess_multimodal( + copy.deepcopy([e["conversations"] for e in sources]), + self.data_args) + else: + sources = copy.deepcopy([e["conversations"] for e in sources]) + data_dict = preprocess( + sources, + self.tokenizer, + has_image=('image' in self.list_data_dict[i])) + if isinstance(i, int): + data_dict = dict(input_ids=data_dict["input_ids"][0], + labels=data_dict["labels"][0]) + + # image exist in the data + if 'image' in self.list_data_dict[i]: + data_dict['image'] = image + elif self.data_args.is_multimodal: + # image does not exist in the data, but the model is multimodal + crop_size = self.data_args.image_processor.crop_size + data_dict['image'] = torch.zeros(3, crop_size['height'], crop_size['width']) + flag = True + except Exception as e: + print(e) + i = random.randint(0, len(self.list_data_dict) - 1) + return data_dict + + +@dataclass +class DataCollatorForSupervisedDataset(object): + """Collate examples for supervised fine-tuning.""" + + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer + + def __call__(self, instances: Sequence[Dict]) -> Dict[str, torch.Tensor]: + input_ids, labels = tuple([instance[key] for instance in instances] + for key in ("input_ids", "labels")) + input_ids = torch.nn.utils.rnn.pad_sequence( + input_ids, + batch_first=True, + padding_value=self.tokenizer.pad_token_id) + labels = torch.nn.utils.rnn.pad_sequence(labels, + batch_first=True, + padding_value=IGNORE_INDEX) + input_ids = input_ids[:, :self.tokenizer.model_max_length] + labels = labels[:, :self.tokenizer.model_max_length] + batch = dict( + input_ids=input_ids, + labels=labels, + attention_mask=input_ids.ne(self.tokenizer.pad_token_id), + ) + + if 'image' in instances[0]: + images = [instance['image'] for instance in instances] + if all(x is not None and x.shape == images[0].shape for x in images): + batch['images'] = torch.stack(images) + else: + batch['images'] = images + + return batch + + +def make_supervised_data_module(tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, + data_args) -> Dict: + """Make dataset and collator for supervised fine-tuning.""" + train_dataset = LazySupervisedDataset(tokenizer=tokenizer, + data_path=data_args.data_path, + data_args=data_args) + data_collator = DataCollatorForSupervisedDataset(tokenizer=tokenizer) + return dict(train_dataset=train_dataset, + eval_dataset=None, + data_collator=data_collator) + + +def train(attn_implementation=None): + global local_rank + + parser = transformers.HfArgumentParser( + (ModelArguments, DataArguments, TrainingArguments)) + model_args, data_args, training_args = parser.parse_args_into_dataclasses() + local_rank = training_args.local_rank + training_args._frozen = False # compatible with transformers==4.32.0 + data_args._frozen = False # compatible with transformers==4.32.0 + model_args._frozen = False # compatible with transformers==4.32.0 + compute_dtype = (torch.float16 if training_args.fp16 else (torch.bfloat16 if training_args.bf16 else torch.float32)) + + bnb_model_from_pretrained_args = {} + if training_args.bits in [4, 8]: + from transformers import BitsAndBytesConfig + bnb_model_from_pretrained_args.update(dict( + device_map={"": training_args.device}, + load_in_4bit=training_args.bits == 4, + load_in_8bit=training_args.bits == 8, + quantization_config=BitsAndBytesConfig( + load_in_4bit=training_args.bits == 4, + load_in_8bit=training_args.bits == 8, + llm_int8_threshold=6.0, + llm_int8_has_fp16_weight=False, + bnb_4bit_compute_dtype=compute_dtype, + bnb_4bit_use_double_quant=training_args.double_quant, + bnb_4bit_quant_type=training_args.quant_type # {'fp4', 'nf4'} + ) + )) + + if model_args.vision_tower is not None: + if 'mpt' in model_args.model_name_or_path: + config = transformers.AutoConfig.from_pretrained(model_args.model_name_or_path, trust_remote_code=True) + config.attn_config['attn_impl'] = training_args.mpt_attn_impl + model = LlavaMptForCausalLM.from_pretrained( + model_args.model_name_or_path, + config=config, + cache_dir=training_args.cache_dir, + **bnb_model_from_pretrained_args + ) + else: + model = LlavaLlamaForCausalLM.from_pretrained( + model_args.model_name_or_path, + cache_dir=training_args.cache_dir, + attn_implementation=attn_implementation, + torch_dtype=(torch.bfloat16 if training_args.bf16 else None), + **bnb_model_from_pretrained_args + ) + else: + model = transformers.LlamaForCausalLM.from_pretrained( + model_args.model_name_or_path, + cache_dir=training_args.cache_dir, + attn_implementation=attn_implementation, + torch_dtype=(torch.bfloat16 if training_args.bf16 else None), + **bnb_model_from_pretrained_args + ) + model.config.use_cache = False + + if model_args.freeze_backbone: + model.model.requires_grad_(False) + + if training_args.bits in [4, 8]: + from peft import prepare_model_for_kbit_training + model.config.torch_dtype=(torch.float32 if training_args.fp16 else (torch.bfloat16 if training_args.bf16 else torch.float32)) + model = prepare_model_for_kbit_training(model, use_gradient_checkpointing=training_args.gradient_checkpointing) + + if training_args.gradient_checkpointing: + if hasattr(model, "enable_input_require_grads"): + model.enable_input_require_grads() + else: + def make_inputs_require_grad(module, input, output): + output.requires_grad_(True) + model.get_input_embeddings().register_forward_hook(make_inputs_require_grad) + + if training_args.lora_enable: + from peft import LoraConfig, get_peft_model + lora_config = LoraConfig( + r=training_args.lora_r, + lora_alpha=training_args.lora_alpha, + target_modules=find_all_linear_names(model), + lora_dropout=training_args.lora_dropout, + bias=training_args.lora_bias, + task_type="CAUSAL_LM", + ) + if training_args.bits == 16: + if training_args.bf16: + model.to(torch.bfloat16) + if training_args.fp16: + model.to(torch.float16) + rank0_print("Adding LoRA adapters...") + model = get_peft_model(model, lora_config) + + if 'mpt' in model_args.model_name_or_path: + tokenizer = transformers.AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained( + model_args.model_name_or_path, + cache_dir=training_args.cache_dir, + model_max_length=training_args.model_max_length, + padding_side="right" + ) + else: + tokenizer = transformers.AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained( + model_args.model_name_or_path, + cache_dir=training_args.cache_dir, + model_max_length=training_args.model_max_length, + padding_side="right", + use_fast=False, + ) + + if model_args.version == "v0": + if tokenizer.pad_token is None: + smart_tokenizer_and_embedding_resize( + special_tokens_dict=dict(pad_token="[PAD]"), + tokenizer=tokenizer, + model=model, + ) + elif model_args.version == "v0.5": + tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.unk_token + else: + tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.unk_token + if model_args.version in conversation_lib.conv_templates: + conversation_lib.default_conversation = conversation_lib.conv_templates[model_args.version] + else: + conversation_lib.default_conversation = conversation_lib.conv_templates["vicuna_v1"] + + if model_args.vision_tower is not None: + model.get_model().initialize_vision_modules( + model_args=model_args, + fsdp=training_args.fsdp + ) + + vision_tower = model.get_vision_tower() + vision_tower.to(dtype=torch.bfloat16 if training_args.bf16 else torch.float16, device=training_args.device) + + data_args.image_processor = vision_tower.image_processor + data_args.is_multimodal = True + + model.config.image_aspect_ratio = data_args.image_aspect_ratio + model.config.image_grid_pinpoints = data_args.image_grid_pinpoints + + model.config.tune_mm_mlp_adapter = training_args.tune_mm_mlp_adapter = model_args.tune_mm_mlp_adapter + # freeze llm: only tune mlp layer + if model_args.tune_mm_mlp_adapter or training_args.freeze_llm: + print("Only tune mlp adapter.") + model.requires_grad_(False) + for p in model.get_model().mm_projector.parameters(): + p.requires_grad = True + + model.config.freeze_mm_mlp_adapter = training_args.freeze_mm_mlp_adapter + if training_args.freeze_mm_mlp_adapter: + for p in model.get_model().mm_projector.parameters(): + p.requires_grad = False + + # tune vit position embedding + model.config.tune_vit_pos_embedding = training_args.tune_vit_pos_embedding = model_args.tune_vit_pos_embedding + if model_args.tune_vit_pos_embedding: + print("Tuning ViT position embedding.") + for name, p in model.get_model().vision_tower.named_parameters(): + if "position_embedding" in name: + p.requires_grad = True + print("\tvit pos embedding name: ", name) + + + if training_args.bits in [4, 8]: + model.get_model().mm_projector.to(dtype=compute_dtype, device=training_args.device) + + model.config.mm_use_im_start_end = data_args.mm_use_im_start_end = model_args.mm_use_im_start_end + training_args.use_im_start_end = model_args.mm_use_im_start_end + model.config.mm_use_im_patch_token = model_args.mm_use_im_patch_token + model.initialize_vision_tokenizer(model_args, tokenizer=tokenizer) + + if training_args.bits in [4, 8]: + from peft.tuners.lora import LoraLayer + for name, module in model.named_modules(): + if isinstance(module, LoraLayer): + if training_args.bf16: + module = module.to(torch.bfloat16) + if 'norm' in name: + module = module.to(torch.float32) + if 'lm_head' in name or 'embed_tokens' in name: + if hasattr(module, 'weight'): + if training_args.bf16 and module.weight.dtype == torch.float32: + module = module.to(torch.bfloat16) + + data_module = make_supervised_data_module(tokenizer=tokenizer, + data_args=data_args) + trainer = LLaVATrainer(model=model, + tokenizer=tokenizer, + args=training_args, + **data_module) + + if list(pathlib.Path(training_args.output_dir).glob("checkpoint-*")): + trainer.train(resume_from_checkpoint=True) + else: + trainer.train() + trainer.save_state() + + model.config.use_cache = True + + if training_args.lora_enable: + state_dict = get_peft_state_maybe_zero_3( + model.named_parameters(), training_args.lora_bias + ) + non_lora_state_dict = get_peft_state_non_lora_maybe_zero_3( + model.named_parameters() + ) + if training_args.local_rank == 0 or training_args.local_rank == -1: + model.config.save_pretrained(training_args.output_dir) + model.save_pretrained(training_args.output_dir, state_dict=state_dict) + torch.save(non_lora_state_dict, os.path.join(training_args.output_dir, 'non_lora_trainables.bin')) + else: + safe_save_model_for_hf_trainer(trainer=trainer, + output_dir=training_args.output_dir) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + train() diff --git a/VISTA/llava/train/train_custom.py b/VISTA/llava/train/train_custom.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a3094acdb18266dd23cd645e8d6a7469239810e --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/train/train_custom.py @@ -0,0 +1,1067 @@ +# Adopted from https://github.com/lm-sys/FastChat. Below is the original copyright: +# Adopted from tatsu-lab@stanford_alpaca. Below is the original copyright: +# Copyright 2023 Rohan Taori, Ishaan Gulrajani, Tianyi Zhang, Yann Dubois, Xuechen Li +# +# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); +# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. +# You may obtain a copy of the License at +# +# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 +# +# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, +# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. +# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and +# limitations under the License. + +import io +import os +import math +import copy +from dataclasses import dataclass, field +import json +import logging +import pathlib +from typing import Dict, Optional, Sequence, List + +import torch +import random + +import transformers + +from llava.constants import IGNORE_INDEX, IMAGE_TOKEN_INDEX, DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN, DEFAULT_IM_START_TOKEN, DEFAULT_IM_END_TOKEN +from torch.utils.data import Dataset +from llava.train.llava_trainer import LLaVATrainer + +from llava import conversation as conversation_lib +from llava.model import * +from llava.mm_utils import tokenizer_image_token + +from PIL import Image +from torch.utils.data import ConcatDataset, WeightedRandomSampler + +try: + from petrel_client.client import Client + from petrel_client.common.config import Config + has_tcs_loader = True +except ImportError as E: + print("petrel_client is not installed, using PIL to load image.") + has_tcs_loader = False + + +def pil_loader(img_str): + buff = io.BytesIO(img_str) + img = Image.open(buff) + return img.convert("RGB") + + +class TCSLoader(object): + + def __init__(self, conf_path): + print(f"[TCSLoader] config_path: {conf_path}") + print('--> before Client(conf_path)') + self.client = Client(conf_path) + print('--> after Client(conf_path)') + + def __call__(self, fn): + img_value_str = self.client.get(fn) + img = pil_loader(img_value_str) + return img + + +local_rank = None + + +def rank0_print(*args): + if local_rank == 0: + print(*args) + + +@dataclass +class ModelArguments: + model_name_or_path: Optional[str] = field(default="facebook/opt-125m") + version: Optional[str] = field(default="v0") + freeze_backbone: bool = field(default=False) + tune_mm_mlp_adapter: bool = field(default=False) + tune_vit_pos_embedding: bool = field(default=False) + vision_tower: Optional[str] = field(default=None) + mm_vision_select_layer: Optional[int] = field(default=-1) # default to the last layer + pretrain_mm_mlp_adapter: Optional[str] = field(default=None) + mm_projector_type: Optional[str] = field(default='linear') + mm_use_im_start_end: bool = field(default=False) + mm_use_im_patch_token: bool = field(default=True) + mm_vision_select_feature: Optional[str] = field(default="patch") + + +@dataclass +class DataArguments: + data_path: str = field(default=None, + metadata={"help": "Path to the training data."}) + lazy_preprocess: bool = False + is_multimodal: bool = False + image_folder: Optional[str] = field(default=None) + image_aspect_ratio: str = 'square' + image_grid_pinpoints: Optional[str] = field(default=None) + meta_path: Optional[str] = field(default=None) + +@dataclass +class TrainingArguments(transformers.TrainingArguments): + cache_dir: Optional[str] = field(default=None) + optim: str = field(default="adamw_torch") + remove_unused_columns: bool = field(default=False) + freeze_mm_mlp_adapter: bool = field(default=False) + freeze_llm: bool = field(default=False) + mpt_attn_impl: Optional[str] = field(default="triton") + model_max_length: int = field( + default=512, + metadata={ + "help": + "Maximum sequence length. Sequences will be right padded (and possibly truncated)." + }, + ) + double_quant: bool = field( + default=True, + metadata={"help": "Compress the quantization statistics through double quantization."} + ) + quant_type: str = field( + default="nf4", + metadata={"help": "Quantization data type to use. Should be one of `fp4` or `nf4`."} + ) + bits: int = field( + default=16, + metadata={"help": "How many bits to use."} + ) + lora_enable: bool = False + lora_r: int = 64 + lora_alpha: int = 16 + lora_dropout: float = 0.05 + lora_weight_path: str = "" + lora_bias: str = "none" + group_by_modality_length: bool = field(default=False) + + +def maybe_zero_3(param, ignore_status=False, name=None): + from deepspeed import zero + from deepspeed.runtime.zero.partition_parameters import ZeroParamStatus + if hasattr(param, "ds_id"): + if param.ds_status == ZeroParamStatus.NOT_AVAILABLE: + if not ignore_status: + logging.warning(f"{name}: param.ds_status != ZeroParamStatus.NOT_AVAILABLE: {param.ds_status}") + with zero.GatheredParameters([param]): + param = param.data.detach().cpu().clone() + else: + param = param.detach().cpu().clone() + return param + + +# Borrowed from peft.utils.get_peft_model_state_dict +def get_peft_state_maybe_zero_3(named_params, bias): + if bias == "none": + to_return = {k: t for k, t in named_params if "lora_" in k} + elif bias == "all": + to_return = {k: t for k, t in named_params if "lora_" in k or "bias" in k} + elif bias == "lora_only": + to_return = {} + maybe_lora_bias = {} + lora_bias_names = set() + for k, t in named_params: + if "lora_" in k: + to_return[k] = t + bias_name = k.split("lora_")[0] + "bias" + lora_bias_names.add(bias_name) + elif "bias" in k: + maybe_lora_bias[k] = t + for k, t in maybe_lora_bias: + if bias_name in lora_bias_names: + to_return[bias_name] = t + else: + raise NotImplementedError + to_return = {k: maybe_zero_3(v, ignore_status=True) for k, v in to_return.items()} + return to_return + + +def get_peft_state_non_lora_maybe_zero_3(named_params, require_grad_only=True): + to_return = {k: t for k, t in named_params if "lora_" not in k} + if require_grad_only: + to_return = {k: t for k, t in to_return.items() if t.requires_grad} + to_return = {k: maybe_zero_3(v, ignore_status=True).cpu() for k, v in to_return.items()} + return to_return + + +def get_mm_adapter_state_maybe_zero_3(named_params, keys_to_match): + to_return = {k: t for k, t in named_params if any(key_match in k for key_match in keys_to_match)} + to_return = {k: maybe_zero_3(v, ignore_status=True).cpu() for k, v in to_return.items()} + return to_return + + +def find_all_linear_names(model): + cls = torch.nn.Linear + lora_module_names = set() + for name, module in model.named_modules(): + if isinstance(module, cls): + names = name.split('.') + lora_module_names.add(names[0] if len(names) == 1 else names[-1]) + + + if 'lm_head' in lora_module_names: # needed for 16-bit + lora_module_names.remove('lm_head') + return list(lora_module_names) + + +def safe_save_model_for_hf_trainer(trainer: transformers.Trainer, + output_dir: str): + """Collects the state dict and dump to disk.""" + + if getattr(trainer.args, "tune_mm_mlp_adapter", False): + # Only save Adapter + keys_to_match = ['mm_projector'] + if getattr(trainer.args, "use_im_start_end", False): + keys_to_match.extend(['embed_tokens', 'embed_in']) + + # also save pos embedding + if getattr(trainer.args, "tune_vit_pos_embedding", False): + keys_to_match.extend(['vision_tower.embeddings.position_embedding']) + + weight_to_save = get_mm_adapter_state_maybe_zero_3(trainer.model.named_parameters(), keys_to_match) + print("weight to save:", weight_to_save.keys()) + trainer.model.config.save_pretrained(output_dir) + + current_folder = output_dir.split('/')[-1] + parent_folder = os.path.dirname(output_dir) + if trainer.args.local_rank == 0 or trainer.args.local_rank == -1: + if current_folder.startswith('checkpoint-'): + mm_projector_folder = os.path.join(parent_folder, "mm_projector") + os.makedirs(mm_projector_folder, exist_ok=True) + torch.save(weight_to_save, os.path.join(mm_projector_folder, f'{current_folder}.bin')) + else: + torch.save(weight_to_save, os.path.join(output_dir, f'mm_projector.bin')) + return + + if trainer.deepspeed: + torch.cuda.synchronize() + trainer.save_model(output_dir) + return + + state_dict = trainer.model.state_dict() + if trainer.args.should_save: + cpu_state_dict = { + key: value.cpu() + for key, value in state_dict.items() + } + del state_dict + trainer._save(output_dir, state_dict=cpu_state_dict) # noqa + + +def smart_tokenizer_and_embedding_resize( + special_tokens_dict: Dict, + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, + model: transformers.PreTrainedModel, +): + """Resize tokenizer and embedding. + + Note: This is the unoptimized version that may make your embedding size not be divisible by 64. + """ + num_new_tokens = tokenizer.add_special_tokens(special_tokens_dict) + model.resize_token_embeddings(len(tokenizer)) + + if num_new_tokens > 0: + input_embeddings = model.get_input_embeddings().weight.data + output_embeddings = model.get_output_embeddings().weight.data + + input_embeddings_avg = input_embeddings[:-num_new_tokens].mean( + dim=0, keepdim=True) + output_embeddings_avg = output_embeddings[:-num_new_tokens].mean( + dim=0, keepdim=True) + + input_embeddings[-num_new_tokens:] = input_embeddings_avg + output_embeddings[-num_new_tokens:] = output_embeddings_avg + + +def _tokenize_fn(strings: Sequence[str], + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer) -> Dict: + """Tokenize a list of strings.""" + tokenized_list = [ + tokenizer( + text, + return_tensors="pt", + padding="longest", + max_length=tokenizer.model_max_length, + truncation=True, + ) for text in strings + ] + input_ids = labels = [ + tokenized.input_ids[0] for tokenized in tokenized_list + ] + input_ids_lens = labels_lens = [ + tokenized.input_ids.ne(tokenizer.pad_token_id).sum().item() + for tokenized in tokenized_list + ] + return dict( + input_ids=input_ids, + labels=labels, + input_ids_lens=input_ids_lens, + labels_lens=labels_lens, + ) + + +def _mask_targets(target, tokenized_lens, speakers): + # cur_idx = 0 + cur_idx = tokenized_lens[0] + tokenized_lens = tokenized_lens[1:] + target[:cur_idx] = IGNORE_INDEX + for tokenized_len, speaker in zip(tokenized_lens, speakers): + if speaker == "human": + target[cur_idx+2:cur_idx + tokenized_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + cur_idx += tokenized_len + + +def _add_speaker_and_signal(header, source, get_conversation=True): + """Add speaker and start/end signal on each round.""" + BEGIN_SIGNAL = "### " + END_SIGNAL = "\n" + conversation = header + for sentence in source: + from_str = sentence["from"] + if from_str.lower() == "human": + from_str = conversation_lib.default_conversation.roles[0] + elif from_str.lower() == "gpt": + from_str = conversation_lib.default_conversation.roles[1] + else: + from_str = 'unknown' + sentence["value"] = (BEGIN_SIGNAL + from_str + ": " + + sentence["value"] + END_SIGNAL) + if get_conversation: + conversation += sentence["value"] + conversation += BEGIN_SIGNAL + return conversation + + +def preprocess_multimodal( + sources: Sequence[str], + data_args: DataArguments +) -> Dict: + is_multimodal = data_args.is_multimodal + if not is_multimodal: + return sources + + for source in sources: + for sentence in source: + if DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN in sentence['value']: + sentence['value'] = sentence['value'].replace(DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN, '').strip() + sentence['value'] = DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN + '\n' + sentence['value'] + sentence['value'] = sentence['value'].strip() + if "mmtag" in conversation_lib.default_conversation.version: + sentence['value'] = sentence['value'].replace(DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN, '' + DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN + '') + replace_token = DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN + if data_args.mm_use_im_start_end: + replace_token = DEFAULT_IM_START_TOKEN + replace_token + DEFAULT_IM_END_TOKEN + sentence["value"] = sentence["value"].replace(DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN, replace_token) + + return sources + + +def preprocess_llama_2( + sources, + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, + has_image: bool = False +) -> Dict: + conv = conversation_lib.default_conversation.copy() + roles = {"human": conv.roles[0], "gpt": conv.roles[1]} + + # Apply prompt templates + conversations = [] + for i, source in enumerate(sources): + if roles[source[0]["from"]] != conv.roles[0]: + # Skip the first one if it is not from human + source = source[1:] + + conv.messages = [] + for j, sentence in enumerate(source): + role = roles[sentence["from"]] + assert role == conv.roles[j % 2], f"{i}" + conv.append_message(role, sentence["value"]) + conversations.append(conv.get_prompt()) + + # Tokenize conversations + + if has_image: + input_ids = torch.stack([tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer, return_tensors='pt') for prompt in conversations], dim=0) + else: + input_ids = tokenizer( + conversations, + return_tensors="pt", + padding="longest", + max_length=tokenizer.model_max_length, + truncation=True, + ).input_ids + + targets = input_ids.clone() + + assert conv.sep_style == conversation_lib.SeparatorStyle.LLAMA_2 + + # Mask targets + sep = "[/INST] " + for conversation, target in zip(conversations, targets): + total_len = int(target.ne(tokenizer.pad_token_id).sum()) + + rounds = conversation.split(conv.sep2) + cur_len = 1 + target[:cur_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + for i, rou in enumerate(rounds): + if rou == "": + break + + parts = rou.split(sep) + if len(parts) != 2: + break + parts[0] += sep + + if has_image: + round_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(rou, tokenizer)) + instruction_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(parts[0], tokenizer)) - 2 + else: + round_len = len(tokenizer(rou).input_ids) + instruction_len = len(tokenizer(parts[0]).input_ids) - 2 + + target[cur_len : cur_len + instruction_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + + cur_len += round_len + target[cur_len:] = IGNORE_INDEX + + if cur_len < tokenizer.model_max_length: + if cur_len != total_len: + target[:] = IGNORE_INDEX + print( + f"WARNING: tokenization mismatch: {cur_len} vs. {total_len}." + f" (ignored)" + ) + + return dict( + input_ids=input_ids, + labels=targets, + ) + + +def preprocess_v1( + sources, + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, + has_image: bool = False +) -> Dict: + conv = conversation_lib.default_conversation.copy() + roles = {"human": conv.roles[0], "gpt": conv.roles[1]} + + # Apply prompt templates + conversations = [] + for i, source in enumerate(sources): + if roles[source[0]["from"]] != conv.roles[0]: + # Skip the first one if it is not from human + source = source[1:] + + conv.messages = [] + for j, sentence in enumerate(source): + role = roles[sentence["from"]] + assert role == conv.roles[j % 2], f"{i}" + conv.append_message(role, sentence["value"]) + conversations.append(conv.get_prompt()) + + # Tokenize conversations + + if has_image: + input_ids = torch.stack([tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer, return_tensors='pt') for prompt in conversations], dim=0) + else: + input_ids = tokenizer( + conversations, + return_tensors="pt", + padding="longest", + max_length=tokenizer.model_max_length, + truncation=True, + ).input_ids + + targets = input_ids.clone() + + assert conv.sep_style == conversation_lib.SeparatorStyle.TWO + + # Mask targets + sep = conv.sep + conv.roles[1] + ": " + for conversation, target in zip(conversations, targets): + total_len = int(target.ne(tokenizer.pad_token_id).sum()) + + rounds = conversation.split(conv.sep2) + cur_len = 1 + target[:cur_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + for i, rou in enumerate(rounds): + if rou == "": + break + + parts = rou.split(sep) + if len(parts) != 2: + break + parts[0] += sep + + if has_image: + round_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(rou, tokenizer)) + instruction_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(parts[0], tokenizer)) - 2 + else: + round_len = len(tokenizer(rou).input_ids) + instruction_len = len(tokenizer(parts[0]).input_ids) - 2 + + if i != 0 and not tokenizer.legacy: # compatible with transformers==4.32.0 + # The legacy and non-legacy modes handle special tokens differently + instruction_len -= 1 + + # Ignore the user instructions + target[cur_len : cur_len + instruction_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + cur_len += round_len + + if i != 0 and not tokenizer.legacy: # compatible with transformers==4.32.0 + # The legacy and non-legacy modes handle special tokens differently + cur_len -= 1 + + target[cur_len:] = IGNORE_INDEX + + if cur_len < tokenizer.model_max_length: + if cur_len != total_len: + target[:] = IGNORE_INDEX + print( + f"WARNING: tokenization mismatch: {cur_len} vs. {total_len}." + f" (ignored)" + ) + + return dict( + input_ids=input_ids, + labels=targets, + ) + + +def preprocess_mpt( + sources, + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, +) -> Dict: + conv = conversation_lib.default_conversation.copy() + roles = {"human": conv.roles[0], "gpt": conv.roles[1]} + + # Apply prompt templates + conversations = [] + for i, source in enumerate(sources): + if roles[source[0]["from"]] != conv.roles[0]: + # Skip the first one if it is not from human + source = source[1:] + + conv.messages = [] + for j, sentence in enumerate(source): + role = roles[sentence["from"]] + assert role == conv.roles[j % 2], f"{i}" + conv.append_message(role, sentence["value"]) + conversations.append(conv.get_prompt()) + + # Tokenize conversations + input_ids = torch.stack([tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer, return_tensors='pt') for prompt in conversations], dim=0) + targets = input_ids.clone() + assert conv.sep_style == conversation_lib.SeparatorStyle.MPT + + # Mask targets + sep = conv.sep + conv.roles[1] + for conversation, target in zip(conversations, targets): + total_len = int(target.ne(tokenizer.pad_token_id).sum()) + + rounds = conversation.split(conv.sep) + re_rounds = [conv.sep.join(rounds[:3])] # system + user + gpt + for conv_idx in range(3, len(rounds), 2): + re_rounds.append(conv.sep.join(rounds[conv_idx:conv_idx+2])) # user + gpt + cur_len = 0 + target[:cur_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + for i, rou in enumerate(re_rounds): + if rou == "": + break + + parts = rou.split(sep) + if len(parts) != 2: + break + parts[0] += sep + round_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(rou, tokenizer)) + len(tokenizer_image_token(conv.sep, tokenizer)) + instruction_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(parts[0], tokenizer)) + target[cur_len : cur_len + instruction_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + + cur_len += round_len + target[cur_len:] = IGNORE_INDEX + + if cur_len < tokenizer.model_max_length: + if cur_len != total_len: + target[:] = IGNORE_INDEX + print( + f"WARNING: tokenization mismatch: {cur_len} vs. {total_len}." + f" (ignored)" + ) + + return dict( + input_ids=input_ids, + labels=targets, + ) + + +def preprocess_plain( + sources: Sequence[str], + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, +) -> Dict: + # add end signal and concatenate together + conversations = [] + for source in sources: + assert len(source) == 2 + assert DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN in source[0]['value'] + source[0]['value'] = DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN + conversation = source[0]['value'] + source[1]['value'] + conversation_lib.default_conversation.sep + conversations.append(conversation) + # tokenize conversations + input_ids = [tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer, return_tensors='pt') for prompt in conversations] + targets = copy.deepcopy(input_ids) + for target, source in zip(targets, sources): + tokenized_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(source[0]['value'], tokenizer)) + target[:tokenized_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + + return dict(input_ids=input_ids, labels=targets) + + +def preprocess( + sources: Sequence[str], + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, + has_image: bool = False +) -> Dict: + """ + Given a list of sources, each is a conversation list. This transform: + 1. Add signal '### ' at the beginning each sentence, with end signal '\n'; + 2. Concatenate conversations together; + 3. Tokenize the concatenated conversation; + 4. Make a deepcopy as the target. Mask human words with IGNORE_INDEX. + """ + # hard code to use v1 template + conversation_lib.default_conversation = conversation_lib.conv_templates["v1"] + if conversation_lib.default_conversation.sep_style == conversation_lib.SeparatorStyle.PLAIN: + return preprocess_plain(sources, tokenizer) + if conversation_lib.default_conversation.sep_style == conversation_lib.SeparatorStyle.LLAMA_2: + return preprocess_llama_2(sources, tokenizer, has_image=has_image) + if conversation_lib.default_conversation.version.startswith("v1"): + print("using preprocess_v1!") + return preprocess_v1(sources, tokenizer, has_image=has_image) + if conversation_lib.default_conversation.version == "mpt": + return preprocess_mpt(sources, tokenizer) + # add end signal and concatenate together + conversations = [] + for source in sources: + header = f"{conversation_lib.default_conversation.system}\n\n" + conversation = _add_speaker_and_signal(header, source) + conversations.append(conversation) + # tokenize conversations + def get_tokenize_len(prompts): + return [len(tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer)) for prompt in prompts] + + if has_image: + input_ids = [tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer, return_tensors='pt') for prompt in conversations] + else: + conversations_tokenized = _tokenize_fn(conversations, tokenizer) + input_ids = conversations_tokenized["input_ids"] + + targets = copy.deepcopy(input_ids) + for target, source in zip(targets, sources): + if has_image: + tokenized_lens = get_tokenize_len([header] + [s["value"] for s in source]) + else: + tokenized_lens = _tokenize_fn([header] + [s["value"] for s in source], tokenizer)["input_ids_lens"] + speakers = [sentence["from"] for sentence in source] + _mask_targets(target, tokenized_lens, speakers) + + return dict(input_ids=input_ids, labels=targets) + + +class WeightedConcatDataset(ConcatDataset): + def __init__(self, datasets, weights): + super().__init__(datasets) + self.weights = torch.DoubleTensor(weights) + self.total_size = sum(len(d) for d in datasets) + self.sampler = WeightedRandomSampler(weights=self.weights, num_samples=self.total_size, replacement=True) + + def __iter__(self): + return iter(self.sampler) + + def __len__(self): + return self.total_size + + +class LazySupervisedDataset(Dataset): + """Dataset for supervised fine-tuning.""" + + def __init__(self, meta, + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, + tcs_loader, + data_args: DataArguments): + super(LazySupervisedDataset, self).__init__() + rank0_print("Formatting inputs...Skip in lazy mode") + if meta['annotation'].endswith("json"): + self.list_data_dict = json.load(open(meta['annotation'], "r")) + elif meta['annotation'].endswith("jsonl"): + self.list_data_dict = [json.loads(line) for line in open(meta['annotation'], "r")] + + self.tokenizer = tokenizer + self.tcs_loader = tcs_loader + self.data_args = data_args + self.root = meta['root'] + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.list_data_dict) + + @property + def lengths(self): + length_list = [] + for sample in self.list_data_dict: + img_tokens = 128 if 'image' in sample else 0 + length_list.append(sum(len(conv['value'].split()) for conv in sample['conversations']) + img_tokens) + return length_list + + @property + def modality_lengths(self): + length_list = [] + for sample in self.list_data_dict: + cur_len = sum(len(conv['value'].split()) for conv in sample['conversations']) + cur_len = cur_len if 'image' in sample else -cur_len + length_list.append(cur_len) + return length_list + + def __getitem__(self, i) -> Dict[str, torch.Tensor]: + flag = False + while not flag: + try: + sources = self.list_data_dict[i] + if isinstance(i, int): + sources = [sources] + assert len(sources) == 1, "Don't know why it is wrapped to a list" # FIXME + if 'image' in sources[0]: + image_path = os.path.join(self.root, self.list_data_dict[i]["image"]) + if self.tcs_loader is not None: + image = self.tcs_loader(image_path) + else: + image = Image.open(image_path).convert('RGB') + processor = self.data_args.image_processor + if self.data_args.image_aspect_ratio == 'pad': + def expand2square(pil_img, background_color): + width, height = pil_img.size + if width == height: + return pil_img + elif width > height: + result = Image.new(pil_img.mode, (width, width), background_color) + result.paste(pil_img, (0, (width - height) // 2)) + return result + else: + result = Image.new(pil_img.mode, (height, height), background_color) + result.paste(pil_img, ((height - width) // 2, 0)) + return result + image = expand2square(image, tuple(int(x*255) for x in processor.image_mean)) + image = processor.preprocess(image, return_tensors='pt')['pixel_values'][0] + else: + image = processor.preprocess(image, return_tensors='pt')['pixel_values'][0] + sources = preprocess_multimodal( + copy.deepcopy([e["conversations"] for e in sources]), + self.data_args) + else: + sources = copy.deepcopy([e["conversations"] for e in sources]) + data_dict = preprocess( + sources, + self.tokenizer, + has_image=('image' in self.list_data_dict[i])) + if isinstance(i, int): + data_dict = dict(input_ids=data_dict["input_ids"][0], + labels=data_dict["labels"][0]) + + # image exist in the data + if 'image' in self.list_data_dict[i]: + data_dict['image'] = image + elif self.data_args.is_multimodal: + # image does not exist in the data, but the model is multimodal + crop_size = self.data_args.image_processor.crop_size + data_dict['image'] = torch.zeros(3, crop_size['height'], crop_size['width']) + flag = True + except Exception as e: + print(e) + i = random.randint(0, len(self.list_data_dict) - 1) + return data_dict + + +@dataclass +class DataCollatorForSupervisedDataset(object): + """Collate examples for supervised fine-tuning.""" + + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer + + def __call__(self, instances: Sequence[Dict]) -> Dict[str, torch.Tensor]: + input_ids, labels = tuple([instance[key] for instance in instances] + for key in ("input_ids", "labels")) + input_ids = torch.nn.utils.rnn.pad_sequence( + input_ids, + batch_first=True, + padding_value=self.tokenizer.pad_token_id) + labels = torch.nn.utils.rnn.pad_sequence(labels, + batch_first=True, + padding_value=IGNORE_INDEX) + input_ids = input_ids[:, :self.tokenizer.model_max_length] + labels = labels[:, :self.tokenizer.model_max_length] + batch = dict( + input_ids=input_ids, + labels=labels, + attention_mask=input_ids.ne(self.tokenizer.pad_token_id), + ) + + if 'image' in instances[0]: + images = [instance['image'] for instance in instances] + if all(x is not None and x.shape == images[0].shape for x in images): + batch['images'] = torch.stack(images) + else: + batch['images'] = images + + return batch + + +def make_supervised_data_module(tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, + data_args, + tcs_loader) -> Dict: + """Make dataset and collator for supervised fine-tuning.""" + datasets = [] + lengths = [] + ds_collections = json.loads(open(data_args.meta_path).read()) + for ds_name in ds_collections.keys(): + repeat_time = ds_collections[ds_name]['repeat_time'] + dataset = LazySupervisedDataset( + meta=ds_collections[ds_name], + tokenizer=tokenizer, + tcs_loader=tcs_loader, + data_args=data_args, + ) + for i in range(repeat_time): + datasets.append(dataset) + lengths.append(math.sqrt(len(dataset))) + total_length = sum(lengths) + weights = [l / total_length for l in lengths] + for idx, ds_name in enumerate(ds_collections.keys()): + print(f"{ds_name}: {weights[idx]}") + train_dataset = WeightedConcatDataset(datasets, weights) + data_collator = DataCollatorForSupervisedDataset(tokenizer=tokenizer) + return dict(train_dataset=train_dataset, + eval_dataset=None, + data_collator=data_collator) + + +def train(attn_implementation=None): + global local_rank + + parser = transformers.HfArgumentParser( + (ModelArguments, DataArguments, TrainingArguments)) + model_args, data_args, training_args = parser.parse_args_into_dataclasses() + local_rank = training_args.local_rank + training_args._frozen = False # compatible with transformers==4.32.0 + data_args._frozen = False # compatible with transformers==4.32.0 + model_args._frozen = False # compatible with transformers==4.32.0 + compute_dtype = (torch.float16 if training_args.fp16 else (torch.bfloat16 if training_args.bf16 else torch.float32)) + + bnb_model_from_pretrained_args = {} + if training_args.bits in [4, 8]: + from transformers import BitsAndBytesConfig + bnb_model_from_pretrained_args.update(dict( + device_map={"": training_args.device}, + load_in_4bit=training_args.bits == 4, + load_in_8bit=training_args.bits == 8, + quantization_config=BitsAndBytesConfig( + load_in_4bit=training_args.bits == 4, + load_in_8bit=training_args.bits == 8, + llm_int8_threshold=6.0, + llm_int8_has_fp16_weight=False, + bnb_4bit_compute_dtype=compute_dtype, + bnb_4bit_use_double_quant=training_args.double_quant, + bnb_4bit_quant_type=training_args.quant_type # {'fp4', 'nf4'} + ) + )) + + if model_args.vision_tower is not None: + if 'mpt' in model_args.model_name_or_path: + config = transformers.AutoConfig.from_pretrained(model_args.model_name_or_path, trust_remote_code=True) + config.attn_config['attn_impl'] = training_args.mpt_attn_impl + model = LlavaMptForCausalLM.from_pretrained( + model_args.model_name_or_path, + config=config, + cache_dir=training_args.cache_dir, + **bnb_model_from_pretrained_args + ) + else: + model = LlavaLlamaForCausalLM.from_pretrained( + model_args.model_name_or_path, + cache_dir=training_args.cache_dir, + attn_implementation=attn_implementation, + torch_dtype=(torch.bfloat16 if training_args.bf16 else None), + **bnb_model_from_pretrained_args + ) + else: + model = transformers.LlamaForCausalLM.from_pretrained( + model_args.model_name_or_path, + cache_dir=training_args.cache_dir, + attn_implementation=attn_implementation, + torch_dtype=(torch.bfloat16 if training_args.bf16 else None), + **bnb_model_from_pretrained_args + ) + model.config.use_cache = False + + if model_args.freeze_backbone: + model.model.requires_grad_(False) + + if training_args.bits in [4, 8]: + from peft import prepare_model_for_kbit_training + model.config.torch_dtype=(torch.float32 if training_args.fp16 else (torch.bfloat16 if training_args.bf16 else torch.float32)) + model = prepare_model_for_kbit_training(model, use_gradient_checkpointing=training_args.gradient_checkpointing) + + if training_args.gradient_checkpointing: + if hasattr(model, "enable_input_require_grads"): + model.enable_input_require_grads() + else: + def make_inputs_require_grad(module, input, output): + output.requires_grad_(True) + model.get_input_embeddings().register_forward_hook(make_inputs_require_grad) + + if training_args.lora_enable: + from peft import LoraConfig, get_peft_model + lora_config = LoraConfig( + r=training_args.lora_r, + lora_alpha=training_args.lora_alpha, + target_modules=find_all_linear_names(model), + lora_dropout=training_args.lora_dropout, + bias=training_args.lora_bias, + task_type="CAUSAL_LM", + ) + if training_args.bits == 16: + if training_args.bf16: + model.to(torch.bfloat16) + if training_args.fp16: + model.to(torch.float16) + rank0_print("Adding LoRA adapters...") + model = get_peft_model(model, lora_config) + + if 'mpt' in model_args.model_name_or_path: + tokenizer = transformers.AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained( + model_args.model_name_or_path, + cache_dir=training_args.cache_dir, + model_max_length=training_args.model_max_length, + padding_side="right" + ) + else: + tokenizer = transformers.AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained( + model_args.model_name_or_path, + cache_dir=training_args.cache_dir, + model_max_length=training_args.model_max_length, + padding_side="right", + use_fast=False, + ) + + if model_args.version == "v0": + if tokenizer.pad_token is None: + smart_tokenizer_and_embedding_resize( + special_tokens_dict=dict(pad_token="[PAD]"), + tokenizer=tokenizer, + model=model, + ) + elif model_args.version == "v0.5": + tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.unk_token + else: + tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.unk_token + if model_args.version in conversation_lib.conv_templates: + conversation_lib.default_conversation = conversation_lib.conv_templates[model_args.version] + else: + conversation_lib.default_conversation = conversation_lib.conv_templates["vicuna_v1"] + + if model_args.vision_tower is not None: + model.get_model().initialize_vision_modules( + model_args=model_args, + fsdp=training_args.fsdp + ) + + vision_tower = model.get_vision_tower() + vision_tower.to(dtype=torch.bfloat16 if training_args.bf16 else torch.float16, device=training_args.device) + + data_args.image_processor = vision_tower.image_processor + data_args.is_multimodal = True + + model.config.image_aspect_ratio = data_args.image_aspect_ratio + model.config.image_grid_pinpoints = data_args.image_grid_pinpoints + + model.config.tune_mm_mlp_adapter = training_args.tune_mm_mlp_adapter = model_args.tune_mm_mlp_adapter + # freeze llm: only tune mlp layer + if model_args.tune_mm_mlp_adapter or training_args.freeze_llm: + print("Only tune mlp adapter.") + model.requires_grad_(False) + for p in model.get_model().mm_projector.parameters(): + p.requires_grad = True + + model.config.freeze_mm_mlp_adapter = training_args.freeze_mm_mlp_adapter + if training_args.freeze_mm_mlp_adapter: + for p in model.get_model().mm_projector.parameters(): + p.requires_grad = False + + # tune vit position embedding + model.config.tune_vit_pos_embedding = training_args.tune_vit_pos_embedding = model_args.tune_vit_pos_embedding + if model_args.tune_vit_pos_embedding: + print("Tuning ViT position embedding.") + for name, p in model.get_model().vision_tower.named_parameters(): + if "position_embedding" in name: + p.requires_grad = True + print("\tvit pos embedding name: ", name) + + + if training_args.bits in [4, 8]: + model.get_model().mm_projector.to(dtype=compute_dtype, device=training_args.device) + + model.config.mm_use_im_start_end = data_args.mm_use_im_start_end = model_args.mm_use_im_start_end + training_args.use_im_start_end = model_args.mm_use_im_start_end + model.config.mm_use_im_patch_token = model_args.mm_use_im_patch_token + model.initialize_vision_tokenizer(model_args, tokenizer=tokenizer) + + if training_args.bits in [4, 8]: + from peft.tuners.lora import LoraLayer + for name, module in model.named_modules(): + if isinstance(module, LoraLayer): + if training_args.bf16: + module = module.to(torch.bfloat16) + if 'norm' in name: + module = module.to(torch.float32) + if 'lm_head' in name or 'embed_tokens' in name: + if hasattr(module, 'weight'): + if training_args.bf16 and module.weight.dtype == torch.float32: + module = module.to(torch.bfloat16) + + tcs_loader = TCSLoader('~/petreloss.conf') if has_tcs_loader else None + data_module = make_supervised_data_module(tokenizer=tokenizer, + data_args=data_args, + tcs_loader=tcs_loader) + trainer = LLaVATrainer(model=model, + tokenizer=tokenizer, + args=training_args, + **data_module) + + if list(pathlib.Path(training_args.output_dir).glob("checkpoint-*")): + trainer.train(resume_from_checkpoint=True) + else: + trainer.train() + trainer.save_state() + + model.config.use_cache = True + + if training_args.lora_enable: + state_dict = get_peft_state_maybe_zero_3( + model.named_parameters(), training_args.lora_bias + ) + non_lora_state_dict = get_peft_state_non_lora_maybe_zero_3( + model.named_parameters() + ) + if training_args.local_rank == 0 or training_args.local_rank == -1: + model.config.save_pretrained(training_args.output_dir) + model.save_pretrained(training_args.output_dir, state_dict=state_dict) + torch.save(non_lora_state_dict, os.path.join(training_args.output_dir, 'non_lora_trainables.bin')) + else: + safe_save_model_for_hf_trainer(trainer=trainer, + output_dir=training_args.output_dir) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + train() diff --git a/VISTA/llava/train/train_mem.py b/VISTA/llava/train/train_mem.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d7ba591868fe3f3602a064c3809c5f86f82d396 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/train/train_mem.py @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +# Adopted from https://github.com/lm-sys/FastChat. Below is the original copyright: +# Adopted from tatsu-lab@stanford_alpaca. Below is the original copyright: +# Make it more memory efficient by monkey patching the LLaMA model with FlashAttn. + +# Need to call this before importing transformers. +# from llava.train.llama_flash_attn_monkey_patch import replace_llama_attn_with_flash_attn + +# replace_llama_attn_with_flash_attn() + +from llava.train.train import train + +if __name__ == "__main__": + train(attn_implementation="flash_attention_2") diff --git a/VISTA/llava/train/train_mem_custom.py b/VISTA/llava/train/train_mem_custom.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c2c34387f98799618a6b39f1a8f01e7d42625a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/llava/train/train_mem_custom.py @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +# Adopted from https://github.com/lm-sys/FastChat. Below is the original copyright: +# Adopted from tatsu-lab@stanford_alpaca. Below is the original copyright: +# Make it more memory efficient by monkey patching the LLaMA model with FlashAttn. + +# Need to call this before importing transformers. +# from llava.train.llama_flash_attn_monkey_patch import replace_llama_attn_with_flash_attn + +# replace_llama_attn_with_flash_attn() + +from llava.train.train_custom import train +from llava.train.dist_utils import init_dist + +if __name__ == "__main__": + try: + init_dist(launcher='slurm', backend='nccl') + print("slurm environment detected") + except: + init_dist(launcher='pytorch', backend='nccl') + train(attn_implementation="flash_attention_2") diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/__init__.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb31f42f9107a0b748b878deb1c5768019d62b32 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +""" + Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + All rights reserved. + SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + For full license text, see the LICENSE_Lavis file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause +""" + +import os +import sys + +from omegaconf import OmegaConf + +from minigpt4.common.registry import registry + +from minigpt4.datasets.builders import * +from minigpt4.models import * +from minigpt4.processors import * +from minigpt4.tasks import * + + +root_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)) +default_cfg = OmegaConf.load(os.path.join(root_dir, "configs/default.yaml")) + +registry.register_path("library_root", root_dir) +repo_root = os.path.join(root_dir, "..") +registry.register_path("repo_root", repo_root) +cache_root = os.path.join(repo_root, default_cfg.env.cache_root) +registry.register_path("cache_root", cache_root) + +registry.register("MAX_INT", sys.maxsize) +registry.register("SPLIT_NAMES", ["train", "val", "test"]) diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/minigpt4/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..352d0d61030b6f7d4737f2a17a6ebcc5ec7688ef Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/minigpt4/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__init__.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ecf86b9afc7b2a294d36a779bfe8fc6f5eb27dd8 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/config.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/config.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ad2dadd8d8919d96bc577dbe901517e35407eca Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/config.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/dist_utils.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/dist_utils.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..30a3c23692293d332ef2696c8287c0de285f8ee0 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/dist_utils.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/eval_utils.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/eval_utils.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a99689737ed552f595798852c73b03c1e5898305 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/eval_utils.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/logger.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/logger.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d26a23fdd43a3fd3d36bfd676960db59fca5687b Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/logger.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/registry.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/registry.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b8589a83c885860bbc68021654d0e2d9855961b Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/registry.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/utils.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/utils.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c3eae8b926c801e91bb49e93b709dd1d16f2bfb Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/__pycache__/utils.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/config.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/config.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1d3278bfe9caf59bddecd102d42a79ed8b71e55 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/config.py @@ -0,0 +1,496 @@ +""" + Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + All rights reserved. + SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + For full license text, see the LICENSE_Lavis file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause +""" + +import logging +import json +from typing import Dict + +from omegaconf import OmegaConf +from minigpt4.common.registry import registry + + +class Config: + def __init__(self, args): + self.config = {} + + self.args = args + + # Register the config and configuration for setup + registry.register("configuration", self) + + user_config = self._build_opt_list(self.args.options) + + config = OmegaConf.load(self.args.cfg_path) + + runner_config = self.build_runner_config(config) + model_config = self.build_model_config(config, **user_config) + dataset_config = self.build_dataset_config(config) + evaluation_dataset_config = self.build_evaluation_dataset_config(config) + + # Validate the user-provided runner configuration + # model and dataset configuration are supposed to be validated by the respective classes + # [TODO] validate the model/dataset configuration + # self._validate_runner_config(runner_config) + + # Override the default configuration with user options. + self.config = OmegaConf.merge( + runner_config, model_config, dataset_config,evaluation_dataset_config, user_config + ) + + def _validate_runner_config(self, runner_config): + """ + This method validates the configuration, such that + 1) all the user specified options are valid; + 2) no type mismatches between the user specified options and the config. + """ + runner_config_validator = create_runner_config_validator() + runner_config_validator.validate(runner_config) + + def _build_opt_list(self, opts): + opts_dot_list = self._convert_to_dot_list(opts) + return OmegaConf.from_dotlist(opts_dot_list) + + @staticmethod + def build_model_config(config, **kwargs): + model = config.get("model", None) + assert model is not None, "Missing model configuration file." + + model_cls = registry.get_model_class(model.arch) + assert model_cls is not None, f"Model '{model.arch}' has not been registered." + + model_type = kwargs.get("model.model_type", None) + if not model_type: + model_type = model.get("model_type", None) + # else use the model type selected by user. + + assert model_type is not None, "Missing model_type." + + model_config_path = model_cls.default_config_path(model_type=model_type) + + model_config = OmegaConf.create() + # hierarchy override, customized config > default config + model_config = OmegaConf.merge( + model_config, + OmegaConf.load(model_config_path), + {"model": config["model"]}, + ) + + return model_config + + @staticmethod + def build_runner_config(config): + return {"run": config.run} + + @staticmethod + def build_dataset_config(config): + datasets = config.get("datasets", None) + if datasets is None: + raise KeyError( + "Expecting 'datasets' as the root key for dataset configuration." + ) + + dataset_config = OmegaConf.create() + + for dataset_name in datasets: + builder_cls = registry.get_builder_class(dataset_name) + + dataset_config_type = datasets[dataset_name].get("type", "default") + dataset_config_path = builder_cls.default_config_path( + type=dataset_config_type + ) + + # hierarchy override, customized config > default config + dataset_config = OmegaConf.merge( + dataset_config, + OmegaConf.load(dataset_config_path), + {"datasets": {dataset_name: config["datasets"][dataset_name]}}, + ) + + return dataset_config + + + @staticmethod + def build_evaluation_dataset_config(config): + datasets = config.get("evaluation_datasets", None) + # if datasets is None: + # raise KeyError( + # "Expecting 'datasets' as the root key for dataset configuration." + # ) + + dataset_config = OmegaConf.create() + + if datasets is not None: + for dataset_name in datasets: + builder_cls = registry.get_builder_class(dataset_name) + + # hierarchy override, customized config > default config + dataset_config = OmegaConf.merge( + dataset_config, + {"evaluation_datasets": {dataset_name: config["evaluation_datasets"][dataset_name]}}, + ) + + return dataset_config + + def _convert_to_dot_list(self, opts): + if opts is None: + opts = [] + + if len(opts) == 0: + return opts + + has_equal = opts[0].find("=") != -1 + + if has_equal: + return opts + + return [(opt + "=" + value) for opt, value in zip(opts[0::2], opts[1::2])] + + def get_config(self): + return self.config + + @property + def run_cfg(self): + return self.config.run + + @property + def datasets_cfg(self): + return self.config.datasets + + @property + def evaluation_datasets_cfg(self): + return self.config.evaluation_datasets + + @property + def model_cfg(self): + return self.config.model + + def pretty_print(self): + logging.info("\n===== Running Parameters =====") + logging.info(self._convert_node_to_json(self.config.run)) + + logging.info("\n====== Dataset Attributes ======") + datasets = self.config.datasets + + for dataset in datasets: + if dataset in self.config.datasets: + logging.info(f"\n======== {dataset} =======") + dataset_config = self.config.datasets[dataset] + logging.info(self._convert_node_to_json(dataset_config)) + else: + logging.warning(f"No dataset named '{dataset}' in config. Skipping") + + logging.info(f"\n====== Model Attributes ======") + logging.info(self._convert_node_to_json(self.config.model)) + + def _convert_node_to_json(self, node): + container = OmegaConf.to_container(node, resolve=True) + return json.dumps(container, indent=4, sort_keys=True) + + def to_dict(self): + return OmegaConf.to_container(self.config) + + +def node_to_dict(node): + return OmegaConf.to_container(node) + + +class ConfigValidator: + """ + This is a preliminary implementation to centralize and validate the configuration. + May be altered in the future. + + A helper class to validate configurations from yaml file. + + This serves the following purposes: + 1. Ensure all the options in the yaml are defined, raise error if not. + 2. when type mismatches are found, the validator will raise an error. + 3. a central place to store and display helpful messages for supported configurations. + + """ + + class _Argument: + def __init__(self, name, choices=None, type=None, help=None): + self.name = name + self.val = None + self.choices = choices + self.type = type + self.help = help + + def __str__(self): + s = f"{self.name}={self.val}" + if self.type is not None: + s += f", ({self.type})" + if self.choices is not None: + s += f", choices: {self.choices}" + if self.help is not None: + s += f", ({self.help})" + return s + + def __init__(self, description): + self.description = description + + self.arguments = dict() + + self.parsed_args = None + + def __getitem__(self, key): + assert self.parsed_args is not None, "No arguments parsed yet." + + return self.parsed_args[key] + + def __str__(self) -> str: + return self.format_help() + + def add_argument(self, *args, **kwargs): + """ + Assume the first argument is the name of the argument. + """ + self.arguments[args[0]] = self._Argument(*args, **kwargs) + + def validate(self, config=None): + """ + Convert yaml config (dict-like) to list, required by argparse. + """ + for k, v in config.items(): + assert ( + k in self.arguments + ), f"""{k} is not a valid argument. Support arguments are {self.format_arguments()}.""" + + if self.arguments[k].type is not None: + try: + self.arguments[k].val = self.arguments[k].type(v) + except ValueError: + raise ValueError(f"{k} is not a valid {self.arguments[k].type}.") + + if self.arguments[k].choices is not None: + assert ( + v in self.arguments[k].choices + ), f"""{k} must be one of {self.arguments[k].choices}.""" + + return config + + def format_arguments(self): + return str([f"{k}" for k in sorted(self.arguments.keys())]) + + def format_help(self): + # description + key-value pair string for each argument + help_msg = str(self.description) + return help_msg + ", available arguments: " + self.format_arguments() + + def print_help(self): + # display help message + print(self.format_help()) + + +def create_runner_config_validator(): + validator = ConfigValidator(description="Runner configurations") + + validator.add_argument( + "runner", + type=str, + choices=["runner_base", "runner_iter"], + help="""Runner to use. The "runner_base" uses epoch-based training while iter-based + runner runs based on iters. Default: runner_base""", + ) + # add argumetns for training dataset ratios + validator.add_argument( + "train_dataset_ratios", + type=Dict[str, float], + help="""Ratios of training dataset. This is used in iteration-based runner. + Do not support for epoch-based runner because how to define an epoch becomes tricky. + Default: None""", + ) + validator.add_argument( + "max_iters", + type=float, + help="Maximum number of iterations to run.", + ) + validator.add_argument( + "max_epoch", + type=int, + help="Maximum number of epochs to run.", + ) + # add arguments for iters_per_inner_epoch + validator.add_argument( + "iters_per_inner_epoch", + type=float, + help="Number of iterations per inner epoch. This is required when runner is runner_iter.", + ) + lr_scheds_choices = registry.list_lr_schedulers() + validator.add_argument( + "lr_sched", + type=str, + choices=lr_scheds_choices, + help="Learning rate scheduler to use, from {}".format(lr_scheds_choices), + ) + task_choices = registry.list_tasks() + validator.add_argument( + "task", + type=str, + choices=task_choices, + help="Task to use, from {}".format(task_choices), + ) + # add arguments for init_lr + validator.add_argument( + "init_lr", + type=float, + help="Initial learning rate. This will be the learning rate after warmup and before decay.", + ) + # add arguments for min_lr + validator.add_argument( + "min_lr", + type=float, + help="Minimum learning rate (after decay).", + ) + # add arguments for warmup_lr + validator.add_argument( + "warmup_lr", + type=float, + help="Starting learning rate for warmup.", + ) + # add arguments for learning rate decay rate + validator.add_argument( + "lr_decay_rate", + type=float, + help="Learning rate decay rate. Required if using a decaying learning rate scheduler.", + ) + # add arguments for weight decay + validator.add_argument( + "weight_decay", + type=float, + help="Weight decay rate.", + ) + # add arguments for training batch size + validator.add_argument( + "batch_size_train", + type=int, + help="Training batch size.", + ) + # add arguments for evaluation batch size + validator.add_argument( + "batch_size_eval", + type=int, + help="Evaluation batch size, including validation and testing.", + ) + # add arguments for number of workers for data loading + validator.add_argument( + "num_workers", + help="Number of workers for data loading.", + ) + # add arguments for warm up steps + validator.add_argument( + "warmup_steps", + type=int, + help="Number of warmup steps. Required if a warmup schedule is used.", + ) + # add arguments for random seed + validator.add_argument( + "seed", + type=int, + help="Random seed.", + ) + # add arguments for output directory + validator.add_argument( + "output_dir", + type=str, + help="Output directory to save checkpoints and logs.", + ) + # add arguments for whether only use evaluation + validator.add_argument( + "evaluate", + help="Whether to only evaluate the model. If true, training will not be performed.", + ) + # add arguments for splits used for training, e.g. ["train", "val"] + validator.add_argument( + "train_splits", + type=list, + help="Splits to use for training.", + ) + # add arguments for splits used for validation, e.g. ["val"] + validator.add_argument( + "valid_splits", + type=list, + help="Splits to use for validation. If not provided, will skip the validation.", + ) + # add arguments for splits used for testing, e.g. ["test"] + validator.add_argument( + "test_splits", + type=list, + help="Splits to use for testing. If not provided, will skip the testing.", + ) + # add arguments for accumulating gradient for iterations + validator.add_argument( + "accum_grad_iters", + type=int, + help="Number of iterations to accumulate gradient for.", + ) + + # ====== distributed training ====== + validator.add_argument( + "device", + type=str, + choices=["cpu", "cuda"], + help="Device to use. Support 'cuda' or 'cpu' as for now.", + ) + validator.add_argument( + "world_size", + type=int, + help="Number of processes participating in the job.", + ) + validator.add_argument("dist_url", type=str) + validator.add_argument("distributed", type=bool) + # add arguments to opt using distributed sampler during evaluation or not + validator.add_argument( + "use_dist_eval_sampler", + type=bool, + help="Whether to use distributed sampler during evaluation or not.", + ) + + # ====== task specific ====== + # generation task specific arguments + # add arguments for maximal length of text output + validator.add_argument( + "max_len", + type=int, + help="Maximal length of text output.", + ) + # add arguments for minimal length of text output + validator.add_argument( + "min_len", + type=int, + help="Minimal length of text output.", + ) + # add arguments number of beams + validator.add_argument( + "num_beams", + type=int, + help="Number of beams used for beam search.", + ) + + # vqa task specific arguments + # add arguments for number of answer candidates + validator.add_argument( + "num_ans_candidates", + type=int, + help="""For ALBEF and BLIP, these models first rank answers according to likelihood to select answer candidates.""", + ) + # add arguments for inference method + validator.add_argument( + "inference_method", + type=str, + choices=["genearte", "rank"], + help="""Inference method to use for question answering. If rank, requires a answer list.""", + ) + + # ====== model specific ====== + validator.add_argument( + "k_test", + type=int, + help="Number of top k most similar samples from ITC/VTC selection to be tested.", + ) + + return validator diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/dist_utils.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/dist_utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a6fc1b904dccccbffbd96326b1506f8ff3ca19c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/dist_utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ +""" + Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + All rights reserved. + SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + For full license text, see the LICENSE_Lavis file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause +""" + +import datetime +import functools +import os + +import torch +import torch.distributed as dist +import timm.models.hub as timm_hub + + +def setup_for_distributed(is_master): + """ + This function disables printing when not in master process + """ + import builtins as __builtin__ + + builtin_print = __builtin__.print + + def print(*args, **kwargs): + force = kwargs.pop("force", False) + if is_master or force: + builtin_print(*args, **kwargs) + + __builtin__.print = print + + +def is_dist_avail_and_initialized(): + if not dist.is_available(): + return False + if not dist.is_initialized(): + return False + return True + + +def get_world_size(): + if not is_dist_avail_and_initialized(): + return 1 + return dist.get_world_size() + + +def get_rank(): + if not is_dist_avail_and_initialized(): + return 0 + return dist.get_rank() + + +def is_main_process(): + return get_rank() == 0 + + +def init_distributed_mode(args): + if args.distributed is False: + print("Not using distributed mode") + return + elif "RANK" in os.environ and "WORLD_SIZE" in os.environ: + args.rank = int(os.environ["RANK"]) + args.world_size = int(os.environ["WORLD_SIZE"]) + args.gpu = int(os.environ["LOCAL_RANK"]) + elif "SLURM_PROCID" in os.environ: + args.rank = int(os.environ["SLURM_PROCID"]) + args.gpu = args.rank % torch.cuda.device_count() + else: + print("Not using distributed mode") + args.distributed = False + return + + args.distributed = True + + torch.cuda.set_device(args.gpu) + args.dist_backend = "nccl" + print( + "| distributed init (rank {}, world {}): {}".format( + args.rank, args.world_size, args.dist_url + ), + flush=True, + ) + torch.distributed.init_process_group( + backend=args.dist_backend, + init_method=args.dist_url, + world_size=args.world_size, + rank=args.rank, + timeout=datetime.timedelta( + days=365 + ), # allow auto-downloading and de-compressing + ) + torch.distributed.barrier() + setup_for_distributed(args.rank == 0) + + +def get_dist_info(): + if torch.__version__ < "1.0": + initialized = dist._initialized + else: + initialized = dist.is_initialized() + if initialized: + rank = dist.get_rank() + world_size = dist.get_world_size() + else: # non-distributed training + rank = 0 + world_size = 1 + return rank, world_size + + +def main_process(func): + @functools.wraps(func) + def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): + rank, _ = get_dist_info() + if rank == 0: + return func(*args, **kwargs) + + return wrapper + + +def download_cached_file(url, check_hash=True, progress=False): + """ + Download a file from a URL and cache it locally. If the file already exists, it is not downloaded again. + If distributed, only the main process downloads the file, and the other processes wait for the file to be downloaded. + """ + + def get_cached_file_path(): + # a hack to sync the file path across processes + parts = torch.hub.urlparse(url) + filename = os.path.basename(parts.path) + cached_file = os.path.join(timm_hub.get_cache_dir(), filename) + + return cached_file + + if is_main_process(): + timm_hub.download_cached_file(url, check_hash, progress) + + if is_dist_avail_and_initialized(): + dist.barrier() + + return get_cached_file_path() diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/eval_utils.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/eval_utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4449f5b0e3fd8b052063c39eba6e1b6c09a3b53c --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/eval_utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +import argparse +import numpy as np +from nltk.translate.bleu_score import sentence_bleu + +from minigpt4.common.registry import registry +from minigpt4.common.config import Config + +# imports modules for registration +from minigpt4.datasets.builders import * +from minigpt4.models import * +from minigpt4.processors import * +from minigpt4.runners import * +from minigpt4.tasks import * + + + +def eval_parser(): + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Demo") + parser.add_argument("--cfg-path", required=True, help="path to configuration file.") + parser.add_argument("--name", type=str, default='A2', help="evaluation name") + parser.add_argument("--ckpt", type=str, help="path to configuration file.") + parser.add_argument("--eval_opt", type=str, default='all', help="path to configuration file.") + parser.add_argument("--max_new_tokens", type=int, default=10, help="max number of generated tokens") + parser.add_argument("--batch_size", type=int, default=32) + parser.add_argument("--lora_r", type=int, default=64, help="lora rank of the model") + parser.add_argument("--lora_alpha", type=int, default=16, help="lora alpha") + parser.add_argument( + "--options", + nargs="+", + help="override some settings in the used config, the key-value pair " + "in xxx=yyy format will be merged into config file (deprecate), " + "change to --cfg-options instead.", + ) + return parser + + +def prepare_texts(texts, conv_temp): + convs = [conv_temp.copy() for _ in range(len(texts))] + [conv.append_message( + conv.roles[0], ' {}'.format(text)) for conv, text in zip(convs, texts)] + [conv.append_message(conv.roles[1], None) for conv in convs] + texts = [conv.get_prompt() for conv in convs] + return texts + + +def init_model(args): + print('Initialization Model') + cfg = Config(args) + # cfg.model_cfg.ckpt = args.ckpt + # cfg.model_cfg.lora_r = args.lora_r + # cfg.model_cfg.lora_alpha = args.lora_alpha + + model_config = cfg.model_cfg + model_cls = registry.get_model_class(model_config.arch) + model = model_cls.from_config(model_config).to('cuda:0') + +# import pudb; pudb.set_trace() + key = list(cfg.datasets_cfg.keys())[0] + vis_processor_cfg = cfg.datasets_cfg.get(key).vis_processor.train + vis_processor = registry.get_processor_class(vis_processor_cfg.name).from_config(vis_processor_cfg) + print('Initialization Finished') + return model, vis_processor + + +def computeIoU(bbox1, bbox2): + x1, y1, x2, y2 = bbox1 + x3, y3, x4, y4 = bbox2 + intersection_x1 = max(x1, x3) + intersection_y1 = max(y1, y3) + intersection_x2 = min(x2, x4) + intersection_y2 = min(y2, y4) + intersection_area = max(0, intersection_x2 - intersection_x1 + 1) * max(0, intersection_y2 - intersection_y1 + 1) + bbox1_area = (x2 - x1 + 1) * (y2 - y1 + 1) + bbox2_area = (x4 - x3 + 1) * (y4 - y3 + 1) + union_area = bbox1_area + bbox2_area - intersection_area + iou = intersection_area / union_area + return iou \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/gradcam.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/gradcam.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d53a5254d4b319eaf2cbfbd081b0ca8e38c5c7a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/gradcam.py @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +import numpy as np +from matplotlib import pyplot as plt +from scipy.ndimage import filters +from skimage import transform as skimage_transform + + +def getAttMap(img, attMap, blur=True, overlap=True): + attMap -= attMap.min() + if attMap.max() > 0: + attMap /= attMap.max() + attMap = skimage_transform.resize(attMap, (img.shape[:2]), order=3, mode="constant") + if blur: + attMap = filters.gaussian_filter(attMap, 0.02 * max(img.shape[:2])) + attMap -= attMap.min() + attMap /= attMap.max() + cmap = plt.get_cmap("jet") + attMapV = cmap(attMap) + attMapV = np.delete(attMapV, 3, 2) + if overlap: + attMap = ( + 1 * (1 - attMap**0.7).reshape(attMap.shape + (1,)) * img + + (attMap**0.7).reshape(attMap.shape + (1,)) * attMapV + ) + return attMap diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/logger.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/logger.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a5a727213c6478606a154172830cdc43aae6f5a --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/logger.py @@ -0,0 +1,195 @@ +""" + Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + All rights reserved. + SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + For full license text, see the LICENSE_Lavis file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause +""" + +import datetime +import logging +import time +from collections import defaultdict, deque + +import torch +import torch.distributed as dist + +from minigpt4.common import dist_utils + + +class SmoothedValue(object): + """Track a series of values and provide access to smoothed values over a + window or the global series average. + """ + + def __init__(self, window_size=20, fmt=None): + if fmt is None: + fmt = "{median:.4f} ({global_avg:.4f})" + self.deque = deque(maxlen=window_size) + self.total = 0.0 + self.count = 0 + self.fmt = fmt + + def update(self, value, n=1): + self.deque.append(value) + self.count += n + self.total += value * n + + def synchronize_between_processes(self): + """ + Warning: does not synchronize the deque! + """ + if not dist_utils.is_dist_avail_and_initialized(): + return + t = torch.tensor([self.count, self.total], dtype=torch.float64, device="cuda") + dist.barrier() + dist.all_reduce(t) + t = t.tolist() + self.count = int(t[0]) + self.total = t[1] + + @property + def median(self): + d = torch.tensor(list(self.deque)) + return d.median().item() + + @property + def avg(self): + d = torch.tensor(list(self.deque), dtype=torch.float32) + return d.mean().item() + + @property + def global_avg(self): + return self.total / self.count + + @property + def max(self): + return max(self.deque) + + @property + def value(self): + return self.deque[-1] + + def __str__(self): + return self.fmt.format( + median=self.median, + avg=self.avg, + global_avg=self.global_avg, + max=self.max, + value=self.value, + ) + + +class MetricLogger(object): + def __init__(self, delimiter="\t"): + self.meters = defaultdict(SmoothedValue) + self.delimiter = delimiter + + def update(self, **kwargs): + for k, v in kwargs.items(): + if isinstance(v, torch.Tensor): + v = v.item() + assert isinstance(v, (float, int)) + self.meters[k].update(v) + + def __getattr__(self, attr): + if attr in self.meters: + return self.meters[attr] + if attr in self.__dict__: + return self.__dict__[attr] + raise AttributeError( + "'{}' object has no attribute '{}'".format(type(self).__name__, attr) + ) + + def __str__(self): + loss_str = [] + for name, meter in self.meters.items(): + loss_str.append("{}: {}".format(name, str(meter))) + return self.delimiter.join(loss_str) + + def global_avg(self): + loss_str = [] + for name, meter in self.meters.items(): + loss_str.append("{}: {:.4f}".format(name, meter.global_avg)) + return self.delimiter.join(loss_str) + + def synchronize_between_processes(self): + for meter in self.meters.values(): + meter.synchronize_between_processes() + + def add_meter(self, name, meter): + self.meters[name] = meter + + def log_every(self, iterable, print_freq, header=None): + i = 0 + if not header: + header = "" + start_time = time.time() + end = time.time() + iter_time = SmoothedValue(fmt="{avg:.4f}") + data_time = SmoothedValue(fmt="{avg:.4f}") + space_fmt = ":" + str(len(str(len(iterable)))) + "d" + log_msg = [ + header, + "[{0" + space_fmt + "}/{1}]", + "eta: {eta}", + "{meters}", + "time: {time}", + "data: {data}", + ] + if torch.cuda.is_available(): + log_msg.append("max mem: {memory:.0f}") + log_msg = self.delimiter.join(log_msg) + MB = 1024.0 * 1024.0 + for obj in iterable: + data_time.update(time.time() - end) + yield obj + iter_time.update(time.time() - end) + if i % print_freq == 0 or i == len(iterable) - 1: + eta_seconds = iter_time.global_avg * (len(iterable) - i) + eta_string = str(datetime.timedelta(seconds=int(eta_seconds))) + if torch.cuda.is_available(): + print( + log_msg.format( + i, + len(iterable), + eta=eta_string, + meters=str(self), + time=str(iter_time), + data=str(data_time), + memory=torch.cuda.max_memory_allocated() / MB, + ) + ) + else: + print( + log_msg.format( + i, + len(iterable), + eta=eta_string, + meters=str(self), + time=str(iter_time), + data=str(data_time), + ) + ) + i += 1 + end = time.time() + total_time = time.time() - start_time + total_time_str = str(datetime.timedelta(seconds=int(total_time))) + print( + "{} Total time: {} ({:.4f} s / it)".format( + header, total_time_str, total_time / len(iterable) + ) + ) + + +class AttrDict(dict): + def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): + super(AttrDict, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) + self.__dict__ = self + + +def setup_logger(): + logging.basicConfig( + level=logging.INFO if dist_utils.is_main_process() else logging.WARN, + format="%(asctime)s [%(levelname)s] %(message)s", + handlers=[logging.StreamHandler()], + ) diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/optims.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/optims.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..58327f723d445633ce7d1b5c3cc799b041319a97 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/optims.py @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +""" + Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + All rights reserved. + SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + For full license text, see the LICENSE_Lavis file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause +""" + +import math + +from minigpt4.common.registry import registry + + +@registry.register_lr_scheduler("linear_warmup_step_lr") +class LinearWarmupStepLRScheduler: + def __init__( + self, + optimizer, + max_epoch, + min_lr, + init_lr, + decay_rate=1, + warmup_start_lr=-1, + warmup_steps=0, + **kwargs + ): + self.optimizer = optimizer + + self.max_epoch = max_epoch + self.min_lr = min_lr + + self.decay_rate = decay_rate + + self.init_lr = init_lr + self.warmup_steps = warmup_steps + self.warmup_start_lr = warmup_start_lr if warmup_start_lr >= 0 else init_lr + + def step(self, cur_epoch, cur_step): + if cur_epoch == 0: + warmup_lr_schedule( + step=cur_step, + optimizer=self.optimizer, + max_step=self.warmup_steps, + init_lr=self.warmup_start_lr, + max_lr=self.init_lr, + ) + else: + step_lr_schedule( + epoch=cur_epoch, + optimizer=self.optimizer, + init_lr=self.init_lr, + min_lr=self.min_lr, + decay_rate=self.decay_rate, + ) + + +@registry.register_lr_scheduler("linear_warmup_cosine_lr") +class LinearWarmupCosineLRScheduler: + def __init__( + self, + optimizer, + max_epoch, + iters_per_epoch, + min_lr, + init_lr, + warmup_steps=0, + warmup_start_lr=-1, + **kwargs + ): + self.optimizer = optimizer + + self.max_epoch = max_epoch + self.iters_per_epoch = iters_per_epoch + self.min_lr = min_lr + + self.init_lr = init_lr + self.warmup_steps = warmup_steps + self.warmup_start_lr = warmup_start_lr if warmup_start_lr >= 0 else init_lr + + def step(self, cur_epoch, cur_step): + total_cur_step = cur_epoch * self.iters_per_epoch + cur_step + if total_cur_step < self.warmup_steps: + warmup_lr_schedule( + step=cur_step, + optimizer=self.optimizer, + max_step=self.warmup_steps, + init_lr=self.warmup_start_lr, + max_lr=self.init_lr, + ) + else: + cosine_lr_schedule( + epoch=total_cur_step, + optimizer=self.optimizer, + max_epoch=self.max_epoch * self.iters_per_epoch, + init_lr=self.init_lr, + min_lr=self.min_lr, + ) + + +def cosine_lr_schedule(optimizer, epoch, max_epoch, init_lr, min_lr): + """Decay the learning rate""" + lr = (init_lr - min_lr) * 0.5 * ( + 1.0 + math.cos(math.pi * epoch / max_epoch) + ) + min_lr + for param_group in optimizer.param_groups: + param_group["lr"] = lr + + +def warmup_lr_schedule(optimizer, step, max_step, init_lr, max_lr): + """Warmup the learning rate""" + lr = min(max_lr, init_lr + (max_lr - init_lr) * step / max(max_step, 1)) + for param_group in optimizer.param_groups: + param_group["lr"] = lr + + +def step_lr_schedule(optimizer, epoch, init_lr, min_lr, decay_rate): + """Decay the learning rate""" + lr = max(min_lr, init_lr * (decay_rate**epoch)) + for param_group in optimizer.param_groups: + param_group["lr"] = lr diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/registry.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/registry.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..679467a7411eda19ed956b810c21234322f06779 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/registry.py @@ -0,0 +1,329 @@ +""" + Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + All rights reserved. + SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + For full license text, see the LICENSE_Lavis file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause +""" + + +class Registry: + mapping = { + "builder_name_mapping": {}, + "task_name_mapping": {}, + "processor_name_mapping": {}, + "model_name_mapping": {}, + "lr_scheduler_name_mapping": {}, + "runner_name_mapping": {}, + "state": {}, + "paths": {}, + } + + @classmethod + def register_builder(cls, name): + r"""Register a dataset builder to registry with key 'name' + + Args: + name: Key with which the builder will be registered. + + Usage: + + from minigpt4.common.registry import registry + from minigpt4.datasets.base_dataset_builder import BaseDatasetBuilder + """ + + def wrap(builder_cls): + from minigpt4.datasets.builders.base_dataset_builder import BaseDatasetBuilder + + assert issubclass( + builder_cls, BaseDatasetBuilder + ), "All builders must inherit BaseDatasetBuilder class, found {}".format( + builder_cls + ) + if name in cls.mapping["builder_name_mapping"]: + raise KeyError( + "Name '{}' already registered for {}.".format( + name, cls.mapping["builder_name_mapping"][name] + ) + ) + cls.mapping["builder_name_mapping"][name] = builder_cls + return builder_cls + + return wrap + + @classmethod + def register_task(cls, name): + r"""Register a task to registry with key 'name' + + Args: + name: Key with which the task will be registered. + + Usage: + + from minigpt4.common.registry import registry + """ + + def wrap(task_cls): + from minigpt4.tasks.base_task import BaseTask + + assert issubclass( + task_cls, BaseTask + ), "All tasks must inherit BaseTask class" + if name in cls.mapping["task_name_mapping"]: + raise KeyError( + "Name '{}' already registered for {}.".format( + name, cls.mapping["task_name_mapping"][name] + ) + ) + cls.mapping["task_name_mapping"][name] = task_cls + return task_cls + + return wrap + + @classmethod + def register_model(cls, name): + r"""Register a task to registry with key 'name' + + Args: + name: Key with which the task will be registered. + + Usage: + + from minigpt4.common.registry import registry + """ + + def wrap(model_cls): + from minigpt4.models import BaseModel + + assert issubclass( + model_cls, BaseModel + ), "All models must inherit BaseModel class" + if name in cls.mapping["model_name_mapping"]: + raise KeyError( + "Name '{}' already registered for {}.".format( + name, cls.mapping["model_name_mapping"][name] + ) + ) + cls.mapping["model_name_mapping"][name] = model_cls + return model_cls + + return wrap + + @classmethod + def register_processor(cls, name): + r"""Register a processor to registry with key 'name' + + Args: + name: Key with which the task will be registered. + + Usage: + + from minigpt4.common.registry import registry + """ + + def wrap(processor_cls): + from minigpt4.processors import BaseProcessor + + assert issubclass( + processor_cls, BaseProcessor + ), "All processors must inherit BaseProcessor class" + if name in cls.mapping["processor_name_mapping"]: + raise KeyError( + "Name '{}' already registered for {}.".format( + name, cls.mapping["processor_name_mapping"][name] + ) + ) + cls.mapping["processor_name_mapping"][name] = processor_cls + return processor_cls + + return wrap + + @classmethod + def register_lr_scheduler(cls, name): + r"""Register a model to registry with key 'name' + + Args: + name: Key with which the task will be registered. + + Usage: + + from minigpt4.common.registry import registry + """ + + def wrap(lr_sched_cls): + if name in cls.mapping["lr_scheduler_name_mapping"]: + raise KeyError( + "Name '{}' already registered for {}.".format( + name, cls.mapping["lr_scheduler_name_mapping"][name] + ) + ) + cls.mapping["lr_scheduler_name_mapping"][name] = lr_sched_cls + return lr_sched_cls + + return wrap + + @classmethod + def register_runner(cls, name): + r"""Register a model to registry with key 'name' + + Args: + name: Key with which the task will be registered. + + Usage: + + from minigpt4.common.registry import registry + """ + + def wrap(runner_cls): + if name in cls.mapping["runner_name_mapping"]: + raise KeyError( + "Name '{}' already registered for {}.".format( + name, cls.mapping["runner_name_mapping"][name] + ) + ) + cls.mapping["runner_name_mapping"][name] = runner_cls + return runner_cls + + return wrap + + @classmethod + def register_path(cls, name, path): + r"""Register a path to registry with key 'name' + + Args: + name: Key with which the path will be registered. + + Usage: + + from minigpt4.common.registry import registry + """ + assert isinstance(path, str), "All path must be str." + if name in cls.mapping["paths"]: + raise KeyError("Name '{}' already registered.".format(name)) + cls.mapping["paths"][name] = path + + @classmethod + def register(cls, name, obj): + r"""Register an item to registry with key 'name' + + Args: + name: Key with which the item will be registered. + + Usage:: + + from minigpt4.common.registry import registry + + registry.register("config", {}) + """ + path = name.split(".") + current = cls.mapping["state"] + + for part in path[:-1]: + if part not in current: + current[part] = {} + current = current[part] + + current[path[-1]] = obj + + # @classmethod + # def get_trainer_class(cls, name): + # return cls.mapping["trainer_name_mapping"].get(name, None) + + @classmethod + def get_builder_class(cls, name): + return cls.mapping["builder_name_mapping"].get(name, None) + + @classmethod + def get_model_class(cls, name): + return cls.mapping["model_name_mapping"].get(name, None) + + @classmethod + def get_task_class(cls, name): + return cls.mapping["task_name_mapping"].get(name, None) + + @classmethod + def get_processor_class(cls, name): + return cls.mapping["processor_name_mapping"].get(name, None) + + @classmethod + def get_lr_scheduler_class(cls, name): + return cls.mapping["lr_scheduler_name_mapping"].get(name, None) + + @classmethod + def get_runner_class(cls, name): + return cls.mapping["runner_name_mapping"].get(name, None) + + @classmethod + def list_runners(cls): + return sorted(cls.mapping["runner_name_mapping"].keys()) + + @classmethod + def list_models(cls): + return sorted(cls.mapping["model_name_mapping"].keys()) + + @classmethod + def list_tasks(cls): + return sorted(cls.mapping["task_name_mapping"].keys()) + + @classmethod + def list_processors(cls): + return sorted(cls.mapping["processor_name_mapping"].keys()) + + @classmethod + def list_lr_schedulers(cls): + return sorted(cls.mapping["lr_scheduler_name_mapping"].keys()) + + @classmethod + def list_datasets(cls): + return sorted(cls.mapping["builder_name_mapping"].keys()) + + @classmethod + def get_path(cls, name): + return cls.mapping["paths"].get(name, None) + + @classmethod + def get(cls, name, default=None, no_warning=False): + r"""Get an item from registry with key 'name' + + Args: + name (string): Key whose value needs to be retrieved. + default: If passed and key is not in registry, default value will + be returned with a warning. Default: None + no_warning (bool): If passed as True, warning when key doesn't exist + will not be generated. Useful for MMF's + internal operations. Default: False + """ + original_name = name + name = name.split(".") + value = cls.mapping["state"] + for subname in name: + value = value.get(subname, default) + if value is default: + break + + if ( + "writer" in cls.mapping["state"] + and value == default + and no_warning is False + ): + cls.mapping["state"]["writer"].warning( + "Key {} is not present in registry, returning default value " + "of {}".format(original_name, default) + ) + return value + + @classmethod + def unregister(cls, name): + r"""Remove an item from registry with key 'name' + + Args: + name: Key which needs to be removed. + Usage:: + + from mmf.common.registry import registry + + config = registry.unregister("config") + """ + return cls.mapping["state"].pop(name, None) + + +registry = Registry() diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/utils.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3069cd10ce986a1ec249490fa813cae9254bd0d --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,424 @@ +""" + Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + All rights reserved. + SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + For full license text, see the LICENSE_Lavis file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause +""" + +import io +import json +import logging +import os +import pickle +import re +import shutil +import urllib +import urllib.error +import urllib.request +from typing import Optional +from urllib.parse import urlparse + +import numpy as np +import pandas as pd +import yaml +from iopath.common.download import download +from iopath.common.file_io import file_lock, g_pathmgr +from minigpt4.common.registry import registry +from torch.utils.model_zoo import tqdm +from torchvision.datasets.utils import ( + check_integrity, + download_file_from_google_drive, + extract_archive, +) + + +def now(): + from datetime import datetime + + return datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M")[:-1] + + +def is_url(url_or_filename): + parsed = urlparse(url_or_filename) + return parsed.scheme in ("http", "https") + + +def get_cache_path(rel_path): + return os.path.expanduser(os.path.join(registry.get_path("cache_root"), rel_path)) + + +def get_abs_path(rel_path): + return os.path.join(registry.get_path("library_root"), rel_path) + + +def load_json(filename): + with open(filename, "r") as f: + return json.load(f) + + +# The following are adapted from torchvision and vissl +# torchvision: https://github.com/pytorch/vision +# vissl: https://github.com/facebookresearch/vissl/blob/main/vissl/utils/download.py + + +def makedir(dir_path): + """ + Create the directory if it does not exist. + """ + is_success = False + try: + if not g_pathmgr.exists(dir_path): + g_pathmgr.mkdirs(dir_path) + is_success = True + except BaseException: + print(f"Error creating directory: {dir_path}") + return is_success + + +def get_redirected_url(url: str): + """ + Given a URL, returns the URL it redirects to or the + original URL in case of no indirection + """ + import requests + + with requests.Session() as session: + with session.get(url, stream=True, allow_redirects=True) as response: + if response.history: + return response.url + else: + return url + + +def to_google_drive_download_url(view_url: str) -> str: + """ + Utility function to transform a view URL of google drive + to a download URL for google drive + Example input: + https://drive.google.com/file/d/137RyRjvTBkBiIfeYBNZBtViDHQ6_Ewsp/view + Example output: + https://drive.google.com/uc?export=download&id=137RyRjvTBkBiIfeYBNZBtViDHQ6_Ewsp + """ + splits = view_url.split("/") + assert splits[-1] == "view" + file_id = splits[-2] + return f"https://drive.google.com/uc?export=download&id={file_id}" + + +def download_google_drive_url(url: str, output_path: str, output_file_name: str): + """ + Download a file from google drive + Downloading an URL from google drive requires confirmation when + the file of the size is too big (google drive notifies that + anti-viral checks cannot be performed on such files) + """ + import requests + + with requests.Session() as session: + + # First get the confirmation token and append it to the URL + with session.get(url, stream=True, allow_redirects=True) as response: + for k, v in response.cookies.items(): + if k.startswith("download_warning"): + url = url + "&confirm=" + v + + # Then download the content of the file + with session.get(url, stream=True, verify=True) as response: + makedir(output_path) + path = os.path.join(output_path, output_file_name) + total_size = int(response.headers.get("Content-length", 0)) + with open(path, "wb") as file: + from tqdm import tqdm + + with tqdm(total=total_size) as progress_bar: + for block in response.iter_content( + chunk_size=io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE + ): + file.write(block) + progress_bar.update(len(block)) + + +def _get_google_drive_file_id(url: str) -> Optional[str]: + parts = urlparse(url) + + if re.match(r"(drive|docs)[.]google[.]com", parts.netloc) is None: + return None + + match = re.match(r"/file/d/(?P[^/]*)", parts.path) + if match is None: + return None + + return match.group("id") + + +def _urlretrieve(url: str, filename: str, chunk_size: int = 1024) -> None: + with open(filename, "wb") as fh: + with urllib.request.urlopen( + urllib.request.Request(url, headers={"User-Agent": "vissl"}) + ) as response: + with tqdm(total=response.length) as pbar: + for chunk in iter(lambda: response.read(chunk_size), ""): + if not chunk: + break + pbar.update(chunk_size) + fh.write(chunk) + + +def download_url( + url: str, + root: str, + filename: Optional[str] = None, + md5: Optional[str] = None, +) -> None: + """Download a file from a url and place it in root. + Args: + url (str): URL to download file from + root (str): Directory to place downloaded file in + filename (str, optional): Name to save the file under. + If None, use the basename of the URL. + md5 (str, optional): MD5 checksum of the download. If None, do not check + """ + root = os.path.expanduser(root) + if not filename: + filename = os.path.basename(url) + fpath = os.path.join(root, filename) + + makedir(root) + + # check if file is already present locally + if check_integrity(fpath, md5): + print("Using downloaded and verified file: " + fpath) + return + + # expand redirect chain if needed + url = get_redirected_url(url) + + # check if file is located on Google Drive + file_id = _get_google_drive_file_id(url) + if file_id is not None: + return download_file_from_google_drive(file_id, root, filename, md5) + + # download the file + try: + print("Downloading " + url + " to " + fpath) + _urlretrieve(url, fpath) + except (urllib.error.URLError, IOError) as e: # type: ignore[attr-defined] + if url[:5] == "https": + url = url.replace("https:", "http:") + print( + "Failed download. Trying https -> http instead." + " Downloading " + url + " to " + fpath + ) + _urlretrieve(url, fpath) + else: + raise e + + # check integrity of downloaded file + if not check_integrity(fpath, md5): + raise RuntimeError("File not found or corrupted.") + + +def download_and_extract_archive( + url: str, + download_root: str, + extract_root: Optional[str] = None, + filename: Optional[str] = None, + md5: Optional[str] = None, + remove_finished: bool = False, +) -> None: + download_root = os.path.expanduser(download_root) + if extract_root is None: + extract_root = download_root + if not filename: + filename = os.path.basename(url) + + download_url(url, download_root, filename, md5) + + archive = os.path.join(download_root, filename) + print("Extracting {} to {}".format(archive, extract_root)) + extract_archive(archive, extract_root, remove_finished) + + +def cache_url(url: str, cache_dir: str) -> str: + """ + This implementation downloads the remote resource and caches it locally. + The resource will only be downloaded if not previously requested. + """ + parsed_url = urlparse(url) + dirname = os.path.join(cache_dir, os.path.dirname(parsed_url.path.lstrip("/"))) + makedir(dirname) + filename = url.split("/")[-1] + cached = os.path.join(dirname, filename) + with file_lock(cached): + if not os.path.isfile(cached): + logging.info(f"Downloading {url} to {cached} ...") + cached = download(url, dirname, filename=filename) + logging.info(f"URL {url} cached in {cached}") + return cached + + +# TODO (prigoyal): convert this into RAII-style API +def create_file_symlink(file1, file2): + """ + Simply create the symlinks for a given file1 to file2. + Useful during model checkpointing to symlinks to the + latest successful checkpoint. + """ + try: + if g_pathmgr.exists(file2): + g_pathmgr.rm(file2) + g_pathmgr.symlink(file1, file2) + except Exception as e: + logging.info(f"Could NOT create symlink. Error: {e}") + + +def save_file(data, filename, append_to_json=True, verbose=True): + """ + Common i/o utility to handle saving data to various file formats. + Supported: + .pkl, .pickle, .npy, .json + Specifically for .json, users have the option to either append (default) + or rewrite by passing in Boolean value to append_to_json. + """ + if verbose: + logging.info(f"Saving data to file: {filename}") + file_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1] + if file_ext in [".pkl", ".pickle"]: + with g_pathmgr.open(filename, "wb") as fopen: + pickle.dump(data, fopen, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL) + elif file_ext == ".npy": + with g_pathmgr.open(filename, "wb") as fopen: + np.save(fopen, data) + elif file_ext == ".json": + if append_to_json: + with g_pathmgr.open(filename, "a") as fopen: + fopen.write(json.dumps(data, sort_keys=True) + "\n") + fopen.flush() + else: + with g_pathmgr.open(filename, "w") as fopen: + fopen.write(json.dumps(data, sort_keys=True) + "\n") + fopen.flush() + elif file_ext == ".yaml": + with g_pathmgr.open(filename, "w") as fopen: + dump = yaml.dump(data) + fopen.write(dump) + fopen.flush() + else: + raise Exception(f"Saving {file_ext} is not supported yet") + + if verbose: + logging.info(f"Saved data to file: {filename}") + + +def load_file(filename, mmap_mode=None, verbose=True, allow_pickle=False): + """ + Common i/o utility to handle loading data from various file formats. + Supported: + .pkl, .pickle, .npy, .json + For the npy files, we support reading the files in mmap_mode. + If the mmap_mode of reading is not successful, we load data without the + mmap_mode. + """ + if verbose: + logging.info(f"Loading data from file: {filename}") + + file_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1] + if file_ext == ".txt": + with g_pathmgr.open(filename, "r") as fopen: + data = fopen.readlines() + elif file_ext in [".pkl", ".pickle"]: + with g_pathmgr.open(filename, "rb") as fopen: + data = pickle.load(fopen, encoding="latin1") + elif file_ext == ".npy": + if mmap_mode: + try: + with g_pathmgr.open(filename, "rb") as fopen: + data = np.load( + fopen, + allow_pickle=allow_pickle, + encoding="latin1", + mmap_mode=mmap_mode, + ) + except ValueError as e: + logging.info( + f"Could not mmap {filename}: {e}. Trying without g_pathmgr" + ) + data = np.load( + filename, + allow_pickle=allow_pickle, + encoding="latin1", + mmap_mode=mmap_mode, + ) + logging.info("Successfully loaded without g_pathmgr") + except Exception: + logging.info("Could not mmap without g_pathmgr. Trying without mmap") + with g_pathmgr.open(filename, "rb") as fopen: + data = np.load(fopen, allow_pickle=allow_pickle, encoding="latin1") + else: + with g_pathmgr.open(filename, "rb") as fopen: + data = np.load(fopen, allow_pickle=allow_pickle, encoding="latin1") + elif file_ext == ".json": + with g_pathmgr.open(filename, "r") as fopen: + data = json.load(fopen) + elif file_ext == ".yaml": + with g_pathmgr.open(filename, "r") as fopen: + data = yaml.load(fopen, Loader=yaml.FullLoader) + elif file_ext == ".csv": + with g_pathmgr.open(filename, "r") as fopen: + data = pd.read_csv(fopen) + else: + raise Exception(f"Reading from {file_ext} is not supported yet") + return data + + +def abspath(resource_path: str): + """ + Make a path absolute, but take into account prefixes like + "http://" or "manifold://" + """ + regex = re.compile(r"^\w+://") + if regex.match(resource_path) is None: + return os.path.abspath(resource_path) + else: + return resource_path + + +def makedir(dir_path): + """ + Create the directory if it does not exist. + """ + is_success = False + try: + if not g_pathmgr.exists(dir_path): + g_pathmgr.mkdirs(dir_path) + is_success = True + except BaseException: + logging.info(f"Error creating directory: {dir_path}") + return is_success + + +def is_url(input_url): + """ + Check if an input string is a url. look for http(s):// and ignoring the case + """ + is_url = re.match(r"^(?:http)s?://", input_url, re.IGNORECASE) is not None + return is_url + + +def cleanup_dir(dir): + """ + Utility for deleting a directory. Useful for cleaning the storage space + that contains various training artifacts like checkpoints, data etc. + """ + if os.path.exists(dir): + logging.info(f"Deleting directory: {dir}") + shutil.rmtree(dir) + logging.info(f"Deleted contents of directory: {dir}") + + +def get_file_size(filename): + """ + Given a file, get the size of file in MB + """ + size_in_mb = os.path.getsize(filename) / float(1024**2) + return size_in_mb diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/PythonEvaluationTools/vqaEvalDemo.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/PythonEvaluationTools/vqaEvalDemo.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..07ca21d805684d71593c8d738798822411bdecc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/PythonEvaluationTools/vqaEvalDemo.py @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +# coding: utf-8 + +import sys +dataDir = '../../VQA' +sys.path.insert(0, '%s/PythonHelperTools/vqaTools' %(dataDir)) +from vqa import VQA +from vqaEvaluation.vqaEval import VQAEval +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +import skimage.io as io +import json +import random +import os + +# set up file names and paths +versionType ='v2_' # this should be '' when using VQA v2.0 dataset +taskType ='OpenEnded' # 'OpenEnded' only for v2.0. 'OpenEnded' or 'MultipleChoice' for v1.0 +dataType ='mscoco' # 'mscoco' only for v1.0. 'mscoco' for real and 'abstract_v002' for abstract for v1.0. +dataSubType ='train2014' +annFile ='%s/Annotations/%s%s_%s_annotations.json'%(dataDir, versionType, dataType, dataSubType) +quesFile ='%s/Questions/%s%s_%s_%s_questions.json'%(dataDir, versionType, taskType, dataType, dataSubType) +imgDir ='%s/Images/%s/%s/' %(dataDir, dataType, dataSubType) +resultType ='fake' +fileTypes = ['results', 'accuracy', 'evalQA', 'evalQuesType', 'evalAnsType'] + +# An example result json file has been provided in './Results' folder. + +[resFile, accuracyFile, evalQAFile, evalQuesTypeFile, evalAnsTypeFile] = ['%s/Results/%s%s_%s_%s_%s_%s.json'%(dataDir, versionType, taskType, dataType, dataSubType, \ +resultType, fileType) for fileType in fileTypes] + +# create vqa object and vqaRes object +vqa = VQA(annFile, quesFile) +vqaRes = vqa.loadRes(resFile, quesFile) + +# create vqaEval object by taking vqa and vqaRes +vqaEval = VQAEval(vqa, vqaRes, n=2) #n is precision of accuracy (number of places after decimal), default is 2 + +# evaluate results +""" +If you have a list of question ids on which you would like to evaluate your results, pass it as a list to below function +By default it uses all the question ids in annotation file +""" +vqaEval.evaluate() + +# print accuracies +print "\n" +print "Overall Accuracy is: %.02f\n" %(vqaEval.accuracy['overall']) +print "Per Question Type Accuracy is the following:" +for quesType in vqaEval.accuracy['perQuestionType']: + print "%s : %.02f" %(quesType, vqaEval.accuracy['perQuestionType'][quesType]) +print "\n" +print "Per Answer Type Accuracy is the following:" +for ansType in vqaEval.accuracy['perAnswerType']: + print "%s : %.02f" %(ansType, vqaEval.accuracy['perAnswerType'][ansType]) +print "\n" +# demo how to use evalQA to retrieve low score result +evals = [quesId for quesId in vqaEval.evalQA if vqaEval.evalQA[quesId]<35] #35 is per question percentage accuracy +if len(evals) > 0: + print 'ground truth answers' + randomEval = random.choice(evals) + randomAnn = vqa.loadQA(randomEval) + vqa.showQA(randomAnn) + + print '\n' + print 'generated answer (accuracy %.02f)'%(vqaEval.evalQA[randomEval]) + ann = vqaRes.loadQA(randomEval)[0] + print "Answer: %s\n" %(ann['answer']) + + imgId = randomAnn[0]['image_id'] + imgFilename = 'COCO_' + dataSubType + '_'+ str(imgId).zfill(12) + '.jpg' + if os.path.isfile(imgDir + imgFilename): + I = io.imread(imgDir + imgFilename) + plt.imshow(I) + plt.axis('off') + plt.show() + +# plot accuracy for various question types +plt.bar(range(len(vqaEval.accuracy['perQuestionType'])), vqaEval.accuracy['perQuestionType'].values(), align='center') +plt.xticks(range(len(vqaEval.accuracy['perQuestionType'])), vqaEval.accuracy['perQuestionType'].keys(), rotation='0',fontsize=10) +plt.title('Per Question Type Accuracy', fontsize=10) +plt.xlabel('Question Types', fontsize=10) +plt.ylabel('Accuracy', fontsize=10) +plt.show() + +# save evaluation results to ./Results folder +json.dump(vqaEval.accuracy, open(accuracyFile, 'w')) +json.dump(vqaEval.evalQA, open(evalQAFile, 'w')) +json.dump(vqaEval.evalQuesType, open(evalQuesTypeFile, 'w')) +json.dump(vqaEval.evalAnsType, open(evalAnsTypeFile, 'w')) + diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/PythonEvaluationTools/vqaEvaluation/__init__.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/PythonEvaluationTools/vqaEvaluation/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..148424d7391f6c8e8070f6dd20f02e2ddb1899cc --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/PythonEvaluationTools/vqaEvaluation/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +author='aagrawal' diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/PythonEvaluationTools/vqaEvaluation/vqaEval.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/PythonEvaluationTools/vqaEvaluation/vqaEval.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a656044433b08c3b3a7610e0d4f701c9f3f752a --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/PythonEvaluationTools/vqaEvaluation/vqaEval.py @@ -0,0 +1,192 @@ +# coding=utf-8 + +__author__='aagrawal' + +import re +# This code is based on the code written by Tsung-Yi Lin for MSCOCO Python API available at the following link: +# (https://github.com/tylin/coco-caption/blob/master/pycocoevalcap/eval.py). +import sys + + +class VQAEval: + def __init__(self, vqa, vqaRes, n=2): + self.n = n + self.accuracy = {} + self.evalQA = {} + self.evalQuesType = {} + self.evalAnsType = {} + self.vqa = vqa + self.vqaRes = vqaRes + self.params = {'question_id': vqa.getQuesIds()} + self.contractions = {"aint": "ain't", "arent": "aren't", "cant": "can't", "couldve": "could've", "couldnt": "couldn't", \ + "couldn'tve": "couldn't've", "couldnt've": "couldn't've", "didnt": "didn't", "doesnt": "doesn't", "dont": "don't", "hadnt": "hadn't", \ + "hadnt've": "hadn't've", "hadn'tve": "hadn't've", "hasnt": "hasn't", "havent": "haven't", "hed": "he'd", "hed've": "he'd've", \ + "he'dve": "he'd've", "hes": "he's", "howd": "how'd", "howll": "how'll", "hows": "how's", "Id've": "I'd've", "I'dve": "I'd've", \ + "Im": "I'm", "Ive": "I've", "isnt": "isn't", "itd": "it'd", "itd've": "it'd've", "it'dve": "it'd've", "itll": "it'll", "let's": "let's", \ + "maam": "ma'am", "mightnt": "mightn't", "mightnt've": "mightn't've", "mightn'tve": "mightn't've", "mightve": "might've", \ + "mustnt": "mustn't", "mustve": "must've", "neednt": "needn't", "notve": "not've", "oclock": "o'clock", "oughtnt": "oughtn't", \ + "ow's'at": "'ow's'at", "'ows'at": "'ow's'at", "'ow'sat": "'ow's'at", "shant": "shan't", "shed've": "she'd've", "she'dve": "she'd've", \ + "she's": "she's", "shouldve": "should've", "shouldnt": "shouldn't", "shouldnt've": "shouldn't've", "shouldn'tve": "shouldn't've", \ + "somebody'd": "somebodyd", "somebodyd've": "somebody'd've", "somebody'dve": "somebody'd've", "somebodyll": "somebody'll", \ + "somebodys": "somebody's", "someoned": "someone'd", "someoned've": "someone'd've", "someone'dve": "someone'd've", \ + "someonell": "someone'll", "someones": "someone's", "somethingd": "something'd", "somethingd've": "something'd've", \ + "something'dve": "something'd've", "somethingll": "something'll", "thats": "that's", "thered": "there'd", "thered've": "there'd've", \ + "there'dve": "there'd've", "therere": "there're", "theres": "there's", "theyd": "they'd", "theyd've": "they'd've", \ + "they'dve": "they'd've", "theyll": "they'll", "theyre": "they're", "theyve": "they've", "twas": "'twas", "wasnt": "wasn't", \ + "wed've": "we'd've", "we'dve": "we'd've", "weve": "we've", "werent": "weren't", "whatll": "what'll", "whatre": "what're", \ + "whats": "what's", "whatve": "what've", "whens": "when's", "whered": "where'd", "wheres": "where's", "whereve": "where've", \ + "whod": "who'd", "whod've": "who'd've", "who'dve": "who'd've", "wholl": "who'll", "whos": "who's", "whove": "who've", "whyll": "why'll", \ + "whyre": "why're", "whys": "why's", "wont": "won't", "wouldve": "would've", "wouldnt": "wouldn't", "wouldnt've": "wouldn't've", \ + "wouldn'tve": "wouldn't've", "yall": "y'all", "yall'll": "y'all'll", "y'allll": "y'all'll", "yall'd've": "y'all'd've", \ + "y'alld've": "y'all'd've", "y'all'dve": "y'all'd've", "youd": "you'd", "youd've": "you'd've", "you'dve": "you'd've", \ + "youll": "you'll", "youre": "you're", "youve": "you've"} + self.manualMap = { 'none': '0', + 'zero': '0', + 'one': '1', + 'two': '2', + 'three': '3', + 'four': '4', + 'five': '5', + 'six': '6', + 'seven': '7', + 'eight': '8', + 'nine': '9', + 'ten': '10' + } + self.articles = ['a', + 'an', + 'the' + ] + + + self.periodStrip = re.compile("(?!<=\d)(\.)(?!\d)") + self.commaStrip = re.compile("(\d)(\,)(\d)") + self.punct = [';', r"/", '[', ']', '"', '{', '}', + '(', ')', '=', '+', '\\', '_', '-', + '>', '<', '@', '`', ',', '?', '!'] + + + def evaluate(self, quesIds=None): + if quesIds == None: + quesIds = [quesId for quesId in self.params['question_id']] + gts = {} + res = {} + for quesId in quesIds: + gts[quesId] = self.vqa.qa[quesId] + res[quesId] = self.vqaRes.qa[quesId] + + # ================================================= + # Compute accuracy + # ================================================= + accQA = [] + accQuesType = {} + accAnsType = {} + # print "computing accuracy" + step = 0 + for quesId in quesIds: + for ansDic in gts[quesId]['answers']: + ansDic['answer'] = ansDic['answer'].replace('\n', ' ') + ansDic['answer'] = ansDic['answer'].replace('\t', ' ') + ansDic['answer'] = ansDic['answer'].strip() + resAns = res[quesId]['answer'] + resAns = resAns.replace('\n', ' ') + resAns = resAns.replace('\t', ' ') + resAns = resAns.strip() + gtAcc = [] + gtAnswers = [ans['answer'] for ans in gts[quesId]['answers']] + + if len(set(gtAnswers)) > 1: + for ansDic in gts[quesId]['answers']: + ansDic['answer'] = self.processPunctuation(ansDic['answer']) + ansDic['answer'] = self.processDigitArticle(ansDic['answer']) + resAns = self.processPunctuation(resAns) + resAns = self.processDigitArticle(resAns) + + for gtAnsDatum in gts[quesId]['answers']: + otherGTAns = [item for item in gts[quesId]['answers'] if item!=gtAnsDatum] + matchingAns = [item for item in otherGTAns if item['answer'].lower()==resAns.lower()] + acc = min(1, float(len(matchingAns))/3) + gtAcc.append(acc) + quesType = gts[quesId]['question_type'] + ansType = gts[quesId]['answer_type'] + avgGTAcc = float(sum(gtAcc))/len(gtAcc) + accQA.append(avgGTAcc) + if quesType not in accQuesType: + accQuesType[quesType] = [] + accQuesType[quesType].append(avgGTAcc) + if ansType not in accAnsType: + accAnsType[ansType] = [] + accAnsType[ansType].append(avgGTAcc) + self.setEvalQA(quesId, avgGTAcc) + self.setEvalQuesType(quesId, quesType, avgGTAcc) + self.setEvalAnsType(quesId, ansType, avgGTAcc) + if step%100 == 0: + self.updateProgress(step/float(len(quesIds))) + step = step + 1 + + self.setAccuracy(accQA, accQuesType, accAnsType) + # print "Done computing accuracy" + + def processPunctuation(self, inText): + outText = inText + for p in self.punct: + if (p + ' ' in inText or ' ' + p in inText) or (re.search(self.commaStrip, inText) != None): + outText = outText.replace(p, '') + else: + outText = outText.replace(p, ' ') + outText = self.periodStrip.sub("", + outText, + re.UNICODE) + return outText + + def processDigitArticle(self, inText): + outText = [] + tempText = inText.lower().split() + for word in tempText: + word = self.manualMap.setdefault(word, word) + if word not in self.articles: + outText.append(word) + else: + pass + for wordId, word in enumerate(outText): + if word in self.contractions: + outText[wordId] = self.contractions[word] + outText = ' '.join(outText) + return outText + + def setAccuracy(self, accQA, accQuesType, accAnsType): + self.accuracy['overall'] = round(100*float(sum(accQA))/len(accQA), self.n) + self.accuracy['perQuestionType'] = {quesType: round(100*float(sum(accQuesType[quesType]))/len(accQuesType[quesType]), self.n) for quesType in accQuesType} + self.accuracy['perAnswerType'] = {ansType: round(100*float(sum(accAnsType[ansType]))/len(accAnsType[ansType]), self.n) for ansType in accAnsType} + + def setEvalQA(self, quesId, acc): + self.evalQA[quesId] = round(100*acc, self.n) + + def setEvalQuesType(self, quesId, quesType, acc): + if quesType not in self.evalQuesType: + self.evalQuesType[quesType] = {} + self.evalQuesType[quesType][quesId] = round(100*acc, self.n) + + def setEvalAnsType(self, quesId, ansType, acc): + if ansType not in self.evalAnsType: + self.evalAnsType[ansType] = {} + self.evalAnsType[ansType][quesId] = round(100*acc, self.n) + + def updateProgress(self, progress): + barLength = 20 + status = "" + if isinstance(progress, int): + progress = float(progress) + if not isinstance(progress, float): + progress = 0 + status = "error: progress var must be float\r\n" + if progress < 0: + progress = 0 + status = "Halt...\r\n" + if progress >= 1: + progress = 1 + status = "Done...\r\n" + block = int(round(barLength*progress)) + text = "\rFinshed Percent: [{0}] {1}% {2}".format( "#"*block + "-"*(barLength-block), int(progress*100), status) + sys.stdout.write(text) + sys.stdout.flush() diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/PythonHelperTools/vqaDemo.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/PythonHelperTools/vqaDemo.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..406b59642a7c2c208b87b0222a299e48a5831eb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/PythonHelperTools/vqaDemo.py @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +# coding: utf-8 + +from vqaTools.vqa import VQA +import random +import skimage.io as io +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +import os + +dataDir ='../../VQA' +versionType ='v2_' # this should be '' when using VQA v2.0 dataset +taskType ='OpenEnded' # 'OpenEnded' only for v2.0. 'OpenEnded' or 'MultipleChoice' for v1.0 +dataType ='mscoco' # 'mscoco' only for v1.0. 'mscoco' for real and 'abstract_v002' for abstract for v1.0. +dataSubType ='train2014' +annFile ='%s/Annotations/%s%s_%s_annotations.json'%(dataDir, versionType, dataType, dataSubType) +quesFile ='%s/Questions/%s%s_%s_%s_questions.json'%(dataDir, versionType, taskType, dataType, dataSubType) +imgDir = '%s/Images/%s/%s/' %(dataDir, dataType, dataSubType) + +# initialize VQA api for QA annotations +vqa=VQA(annFile, quesFile) + +# load and display QA annotations for given question types +""" +All possible quesTypes for abstract and mscoco has been provided in respective text files in ../QuestionTypes/ folder. +""" +annIds = vqa.getQuesIds(quesTypes='how many'); +anns = vqa.loadQA(annIds) +randomAnn = random.choice(anns) +vqa.showQA([randomAnn]) +imgId = randomAnn['image_id'] +imgFilename = 'COCO_' + dataSubType + '_'+ str(imgId).zfill(12) + '.jpg' +if os.path.isfile(imgDir + imgFilename): + I = io.imread(imgDir + imgFilename) + plt.imshow(I) + plt.axis('off') + plt.show() + +# load and display QA annotations for given answer types +""" +ansTypes can be one of the following +yes/no +number +other +""" +annIds = vqa.getQuesIds(ansTypes='yes/no'); +anns = vqa.loadQA(annIds) +randomAnn = random.choice(anns) +vqa.showQA([randomAnn]) +imgId = randomAnn['image_id'] +imgFilename = 'COCO_' + dataSubType + '_'+ str(imgId).zfill(12) + '.jpg' +if os.path.isfile(imgDir + imgFilename): + I = io.imread(imgDir + imgFilename) + plt.imshow(I) + plt.axis('off') + plt.show() + +# load and display QA annotations for given images +""" +Usage: vqa.getImgIds(quesIds=[], quesTypes=[], ansTypes=[]) +Above method can be used to retrieve imageIds for given question Ids or given question types or given answer types. +""" +ids = vqa.getImgIds() +annIds = vqa.getQuesIds(imgIds=random.sample(ids,5)); +anns = vqa.loadQA(annIds) +randomAnn = random.choice(anns) +vqa.showQA([randomAnn]) +imgId = randomAnn['image_id'] +imgFilename = 'COCO_' + dataSubType + '_'+ str(imgId).zfill(12) + '.jpg' +if os.path.isfile(imgDir + imgFilename): + I = io.imread(imgDir + imgFilename) + plt.imshow(I) + plt.axis('off') + plt.show() + diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/PythonHelperTools/vqaTools/__init__.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/PythonHelperTools/vqaTools/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..072d8d90cd261c19c62fa4624ca22471fe72abfd --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/PythonHelperTools/vqaTools/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +__author__ = 'aagrawal' diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/PythonHelperTools/vqaTools/vqa.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/PythonHelperTools/vqaTools/vqa.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f769619fc64ce150d1a462d91ea29282f08104a --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/PythonHelperTools/vqaTools/vqa.py @@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ +__author__ = 'aagrawal' +__version__ = '0.9' + +# Interface for accessing the VQA dataset. + +# This code is based on the code written by Tsung-Yi Lin for MSCOCO Python API available at the following link: +# (https://github.com/pdollar/coco/blob/master/PythonAPI/pycocotools/coco.py). + +# The following functions are defined: +# VQA - VQA class that loads VQA annotation file and prepares data structures. +# getQuesIds - Get question ids that satisfy given filter conditions. +# getImgIds - Get image ids that satisfy given filter conditions. +# loadQA - Load questions and answers with the specified question ids. +# showQA - Display the specified questions and answers. +# loadRes - Load result file and create result object. + +# Help on each function can be accessed by: "help(COCO.function)" + +import json +import datetime +import copy + + +class VQA: + def __init__(self, annotation_file=None, question_file=None): + """ + Constructor of VQA helper class for reading and visualizing questions and answers. + :param annotation_file (str): location of VQA annotation file + :return: + """ + # load dataset + self.dataset = {} + self.questions = {} + self.qa = {} + self.qqa = {} + self.imgToQA = {} + if not annotation_file == None and not question_file == None: + # print 'loading VQA annotations and questions into memory...' + time_t = datetime.datetime.utcnow() + dataset = json.load(open(annotation_file, 'r')) + questions = json.load(open(question_file, 'r')) + # print datetime.datetime.utcnow() - time_t + self.dataset = dataset + self.questions = questions + self.createIndex() + + def createIndex(self): + imgToQA = {ann['image_id']: [] for ann in self.dataset['annotations']} + qa = {ann['question_id']: [] for ann in self.dataset['annotations']} + qqa = {ann['question_id']: [] for ann in self.dataset['annotations']} + for ann in self.dataset['annotations']: + imgToQA[ann['image_id']] += [ann] + qa[ann['question_id']] = ann + for ques in self.questions['questions']: + qqa[ques['question_id']] = ques + # print 'index created!' + + # create class members + self.qa = qa + self.qqa = qqa + self.imgToQA = imgToQA + + def info(self): + """ + Print information about the VQA annotation file. + :return: + """ + + # for key, value in self.datset['info'].items(): + # print '%s: %s'%(key, value) + + def getQuesIds(self, imgIds=[], quesTypes=[], ansTypes=[]): + """ + Get question ids that satisfy given filter conditions. default skips that filter + :param imgIds (int array) : get question ids for given imgs + quesTypes (str array) : get question ids for given question types + ansTypes (str array) : get question ids for given answer types + :return: ids (int array) : integer array of question ids + """ + imgIds = imgIds if type(imgIds) == list else [imgIds] + quesTypes = quesTypes if type(quesTypes) == list else [quesTypes] + ansTypes = ansTypes if type(ansTypes) == list else [ansTypes] + + if len(imgIds) == len(quesTypes) == len(ansTypes) == 0: + anns = self.dataset['annotations'] + else: + if not len(imgIds) == 0: + anns = sum([self.imgToQA[imgId] for imgId in imgIds if imgId in self.imgToQA], []) + else: + anns = self.dataset['annotations'] + anns = anns if len(quesTypes) == 0 else [ann for ann in anns if ann['question_type'] in quesTypes] + anns = anns if len(ansTypes) == 0 else [ann for ann in anns if ann['answer_type'] in ansTypes] + ids = [ann['question_id'] for ann in anns] + return ids + + def getImgIds(self, quesIds=[], quesTypes=[], ansTypes=[]): + """ + Get image ids that satisfy given filter conditions. default skips that filter + :param quesIds (int array) : get image ids for given question ids + quesTypes (str array) : get image ids for given question types + ansTypes (str array) : get image ids for given answer types + :return: ids (int array) : integer array of image ids + """ + quesIds = quesIds if type(quesIds) == list else [quesIds] + quesTypes = quesTypes if type(quesTypes) == list else [quesTypes] + ansTypes = ansTypes if type(ansTypes) == list else [ansTypes] + + if len(quesIds) == len(quesTypes) == len(ansTypes) == 0: + anns = self.dataset['annotations'] + else: + if not len(quesIds) == 0: + anns = sum([self.qa[quesId] for quesId in quesIds if quesId in self.qa], []) + else: + anns = self.dataset['annotations'] + anns = anns if len(quesTypes) == 0 else [ann for ann in anns if ann['question_type'] in quesTypes] + anns = anns if len(ansTypes) == 0 else [ann for ann in anns if ann['answer_type'] in ansTypes] + ids = [ann['image_id'] for ann in anns] + return ids + + def loadQA(self, ids=[]): + """ + Load questions and answers with the specified question ids. + :param ids (int array) : integer ids specifying question ids + :return: qa (object array) : loaded qa objects + """ + if type(ids) == list: + return [self.qa[id] for id in ids] + elif type(ids) == int: + return [self.qa[ids]] + + def showQA(self, anns): + """ + Display the specified annotations. + :param anns (array of object): annotations to display + :return: None + """ + if len(anns) == 0: + return 0 + for ann in anns: + quesId = ann['question_id'] + print("Question: %s" % (self.qqa[quesId]['question'])) + for ans in ann['answers']: + print("Answer %d: %s" % (ans['answer_id'], ans['answer'])) + + def loadRes(self, resFile, quesFile): + """ + Load result file and return a result object. + :param resFile (str) : file name of result file + :return: res (obj) : result api object + """ + res = VQA() + res.questions = json.load(open(quesFile)) + res.dataset['info'] = copy.deepcopy(self.questions['info']) + res.dataset['task_type'] = copy.deepcopy(self.questions['task_type']) + res.dataset['data_type'] = copy.deepcopy(self.questions['data_type']) + res.dataset['data_subtype'] = copy.deepcopy(self.questions['data_subtype']) + res.dataset['license'] = copy.deepcopy(self.questions['license']) + + # print 'Loading and preparing results... ' + time_t = datetime.datetime.utcnow() + anns = json.load(open(resFile)) + assert type(anns) == list, 'results is not an array of objects' + annsQuesIds = [ann['question_id'] for ann in anns] + assert set(annsQuesIds) == set(self.getQuesIds()), \ + 'Results do not correspond to current VQA set. Either the results do not have predictions for all question ids in annotation file or there is atleast one question id that does not belong to the question ids in the annotation file.' + for ann in anns: + quesId = ann['question_id'] + if res.dataset['task_type'] == 'Multiple Choice': + assert ann['answer'] in self.qqa[quesId][ + 'multiple_choices'], 'predicted answer is not one of the multiple choices' + qaAnn = self.qa[quesId] + ann['image_id'] = qaAnn['image_id'] + ann['question_type'] = qaAnn['question_type'] + ann['answer_type'] = qaAnn['answer_type'] + # print 'DONE (t=%0.2fs)'%((datetime.datetime.utcnow() - time_t).total_seconds()) + + res.dataset['annotations'] = anns + res.createIndex() + return res diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/QuestionTypes/abstract_v002_question_types.txt b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/QuestionTypes/abstract_v002_question_types.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..44304fc865d1fee83ca73a36d3fbe2580cc4b5f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/QuestionTypes/abstract_v002_question_types.txt @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +how many +what color is the +is the +where is the +what +what is +are the +what is the +is there a +does the +is the woman +is the man +what is on the +is it +is the girl +is the boy +is the dog +are they +who is +what kind of +what color are the +what is in the +what is the man +is there +what is the woman +what are the +what is the boy +are there +what is the girl +is this +how +which +how many people are +is the cat +why is the +are +will the +what type of +what is the dog +do +is she +does +do the +is +is the baby +are there any +is the lady +can +what animal is +where are the +is the sun +what are they +did the +what is the cat +what is the lady +how many clouds are +is that +is the little girl +is he +are these +how many trees are +how many pillows +are the people +why +is the young +how many windows are +is this a +what is the little +is the tv +how many animals are +who +how many pictures +how many plants are +how many birds are +what color is +what is the baby +is anyone +what color +how many bushes +is the old man +none of the above diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/QuestionTypes/mscoco_question_types.txt b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/QuestionTypes/mscoco_question_types.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95590506bf8af7ba1eaeb91746b43da0eb9b4baa --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/QuestionTypes/mscoco_question_types.txt @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +how many +is the +what +what color is the +what is the +is this +is this a +what is +are the +what kind of +is there a +what type of +is it +what are the +where is the +is there +does the +what color are the +are these +are there +which +is +what is the man +is the man +are +how +does this +what is on the +what does the +how many people are +what is in the +what is this +do +what are +are they +what time +what sport is +are there any +is he +what color is +why +where are the +what color +who is +what animal is +is the woman +is this an +do you +how many people are in +what room is +has +is this person +what is the woman +can you +why is the +is the person +what is the color of the +what is the person +could +was +is that a +what number is +what is the name +what brand +none of the above diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/README.md b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..439d59d4d7c761423ab7016ab8768105b2df6c35 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +Python API and Evaluation Code for v2.0 and v1.0 releases of the VQA dataset. +=================== +## VQA v2.0 release ## +This release consists of +- Real + - 82,783 MS COCO training images, 40,504 MS COCO validation images and 81,434 MS COCO testing images (images are obtained from [MS COCO website] (http://mscoco.org/dataset/#download)) + - 443,757 questions for training, 214,354 questions for validation and 447,793 questions for testing + - 4,437,570 answers for training and 2,143,540 answers for validation (10 per question) + +There is only one type of task +- Open-ended task + +## VQA v1.0 release ## +This release consists of +- Real + - 82,783 MS COCO training images, 40,504 MS COCO validation images and 81,434 MS COCO testing images (images are obtained from [MS COCO website] (http://mscoco.org/dataset/#download)) + - 248,349 questions for training, 121,512 questions for validation and 244,302 questions for testing (3 per image) + - 2,483,490 answers for training and 1,215,120 answers for validation (10 per question) +- Abstract + - 20,000 training images, 10,000 validation images and 20,000 MS COCO testing images + - 60,000 questions for training, 30,000 questions for validation and 60,000 questions for testing (3 per image) + - 600,000 answers for training and 300,000 answers for validation (10 per question) + +There are two types of tasks +- Open-ended task +- Multiple-choice task (18 choices per question) + +## Requirements ## +- python 2.7 +- scikit-image (visit [this page](http://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/install.html) for installation) +- matplotlib (visit [this page](http://matplotlib.org/users/installing.html) for installation) + +## Files ## +./Questions +- For v2.0, download the question files from the [VQA download page](http://www.visualqa.org/download.html), extract them and place in this folder. +- For v1.0, both real and abstract, question files can be found on the [VQA v1 download page](http://www.visualqa.org/vqa_v1_download.html). +- Question files from Beta v0.9 release (123,287 MSCOCO train and val images, 369,861 questions, 3,698,610 answers) can be found below + - [training question files](http://visualqa.org/data/mscoco/prev_rel/Beta_v0.9/Questions_Train_mscoco.zip) + - [validation question files](http://visualqa.org/data/mscoco/prev_rel/Beta_v0.9/Questions_Val_mscoco.zip) +- Question files from Beta v0.1 release (10k MSCOCO images, 30k questions, 300k answers) can be found [here](http://visualqa.org/data/mscoco/prev_rel/Beta_v0.1/Questions_Train_mscoco.zip). + +./Annotations +- For v2.0, download the annotations files from the [VQA download page](http://www.visualqa.org/download.html), extract them and place in this folder. +- For v1.0, for both real and abstract, annotation files can be found on the [VQA v1 download page](http://www.visualqa.org/vqa_v1_download.html). +- Annotation files from Beta v0.9 release (123,287 MSCOCO train and val images, 369,861 questions, 3,698,610 answers) can be found below + - [training annotation files](http://visualqa.org/data/mscoco/prev_rel/Beta_v0.9/Annotations_Train_mscoco.zip) + - [validation annotation files](http://visualqa.org/data/mscoco/prev_rel/Beta_v0.9/Annotations_Val_mscoco.zip) +- Annotation files from Beta v0.1 release (10k MSCOCO images, 30k questions, 300k answers) can be found [here](http://visualqa.org/data/mscoco/prev_rel/Beta_v0.1/Annotations_Train_mscoco.zip). + +./Images +- For real, create a directory with name mscoco inside this directory. For each of train, val and test, create directories with names train2014, val2014 and test2015 respectively inside mscoco directory, download respective images from [MS COCO website](http://mscoco.org/dataset/#download) and place them in respective folders. +- For abstract, create a directory with name abstract_v002 inside this directory. For each of train, val and test, create directories with names train2015, val2015 and test2015 respectively inside abstract_v002 directory, download respective images from [VQA download page](http://www.visualqa.org/download.html) and place them in respective folders. + +./PythonHelperTools +- This directory contains the Python API to read and visualize the VQA dataset +- vqaDemo.py (demo script) +- vqaTools (API to read and visualize data) + +./PythonEvaluationTools +- This directory contains the Python evaluation code +- vqaEvalDemo.py (evaluation demo script) +- vqaEvaluation (evaluation code) + +./Results +- OpenEnded_mscoco_train2014_fake_results.json (an example of a fake results file for v1.0 to run the demo) +- Visit [VQA evaluation page] (http://visualqa.org/evaluation) for more details. + +./QuestionTypes +- This directory contains the following lists of question types for both real and abstract questions (question types are unchanged from v1.0 to v2.0). In a list, if there are question types of length n+k and length n with the same first n words, then the question type of length n does not include questions that belong to the question type of length n+k. +- mscoco_question_types.txt +- abstract_v002_question_types.txt + +## References ## +- [VQA: Visual Question Answering](http://visualqa.org/) +- [Microsoft COCO](http://mscoco.org/) + +## Developers ## +- Aishwarya Agrawal (Virginia Tech) +- Code for API is based on [MSCOCO API code](https://github.com/pdollar/coco). +- The format of the code for evaluation is based on [MSCOCO evaluation code](https://github.com/tylin/coco-caption). diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/license.txt b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/license.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f87c06bb4f439b09dec29988b9b23c5995d0e7d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/VQA/license.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Copyright (c) 2014, Aishwarya Agrawal +All rights reserved. + +Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: + +1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this + list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, + this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation + and/or other materials provided with the distribution. + +THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" +AND +ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE +DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +FOR +ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES +(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; +LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND +ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT +(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS +SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. + +The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are +those +of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official +policies, +either expressed or implied, of the FreeBSD Project. diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/__init__.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b98da85428159ad0dcfab7685c080848ecf8c7b --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +""" + Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + All rights reserved. + SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + For full license text, see the LICENSE file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause +""" + +__author__ = "aagrawal" diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/vqa.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/vqa.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a386b9094b0528b33e7511aff4027f30459a7ff7 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/vqa.py @@ -0,0 +1,211 @@ +""" + Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + All rights reserved. + SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + For full license text, see the LICENSE file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause +""" + +__author__ = "aagrawal" +__version__ = "0.9" + +# Interface for accessing the VQA dataset. + +# This code is based on the code written by Tsung-Yi Lin for MSCOCO Python API available at the following link: +# (https://github.com/pdollar/coco/blob/master/PythonAPI/pycocotools/coco.py). + +# The following functions are defined: +# VQA - VQA class that loads VQA annotation file and prepares data structures. +# getQuesIds - Get question ids that satisfy given filter conditions. +# getImgIds - Get image ids that satisfy given filter conditions. +# loadQA - Load questions and answers with the specified question ids. +# showQA - Display the specified questions and answers. +# loadRes - Load result file and create result object. + +# Help on each function can be accessed by: "help(COCO.function)" + +import json +import datetime +import copy + + +class VQA: + def __init__(self, annotation_file=None, question_file=None): + """ + Constructor of VQA helper class for reading and visualizing questions and answers. + :param annotation_file (str): location of VQA annotation file + :return: + """ + # load dataset + self.dataset = {} + self.questions = {} + self.qa = {} + self.qqa = {} + self.imgToQA = {} + if not annotation_file == None and not question_file == None: + print("loading VQA annotations and questions into memory...") + time_t = datetime.datetime.utcnow() + dataset = json.load(open(annotation_file, "r")) + questions = json.load(open(question_file, "r")) + self.dataset = dataset + self.questions = questions + self.createIndex() + + def createIndex(self): + # create index + print("creating index...") + imgToQA = {ann["image_id"]: [] for ann in self.dataset["annotations"]} + qa = {ann["question_id"]: [] for ann in self.dataset["annotations"]} + qqa = {ann["question_id"]: [] for ann in self.dataset["annotations"]} + for ann in self.dataset["annotations"]: + imgToQA[ann["image_id"]] += [ann] + qa[ann["question_id"]] = ann + for ques in self.questions["questions"]: + qqa[ques["question_id"]] = ques + print("index created!") + + # create class members + self.qa = qa + self.qqa = qqa + self.imgToQA = imgToQA + + def info(self): + """ + Print information about the VQA annotation file. + :return: + """ + for key, value in self.datset["info"].items(): + print("%s: %s" % (key, value)) + + def getQuesIds(self, imgIds=[], quesTypes=[], ansTypes=[]): + """ + Get question ids that satisfy given filter conditions. default skips that filter + :param imgIds (int array) : get question ids for given imgs + quesTypes (str array) : get question ids for given question types + ansTypes (str array) : get question ids for given answer types + :return: ids (int array) : integer array of question ids + """ + imgIds = imgIds if type(imgIds) == list else [imgIds] + quesTypes = quesTypes if type(quesTypes) == list else [quesTypes] + ansTypes = ansTypes if type(ansTypes) == list else [ansTypes] + + if len(imgIds) == len(quesTypes) == len(ansTypes) == 0: + anns = self.dataset["annotations"] + else: + if not len(imgIds) == 0: + anns = sum( + [self.imgToQA[imgId] for imgId in imgIds if imgId in self.imgToQA], + [], + ) + else: + anns = self.dataset["annotations"] + anns = ( + anns + if len(quesTypes) == 0 + else [ann for ann in anns if ann["question_type"] in quesTypes] + ) + anns = ( + anns + if len(ansTypes) == 0 + else [ann for ann in anns if ann["answer_type"] in ansTypes] + ) + ids = [ann["question_id"] for ann in anns] + return ids + + def getImgIds(self, quesIds=[], quesTypes=[], ansTypes=[]): + """ + Get image ids that satisfy given filter conditions. default skips that filter + :param quesIds (int array) : get image ids for given question ids + quesTypes (str array) : get image ids for given question types + ansTypes (str array) : get image ids for given answer types + :return: ids (int array) : integer array of image ids + """ + quesIds = quesIds if type(quesIds) == list else [quesIds] + quesTypes = quesTypes if type(quesTypes) == list else [quesTypes] + ansTypes = ansTypes if type(ansTypes) == list else [ansTypes] + + if len(quesIds) == len(quesTypes) == len(ansTypes) == 0: + anns = self.dataset["annotations"] + else: + if not len(quesIds) == 0: + anns = sum( + [self.qa[quesId] for quesId in quesIds if quesId in self.qa], [] + ) + else: + anns = self.dataset["annotations"] + anns = ( + anns + if len(quesTypes) == 0 + else [ann for ann in anns if ann["question_type"] in quesTypes] + ) + anns = ( + anns + if len(ansTypes) == 0 + else [ann for ann in anns if ann["answer_type"] in ansTypes] + ) + ids = [ann["image_id"] for ann in anns] + return ids + + def loadQA(self, ids=[]): + """ + Load questions and answers with the specified question ids. + :param ids (int array) : integer ids specifying question ids + :return: qa (object array) : loaded qa objects + """ + if type(ids) == list: + return [self.qa[id] for id in ids] + elif type(ids) == int: + return [self.qa[ids]] + + def showQA(self, anns): + """ + Display the specified annotations. + :param anns (array of object): annotations to display + :return: None + """ + if len(anns) == 0: + return 0 + for ann in anns: + quesId = ann["question_id"] + print("Question: %s" % (self.qqa[quesId]["question"])) + for ans in ann["answers"]: + print("Answer %d: %s" % (ans["answer_id"], ans["answer"])) + + def loadRes(self, resFile, quesFile): + """ + Load result file and return a result object. + :param resFile (str) : file name of result file + :return: res (obj) : result api object + """ + res = VQA() + res.questions = json.load(open(quesFile)) + res.dataset["info"] = copy.deepcopy(self.questions["info"]) + res.dataset["task_type"] = copy.deepcopy(self.questions["task_type"]) + res.dataset["data_type"] = copy.deepcopy(self.questions["data_type"]) + res.dataset["data_subtype"] = copy.deepcopy(self.questions["data_subtype"]) + res.dataset["license"] = copy.deepcopy(self.questions["license"]) + + print("Loading and preparing results... ") + time_t = datetime.datetime.utcnow() + anns = json.load(open(resFile)) + assert type(anns) == list, "results is not an array of objects" + annsQuesIds = [ann["question_id"] for ann in anns] + assert set(annsQuesIds) == set( + self.getQuesIds() + ), "Results do not correspond to current VQA set. Either the results do not have predictions for all question ids in annotation file or there is atleast one question id that does not belong to the question ids in the annotation file." + for ann in anns: + quesId = ann["question_id"] + if res.dataset["task_type"] == "Multiple Choice": + assert ( + ann["answer"] in self.qqa[quesId]["multiple_choices"] + ), "predicted answer is not one of the multiple choices" + qaAnn = self.qa[quesId] + ann["image_id"] = qaAnn["image_id"] + ann["question_type"] = qaAnn["question_type"] + ann["answer_type"] = qaAnn["answer_type"] + print( + "DONE (t=%0.2fs)" % ((datetime.datetime.utcnow() - time_t).total_seconds()) + ) + + res.dataset["annotations"] = anns + res.createIndex() + return res diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/vqa_eval.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/vqa_eval.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ee808b349bb6166c744338b02af2bc84a68650ff --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/common/vqa_tools/vqa_eval.py @@ -0,0 +1,324 @@ +""" + Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + All rights reserved. + SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + For full license text, see the LICENSE file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause +""" + +# coding=utf-8 + +__author__ = "aagrawal" + +# This code is based on the code written by Tsung-Yi Lin for MSCOCO Python API available at the following link: +# (https://github.com/tylin/coco-caption/blob/master/pycocoevalcap/eval.py). +import sys +import re + + +class VQAEval: + def __init__(self, vqa=None, vqaRes=None, n=2): + self.n = n + self.accuracy = {} + self.evalQA = {} + self.evalQuesType = {} + self.evalAnsType = {} + self.vqa = vqa + self.vqaRes = vqaRes + if vqa is not None: + self.params = {"question_id": vqa.getQuesIds()} + self.contractions = { + "aint": "ain't", + "arent": "aren't", + "cant": "can't", + "couldve": "could've", + "couldnt": "couldn't", + "couldn'tve": "couldn't've", + "couldnt've": "couldn't've", + "didnt": "didn't", + "doesnt": "doesn't", + "dont": "don't", + "hadnt": "hadn't", + "hadnt've": "hadn't've", + "hadn'tve": "hadn't've", + "hasnt": "hasn't", + "havent": "haven't", + "hed": "he'd", + "hed've": "he'd've", + "he'dve": "he'd've", + "hes": "he's", + "howd": "how'd", + "howll": "how'll", + "hows": "how's", + "Id've": "I'd've", + "I'dve": "I'd've", + "Im": "I'm", + "Ive": "I've", + "isnt": "isn't", + "itd": "it'd", + "itd've": "it'd've", + "it'dve": "it'd've", + "itll": "it'll", + "let's": "let's", + "maam": "ma'am", + "mightnt": "mightn't", + "mightnt've": "mightn't've", + "mightn'tve": "mightn't've", + "mightve": "might've", + "mustnt": "mustn't", + "mustve": "must've", + "neednt": "needn't", + "notve": "not've", + "oclock": "o'clock", + "oughtnt": "oughtn't", + "ow's'at": "'ow's'at", + "'ows'at": "'ow's'at", + "'ow'sat": "'ow's'at", + "shant": "shan't", + "shed've": "she'd've", + "she'dve": "she'd've", + "she's": "she's", + "shouldve": "should've", + "shouldnt": "shouldn't", + "shouldnt've": "shouldn't've", + "shouldn'tve": "shouldn't've", + "somebody'd": "somebodyd", + "somebodyd've": "somebody'd've", + "somebody'dve": "somebody'd've", + "somebodyll": "somebody'll", + "somebodys": "somebody's", + "someoned": "someone'd", + "someoned've": "someone'd've", + "someone'dve": "someone'd've", + "someonell": "someone'll", + "someones": "someone's", + "somethingd": "something'd", + "somethingd've": "something'd've", + "something'dve": "something'd've", + "somethingll": "something'll", + "thats": "that's", + "thered": "there'd", + "thered've": "there'd've", + "there'dve": "there'd've", + "therere": "there're", + "theres": "there's", + "theyd": "they'd", + "theyd've": "they'd've", + "they'dve": "they'd've", + "theyll": "they'll", + "theyre": "they're", + "theyve": "they've", + "twas": "'twas", + "wasnt": "wasn't", + "wed've": "we'd've", + "we'dve": "we'd've", + "weve": "we've", + "werent": "weren't", + "whatll": "what'll", + "whatre": "what're", + "whats": "what's", + "whatve": "what've", + "whens": "when's", + "whered": "where'd", + "wheres": "where's", + "whereve": "where've", + "whod": "who'd", + "whod've": "who'd've", + "who'dve": "who'd've", + "wholl": "who'll", + "whos": "who's", + "whove": "who've", + "whyll": "why'll", + "whyre": "why're", + "whys": "why's", + "wont": "won't", + "wouldve": "would've", + "wouldnt": "wouldn't", + "wouldnt've": "wouldn't've", + "wouldn'tve": "wouldn't've", + "yall": "y'all", + "yall'll": "y'all'll", + "y'allll": "y'all'll", + "yall'd've": "y'all'd've", + "y'alld've": "y'all'd've", + "y'all'dve": "y'all'd've", + "youd": "you'd", + "youd've": "you'd've", + "you'dve": "you'd've", + "youll": "you'll", + "youre": "you're", + "youve": "you've", + } + self.manualMap = { + "none": "0", + "zero": "0", + "one": "1", + "two": "2", + "three": "3", + "four": "4", + "five": "5", + "six": "6", + "seven": "7", + "eight": "8", + "nine": "9", + "ten": "10", + } + self.articles = ["a", "an", "the"] + + self.periodStrip = re.compile("(?!<=\d)(\.)(?!\d)") + self.commaStrip = re.compile("(\d)(,)(\d)") + self.punct = [ + ";", + r"/", + "[", + "]", + '"', + "{", + "}", + "(", + ")", + "=", + "+", + "\\", + "_", + "-", + ">", + "<", + "@", + "`", + ",", + "?", + "!", + ] + + def evaluate(self, quesIds=None): + if quesIds == None: + quesIds = [quesId for quesId in self.params["question_id"]] + gts = {} + res = {} + for quesId in quesIds: + gts[quesId] = self.vqa.qa[quesId] + res[quesId] = self.vqaRes.qa[quesId] + + # ================================================= + # Compute accuracy + # ================================================= + accQA = [] + accQuesType = {} + accAnsType = {} + print("computing accuracy") + step = 0 + for quesId in quesIds: + resAns = res[quesId]["answer"] + resAns = resAns.replace("\n", " ") + resAns = resAns.replace("\t", " ") + resAns = resAns.strip() + resAns = self.processPunctuation(resAns) + resAns = self.processDigitArticle(resAns) + gtAcc = [] + gtAnswers = [ans["answer"] for ans in gts[quesId]["answers"]] + if len(set(gtAnswers)) > 1: + for ansDic in gts[quesId]["answers"]: + ansDic["answer"] = self.processPunctuation(ansDic["answer"]) + for gtAnsDatum in gts[quesId]["answers"]: + otherGTAns = [ + item for item in gts[quesId]["answers"] if item != gtAnsDatum + ] + matchingAns = [item for item in otherGTAns if item["answer"] == resAns] + acc = min(1, float(len(matchingAns)) / 3) + gtAcc.append(acc) + quesType = gts[quesId]["question_type"] + ansType = gts[quesId]["answer_type"] + avgGTAcc = float(sum(gtAcc)) / len(gtAcc) + accQA.append(avgGTAcc) + if quesType not in accQuesType: + accQuesType[quesType] = [] + accQuesType[quesType].append(avgGTAcc) + if ansType not in accAnsType: + accAnsType[ansType] = [] + accAnsType[ansType].append(avgGTAcc) + self.setEvalQA(quesId, avgGTAcc) + self.setEvalQuesType(quesId, quesType, avgGTAcc) + self.setEvalAnsType(quesId, ansType, avgGTAcc) + if step % 100 == 0: + self.updateProgress(step / float(len(quesIds))) + step = step + 1 + + self.setAccuracy(accQA, accQuesType, accAnsType) + print("Done computing accuracy") + + def processPunctuation(self, inText): + outText = inText + for p in self.punct: + if (p + " " in inText or " " + p in inText) or ( + re.search(self.commaStrip, inText) != None + ): + outText = outText.replace(p, "") + else: + outText = outText.replace(p, " ") + outText = self.periodStrip.sub("", outText, re.UNICODE) + return outText + + def processDigitArticle(self, inText): + outText = [] + tempText = inText.lower().split() + for word in tempText: + word = self.manualMap.setdefault(word, word) + if word not in self.articles: + outText.append(word) + else: + pass + for wordId, word in enumerate(outText): + if word in self.contractions: + outText[wordId] = self.contractions[word] + outText = " ".join(outText) + return outText + + def setAccuracy(self, accQA, accQuesType, accAnsType): + self.accuracy["overall"] = round(100 * float(sum(accQA)) / len(accQA), self.n) + self.accuracy["perQuestionType"] = { + quesType: round( + 100 * float(sum(accQuesType[quesType])) / len(accQuesType[quesType]), + self.n, + ) + for quesType in accQuesType + } + self.accuracy["perAnswerType"] = { + ansType: round( + 100 * float(sum(accAnsType[ansType])) / len(accAnsType[ansType]), self.n + ) + for ansType in accAnsType + } + + def setEvalQA(self, quesId, acc): + self.evalQA[quesId] = round(100 * acc, self.n) + + def setEvalQuesType(self, quesId, quesType, acc): + if quesType not in self.evalQuesType: + self.evalQuesType[quesType] = {} + self.evalQuesType[quesType][quesId] = round(100 * acc, self.n) + + def setEvalAnsType(self, quesId, ansType, acc): + if ansType not in self.evalAnsType: + self.evalAnsType[ansType] = {} + self.evalAnsType[ansType][quesId] = round(100 * acc, self.n) + + def updateProgress(self, progress): + barLength = 20 + status = "" + if isinstance(progress, int): + progress = float(progress) + if not isinstance(progress, float): + progress = 0 + status = "error: progress var must be float\r\n" + if progress < 0: + progress = 0 + status = "Halt...\r\n" + if progress >= 1: + progress = 1 + status = "Done...\r\n" + block = int(round(barLength * progress)) + text = "\rFinshed Percent: [{0}] {1}% {2}".format( + "#" * block + "-" * (barLength - block), int(progress * 100), status + ) + sys.stdout.write(text) + sys.stdout.flush() diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/aokvqa/defaults.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/aokvqa/defaults.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..767fdd47a78a0869013ccde8582c325ea1bdeeb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/aokvqa/defaults.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + # Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + # All rights reserved. + # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + # For full license text, see the LICENSE file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause + +datasets: + aok_vqa: + # data_dir: ${env.data_dir}/datasets + data_type: images # [images|videos|features] + + build_info: + # Be careful not to append minus sign (-) before split to avoid itemizing + annotations: + train: + url: + - https://storage.googleapis.com/sfr-vision-language-research/LAVIS/datasets/aokvqa/aokvqa_v1p0_train.json + storage: + - /path/to/aokvqa_v1p0_train.json + images: + storage: /path/to/coco/images \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/cc_sbu/align.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/cc_sbu/align.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5710834200fe45449d60185d467d6bcb90a98cca --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/cc_sbu/align.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +datasets: + cc_sbu_align: + data_type: images + build_info: + storage: /path/to/cc_sbu_align/ diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/cc_sbu/defaults.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/cc_sbu/defaults.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60390eece551fe06a0f7c3ebb395351794b9f5f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/cc_sbu/defaults.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +datasets: + cc_sbu: + data_type: images + build_info: + storage: /path/to/cc_sbu_dataset/{00000..01255}.tar diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco/caption.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco/caption.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac072a4336fa140000b29351596dae36facec52a --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco/caption.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + # Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + # All rights reserved. + # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + # For full license text, see the LICENSE file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause + +datasets: + coco_caption: # name of the dataset builder + # dataset_card: dataset_card/coco_caption.md + # data_dir: ${env.data_dir}/datasets + data_type: images # [images|videos|features] + + build_info: + # Be careful not to append minus sign (-) before split to avoid itemizing + annotations: + train: + url: https://storage.googleapis.com/sfr-vision-language-research/datasets/coco_karpathy_train.json + md5: aa31ac474cf6250ebb81d18348a07ed8 + storage: /path/to/coco_caption/coco_karpathy_train.json + images: + storage: /path/to/coco/images + diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco/defaults_vqa.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco/defaults_vqa.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..457e0a3364dcd3c973c33612b9379f5341c136ea --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco/defaults_vqa.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + # Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + # All rights reserved. + # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + # For full license text, see the LICENSE file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause + +datasets: + coco_vqa: + # data_dir: ${env.data_dir}/datasets + data_type: images # [images|videos|features] + + build_info: + + annotations: + train: + url: + - https://storage.googleapis.com/sfr-vision-language-research/LAVIS/datasets/vqav2/vqa_train.json + - https://storage.googleapis.com/sfr-vision-language-research/LAVIS/datasets/vqav2/vqa_val.json + storage: + - /path/to/vqav2/vqa_train.json + - /path/to/vqav2/vqa_val.json + images: + storage: /path/to/coco/images + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco_bbox/invrefcoco.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco_bbox/invrefcoco.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8325efc919672a3d1537d44e1a3160957d15baaa --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco_bbox/invrefcoco.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +datasets: + invrefcoco: + data_type: images + build_info: + image_path: /path/to/coco/images + ann_path: /path/to/refcoco_annotations + dataset: invrefcoco + splitBy: unc \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco_bbox/invrefcocog.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco_bbox/invrefcocog.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e5622402dedf07ba2d860fbc6abe9f4717245333 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco_bbox/invrefcocog.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +datasets: + invrefcocog: + data_type: images + build_info: + image_path: /path/to/coco/images + ann_path: /path/to/refcoco_annotations + dataset: invrefcocog + splitBy: umd \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco_bbox/invrefcocop.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco_bbox/invrefcocop.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c57c8e94f3214757898fcfd82cd6809fe2b3c41 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco_bbox/invrefcocop.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +datasets: + invrefcocop: + data_type: images + build_info: + image_path: /path/to/coco/images + ann_path: /path/to/refcoco_annotations + dataset: invrefcoco+ + splitBy: unc \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco_bbox/refcoco.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco_bbox/refcoco.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc96f6d071e09abbc78512817132b8684c0ea719 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco_bbox/refcoco.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +datasets: + refcoco: + data_type: images + build_info: + image_path: /path/to/coco/images + ann_path: /path/to/refcoco_annotations + dataset: refcoco + splitBy: unc \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco_bbox/refcocog.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco_bbox/refcocog.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb751cb60649724fed581f49fa3f1210bbd413fe --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco_bbox/refcocog.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +datasets: + refcocog: + data_type: images + build_info: + image_path: /path/to/coco/images + ann_path: /path/to/refcoco_annotations + dataset: refcocog + splitBy: umd \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco_bbox/refcocop.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco_bbox/refcocop.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36c574e37ca6a9887a50730333375856ed9841c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/coco_bbox/refcocop.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +datasets: + refcocop: + data_type: images + build_info: + image_path: /path/to/coco/images + ann_path: /path/to/refcoco_annotations + dataset: refcoco+ + splitBy: unc \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/flickr/caption_to_phrase.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/flickr/caption_to_phrase.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61243f98a3ada560c14fce57b1d9c9d57e3d57c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/flickr/caption_to_phrase.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +datasets: + flickr_CaptionToPhrase: + data_type: images + build_info: + image_path: /path/to/filtered_flikcr/images + ann_path: /path/to/filtered_flickr/captiontobbox.json diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/flickr/default.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/flickr/default.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..25868c0be712015ef82fc10452c052136031b4f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/flickr/default.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +datasets: + flickr_grounded_caption: + data_type: images + build_info: + image_path: /path/to/filtered_flikcr/images + ann_path: /path/to/filtered_flikcr/groundedcaption.json diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/flickr/object_to_phrase.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/flickr/object_to_phrase.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a317dc18ab696820ab2392e42403911fd22ee0a --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/flickr/object_to_phrase.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +datasets: + flickr_ObjectToPhrase: + data_type: images + build_info: + image_path: /path/to/filtered_flikcr/images + ann_path: /path/to/filtered_flikcr/phrasetobbox.json diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/gqa/balanced_val.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/gqa/balanced_val.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f4c87651f4542ddf6ba1aa807ec9912ec49f2652 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/gqa/balanced_val.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + # Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + # All rights reserved. + # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + # For full license text, see the LICENSE file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause + +datasets: + gqa: + # data_dir: ${env.data_dir}/datasets + data_type: images # [images|videos|features] + + build_info: + # Be careful not to append minus sign (-) before split to avoid itemizing + annotations: + train: + url: + - https://storage.googleapis.com/sfr-vision-language-research/LAVIS/datasets/gqa/train_balanced_questions.json + storage: + - /path/to/gqa/train_balanced_questions.json + + images: + storage: /path/to/gqa/images diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/laion/defaults.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/laion/defaults.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6bad62901619c0a9e34619a400290f3e18083899 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/laion/defaults.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +datasets: + laion: + data_type: images + build_info: + storage: /path/to/laion_dataset/{00000..10488}.tar diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/llava/conversation.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/llava/conversation.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35c327b5a2a9608227aab4fe18a610a5b5549b74 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/llava/conversation.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +datasets: + + llava_conversation: + data_type: images + build_info: + image_path: /path/to/coco/images + ann_path: /path/to/llava/conversation_58k.json \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/llava/detail.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/llava/detail.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..896df391e79c6aa103433b039724d3231fa71d62 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/llava/detail.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +datasets: + llava_detail: + data_type: images + build_info: + image_path: /path/to/coco/images + ann_path: /path/to/llava/detail_23k.json \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/llava/reason.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/llava/reason.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f5fb674a85d22d0345519f74f23fa760cd79e3e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/llava/reason.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +datasets: + + llava_reason: + data_type: images + build_info: + image_path: /path/to/coco/images + ann_path: /path/to/llava/complex_reasoning_77k.json \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/multitask_conversation/default.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/multitask_conversation/default.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d5ee72cb93e92d9391545c8208f0c4bd4b8d563 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/multitask_conversation/default.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +datasets: + multitask_conversation: + data_type: images + build_info: + + image_path: /path/to/coco/images + ann_path: /path/to/multitask_conversation/multi_task_conversation.json \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/nlp/unnatural_instruction.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/nlp/unnatural_instruction.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67464e5d9d7d24af4be0c68e2a0a8394a3f3655e --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/nlp/unnatural_instruction.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +datasets: + unnatural_instruction: + data_type: text + build_info: + ann_path: /path/to/unnatural_instructions/filtered_unnatural_instruction.json \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/ocrvqa/ocrvqa.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/ocrvqa/ocrvqa.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0b651dd0b7a0e31847726fe1ed183dceecda0dcc --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/ocrvqa/ocrvqa.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +datasets: + ocrvqa: + data_type: images + build_info: + image_path: /path/to/ocrvqa/images + ann_path: /path/to/ocrvqa/dataset.json \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/okvqa/defaults.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/okvqa/defaults.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e536366c3326cc265b9ba89448522534aaa54403 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/okvqa/defaults.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + # Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + # All rights reserved. + # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + # For full license text, see the LICENSE file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause + +datasets: + ok_vqa: + # data_dir: ${env.data_dir}/datasets + data_type: images # [images|videos|features] + + build_info: + # Be careful not to append minus sign (-) before split to avoid itemizing + annotations: + train: + url: + # TODO make this order insensitive + - https://storage.googleapis.com/sfr-vision-language-research/LAVIS/datasets/okvqa/okvqa_train.json + storage: + - /path/to/okvqa/okvqa_train.json + images: + storage: /path/to/coco/images \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/textcaps/caption.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/textcaps/caption.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a732b4a8e7b99d98f886cd6bdc3b4a4acacc62f --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/textcaps/caption.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +datasets: + textcaps_caption: + data_type: images + + build_info: + image_path: /path/to/textcaps/train_images + ann_path: /path/to/textcaps/TextCaps_0.1_train.json + + diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/vg/ref.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/vg/ref.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..008ae72c68a76d77adc8142324ee02b089e6eebd --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/datasets/vg/ref.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +datasets: + refvg: + data_type: images + build_info: + data_dir: /path/to/visual_genome \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/default.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/default.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ff5a6a23fa2e3914938631b96c71fdf723dbbc10 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/default.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +env: + # For default users + # cache_root: "cache" + # For internal use with persistent storage + cache_root: "/export/home/.cache/minigpt4" diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/models/blip2_instruct_vicuna13b.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/models/blip2_instruct_vicuna13b.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76dcd647c3797dab2e51bb5c754af6feeb23ea3d --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/models/blip2_instruct_vicuna13b.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ + # Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + # All rights reserved. + # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + # For full license text, see the LICENSE file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause + +model: + arch: instruct_vicuna13b + load_finetuned: False + load_pretrained: True + + pretrained: "https://storage.googleapis.com/sfr-vision-language-research/LAVIS/models/InstructBLIP/instruct_blip_vicuna13b_trimmed.pth" + finetuned: "" + + # vit encoder + image_size: 224 + drop_path_rate: 0 + use_grad_checkpoint: False + vit_precision: "fp16" + freeze_vit: True + + # Q-Former + num_query_token: 32 + + # path to Vicuna checkpoint + llm_model: "/mnt/petrelfs/share_data/wangbin/mllm/minigpt4/vicuna-13b-v1-1" + + # generation configs + prompt: "" + + +preprocess: + vis_processor: + train: + name: "blip2_image_train" + image_size: 224 + eval: + name: "blip_image_eval" + image_size: 224 + text_processor: + train: + name: "blip_caption" + eval: + name: "blip_caption" diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/models/blip2_instruct_vicuna7b.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/models/blip2_instruct_vicuna7b.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57b916a2cdc3611e325113f82cd6b7cd561e4016 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/models/blip2_instruct_vicuna7b.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ + # Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + # All rights reserved. + # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + # For full license text, see the LICENSE file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause + +model: + arch: instruct_vicuna7b + load_finetuned: False + load_pretrained: True + + pretrained: "https://storage.googleapis.com/sfr-vision-language-research/LAVIS/models/InstructBLIP/instruct_blip_vicuna7b_trimmed.pth" + finetuned: "" + + # vit encoder + image_size: 224 + drop_path_rate: 0 + use_grad_checkpoint: False + vit_precision: "fp16" + freeze_vit: True + + # Q-Former + num_query_token: 32 + + # path to Vicuna checkpoint + llm_model: "/research/cbim/vast/zl502/Research/MLLM_hallucination/download_models/vicuna-7b-v1.1/" + + # generation configs + prompt: "" + + +preprocess: + vis_processor: + train: + name: "blip2_image_train" + image_size: 224 + eval: + name: "blip_image_eval" + image_size: 224 + text_processor: + train: + name: "blip_caption" + eval: + name: "blip_caption" diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/models/minigpt4_llama2.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/models/minigpt4_llama2.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fdd25e0947d2d9c1c6f6270a95be1c8f01538baa --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/models/minigpt4_llama2.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +model: + arch: minigpt4 + + # vit encoder + image_size: 224 + drop_path_rate: 0 + use_grad_checkpoint: False + vit_precision: "fp16" + freeze_vit: True + has_qformer: False + + # generation configs + prompt: "" + + llama_model: "please set this value to the path of llama2-chat-7b" + +preprocess: + vis_processor: + train: + name: "blip2_image_train" + image_size: 224 + eval: + name: "blip2_image_eval" + image_size: 224 + text_processor: + train: + name: "blip_caption" + eval: + name: "blip_caption" diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/models/minigpt4_vicuna0.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/models/minigpt4_vicuna0.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc5f1c5989b4314c6ebad3e6654f1cf8fbd787af --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/models/minigpt4_vicuna0.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +model: + arch: mini_gpt4 + + # vit encoder + image_size: 224 + drop_path_rate: 0 + use_grad_checkpoint: False + vit_precision: "fp16" + freeze_vit: True + freeze_qformer: True + + # Q-Former + num_query_token: 32 + + # generation configs + prompt: "" + + llama_model: "/research/cbim/vast/zl502/Research/MLLM_hallucination/download_models/vicuna-7b" + +preprocess: + vis_processor: + train: + name: "blip2_image_train" + image_size: 224 + eval: + name: "blip2_image_eval" + image_size: 224 + text_processor: + train: + name: "blip_caption" + eval: + name: "blip_caption" diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/models/minigpt_v2.yaml b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/models/minigpt_v2.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d85d203b58e859d026b85565b34ad6724951eac --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/configs/models/minigpt_v2.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +model: + arch: minigpt_v2 + + # vit encoder + image_size: 448 + drop_path_rate: 0 + use_grad_checkpoint: False + vit_precision: "fp16" + freeze_vit: True + + # generation configs + prompt: "" + + llama_model: "please set this value to the path of llama2-chat-7b" + lora_r: 64 + lora_alpha: 16 + + +preprocess: + vis_processor: + train: + name: "blip2_image_train" + image_size: 448 + eval: + name: "blip2_image_eval" + image_size: 448 + text_processor: + train: + name: "blip_caption" + eval: + name: "blip_caption" diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/conversation/__init__.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/conversation/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/conversation/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/minigpt4/conversation/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..39f96a8b25bc53a88787382228314e89aaeafa4f Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/minigpt4/conversation/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/conversation/__pycache__/conversation.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/minigpt4/conversation/__pycache__/conversation.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b47d8e9ff65eae3a387a1df0885e10115dac1dc Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/minigpt4/conversation/__pycache__/conversation.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/conversation/conversation.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/conversation/conversation.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..829e034f758d66087afda14b79bbe7a27f2b3852 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/conversation/conversation.py @@ -0,0 +1,233 @@ +import argparse +import time +from threading import Thread +from PIL import Image + +import torch +from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM, LlamaTokenizer +from transformers import StoppingCriteria, StoppingCriteriaList, TextIteratorStreamer + +import dataclasses +from enum import auto, Enum +from typing import List, Tuple, Any + +from minigpt4.common.registry import registry + + +class SeparatorStyle(Enum): + """Different separator style.""" + SINGLE = auto() + TWO = auto() + + +@dataclasses.dataclass +class Conversation: + """A class that keeps all conversation history.""" + system: str + roles: List[str] + messages: List[List[str]] + offset: int + # system_img: List[Image.Image] = [] + sep_style: SeparatorStyle = SeparatorStyle.SINGLE + sep: str = "###" + sep2: str = None + + skip_next: bool = False + conv_id: Any = None + + def get_prompt(self): + if self.sep_style == SeparatorStyle.SINGLE: + ret = self.system + self.sep + for role, message in self.messages: + if message: + ret += role + message + self.sep + else: + ret += role + return ret + elif self.sep_style == SeparatorStyle.TWO: + seps = [self.sep, self.sep2] + ret = self.system + seps[0] + for i, (role, message) in enumerate(self.messages): + if message: + ret += role + message + seps[i % 2] + else: + ret += role + return ret + else: + raise ValueError(f"Invalid style: {self.sep_style}") + + def append_message(self, role, message): + self.messages.append([role, message]) + + def to_gradio_chatbot(self): + ret = [] + for i, (role, msg) in enumerate(self.messages[self.offset:]): + if i % 2 == 0: + ret.append([msg, None]) + else: + ret[-1][-1] = msg + return ret + + def copy(self): + return Conversation( + system=self.system, + # system_img=self.system_img, + roles=self.roles, + messages=[[x, y] for x, y in self.messages], + offset=self.offset, + sep_style=self.sep_style, + sep=self.sep, + sep2=self.sep2, + conv_id=self.conv_id) + + def dict(self): + return { + "system": self.system, + # "system_img": self.system_img, + "roles": self.roles, + "messages": self.messages, + "offset": self.offset, + "sep": self.sep, + "sep2": self.sep2, + "conv_id": self.conv_id, + } + + +class StoppingCriteriaSub(StoppingCriteria): + + def __init__(self, stops=[], encounters=1): + super().__init__() + self.stops = stops + + def __call__(self, input_ids: torch.LongTensor, scores: torch.FloatTensor): + for stop in self.stops: + if torch.all(input_ids[:, -len(stop):] == stop).item(): + return True + + return False + + +CONV_VISION_Vicuna0 = Conversation( + system="Give the following image: ImageContent. " + "You will be able to see the image once I provide it to you. Please answer my questions.", + roles=("Human: ", "Assistant: "), + messages=[], + offset=2, + sep_style=SeparatorStyle.SINGLE, + sep="###", +) + +CONV_VISION_LLama2 = Conversation( + system="Give the following image: ImageContent. " + "You will be able to see the image once I provide it to you. Please answer my questions.", + roles=("[INST] ", " [/INST] "), + messages=[], + offset=2, + sep_style=SeparatorStyle.SINGLE, + sep="", +) + +CONV_VISION_minigptv2 = Conversation( + system="", + roles=("[INST] ", " [/INST]"), + messages=[], + offset=2, + sep_style=SeparatorStyle.SINGLE, + sep="", +) + +class Chat: + def __init__(self, model, vis_processor, device='cuda:0', stopping_criteria=None): + self.device = device + self.model = model + self.vis_processor = vis_processor + + if stopping_criteria is not None: + self.stopping_criteria = stopping_criteria + else: + stop_words_ids = [torch.tensor([2]).to(self.device)] + self.stopping_criteria = StoppingCriteriaList([StoppingCriteriaSub(stops=stop_words_ids)]) + + def ask(self, text, conv): + if len(conv.messages) > 0 and conv.messages[-1][0] == conv.roles[0] \ + and conv.messages[-1][1][-6:] == '': # last message is image. + conv.messages[-1][1] = ' '.join([conv.messages[-1][1], text]) + else: + conv.append_message(conv.roles[0], text) + + def answer_prepare(self, conv, img_list, max_new_tokens=300, num_beams=1, min_length=1, top_p=0.9, + repetition_penalty=1.05, length_penalty=1, temperature=1.0, max_length=2000): + conv.append_message(conv.roles[1], None) + prompt = conv.get_prompt() + embs = self.model.get_context_emb(prompt, img_list) + + current_max_len = embs.shape[1] + max_new_tokens + if current_max_len - max_length > 0: + print('Warning: The number of tokens in current conversation exceeds the max length. ' + 'The model will not see the contexts outside the range.') + begin_idx = max(0, current_max_len - max_length) + embs = embs[:, begin_idx:] + + generation_kwargs = dict( + inputs_embeds=embs, + max_new_tokens=max_new_tokens, + stopping_criteria=self.stopping_criteria, + num_beams=num_beams, + do_sample=True, + min_length=min_length, + top_p=top_p, + repetition_penalty=repetition_penalty, + length_penalty=length_penalty, + temperature=float(temperature), + ) + return generation_kwargs + + def answer(self, conv, img_list, **kargs): + generation_dict = self.answer_prepare(conv, img_list, **kargs) + output_token = self.model_generate(**generation_dict)[0] + output_text = self.model.llama_tokenizer.decode(output_token, skip_special_tokens=True) + + output_text = output_text.split('###')[0] # remove the stop sign '###' + output_text = output_text.split('Assistant:')[-1].strip() + + conv.messages[-1][1] = output_text + return output_text, output_token.cpu().numpy() + + def stream_answer(self, conv, img_list, **kargs): + generation_kwargs = self.answer_prepare(conv, img_list, **kargs) + streamer = TextIteratorStreamer(self.model.llama_tokenizer, skip_special_tokens=True) + generation_kwargs['streamer'] = streamer + thread = Thread(target=self.model_generate, kwargs=generation_kwargs) + thread.start() + return streamer + + def model_generate(self, *args, **kwargs): + # for 8 bit and 16 bit compatibility + with self.model.maybe_autocast(): + output = self.model.llama_model.generate(*args, **kwargs) + return output + + def encode_img(self, img_list): + image = img_list[0] + img_list.pop(0) + if isinstance(image, str): # is a image path + raw_image = Image.open(image).convert('RGB') + image = self.vis_processor(raw_image).unsqueeze(0).to(self.device) + elif isinstance(image, Image.Image): + raw_image = image + image = self.vis_processor(raw_image).unsqueeze(0).to(self.device) + elif isinstance(image, torch.Tensor): + if len(image.shape) == 3: + image = image.unsqueeze(0) + image = image.to(self.device) + + image_emb, _ = self.model.encode_img(image) + img_list.append(image_emb) + + def upload_img(self, image, conv, img_list): + conv.append_message(conv.roles[0], "") + img_list.append(image) + msg = "Received." + + return msg + diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/__init__.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6d32c866caca5e5855601d1a7af45ba66ad2df3 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/__pycache__/data_utils.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/__pycache__/data_utils.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4547885a83a42a5e30f7ac7d70e1bca16e3a3895 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/__pycache__/data_utils.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/builders/__init__.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/builders/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d0964063f145c6b119c78460aed69bcc4dfa4c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/builders/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +""" + Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + All rights reserved. + SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + For full license text, see the LICENSE_Lavis file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause +""" + +from minigpt4.datasets.builders.base_dataset_builder import load_dataset_config +from minigpt4.datasets.builders.image_text_pair_builder import ( + CCSBUBuilder, + LaionBuilder, + CCSBUAlignBuilder +) +from minigpt4.common.registry import registry + +__all__ = [ + "CCSBUBuilder", + "LaionBuilder", + "CCSBUAlignBuilder" +] + + +def load_dataset(name, cfg_path=None, vis_path=None, data_type=None): + """ + Example + + >>> dataset = load_dataset("coco_caption", cfg=None) + >>> splits = dataset.keys() + >>> print([len(dataset[split]) for split in splits]) + + """ + if cfg_path is None: + cfg = None + else: + cfg = load_dataset_config(cfg_path) + + try: + builder = registry.get_builder_class(name)(cfg) + except TypeError: + print( + f"Dataset {name} not found. Available datasets:\n" + + ", ".join([str(k) for k in dataset_zoo.get_names()]) + ) + exit(1) + + if vis_path is not None: + if data_type is None: + # use default data type in the config + data_type = builder.config.data_type + + assert ( + data_type in builder.config.build_info + ), f"Invalid data_type {data_type} for {name}." + + builder.config.build_info.get(data_type).storage = vis_path + + dataset = builder.build_datasets() + return dataset + + +class DatasetZoo: + def __init__(self) -> None: + self.dataset_zoo = { + k: list(v.DATASET_CONFIG_DICT.keys()) + for k, v in sorted(registry.mapping["builder_name_mapping"].items()) + } + + def get_names(self): + return list(self.dataset_zoo.keys()) + + +dataset_zoo = DatasetZoo() diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/builders/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/builders/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2068d2ab135af2e51c42d65070a15abcbf2304cc Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/builders/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/builders/__pycache__/base_dataset_builder.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/builders/__pycache__/base_dataset_builder.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a265b3b759e78fdc1cc2e5e8d156c6f2b7d01420 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/builders/__pycache__/base_dataset_builder.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/builders/__pycache__/image_text_pair_builder.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/builders/__pycache__/image_text_pair_builder.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9bc86d53fa499446818fc5f3f3e1d7385f24154d Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/builders/__pycache__/image_text_pair_builder.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/builders/base_dataset_builder.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/builders/base_dataset_builder.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b607e3c0a8abaa6b1ccbc711e27ff3755f5ec11 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/builders/base_dataset_builder.py @@ -0,0 +1,236 @@ +""" + This file is from + Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + All rights reserved. + SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + For full license text, see the LICENSE_Lavis file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause +""" + +import logging +import os +import shutil +import warnings + +from omegaconf import OmegaConf +import torch.distributed as dist +from torchvision.datasets.utils import download_url + +import minigpt4.common.utils as utils +from minigpt4.common.dist_utils import is_dist_avail_and_initialized, is_main_process +from minigpt4.common.registry import registry +from minigpt4.processors.base_processor import BaseProcessor + + + +class BaseDatasetBuilder: + train_dataset_cls, eval_dataset_cls = None, None + + def __init__(self, cfg=None): + super().__init__() + + if cfg is None: + # help to create datasets from default config. + self.config = load_dataset_config(self.default_config_path()) + elif isinstance(cfg, str): + self.config = load_dataset_config(cfg) + else: + # when called from task.build_dataset() + self.config = cfg + + self.data_type = self.config.data_type + + self.vis_processors = {"train": BaseProcessor(), "eval": BaseProcessor()} + self.text_processors = {"train": BaseProcessor(), "eval": BaseProcessor()} + + def build_datasets(self): + # download, split, etc... + # only called on 1 GPU/TPU in distributed + + if is_main_process(): + self._download_data() + + if is_dist_avail_and_initialized(): + dist.barrier() + + # at this point, all the annotations and image/videos should be all downloaded to the specified locations. + logging.info("Building datasets...") + datasets = self.build() # dataset['train'/'val'/'test'] + + return datasets + + def build_processors(self): + vis_proc_cfg = self.config.get("vis_processor") + txt_proc_cfg = self.config.get("text_processor") + + if vis_proc_cfg is not None: + vis_train_cfg = vis_proc_cfg.get("train") + vis_eval_cfg = vis_proc_cfg.get("eval") + + self.vis_processors["train"] = self._build_proc_from_cfg(vis_train_cfg) + self.vis_processors["eval"] = self._build_proc_from_cfg(vis_eval_cfg) + + if txt_proc_cfg is not None: + txt_train_cfg = txt_proc_cfg.get("train") + txt_eval_cfg = txt_proc_cfg.get("eval") + + self.text_processors["train"] = self._build_proc_from_cfg(txt_train_cfg) + self.text_processors["eval"] = self._build_proc_from_cfg(txt_eval_cfg) + + @staticmethod + def _build_proc_from_cfg(cfg): + return ( + registry.get_processor_class(cfg.name).from_config(cfg) + if cfg is not None + else None + ) + + @classmethod + def default_config_path(cls, type="default"): + return utils.get_abs_path(cls.DATASET_CONFIG_DICT[type]) + + def _download_data(self): + self._download_ann() + self._download_vis() + + def _download_ann(self): + """ + Download annotation files if necessary. + All the vision-language datasets should have annotations of unified format. + + storage_path can be: + (1) relative/absolute: will be prefixed with env.cache_root to make full path if relative. + (2) basename/dirname: will be suffixed with base name of URL if dirname is provided. + + Local annotation paths should be relative. + """ + anns = self.config.build_info.annotations + + splits = anns.keys() + + cache_root = registry.get_path("cache_root") + + for split in splits: + info = anns[split] + + urls, storage_paths = info.get("url", None), info.storage + + if isinstance(urls, str): + urls = [urls] + if isinstance(storage_paths, str): + storage_paths = [storage_paths] + + assert len(urls) == len(storage_paths) + + for url_or_filename, storage_path in zip(urls, storage_paths): + # if storage_path is relative, make it full by prefixing with cache_root. + if not os.path.isabs(storage_path): + storage_path = os.path.join(cache_root, storage_path) + + dirname = os.path.dirname(storage_path) + if not os.path.exists(dirname): + os.makedirs(dirname) + + if os.path.isfile(url_or_filename): + src, dst = url_or_filename, storage_path + if not os.path.exists(dst): + shutil.copyfile(src=src, dst=dst) + else: + logging.info("Using existing file {}.".format(dst)) + else: + if os.path.isdir(storage_path): + # if only dirname is provided, suffix with basename of URL. + raise ValueError( + "Expecting storage_path to be a file path, got directory {}".format( + storage_path + ) + ) + else: + filename = os.path.basename(storage_path) + + download_url(url=url_or_filename, root=dirname, filename=filename) + + def _download_vis(self): + + storage_path = self.config.build_info.get(self.data_type).storage + storage_path = utils.get_cache_path(storage_path) + + if not os.path.exists(storage_path): + warnings.warn( + f""" + The specified path {storage_path} for visual inputs does not exist. + Please provide a correct path to the visual inputs or + refer to datasets/download_scripts/README.md for downloading instructions. + """ + ) + + def build(self): + """ + Create by split datasets inheriting torch.utils.data.Datasets. + + # build() can be dataset-specific. Overwrite to customize. + """ + self.build_processors() + + build_info = self.config.build_info + + ann_info = build_info.annotations + vis_info = build_info.get(self.data_type) + + datasets = dict() + for split in ann_info.keys(): + if split not in ["train", "val", "test"]: + continue + + is_train = split == "train" + + # processors + vis_processor = ( + self.vis_processors["train"] + if is_train + else self.vis_processors["eval"] + ) + text_processor = ( + self.text_processors["train"] + if is_train + else self.text_processors["eval"] + ) + + # annotation path + ann_paths = ann_info.get(split).storage + if isinstance(ann_paths, str): + ann_paths = [ann_paths] + + abs_ann_paths = [] + for ann_path in ann_paths: + if not os.path.isabs(ann_path): + ann_path = utils.get_cache_path(ann_path) + abs_ann_paths.append(ann_path) + ann_paths = abs_ann_paths + + # visual data storage path + vis_path = os.path.join(vis_info.storage, split) + + if not os.path.isabs(vis_path): + # vis_path = os.path.join(utils.get_cache_path(), vis_path) + vis_path = utils.get_cache_path(vis_path) + + if not os.path.exists(vis_path): + warnings.warn("storage path {} does not exist.".format(vis_path)) + + # create datasets + dataset_cls = self.train_dataset_cls if is_train else self.eval_dataset_cls + datasets[split] = dataset_cls( + vis_processor=vis_processor, + text_processor=text_processor, + ann_paths=ann_paths, + vis_root=vis_path, + ) + + return datasets + + +def load_dataset_config(cfg_path): + cfg = OmegaConf.load(cfg_path).datasets + cfg = cfg[list(cfg.keys())[0]] + + return cfg diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/builders/image_text_pair_builder.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/builders/image_text_pair_builder.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fb344f11a7aa2add17ab3161183adfac90ec09df --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/builders/image_text_pair_builder.py @@ -0,0 +1,535 @@ +import os +import logging +import warnings + +from minigpt4.common.registry import registry +from minigpt4.datasets.builders.base_dataset_builder import BaseDatasetBuilder +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.laion_dataset import LaionDataset +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.cc_sbu_dataset import CCSBUDataset, CCSBUAlignDataset +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.text_caps import TextCapDataset +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.llava_dataset import LlavaDetailDataset, LlavaReasonDataset, LlavaConversationDataset +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.unnatural_instruction import UnnaturalDataset +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.multitask_conversation import MultiTaskConversationDataset +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.flickr import GroundedDetailDataset,CaptionToObjectDataset,PhraseToObjectDataset +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.vg_dataset import ReferVisualGenomeDataset +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.coco_dataset import ReferCOCODataset, InvReferCOCODataset +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.gqa_datasets import GQADataset +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.aok_vqa_datasets import AOKVQADataset +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.coco_vqa_datasets import COCOVQADataset +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.ocrvqa_dataset import OCRVQADataset +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.coco_caption import COCOCapDataset + + +@registry.register_builder("multitask_conversation") +class MultitaskConversationBuilder(BaseDatasetBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = MultiTaskConversationDataset + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = { + "default": "configs/datasets/multitask_conversation/default.yaml", + } + + def build_datasets(self): + # at this point, all the annotations and image/videos should be all downloaded to the specified locations. + logging.info("Building datasets...") + self.build_processors() + build_info = self.config.build_info + datasets = dict() + + # create datasets + dataset_cls = self.train_dataset_cls + datasets['train'] = dataset_cls( + vis_processor=self.vis_processors["train"], + text_processor=self.text_processors["train"], + ann_path=build_info.ann_path, + vis_root=build_info.image_path, + ) + + return datasets + + +@registry.register_builder("unnatural_instruction") +class UnnaturalInstructionBuilder(BaseDatasetBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = UnnaturalDataset + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = { + "default": "configs/datasets/nlp/unnatural_instruction.yaml", + } + + def build_datasets(self): + # at this point, all the annotations and image/videos should be all downloaded to the specified locations. + logging.info("Building datasets...") + self.build_processors() + build_info = self.config.build_info + datasets = dict() + + # create datasets + dataset_cls = self.train_dataset_cls + datasets['train'] = dataset_cls( + text_processor=self.text_processors["train"], + ann_path=build_info.ann_path, + ) + + return datasets + + + +@registry.register_builder("llava_detail") +class LlavaDetailBuilder(BaseDatasetBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = LlavaDetailDataset + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = { + "default": "configs/datasets/llava/detail.yaml", + } + + def build_datasets(self): + # at this point, all the annotations and image/videos should be all downloaded to the specified locations. + logging.info("Building datasets...") + self.build_processors() + build_info = self.config.build_info + datasets = dict() + + # create datasets + dataset_cls = self.train_dataset_cls + datasets['train'] = dataset_cls( + vis_processor=self.vis_processors["train"], + text_processor=self.text_processors["train"], + ann_path=build_info.ann_path, + vis_root=build_info.image_path, + ) + + return datasets + + + +@registry.register_builder("llava_reason") +class LlavaReasonBuilder(BaseDatasetBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = LlavaReasonDataset + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = { + "default": "configs/datasets/llava/reason.yaml", + } + + def build_datasets(self): + # at this point, all the annotations and image/videos should be all downloaded to the specified locations. + logging.info("Building datasets...") + self.build_processors() + build_info = self.config.build_info + datasets = dict() + + # create datasets + dataset_cls = self.train_dataset_cls + datasets['train'] = dataset_cls( + vis_processor=self.vis_processors["train"], + text_processor=self.text_processors["train"], + ann_path=build_info.ann_path, + vis_root=build_info.image_path, + ) + + return datasets + +@registry.register_builder("llava_conversation") +class LlavaReasonBuilder(BaseDatasetBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = LlavaConversationDataset + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = { + "default": "configs/datasets/llava/conversation.yaml", + } + + def build_datasets(self): + # at this point, all the annotations and image/videos should be all downloaded to the specified locations. + logging.info("Building datasets...") + self.build_processors() + build_info = self.config.build_info + datasets = dict() + + # create datasets + dataset_cls = self.train_dataset_cls + datasets['train'] = dataset_cls( + vis_processor=self.vis_processors["train"], + text_processor=self.text_processors["train"], + ann_path=build_info.ann_path, + vis_root=build_info.image_path, + ) + + return datasets + + +class AllRefCOCOBuilder(BaseDatasetBuilder): + + def build_datasets(self): + # at this point, all the annotations and image/videos should be all downloaded to the specified locations. + logging.info("Building datasets...") + self.build_processors() + + build_info = self.config.build_info + image_path = build_info.image_path + ann_path = build_info.ann_path + + datasets = dict() + + if not os.path.exists(image_path): + warnings.warn("image path {} does not exist.".format(image_path)) + if not os.path.exists(ann_path): + warnings.warn("ann path {} does not exist.".format(ann_path)) + + # create datasets + dataset_cls = self.train_dataset_cls + datasets['train'] = dataset_cls( + vis_processor=self.vis_processors["train"], + text_processor=self.text_processors["train"], + ann_path=ann_path, + vis_root=image_path, + dataset=build_info.dataset, + splitBy=build_info.splitBy + ) + + return datasets + + +@registry.register_builder("refcoco") +class RefCOCOBuilder(AllRefCOCOBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = ReferCOCODataset + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = { + "default": "configs/datasets/coco_bbox/refcoco.yaml", + } + +@registry.register_builder("refcocop") +class RefCOCOPBuilder(AllRefCOCOBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = ReferCOCODataset + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = { + "default": "configs/datasets/coco_bbox/refcocop.yaml", + } + + +@registry.register_builder("refcocog") +class RefCOCOGBuilder(AllRefCOCOBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = ReferCOCODataset + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = { + "default": "configs/datasets/coco_bbox/refcocog.yaml", + } + +@registry.register_builder("invrefcoco") +class RefCOCOBuilder(AllRefCOCOBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = InvReferCOCODataset + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = { + "default": "configs/datasets/coco_bbox/invrefcoco.yaml", + } + + +@registry.register_builder("invrefcocop") +class RefCOCOPBuilder(AllRefCOCOBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = InvReferCOCODataset + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = { + "default": "configs/datasets/coco_bbox/invrefcocop.yaml", + } + + +@registry.register_builder("invrefcocog") +class RefCOCOGBuilder(AllRefCOCOBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = InvReferCOCODataset + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = { + "default": "configs/datasets/coco_bbox/invrefcocog.yaml", + } + +@registry.register_builder("refvg") +class RefVisualGenomeBuilder(BaseDatasetBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = ReferVisualGenomeDataset + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = { + "default": "configs/datasets/vg/ref.yaml", + } + + def build_datasets(self): + # at this point, all the annotations and image/videos should be all downloaded to the specified locations. + logging.info("Building datasets...") + self.build_processors() + + build_info = self.config.build_info + data_dir = build_info.data_dir + datasets = dict() + + # create datasets + dataset_cls = self.train_dataset_cls + datasets['train'] = dataset_cls( + vis_processor=self.vis_processors["train"], + text_processor=self.text_processors["train"], + data_dir=data_dir, + ) + + return datasets + + +@registry.register_builder("textcaps_caption") +class TextcapCaptionBuilder(BaseDatasetBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = TextCapDataset + + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = {"default": "configs/datasets/textcaps/caption.yaml"} + + def _download_ann(self): + pass + + def _download_vis(self): + pass + + def build(self): + self.build_processors() + + build_info = self.config.build_info + + datasets = dict() + split = "train" + + # create datasets + # [NOTE] return inner_datasets (wds.DataPipeline) + dataset_cls = self.train_dataset_cls + datasets[split] = dataset_cls( + vis_processor=self.vis_processors[split], + text_processor=self.text_processors[split], + ann_path=build_info.ann_path, + vis_root=build_info.image_path, + ) + + return datasets + +@registry.register_builder("coco_vqa") +class COCOVQABuilder(BaseDatasetBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = COCOVQADataset + + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = { + "default": "configs/datasets/coco/defaults_vqa.yaml", + } + +@registry.register_builder("ok_vqa") +class OKVQABuilder(COCOVQABuilder): + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = { + "default": "configs/datasets/okvqa/defaults.yaml", + } + + +@registry.register_builder("aok_vqa") +class AOKVQABuilder(BaseDatasetBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = AOKVQADataset + + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = {"default": "configs/datasets/aokvqa/defaults.yaml"} + + +@registry.register_builder("gqa") +class GQABuilder(BaseDatasetBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = GQADataset + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = { + "default": "configs/datasets/gqa/balanced_val.yaml", + } + + + + +@registry.register_builder("flickr_grounded_caption") +class GroundedCaptionBuilder(BaseDatasetBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = GroundedDetailDataset + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = { + "default": "configs/datasets/flickr/default.yaml", + } + + def build_datasets(self): + # at this point, all the annotations and image/videos should be all downloaded to the specified locations. + logging.info("Building datasets...") + self.build_processors() + build_info = self.config.build_info + datasets = dict() + + # create datasets + dataset_cls = self.train_dataset_cls + datasets['train'] = dataset_cls( + vis_processor=self.vis_processors["train"], + text_processor=self.text_processors["train"], + ann_path=build_info.ann_path, + vis_root=build_info.image_path, + ) + + return datasets + + +@registry.register_builder("flickr_CaptionToPhrase") +class CaptionToPhraseBuilder(BaseDatasetBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = CaptionToObjectDataset + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = { + "default": "configs/datasets/flickr/caption_to_phrase.yaml", + } + + def build_datasets(self): + # at this point, all the annotations and image/videos should be all downloaded to the specified locations. + logging.info("Building datasets...") + self.build_processors() + build_info = self.config.build_info + datasets = dict() + + # create datasets + dataset_cls = self.train_dataset_cls + datasets['train'] = dataset_cls( + vis_processor=self.vis_processors["train"], + text_processor=self.text_processors["train"], + ann_path=build_info.ann_path, + vis_root=build_info.image_path, + ) + + return datasets + +@registry.register_builder("flickr_ObjectToPhrase") +class CaptionToPhraseBuilder(BaseDatasetBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = PhraseToObjectDataset + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = { + "default": "configs/datasets/flickr/object_to_phrase.yaml", + } + + def build_datasets(self): + # at this point, all the annotations and image/videos should be all downloaded to the specified locations. + logging.info("Building datasets...") + self.build_processors() + build_info = self.config.build_info + datasets = dict() + + # create datasets + dataset_cls = self.train_dataset_cls + datasets['train'] = dataset_cls( + vis_processor=self.vis_processors["train"], + text_processor=self.text_processors["train"], + ann_path=build_info.ann_path, + vis_root=build_info.image_path, + ) + + return datasets + + + + +class DocumentVQABuilder(BaseDatasetBuilder): + def _download_ann(self): + pass + + def _download_vis(self): + pass + + def build(self): + self.build_processors() + build_info = self.config.build_info + + datasets = dict() + split = "train" + + dataset_cls = self.train_dataset_cls + datasets[split] = dataset_cls( + vis_processor=self.vis_processors[split], + text_processor=self.text_processors[split], + vis_root=build_info.image_path, + ann_path=build_info.ann_path + ) + + return datasets + + +@registry.register_builder("ocrvqa") +class OCRVQABuilder(DocumentVQABuilder): + train_dataset_cls = OCRVQADataset + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = {"default": "configs/datasets/ocrvqa/ocrvqa.yaml"} + + +@registry.register_builder("cc_sbu") +class CCSBUBuilder(BaseDatasetBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = CCSBUDataset + + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = {"default": "configs/datasets/cc_sbu/defaults.yaml"} + + def _download_ann(self): + pass + + def _download_vis(self): + pass + + def build(self): + self.build_processors() + + build_info = self.config.build_info + + datasets = dict() + split = "train" + + # create datasets + # [NOTE] return inner_datasets (wds.DataPipeline) + dataset_cls = self.train_dataset_cls + datasets[split] = dataset_cls( + vis_processor=self.vis_processors[split], + text_processor=self.text_processors[split], + location=build_info.storage, + ).inner_dataset + + return datasets + + +@registry.register_builder("laion") +class LaionBuilder(BaseDatasetBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = LaionDataset + + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = {"default": "configs/datasets/laion/defaults.yaml"} + + def _download_ann(self): + pass + + def _download_vis(self): + pass + + def build(self): + self.build_processors() + + build_info = self.config.build_info + + datasets = dict() + split = "train" + + # create datasets + # [NOTE] return inner_datasets (wds.DataPipeline) + dataset_cls = self.train_dataset_cls + datasets[split] = dataset_cls( + vis_processor=self.vis_processors[split], + text_processor=self.text_processors[split], + location=build_info.storage, + ).inner_dataset + + return datasets + + + +@registry.register_builder("coco_caption") +class COCOCapBuilder(BaseDatasetBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = COCOCapDataset + + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = { + "default": "configs/datasets/coco/caption.yaml", + } + + + +@registry.register_builder("cc_sbu_align") +class CCSBUAlignBuilder(BaseDatasetBuilder): + train_dataset_cls = CCSBUAlignDataset + + DATASET_CONFIG_DICT = { + "default": "configs/datasets/cc_sbu/align.yaml", + } + + def build_datasets(self): + # at this point, all the annotations and image/videos should be all downloaded to the specified locations. + logging.info("Building datasets...") + self.build_processors() + + build_info = self.config.build_info + storage_path = build_info.storage + + datasets = dict() + + if not os.path.exists(storage_path): + warnings.warn("storage path {} does not exist.".format(storage_path)) + + # create datasets + dataset_cls = self.train_dataset_cls + datasets['train'] = dataset_cls( + vis_processor=self.vis_processors["train"], + text_processor=self.text_processors["train"], + ann_paths=[os.path.join(storage_path, 'filter_cap.json')], + vis_root=os.path.join(storage_path, 'image'), + ) + + return datasets diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/data_utils.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/data_utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..773b10facf26e89f71db6f7841a0377f93f1a2a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/data_utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,199 @@ +""" + Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + All rights reserved. + SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + For full license text, see the LICENSE_Lavis file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause +""" + +import gzip +import logging +import os +import random as rnd +import tarfile +import zipfile +import random +from typing import List +from tqdm import tqdm + +import decord +from decord import VideoReader +import webdataset as wds +import numpy as np +import torch +from torch.utils.data.dataset import IterableDataset + +from minigpt4.common.registry import registry +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.base_dataset import ConcatDataset + + +decord.bridge.set_bridge("torch") +MAX_INT = registry.get("MAX_INT") + + +class ChainDataset(wds.DataPipeline): + r"""Dataset for chaining multiple :class:`DataPipeline` s. + + This class is useful to assemble different existing dataset streams. The + chaining operation is done on-the-fly, so concatenating large-scale + datasets with this class will be efficient. + + Args: + datasets (iterable of IterableDataset): datasets to be chained together + """ + def __init__(self, datasets: List[wds.DataPipeline]) -> None: + super().__init__() + self.datasets = datasets + self.prob = [] + self.names = [] + for dataset in self.datasets: + if hasattr(dataset, 'name'): + self.names.append(dataset.name) + else: + self.names.append('Unknown') + if hasattr(dataset, 'sample_ratio'): + self.prob.append(dataset.sample_ratio) + else: + self.prob.append(1) + logging.info("One of the datapipeline doesn't define ratio and set to 1 automatically.") + + def __iter__(self): + datastreams = [iter(dataset) for dataset in self.datasets] + while True: + select_datastream = random.choices(datastreams, weights=self.prob, k=1)[0] + yield next(select_datastream) + + +def apply_to_sample(f, sample): + if len(sample) == 0: + return {} + + def _apply(x): + if torch.is_tensor(x): + return f(x) + elif isinstance(x, dict): + return {key: _apply(value) for key, value in x.items()} + elif isinstance(x, list): + return [_apply(x) for x in x] + else: + return x + + return _apply(sample) + + +def move_to_cuda(sample): + def _move_to_cuda(tensor): + return tensor.cuda() + + return apply_to_sample(_move_to_cuda, sample) + + +def prepare_sample(samples, cuda_enabled=True): + if cuda_enabled: + samples = move_to_cuda(samples) + + # TODO fp16 support + + return samples + + +def reorg_datasets_by_split(datasets, batch_sizes): + """ + Organizes datasets by split. + + Args: + datasets: dict of torch.utils.data.Dataset objects by name. + + Returns: + Dict of datasets by split {split_name: List[Datasets]}. + """ + # if len(datasets) == 1: + # return datasets[list(datasets.keys())[0]] + # else: + reorg_datasets = dict() + reorg_batch_sizes = dict() + + # reorganize by split + for dataset_name, dataset in datasets.items(): + for split_name, dataset_split in dataset.items(): + if split_name not in reorg_datasets: + reorg_datasets[split_name] = [dataset_split] + reorg_batch_sizes[split_name] = [batch_sizes[dataset_name]] + else: + reorg_datasets[split_name].append(dataset_split) + reorg_batch_sizes[split_name].append(batch_sizes[dataset_name]) + + return reorg_datasets, reorg_batch_sizes + + +def concat_datasets(datasets): + """ + Concatenates multiple datasets into a single dataset. + + It supports may-style datasets and DataPipeline from WebDataset. Currently, does not support + generic IterableDataset because it requires creating separate samplers. + + Now only supports conctenating training datasets and assuming validation and testing + have only a single dataset. This is because metrics should not be computed on the concatenated + datasets. + + Args: + datasets: dict of torch.utils.data.Dataset objects by split. + + Returns: + Dict of concatenated datasets by split, "train" is the concatenation of multiple datasets, + "val" and "test" remain the same. + + If the input training datasets contain both map-style and DataPipeline datasets, returns + a tuple, where the first element is a concatenated map-style dataset and the second + element is a chained DataPipeline dataset. + + """ + # concatenate datasets in the same split + for split_name in datasets: + if split_name != "train": + assert ( + len(datasets[split_name]) == 1 + ), "Do not support multiple {} datasets.".format(split_name) + datasets[split_name] = datasets[split_name][0] + else: + iterable_datasets, map_datasets = [], [] + for dataset in datasets[split_name]: + if isinstance(dataset, wds.DataPipeline): + logging.info( + "Dataset {} is IterableDataset, can't be concatenated.".format( + dataset + ) + ) + iterable_datasets.append(dataset) + elif isinstance(dataset, IterableDataset): + raise NotImplementedError( + "Do not support concatenation of generic IterableDataset." + ) + else: + map_datasets.append(dataset) + + # if len(iterable_datasets) > 0: + # concatenate map-style datasets and iterable-style datasets separately + if len(iterable_datasets) > 1: + chained_datasets = ( + ChainDataset(iterable_datasets) + ) + elif len(iterable_datasets) == 1: + chained_datasets = iterable_datasets[0] + else: + chained_datasets = None + + concat_datasets = ( + ConcatDataset(map_datasets) if len(map_datasets) > 0 else None + ) + + train_datasets = concat_datasets, chained_datasets + train_datasets = tuple([x for x in train_datasets if x is not None]) + train_datasets = ( + train_datasets[0] if len(train_datasets) == 1 else train_datasets + ) + + datasets[split_name] = train_datasets + + return datasets + diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/__init__.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e4b717cb3b8630b0ec58a258f3e6d88cc029e95d Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/__pycache__/coco_caption.cpython-310.pyc b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/__pycache__/coco_caption.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d43562834d547191639dfc4afc6d5dbf0ac25430 Binary files /dev/null and b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/__pycache__/coco_caption.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/aok_vqa_datasets.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/aok_vqa_datasets.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..00ed06dc7ee4c056f330e9e6ac6717260afd4a4f --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/aok_vqa_datasets.py @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +""" + Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + All rights reserved. + SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + For full license text, see the LICENSE file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause +""" + +from collections import OrderedDict +import json +import os +import random +import torch + +from PIL import Image + +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.vqa_datasets import VQADataset #, VQAEvalDataset + + +class __DisplMixin: + def displ_item(self, index): + sample, ann = self.__getitem__(index), self.annotation[index] + return OrderedDict( + { + "file": ann["image"], + "question": ann["question"], + "question_id": ann["question_id"], + "direct_answers": "; ".join(ann["direct_answers"]), + "choices": "; ".join(ann["choices"]), + "correct_choice": ann["choices"][ann["correct_choice_idx"]], + "image": sample["image"], + } + ) + + +class AOKVQADataset(VQADataset, __DisplMixin): + def __init__(self, vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_paths): + super().__init__(vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_paths) + + self.instruction_pool =[ + "[vqa] {}", + "[vqa] Based on the image, respond to this question with a short answer: {}" + ] + + exist_annotation = [] + for ann in self.annotation: + image_path = os.path.join(self.vis_root, ann["image"].split('/')[-1]) + if os.path.exists(image_path): + exist_annotation.append(ann) + self.annotation = exist_annotation + + def get_data(self, index): + ann = self.annotation[index] + + image_path = os.path.join(self.vis_root, ann["image"].split('/')[-1]) + image = Image.open(image_path).convert("RGB") + + image = self.vis_processor(image) + question = self.text_processor(ann["question"]) + + answer_key = "direct_answers" + + answer_weight = {} + for answer in ann[answer_key]: + if answer in answer_weight.keys(): + answer_weight[answer] += 1 / len(ann[answer_key]) + else: + answer_weight[answer] = 1 / len(ann[answer_key]) + + answers = list(answer_weight.keys()) + weights = list(answer_weight.values()) + + answer = random.choices(answers, weights=weights, k=1)[0] # random sample an answer according to weights + + return { + "image": image, + "question": question, + "answer": answer, + } + + def __getitem__(self, index): + data = self.get_data(index) + question = self.text_processor(data["question"]) + instruction = random.choice(self.instruction_pool).format(question) + + instruction = " {} ".format(instruction) + answer = self.text_processor(data['answer']) + + return { + "image": data['image'], + "instruction_input": instruction, + "answer": answer, + } + + +class AOKVQGDataset(AOKVQADataset): + + def __init__(self, vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_paths): + super().__init__(vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_paths) + self.instruction_pool = [ + 'Given the image, generate a question whose answer is: {}', + 'Based on the image, provide a question with the answer: {}', + 'Given the visual representation, create a question for which the answer is "{}"', + 'From the image provided, craft a question that leads to the reply: {}', + 'Considering the picture, come up with a question where the answer is: {}', + 'Taking the image into account, generate an question that has the answer: {}' + ] + + def __getitem__(self, index): + data = self.get_data(index) + instruction = random.choice(self.instruction_pool).format(data['answer']) + + return { + "image": data['image'], + "instruction_input": instruction, + "answer": data['question'], + } diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/cc_sbu_dataset.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/cc_sbu_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80b658d97ad47052653cecf25daeb512793bfc7b --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/cc_sbu_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +import os +from PIL import Image +import webdataset as wds +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.base_dataset import BaseDataset +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.caption_datasets import CaptionDataset + + +class CCSBUDataset(BaseDataset): + def __init__(self, vis_processor, text_processor, location): + super().__init__(vis_processor=vis_processor, text_processor=text_processor) + + self.inner_dataset = wds.DataPipeline( + wds.ResampledShards(location), + wds.tarfile_to_samples(handler=wds.warn_and_continue), + wds.shuffle(1000, handler=wds.warn_and_continue), + wds.decode("pilrgb", handler=wds.warn_and_continue), + wds.to_tuple("jpg", "json", handler=wds.warn_and_continue), + wds.map_tuple(self.vis_processor, handler=wds.warn_and_continue), + wds.map(self.to_dict, handler=wds.warn_and_continue), + ) + + def to_dict(self, sample): + return { + "image": sample[0], + "answer": self.text_processor(sample[1]["caption"]), + } + + +class CCSBUAlignDataset(CaptionDataset): + + def __getitem__(self, index): + + # TODO this assumes image input, not general enough + ann = self.annotation[index] + + img_file = '{}.jpg'.format(ann["image_id"]) + image_path = os.path.join(self.vis_root, img_file) + image = Image.open(image_path).convert("RGB") + + image = self.vis_processor(image) + caption = ann["caption"] + + return { + "image": image, + "answer": caption, + "image_id": self.img_ids[ann["image_id"]], + } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/coco_caption.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/coco_caption.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2cafd93fa750ad46cb69a895a08fc95917263496 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/coco_caption.py @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +""" + Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + All rights reserved. + SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + For full license text, see the LICENSE file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause +""" + +import os +import json +import torch +import numpy as np + +from PIL import Image +from PIL import ImageFile + +ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES = True + +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.caption_datasets import COCOCaptionDataset, CaptionEvalDataset + +COCOCapDataset = COCOCaptionDataset + + + + + +class COCOCapEvalDataset(CaptionEvalDataset): + def __init__(self, vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_paths): + """ + vis_root (string): Root directory of images (e.g. coco/images/) + ann_root (string): directory to store the annotation file + split (string): val or test + """ + super().__init__(vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_paths) + + def __getitem__(self, index): + ann = self.annotation[index] + + image_path = os.path.join(self.vis_root, ann["image"]) + image = Image.open(image_path).convert("RGB") + + image = self.vis_processor(image) + + img_id = ann["image"].split("/")[-1].strip(".jpg").split("_")[-1] + + return { + "image": image, + "image_id": img_id, + "instance_id": ann["instance_id"], + } + + +class NoCapsEvalDataset(CaptionEvalDataset): + def __init__(self, vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_paths): + """ + vis_root (string): Root directory of images (e.g. coco/images/) + ann_root (string): directory to store the annotation file + split (string): val or test + """ + super().__init__(vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_paths) + + def __getitem__(self, index): + ann = self.annotation[index] + + image_path = os.path.join(self.vis_root, ann["image"]) + image = Image.open(image_path).convert("RGB") + + image = self.vis_processor(image) + + img_id = ann["img_id"] + + return { + "image": image, + "image_id": img_id, + "instance_id": ann["instance_id"], + } + + +class RefCOCOEvalData(torch.utils.data.Dataset): + def __init__(self, loaded_data, vis_processor, root_path): + self.loaded_data = loaded_data + self.root_path = root_path + self.vis_processor = vis_processor + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.loaded_data) + + def __getitem__(self, idx): + data = self.loaded_data[idx] + img_id = data['img_id'] + sent = data['sents'] + image_path = os.path.join(self.root_path, f'{img_id[:27]}.jpg') + image = Image.open(image_path).convert('RGB') + image = self.vis_processor(image) + question = f"[refer] give me the location of {sent}" + return image, question, img_id + +class EvalCaptionData(torch.utils.data.Dataset): + def __init__(self, loaded_data, vis_processor, root_path): + self.loaded_data = loaded_data + self.root_path = root_path + self.vis_processor = vis_processor + ann = dict() + for item in self.loaded_data: + image_id = item['image_id'] + ann[image_id] = item['image'] + self.ann = [{'image_id':image_id, 'image': ann[image_id]} for image_id in ann] + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.ann) + + def __getitem__(self, idx): + data = self.ann[idx] + image_id = data['image_id'] + img_file = data['image'].split('/')[-1] + image_path = os.path.join(self.root_path, img_file) + image = Image.open(image_path).convert('RGB') + + image = self.vis_processor(image) + question = f"[caption] please describe this image?" + return image, question, image_id diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/coco_dataset.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/coco_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..16f03f0f4fbf17d72f47fbf9148f28220b32cd2a --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/coco_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,348 @@ +import os +import json +import pickle +import random +import time +import itertools + +import numpy as np +from PIL import Image +import skimage.io as io +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +from matplotlib.collections import PatchCollection +from matplotlib.patches import Polygon, Rectangle +from torch.utils.data import Dataset +import webdataset as wds + +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.base_dataset import BaseDataset +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.caption_datasets import CaptionDataset + + +class ReferCOCODataset(Dataset): + def __init__(self, vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_path, dataset='refcoco', splitBy='unc'): + """ + vis_root (string): Root directory of images (e.g. coco/images/) + ann_root (string): directory to store the annotation file + """ + self.vis_root = vis_root + + self.vis_processor = vis_processor + self.text_processor = text_processor + + self.refer = REFER(ann_path, vis_root, dataset, splitBy) + self.ref_ids = self.refer.getRefIds(split="train") + + self.instruction_pool = [ + "[refer] {}", + "[refer] give me the location of {}", + "[refer] where is {} ?", + "[refer] from this image, tell me the location of {}", + "[refer] the location of {} is", + "[refer] could you tell me the location for {} ?", + "[refer] where can I locate the {} ?", + ] + + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.ref_ids) + + def preprocess(self, index): + ref_id = self.ref_ids[index] + ref = self.refer.loadRefs(ref_id)[0] + + image_file = 'COCO_train2014_{:0>12}.jpg'.format(ref["image_id"]) + image_path = os.path.join(self.vis_root, image_file) + image = Image.open(image_path).convert("RGB") + image_orig_size = image.size + image = self.vis_processor(image) + image_new_size = [image.shape[1], image.shape[2]] + + image_new_size = [100,100] + + sample_sentence = random.choice(ref['sentences'])['raw'] + refer_sentence = self.text_processor(sample_sentence) + + + bbox = self.refer.getRefBox(ref['ref_id']) + bbox = [ + bbox[0] / image_orig_size[0] * image_new_size[0], + bbox[1] / image_orig_size[1] * image_new_size[1], + (bbox[0] + bbox[2]) / image_orig_size[0] * image_new_size[0], + (bbox[1] + bbox[3]) / image_orig_size[1] * image_new_size[1] + ] + bbox = [int(x) for x in bbox] + bbox = "{{<{}><{}><{}><{}>}}".format(*bbox) + return { + "image": image, + "refer_sentence": refer_sentence, + "bbox": bbox, + "image_id": ref['image_id'], + } + + def __getitem__(self, index): + data = self.preprocess(index) + instruction = random.choice(self.instruction_pool).format(data['refer_sentence']) + + instruction = " {} ".format(instruction) + + return { + "image": data['image'], + "instruction_input": instruction, + "answer": data['bbox'], + "image_id": data['image_id'], + } + + +class InvReferCOCODataset(ReferCOCODataset): + def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): + super(InvReferCOCODataset, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) + + self.instruction_pool = [ + "[identify] {}", + "[identify] what object is in this location {}", + "[identify] identify the object present at this location {}", + "[identify] what is it in {}", + "[identify] describe this object in {}", + "[identify] this {} is", + "[identify] the object in {} is", + ] + + def __getitem__(self, index): + data = self.preprocess(index) + + instruction = random.choice(self.instruction_pool).format(data['bbox']) + + instruction = " {} ".format(instruction) + + return { + "image": data['image'], + "instruction_input": instruction, + "answer": self.text_processor(data['refer_sentence']), + "image_id": data['image_id'], + } + + +class REFER: + def __init__(self, data_root, vis_root, dataset='refcoco', splitBy='unc'): + # provide data_root folder which contains refclef, refcoco, refcoco+ and refcocog + # also provide dataset name and splitBy information + # e.g., dataset = 'refcoco', splitBy = 'unc' + dataset = dataset.split('inv')[-1] # inv dataset is stored in the same path as normal dataset + print('loading dataset %s into memory...' % dataset) + self.ann_dir = os.path.join(data_root, dataset) + if dataset in ['refcoco', 'refcoco+', 'refcocog']: + self.vis_root = vis_root + elif dataset == 'refclef': + raise 'No RefClef image data' + else: + raise 'No refer dataset is called [%s]' % dataset + + # load refs from data/dataset/refs(dataset).json + tic = time.time() + ref_file = os.path.join(self.ann_dir, 'refs(' + splitBy + ').p') + self.data = {} + self.data['dataset'] = dataset + self.data['refs'] = pickle.load(open(ref_file, 'rb')) + + # load annotations from data/dataset/instances.json + instances_file = os.path.join(self.ann_dir, 'instances.json') + instances = json.load(open(instances_file, 'r')) + self.data['images'] = instances['images'] + self.data['annotations'] = instances['annotations'] + self.data['categories'] = instances['categories'] + + # create index + self.createIndex() + print('DONE (t=%.2fs)' % (time.time() - tic)) + + def createIndex(self): + # create sets of mapping + # 1) Refs: {ref_id: ref} + # 2) Anns: {ann_id: ann} + # 3) Imgs: {image_id: image} + # 4) Cats: {category_id: category_name} + # 5) Sents: {sent_id: sent} + # 6) imgToRefs: {image_id: refs} + # 7) imgToAnns: {image_id: anns} + # 8) refToAnn: {ref_id: ann} + # 9) annToRef: {ann_id: ref} + # 10) catToRefs: {category_id: refs} + # 11) sentToRef: {sent_id: ref} + # 12) sentToTokens: {sent_id: tokens} + print('creating index...') + # fetch info from instances + Anns, Imgs, Cats, imgToAnns = {}, {}, {}, {} + for ann in self.data['annotations']: + Anns[ann['id']] = ann + imgToAnns[ann['image_id']] = imgToAnns.get(ann['image_id'], []) + [ann] + for img in self.data['images']: + Imgs[img['id']] = img + for cat in self.data['categories']: + Cats[cat['id']] = cat['name'] + + # fetch info from refs + Refs, imgToRefs, refToAnn, annToRef, catToRefs = {}, {}, {}, {}, {} + Sents, sentToRef, sentToTokens = {}, {}, {} + for ref in self.data['refs']: + # ids + ref_id = ref['ref_id'] + ann_id = ref['ann_id'] + category_id = ref['category_id'] + image_id = ref['image_id'] + + # add mapping related to ref + Refs[ref_id] = ref + imgToRefs[image_id] = imgToRefs.get(image_id, []) + [ref] + catToRefs[category_id] = catToRefs.get(category_id, []) + [ref] + refToAnn[ref_id] = Anns[ann_id] + annToRef[ann_id] = ref + + # add mapping of sent + for sent in ref['sentences']: + Sents[sent['sent_id']] = sent + sentToRef[sent['sent_id']] = ref + sentToTokens[sent['sent_id']] = sent['tokens'] + + # create class members + self.Refs = Refs + self.Anns = Anns + self.Imgs = Imgs + self.Cats = Cats + self.Sents = Sents + self.imgToRefs = imgToRefs + self.imgToAnns = imgToAnns + self.refToAnn = refToAnn + self.annToRef = annToRef + self.catToRefs = catToRefs + self.sentToRef = sentToRef + self.sentToTokens = sentToTokens + print('index created.') + + def getRefIds(self, image_ids=[], cat_ids=[], ref_ids=[], split=''): + image_ids = image_ids if type(image_ids) == list else [image_ids] + cat_ids = cat_ids if type(cat_ids) == list else [cat_ids] + ref_ids = ref_ids if type(ref_ids) == list else [ref_ids] + + if len(image_ids) == len(cat_ids) == len(ref_ids) == len(split) == 0: + refs = self.data['refs'] + else: + if not len(image_ids) == 0: + refs = [self.imgToRefs[image_id] for image_id in image_ids] + else: + refs = self.data['refs'] + if not len(cat_ids) == 0: + refs = [ref for ref in refs if ref['category_id'] in cat_ids] + if not len(ref_ids) == 0: + refs = [ref for ref in refs if ref['ref_id'] in ref_ids] + if not len(split) == 0: + if split in ['testA', 'testB', 'testC']: + refs = [ref for ref in refs if + split[-1] in ref['split']] # we also consider testAB, testBC, ... + elif split in ['testAB', 'testBC', 'testAC']: + refs = [ref for ref in refs if ref['split'] == split] # rarely used I guess... + elif split == 'test': + refs = [ref for ref in refs if 'test' in ref['split']] + elif split == 'train' or split == 'val': + refs = [ref for ref in refs if ref['split'] == split] + else: + raise 'No such split [%s]' % split + ref_ids = [ref['ref_id'] for ref in refs] + return ref_ids + + def getAnnIds(self, image_ids=[], cat_ids=[], ref_ids=[]): + image_ids = image_ids if type(image_ids) == list else [image_ids] + cat_ids = cat_ids if type(cat_ids) == list else [cat_ids] + ref_ids = ref_ids if type(ref_ids) == list else [ref_ids] + + if len(image_ids) == len(cat_ids) == len(ref_ids) == 0: + ann_ids = [ann['id'] for ann in self.data['annotations']] + else: + if not len(image_ids) == 0: + lists = [self.imgToAnns[image_id] for image_id in image_ids if image_id in self.imgToAnns] # list of [anns] + anns = list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(lists)) + else: + anns = self.data['annotations'] + if not len(cat_ids) == 0: + anns = [ann for ann in anns if ann['category_id'] in cat_ids] + ann_ids = [ann['id'] for ann in anns] + if not len(ref_ids) == 0: + ids = set(ann_ids).intersection(set([self.Refs[ref_id]['ann_id'] for ref_id in ref_ids])) + return ann_ids + + def getImgIds(self, ref_ids=[]): + ref_ids = ref_ids if type(ref_ids) == list else [ref_ids] + + if not len(ref_ids) == 0: + image_ids = list(set([self.Refs[ref_id]['image_id'] for ref_id in ref_ids])) + else: + image_ids = self.Imgs.keys() + return image_ids + + def getCatIds(self): + return self.Cats.keys() + + def loadRefs(self, ref_ids=[]): + if type(ref_ids) == list: + return [self.Refs[ref_id] for ref_id in ref_ids] + elif type(ref_ids) == int: + return [self.Refs[ref_ids]] + + def loadAnns(self, ann_ids=[]): + if type(ann_ids) == list: + return [self.Anns[ann_id] for ann_id in ann_ids] + elif type(ann_ids) == int: + return [self.Anns[ann_ids]] + + def loadImgs(self, image_ids=[]): + if type(image_ids) == list: + return [self.Imgs[image_id] for image_id in image_ids] + elif type(image_ids) == int: + return [self.Imgs[image_ids]] + + def loadCats(self, cat_ids=[]): + if type(cat_ids) == list: + return [self.Cats[cat_id] for cat_id in cat_ids] + elif type(cat_ids) == int: + return [self.Cats[cat_ids]] + + def getRefBox(self, ref_id): + ref = self.Refs[ref_id] + ann = self.refToAnn[ref_id] + return ann['bbox'] # [x, y, w, h] + + def showRef(self, ref, seg_box='box'): + ax = plt.gca() + # show image + image = self.Imgs[ref['image_id']] + I = io.imread(os.path.join(self.vis_root, image['file_name'])) + ax.imshow(I) + # show refer expression + for sid, sent in enumerate(ref['sentences']): + print('%s. %s' % (sid + 1, sent['sent'])) + # show segmentations + if seg_box == 'seg': + ann_id = ref['ann_id'] + ann = self.Anns[ann_id] + polygons = [] + color = [] + c = 'none' + if type(ann['segmentation'][0]) == list: + # polygon used for refcoco* + for seg in ann['segmentation']: + poly = np.array(seg).reshape((len(seg) / 2, 2)) + polygons.append(Polygon(poly, True, alpha=0.4)) + color.append(c) + p = PatchCollection(polygons, facecolors=color, edgecolors=(1, 1, 0, 0), linewidths=3, alpha=1) + ax.add_collection(p) # thick yellow polygon + p = PatchCollection(polygons, facecolors=color, edgecolors=(1, 0, 0, 0), linewidths=1, alpha=1) + ax.add_collection(p) # thin red polygon + else: + # mask used for refclef + raise NotImplementedError('RefClef is not downloaded') + # show bounding-box + elif seg_box == 'box': + ann_id = ref['ann_id'] + ann = self.Anns[ann_id] + bbox = self.getRefBox(ref['ref_id']) + box_plot = Rectangle((bbox[0], bbox[1]), bbox[2], bbox[3], fill=False, edgecolor='green', linewidth=3) + ax.add_patch(box_plot) diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/coco_vqa_datasets.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/coco_vqa_datasets.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2dbe0560057bedfc7dc6c32d688fd4b20122052e --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/coco_vqa_datasets.py @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ +""" + Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + All rights reserved. + SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + For full license text, see the LICENSE file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause +""" + +import os +import json +import random + +from PIL import Image + +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.vqa_datasets import VQADataset, VQAEvalDataset + +from collections import OrderedDict + + +class __DisplMixin: + def displ_item(self, index): + sample, ann = self.__getitem__(index), self.annotation[index] + + return OrderedDict( + { + "file": ann["image"], + "question": ann["question"], + "question_id": ann["question_id"], + "answers": "; ".join(ann["answer"]), + "image": sample["image"], + } + ) + + +class COCOVQADataset(VQADataset, __DisplMixin): + def __init__(self, vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_paths): + super().__init__(vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_paths) + + self.instruction_pool =[ + "[vqa] {}", + "[vqa] Based on the image, respond to this question with a short answer: {}" + ] + + exist_annotation = [] + for ann in self.annotation: + image_path = os.path.join(self.vis_root, ann["image"].split('/')[-1]) + if os.path.exists(image_path): + exist_annotation.append(ann) + self.annotation = exist_annotation + + + def get_data(self, index): + ann = self.annotation[index] + + image_path = os.path.join(self.vis_root, ann["image"].split('/')[-1]) + image = Image.open(image_path).convert("RGB") + + image = self.vis_processor(image) + question = self.text_processor(ann["question"]) + question_id = ann["question_id"] + + answer_weight = {} + for answer in ann["answer"]: + if answer in answer_weight.keys(): + answer_weight[answer] += 1 / len(ann["answer"]) + else: + answer_weight[answer] = 1 / len(ann["answer"]) + + answers = list(answer_weight.keys()) + weights = list(answer_weight.values()) + + answer = random.choices(answers, weights=weights, k=1)[0] # random sample an answer according to weights + + + return { + "image": image, + "question": question, + "question_id": question_id, + "answer": answer, + } + + def __getitem__(self, index): + data = self.get_data(index) + instruction = random.choice(self.instruction_pool).format(data['question']) + instruction = " {} ".format(instruction) + + return { + "image": data['image'], + "question_id": data["question_id"], + "instruction_input": instruction, + "answer": self.text_processor(data['answer']), + } + + +class COCOVQAEvalDataset(VQAEvalDataset, __DisplMixin): + def __init__(self, vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_paths): + """ + vis_root (string): Root directory of images (e.g. coco/images/) + ann_root (string): directory to store the annotation file + """ + + self.instruction_pool = [ + 'Question: {} Short answer:', + ] + self.vis_root = vis_root + + self.annotation = json.load(open(ann_paths[0])) + + answer_list_path = ann_paths[1] + if os.path.exists(answer_list_path): + self.answer_list = json.load(open(answer_list_path)) + else: + self.answer_list = None + + try: + self.coco_fmt_qust_file = ann_paths[2] + self.coco_fmt_anno_file = ann_paths[3] + except IndexError: + self.coco_fmt_qust_file = None + self.coco_fmt_anno_file = None + + self.vis_processor = vis_processor + self.text_processor = text_processor + + self._add_instance_ids() + + def __getitem__(self, index): + ann = self.annotation[index] + + image_path = os.path.join(self.vis_root, ann["image"]) + image = Image.open(image_path).convert("RGB") + + image = self.vis_processor(image) + question = self.text_processor(ann["question"]) + + instruction = random.choice(self.instruction_pool).format(question) + instruction = " {} ".format(instruction) + + return { + "image": image, + 'image_path': image_path, + "question": question, + "question_id": ann["question_id"], + "instruction_input": instruction, + "instance_id": ann["instance_id"], + } diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/flickr.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/flickr.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6283d3960529bf2b3857a2dc826e108c5fbb5b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/flickr.py @@ -0,0 +1,159 @@ +import os +import json +import pickle +import random +import time +import itertools + +import numpy as np +from PIL import Image +import skimage.io as io +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +from matplotlib.collections import PatchCollection +from matplotlib.patches import Polygon, Rectangle +from torch.utils.data import Dataset +import webdataset as wds + +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.base_dataset import BaseDataset +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.caption_datasets import CaptionDataset + + +class GroundedDetailDataset(Dataset): + def __init__(self, vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_path): + """ + vis_root (string): Root directory of images (e.g. coco/images/) + ann_root (string): directory to store the annotation file + """ + self.vis_root = vis_root + + self.vis_processor = vis_processor + self.text_processor = text_processor + + self.instruction_pool = [ + '[grounding] please describe this image in details', + '[grounding] describe this image as detailed as possible', + '[grounding] summarize this image in details', + '[grounding] give a thorough description of what you see in this image', + ] + + with open(ann_path, 'r') as f: + self.ann = json.load(f) + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.ann) + + def __getitem__(self, index): + info = self.ann[index] + + # image_file = 'COCO_train2014_{}.jpg'.format(info['image_id']) + image_file = '{}.jpg'.format(info['image_id']) + image_path = os.path.join(self.vis_root, image_file) + image = Image.open(image_path).convert("RGB") + image = self.vis_processor(image) + + answer = info['grounded_caption'] + instruction = random.choice(self.instruction_pool) + instruction = " {} ".format(instruction) + + return { + "image": image, + "instruction_input": instruction, + "answer": answer, + "image_id": info['image_id'], + } + + + + +class CaptionToObjectDataset(Dataset): + def __init__(self, vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_path): + """ + vis_root (string): Root directory of images (e.g. coco/images/) + ann_root (string): directory to store the annotation file + """ + self.vis_root = vis_root + + self.vis_processor = vis_processor + self.text_processor = text_processor + + self.instruction_pool = [ + '[detection] {}', + ] + + with open(ann_path, 'r') as f: + self.ann = json.load(f) + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.ann) + + def __getitem__(self, index): + info = self.ann[index] + + image_file = '{}.jpg'.format(info['image_id']) + image_path = os.path.join(self.vis_root, image_file) + image = Image.open(image_path).convert("RGB") + image = self.vis_processor(image) + + input = info["caption"] + answer = info["output"] + + instruction = random.choice(self.instruction_pool).format(input) + + instruction = " {} ".format(instruction) + + print("CaptionToObject instruction", instruction) + print("CaptionToObject answer", answer) + + return { + "image": image, + "instruction_input": instruction, + "answer": answer, + "image_id": info['image_id'], + } + + + + +class PhraseToObjectDataset(Dataset): + def __init__(self, vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_path): + """ + vis_root (string): Root directory of images (e.g. coco/images/) + ann_root (string): directory to store the annotation file + """ + self.vis_root = vis_root + + self.vis_processor = vis_processor + self.text_processor = text_processor + + self.instruction_pool = [ + '[detection] {}', + ] + + with open(ann_path, 'r') as f: + self.ann = json.load(f) + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.ann) + + def __getitem__(self, index): + info = self.ann[index] + image_file = '{}.jpg'.format(info['image_id']) + image_path = os.path.join(self.vis_root, image_file) + image = Image.open(image_path).convert("RGB") + image = self.vis_processor(image) + + input = info["phrase"] + answer = "

"+input+"

"+info["bbox"] + instruction = random.choice(self.instruction_pool).format(input) + + instruction = " {} ".format(instruction) + + print("PhraseToObject instruction", instruction) + print("PhraseToObject answer", answer) + + return { + "image": image, + "instruction_input": instruction, + "answer": answer, + "image_id": info['image_id'], + } diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/gqa_datasets.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/gqa_datasets.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5e835a070ba23ced28c5c2f0c7be29e78d9f909 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/gqa_datasets.py @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +""" + Copyright (c) 2022, salesforce.com, inc. + All rights reserved. + SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause + For full license text, see the LICENSE file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause +""" + +import os +import json + +from PIL import Image + +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.vqa_datasets import VQADataset + +from collections import OrderedDict +import random + +class __DisplMixin: + def displ_item(self, index): + sample, ann = self.__getitem__(index), self.annotation[index] + + return OrderedDict( + { + "file": ann["image"], + "question": ann["question"], + "question_id": ann["question_id"], + "answers": "; ".join(ann["answer"]), + "image": sample["image"], + } + ) + + +class GQADataset(VQADataset, __DisplMixin): + def __init__(self, vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_paths): + super().__init__(vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_paths) + self.instruction_pool =[ + "[vqa] {}", + "[vqa] Based on the image, respond to this question with a short answer: {}" + ] + + def __getitem__(self, index): + ann = self.annotation[index] + + image_path = os.path.join(self.vis_root, ann["image"]) + image = Image.open(image_path).convert("RGB") + + image = self.vis_processor(image) + question = self.text_processor(ann["question"]) + + instruction = random.choice(self.instruction_pool).format(question) + instruction = " {} ".format(instruction) + + answers = self.text_processor(ann["answer"]) + + return { + "image": image, + "instruction_input": instruction, + "answer": answers, + } + diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/llava_dataset.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/llava_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e12d51be516d1bfe5557a67acbb27e5a47657349 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/llava_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ +import os +import json +import pickle +import random +import time +import numpy as np +from PIL import Image +import skimage.io as io +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +from matplotlib.collections import PatchCollection +from matplotlib.patches import Polygon, Rectangle +from torch.utils.data import Dataset +import webdataset as wds + +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.base_dataset import BaseDataset +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.caption_datasets import CaptionDataset + +class LlavaDetailDataset(Dataset): + def __init__(self, vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_path): + """ + vis_root (string): Root directory of images (e.g. coco/images/) + ann_root (string): directory to store the annotation file + """ + self.vis_root = vis_root + + self.vis_processor = vis_processor + self.text_processor = text_processor + + with open(ann_path, 'r') as f: + self.ann = json.load(f) + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.ann) + + def __getitem__(self, index): + info = self.ann[index] + + image_file = 'COCO_train2014_{}.jpg'.format(info['id']) + image_path = os.path.join(self.vis_root, image_file) + image = Image.open(image_path).convert("RGB") + image = self.vis_processor(image) + + answer = info['conversations'][1]['value'] + instruction = info['conversations'][0]['value'].replace('', '').replace('\n', '').strip() + + instruction = ' {} '.format(self.text_processor(instruction)) + + return { + "image": image, + "instruction_input": instruction, + "answer": answer, + "image_id": info['id'], + } + +class LlavaReasonDataset(Dataset): + def __init__(self, vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_path): + """ + vis_root (string): Root directory of images (e.g. coco/images/) + ann_root (string): directory to store the annotation file + """ + self.vis_root = vis_root + + self.vis_processor = vis_processor + self.text_processor = text_processor + + with open(ann_path, 'r') as f: + self.ann = json.load(f) + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.ann) + + def __getitem__(self, index): + info = self.ann[index] + + image_file = 'COCO_train2014_{}.jpg'.format(info['id']) + image_path = os.path.join(self.vis_root, image_file) + image = Image.open(image_path).convert("RGB") + image = self.vis_processor(image) + + answer = info['conversations'][1]['value'] + instruction = info['conversations'][0]['value'].replace('', '').replace('\n', '').strip() + + instruction = ' {} '.format(self.text_processor(instruction)) + + return { + "image": image, + "instruction_input": instruction, + "answer": answer, + "image_id": info['id'], + } + + + + +class LlavaConversationDataset(Dataset): + def __init__(self, vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_path): + """ + vis_root (string): Root directory of images (e.g. coco/images/) + ann_root (string): directory to store the annotation file + """ + self.vis_root = vis_root + + self.vis_processor = vis_processor + self.text_processor = text_processor + + self.ann=[] + + + with open(ann_path, 'r') as f: + self.ann = json.load(f) + + self.connect_sym = "!@#" + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.ann) + + def __getitem__(self, index): + info = self.ann[index] + + image_file = 'COCO_train2014_{}.jpg'.format(info['id']) + image_path = os.path.join(self.vis_root, image_file) + image = Image.open(image_path).convert("RGB") + image = self.vis_processor(image) + + first_instruction = info['conversations'][0]['value'].replace('', '').replace('\n', '').strip() + first_instruction = ' {} '.format(first_instruction) + + questions = [first_instruction] + answers = [] + + for i, item in enumerate(info["conversations"][1:]): + if i % 2 ==0: # assistant + assistant_answer = item["value"] + answers.append(assistant_answer) + else: + human_instruction = item["value"]+" " + questions.append(human_instruction) + + questions = self.connect_sym.join(questions) + answers = self.connect_sym.join(answers) + + + return { + "image": image, + "conv_q": questions, + 'conv_a': answers, + "image_id": info['id'], + "connect_sym": self.connect_sym + } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/multitask_conversation.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/multitask_conversation.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b13e522261c7993b2336ea72c0191a56f9ff315 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/multitask_conversation.py @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +import os +import json +import pickle +import random +import time +import itertools + +import numpy as np +from PIL import Image +import skimage.io as io +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +from matplotlib.collections import PatchCollection +from matplotlib.patches import Polygon, Rectangle +from torch.utils.data import Dataset +import webdataset as wds + +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.base_dataset import BaseDataset +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.caption_datasets import CaptionDataset + + + + +class MultiTaskConversationDataset(Dataset): + def __init__(self, vis_processor, text_processor, vis_root, ann_path): + """ + vis_root (string): Root directory of images (e.g. coco/images/) + ann_root (string): directory to store the annotation file + """ + self.vis_root = vis_root + + self.vis_processor = vis_processor + self.text_processor = text_processor + + + with open(ann_path, 'r') as f: + self.ann = json.load(f) + + self.connect_sym = "!@#" + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.ann) + + def __getitem__(self, index): + info = self.ann[index] + + image_file = 'COCO_train2014_{}.jpg'.format(info['id']) + image_path = os.path.join(self.vis_root, image_file) + image = Image.open(image_path).convert("RGB") + image = self.vis_processor(image) + + first_instruction = info['conversations'][0]['value'].replace('', '').replace('\n', '').strip() + first_instruction = ' {} '.format(first_instruction) + + questions = [first_instruction] + answers = [] + + for i, item in enumerate(info["conversations"][1:]): + if i % 2 ==0: # assistant + assistant_answer = item["value"] + answers.append(assistant_answer) + else: + human_instruction = item["value"]+" " + questions.append(human_instruction) + + questions = self.connect_sym.join(questions) + answers = self.connect_sym.join(answers) + + + return { + "image": image, + "conv_q": questions, + 'conv_a': answers, + "image_id": info['id'], + "connect_sym": self.connect_sym + } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/unnatural_instruction.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/unnatural_instruction.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3fcf9aca37699b4fa565df7e2956a46726f26d00 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/unnatural_instruction.py @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +import os +import json +import pickle +import random +import time +import itertools + +import numpy as np +from PIL import Image +import skimage.io as io +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +from matplotlib.collections import PatchCollection +from matplotlib.patches import Polygon, Rectangle +from torch.utils.data import Dataset +import webdataset as wds + +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.base_dataset import BaseDataset +from minigpt4.datasets.datasets.caption_datasets import CaptionDataset + + +class UnnaturalDataset(Dataset): + def __init__(self, text_processor, ann_path): + """ + vis_root (string): Root directory of images (e.g. coco/images/) + ann_root (string): directory to store the annotation file + """ + self.text_processor = text_processor + + with open(ann_path, 'r') as f: + self.ann = json.load(f) + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.ann) + + def __getitem__(self, index): + info = self.ann[index]["instances"][0] + instruction = info["instruction_with_input"] + constraints = info["constraints"] + answer = info["output"] + if constraints != None: + instruction = instruction+" "+constraints + + return { + "instruction_input": self.text_processor(instruction), + "answer": self.text_processor(answer), + } diff --git a/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/vg_dataset.py b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/vg_dataset.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..16823c0aab76a8b8b3ea67a557fc09ab63aec4f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/VISTA/minigpt4/datasets/datasets/vg_dataset.py @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +import os +import json +import pickle +import random +import time +import itertools + +import numpy as np +from PIL import Image +from torch.utils.data import Dataset +from visual_genome import local + + + + +class ReferVisualGenomeDataset(Dataset): + def __init__(self, vis_processor, text_processor, data_dir): + """ + vis_root (string): Root directory of images (e.g. coco/images/) + ann_root (string): directory to store the annotation file + """ + self.data_dir = data_dir + + self.vis_processor = vis_processor + self.text_processor = text_processor + + all_regions = local.get_all_region_descriptions(self.data_dir) + all_regions = [region for regions in all_regions for region in regions] + + # follow OFA practice, only regions smaller than 16384 pixels are used for refer + self.regions = [region for region in all_regions if region.width * region.height < 16384] + + + self.instruction_pool = [ + "[refer] {}", + "[refer] give me the location of {}", + "[refer] where is {} ?", + "[refer] from this image, tell me the location of {}", + "[refer] the location of {} is", + "[refer] could you tell me the location for {} ?", + "[refer] where can I locate the {} ?", + ] + + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.regions) + + def preprocess(self, index): + region = self.regions[index] + image_file = region.image.url.split('/')[-2:] + image_path = os.path.join(self.data_dir, *image_file) + image = Image.open(image_path).convert("RGB") + image_orig_size = image.size + image = self.vis_processor(image) + image_new_size = [100,100] + + sample_sentence = region.phrase + refer_sentence = self.text_processor(sample_sentence) + + bbox = [region.x, region.y, region.width, region.height] + + bbox = [ + bbox[0] / image_orig_size[0] * image_new_size[0], + bbox[1] / image_orig_size[1] * image_new_size[1], + (bbox[0] + bbox[2]) / image_orig_size[0] * image_new_size[0], + (bbox[1] + bbox[3]) / image_orig_size[1] * image_new_size[1] + ] + bbox = [int(x) for x in bbox] + bbox = "{{<{}><{}><{}><{}>}}".format(*bbox) + return { + "image": image, + "refer_sentence": refer_sentence, + "bbox": bbox, + "image_id": region.image.id, + } + + def __getitem__(self, index): + data = self.preprocess(index) + instruction = random.choice(self.instruction_pool).format(data['refer_sentence']) + + instruction = " {} ".format(instruction) + + return { + "image": data['image'], + "instruction_input": instruction, + "answer": data['bbox'], + "image_id": data['image_id'], + } + + diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava.egg-info/PKG-INFO b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava.egg-info/PKG-INFO new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..19e1240c5bf3efb141f2005ddc851359d616cb17 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava.egg-info/PKG-INFO @@ -0,0 +1,503 @@ +Metadata-Version: 2.4 +Name: llava +Version: 1.2.2.post1 +Summary: Towards GPT-4 like large language and visual assistant. +Project-URL: Homepage, https://llava-vl.github.io +Project-URL: Bug Tracker, https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/issues +Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 +Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License +Requires-Python: >=3.8 +Description-Content-Type: text/markdown +License-File: LICENSE +Requires-Dist: transformers==4.37.2 +Requires-Dist: tokenizers==0.15.1 +Requires-Dist: sentencepiece==0.1.99 +Requires-Dist: shortuuid +Requires-Dist: accelerate==0.21.0 +Requires-Dist: peft +Requires-Dist: bitsandbytes +Requires-Dist: pydantic +Requires-Dist: markdown2[all] +Requires-Dist: numpy +Requires-Dist: scikit-learn==1.2.2 +Requires-Dist: gradio==4.16.0 +Requires-Dist: gradio_client==0.8.1 +Requires-Dist: requests +Requires-Dist: httpx==0.24.0 +Requires-Dist: uvicorn +Requires-Dist: fastapi +Requires-Dist: einops==0.6.1 +Requires-Dist: einops-exts==0.0.4 +Requires-Dist: timm==0.6.13 +Provides-Extra: train +Requires-Dist: deepspeed==0.12.6; extra == "train" +Requires-Dist: ninja; extra == "train" +Requires-Dist: wandb; extra == "train" +Provides-Extra: build +Requires-Dist: build; extra == "build" +Requires-Dist: twine; extra == "build" +Dynamic: license-file + +# 🌋 LLaVA: Large Language and Vision Assistant + +*Visual instruction tuning towards large language and vision models with GPT-4 level capabilities.* + +[📢 [LLaVA-NeXT Blog](https://llava-vl.github.io/blog/2024-01-30-llava-next/)] [[Project Page](https://llava-vl.github.io/)] [[Demo](https://llava.hliu.cc/)] [[Data](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/docs/Data.md)] [[Model Zoo](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/docs/MODEL_ZOO.md)] + +🤝Community Contributions: [[llama.cpp](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/pull/3436)] [[Colab](https://github.com/camenduru/LLaVA-colab)] [[🤗Space](https://huggingface.co/spaces/badayvedat/LLaVA)] [[Replicate](https://replicate.com/yorickvp/llava-13b)] [[AutoGen](https://github.com/microsoft/autogen/blob/main/notebook/agentchat_lmm_llava.ipynb)] [[BakLLaVA](https://github.com/SkunkworksAI/BakLLaVA)] + +**Improved Baselines with Visual Instruction Tuning** [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.03744)] [[HF](https://huggingface.co/papers/2310.03744)]
+[Haotian Liu](https://hliu.cc), [Chunyuan Li](https://chunyuan.li/), [Yuheng Li](https://yuheng-li.github.io/), [Yong Jae Lee](https://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~yongjaelee/) + +**Visual Instruction Tuning** (NeurIPS 2023, **Oral**) [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.08485)] [[HF](https://huggingface.co/papers/2304.08485)]
+[Haotian Liu*](https://hliu.cc), [Chunyuan Li*](https://chunyuan.li/), [Qingyang Wu](https://scholar.google.ca/citations?user=HDiw-TsAAAAJ&hl=en/), [Yong Jae Lee](https://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~yongjaelee/) (*Equal Contribution) + + + + +## Release + +- [2024/05/10] 🔥 **LLaVA-NeXT** (Stronger) models are released, stronger LMM with support of LLama-3 (8B) and Qwen-1.5 (72B/110B). [[Blog](https://llava-vl.github.io/blog/2024-05-10-llava-next-stronger-llms/)] [[Checkpoints](https://huggingface.co/collections/lmms-lab/llava-next-6623288e2d61edba3ddbf5ff)] [[Demo](https://llava-next.lmms-lab.com/)] [[Code](https://github.com/LLaVA-VL/LLaVA-NeXT/)] +- [2024/05/10] 🔥 **LLaVA-NeXT** (Video) is released. The image-only-trained LLaVA-NeXT model is surprisingly strong on video tasks with zero-shot modality transfer. DPO training with AI feedback on videos can yield significant improvement. [[Blog](https://llava-vl.github.io/blog/2024-04-30-llava-next-video/)] [[Checkpoints](https://huggingface.co/collections/lmms-lab/llava-next-video-661e86f5e8dabc3ff793c944)] [[Code](https://github.com/LLaVA-VL/LLaVA-NeXT/)] +- [03/10] Releasing **LMMs-Eval**, a highly efficient evaluation pipeline we used when developing LLaVA-NeXT. It supports the evaluation of LMMs on dozens of public datasets and allows new dataset onboarding, making the dev of new LMMs much faster. [[Blog](https://lmms-lab.github.io/lmms-eval-blog/lmms-eval-0.1/)] [[Codebase](https://github.com/EvolvingLMMs-Lab/lmms-eval)] +- [1/30] 🔥 **LLaVA-NeXT** (LLaVA-1.6) is out! With additional scaling to LLaVA-1.5, LLaVA-NeXT-34B outperforms Gemini Pro on some benchmarks. It can now process 4x more pixels and perform more tasks/applications than before. Check out the [blog post](https://llava-vl.github.io/blog/2024-01-30-llava-next/), and explore the [demo](https://llava.hliu.cc/)! Models are available in [Model Zoo](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/docs/MODEL_ZOO.md). Training/eval data and scripts coming soon. +- [11/10] [LLaVA-Plus](https://llava-vl.github.io/llava-plus/) is released: Learning to Use Tools for Creating Multimodal Agents, with LLaVA-Plus (LLaVA that Plug and Learn to Use Skills). [[Project Page](https://llava-vl.github.io/llava-plus/)] [[Demo](https://llavaplus.ngrok.io/)] [[Code](https://github.com/LLaVA-VL/LLaVA-Plus-Codebase)] [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.05437)] +- [11/2] [LLaVA-Interactive](https://llava-vl.github.io/llava-interactive/) is released: Experience the future of human-AI multimodal interaction with an all-in-one demo for Image Chat, Segmentation, Generation and Editing. [[Project Page](https://llava-vl.github.io/llava-interactive/)] [[Demo](https://llavainteractive.ngrok.io/)] [[Code](https://github.com/LLaVA-VL/LLaVA-Interactive-Demo)] [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.00571)] +- [10/26] 🔥 LLaVA-1.5 with LoRA achieves comparable performance as full-model finetuning, with a reduced GPU RAM requirement ([ckpts](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/docs/MODEL_ZOO.md#llava-v15), [script](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA#train)). We also provide a [doc](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/docs/Finetune_Custom_Data.md) on how to finetune LLaVA-1.5 on your own dataset with LoRA. +- [10/12] Check out the Korean LLaVA (Ko-LLaVA), created by ETRI, who has generously supported our research! [[🤗 Demo](https://huggingface.co/spaces/etri-vilab/Ko-LLaVA)] +- [10/5] 🔥 LLaVA-1.5 is out! Achieving SoTA on 11 benchmarks, with just simple modifications to the original LLaVA, utilizes all public data, completes training in ~1 day on a single 8-A100 node, and surpasses methods like Qwen-VL-Chat that use billion-scale data. Check out the [technical report](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.03744), and explore the [demo](https://llava.hliu.cc/)! Models are available in [Model Zoo](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/docs/MODEL_ZOO.md). The training data and scripts of LLaVA-1.5 are released [here](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA#train), and evaluation scripts are released [here](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/docs/Evaluation.md)! +- [9/26] LLaVA is improved with reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) to improve fact grounding and reduce hallucination. Check out the new SFT and RLHF checkpoints at project [[LLavA-RLHF]](https://llava-rlhf.github.io/) +- [9/22] [LLaVA](https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.08485) is accepted by NeurIPS 2023 as **oral presentation**, and [LLaVA-Med](https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.00890) is accepted by NeurIPS 2023 Datasets and Benchmarks Track as **spotlight presentation**. + +
+More + +- [11/6] Support **Intel** dGPU and CPU platforms. [More details here.](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/tree/intel/docs/intel) +- [10/12] LLaVA is now supported in [llama.cpp](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/pull/3436) with 4-bit / 5-bit quantization support! +- [10/11] The training data and scripts of LLaVA-1.5 are released [here](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA#train), and evaluation scripts are released [here](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/docs/Evaluation.md)! +- [10/10] [Roboflow Deep Dive](https://blog.roboflow.com/first-impressions-with-llava-1-5/): First Impressions with LLaVA-1.5. +- [9/20] We summarize our empirical study of training 33B and 65B LLaVA models in a [note](https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.09958). Further, if you are interested in the comprehensive review, evolution and trend of multimodal foundation models, please check out our recent survey paper [``Multimodal Foundation Models: From Specialists to General-Purpose Assistants''.](https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.10020) +

+ +

+ +- [7/19] 🔥 We release a major upgrade, including support for LLaMA-2, LoRA training, 4-/8-bit inference, higher resolution (336x336), and a lot more. We release [LLaVA Bench](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/docs/LLaVA_Bench.md) for benchmarking open-ended visual chat with results from Bard and Bing-Chat. We also support and verify training with RTX 3090 and RTX A6000. Check out [LLaVA-from-LLaMA-2](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/docs/LLaVA_from_LLaMA2.md), and our [model zoo](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/docs/MODEL_ZOO.md)! +- [6/26] [CVPR 2023 Tutorial](https://vlp-tutorial.github.io/) on **Large Multimodal Models: Towards Building and Surpassing Multimodal GPT-4**! Please check out [[Slides](https://datarelease.blob.core.windows.net/tutorial/vision_foundation_models_2023/slides/Chunyuan_cvpr2023_tutorial_lmm.pdf)] [[Notes](https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.14895)] [[YouTube](https://youtu.be/mkI7EPD1vp8)] [[Bilibli](https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Ng4y1T7v3/)]. +- [6/11] We released the preview for the most requested feature: DeepSpeed and LoRA support! Please see documentations [here](./docs/LoRA.md). +- [6/1] We released **LLaVA-Med: Large Language and Vision Assistant for Biomedicine**, a step towards building biomedical domain large language and vision models with GPT-4 level capabilities. Checkout the [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.00890) and [page](https://github.com/microsoft/LLaVA-Med). +- [5/6] We are releasing [LLaVA-Lighting-MPT-7B-preview](https://huggingface.co/liuhaotian/LLaVA-Lightning-MPT-7B-preview), based on MPT-7B-Chat! See [here](#LLaVA-MPT-7b) for more details. +- [5/2] 🔥 We are releasing LLaVA-Lighting! Train a lite, multimodal GPT-4 with just $40 in 3 hours! See [here](#train-llava-lightning) for more details. +- [4/27] Thanks to the community effort, LLaVA-13B with 4-bit quantization allows you to run on a GPU with as few as 12GB VRAM! Try it out [here](https://github.com/oobabooga/text-generation-webui/tree/main/extensions/llava). +- [4/17] 🔥 We released **LLaVA: Large Language and Vision Assistant**. We propose visual instruction tuning, towards building large language and vision models with GPT-4 level capabilities. Checkout the [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.08485) and [demo](https://llava.hliu.cc/). + +
+ + + +[![Code License](https://img.shields.io/badge/Code%20License-Apache_2.0-green.svg)](https://github.com/tatsu-lab/stanford_alpaca/blob/main/LICENSE) +**Usage and License Notices**: This project utilizes certain datasets and checkpoints that are subject to their respective original licenses. Users must comply with all terms and conditions of these original licenses, including but not limited to the [OpenAI Terms of Use](https://openai.com/policies/terms-of-use) for the dataset and the specific licenses for base language models for checkpoints trained using the dataset (e.g. [Llama community license](https://ai.meta.com/llama/license/) for LLaMA-2 and Vicuna-v1.5). This project does not impose any additional constraints beyond those stipulated in the original licenses. Furthermore, users are reminded to ensure that their use of the dataset and checkpoints is in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. + + +## Contents +- [Install](#install) +- [LLaVA Weights](#llava-weights) +- [Demo](#Demo) +- [Model Zoo](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/docs/MODEL_ZOO.md) +- [Dataset](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/docs/Data.md) +- [Train](#train) +- [Evaluation](#evaluation) + +## Install + +If you are not using Linux, do *NOT* proceed, see instructions for [macOS](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/docs/macOS.md) and [Windows](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/docs/Windows.md). + +1. Clone this repository and navigate to LLaVA folder +```bash +git clone https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA.git +cd LLaVA +``` + +2. Install Package +```Shell +conda create -n llava python=3.10 -y +conda activate llava +pip install --upgrade pip # enable PEP 660 support +pip install -e . +``` + +3. Install additional packages for training cases +``` +pip install -e ".[train]" +pip install flash-attn --no-build-isolation +``` + +### Upgrade to latest code base + +```Shell +git pull +pip install -e . + +# if you see some import errors when you upgrade, +# please try running the command below (without #) +# pip install flash-attn --no-build-isolation --no-cache-dir +``` + +### Quick Start With HuggingFace + +
+Example Code + +```Python +from llava.model.builder import load_pretrained_model +from llava.mm_utils import get_model_name_from_path +from llava.eval.run_llava import eval_model + +model_path = "liuhaotian/llava-v1.5-7b" + +tokenizer, model, image_processor, context_len = load_pretrained_model( + model_path=model_path, + model_base=None, + model_name=get_model_name_from_path(model_path) +) +``` + +Check out the details wth the `load_pretrained_model` function in `llava/model/builder.py`. + +You can also use the `eval_model` function in `llava/eval/run_llava.py` to get the output easily. By doing so, you can use this code on Colab directly after downloading this repository. + +``` python +model_path = "liuhaotian/llava-v1.5-7b" +prompt = "What are the things I should be cautious about when I visit here?" +image_file = "https://llava-vl.github.io/static/images/view.jpg" + +args = type('Args', (), { + "model_path": model_path, + "model_base": None, + "model_name": get_model_name_from_path(model_path), + "query": prompt, + "conv_mode": None, + "image_file": image_file, + "sep": ",", + "temperature": 0, + "top_p": None, + "num_beams": 1, + "max_new_tokens": 512 +})() + +eval_model(args) +``` +
+ +## LLaVA Weights +Please check out our [Model Zoo](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/docs/MODEL_ZOO.md) for all public LLaVA checkpoints, and the instructions of how to use the weights. + +## Demo + +### Gradio Web UI + +To launch a Gradio demo locally, please run the following commands one by one. If you plan to launch multiple model workers to compare between different checkpoints, you only need to launch the controller and the web server *ONCE*. + +```mermaid +flowchart BT + %% Declare Nodes + gws("Gradio (UI Server)") + c("Controller (API Server):
PORT: 10000") + mw7b("Model Worker:
llava-v1.5-7b
PORT: 40000") + mw13b("Model Worker:
llava-v1.5-13b
PORT: 40001") + sglw13b("SGLang Backend:
llava-v1.6-34b
http://localhost:30000") + lsglw13b("SGLang Worker:
llava-v1.6-34b
PORT: 40002") + + %% Declare Styles + classDef data fill:#3af,stroke:#48a,stroke-width:2px,color:#444 + classDef success fill:#8f8,stroke:#0a0,stroke-width:2px,color:#444 + classDef failure fill:#f88,stroke:#f00,stroke-width:2px,color:#444 + + %% Assign Styles + class id,od data; + class cimg,cs_s,scsim_s success; + class ncimg,cs_f,scsim_f failure; + + subgraph Demo Connections + direction BT + c<-->gws + + mw7b<-->c + mw13b<-->c + lsglw13b<-->c + sglw13b<-->lsglw13b + end +``` + +#### Launch a controller +```Shell +python -m llava.serve.controller --host 0.0.0.0 --port 10000 +``` + +#### Launch a gradio web server. +```Shell +python -m llava.serve.gradio_web_server --controller http://localhost:10000 --model-list-mode reload +``` +You just launched the Gradio web interface. Now, you can open the web interface with the URL printed on the screen. You may notice that there is no model in the model list. Do not worry, as we have not launched any model worker yet. It will be automatically updated when you launch a model worker. + +#### Launch a SGLang worker + +This is the recommended way to serve LLaVA model with high throughput, and you need to install SGLang first. Note that currently `4-bit` quantization is not supported yet on SGLang-LLaVA, and if you have limited GPU VRAM, please check out model worker with [quantization](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA?tab=readme-ov-file#launch-a-model-worker-4-bit-8-bit-inference-quantized). + +```Shell +pip install "sglang[all]" +``` + +You'll first launch a SGLang backend worker which will execute the models on GPUs. Remember the `--port` you've set and you'll use that later. + +```Shell +# Single GPU +CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 python3 -m sglang.launch_server --model-path liuhaotian/llava-v1.5-7b --tokenizer-path llava-hf/llava-1.5-7b-hf --port 30000 + +# Multiple GPUs with tensor parallel +CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1 python3 -m sglang.launch_server --model-path liuhaotian/llava-v1.5-13b --tokenizer-path llava-hf/llava-1.5-13b-hf --port 30000 --tp 2 +``` + +Tokenizers (temporary): `llava-hf/llava-1.5-7b-hf`, `llava-hf/llava-1.5-13b-hf`, `liuhaotian/llava-v1.6-34b-tokenizer`. + +You'll then launch a LLaVA-SGLang worker that will communicate between LLaVA controller and SGLang backend to route the requests. Set `--sgl-endpoint` to `http://127.0.0.1:port` where `port` is the one you just set (default: 30000). + +```Shell +python -m llava.serve.sglang_worker --host 0.0.0.0 --controller http://localhost:10000 --port 40000 --worker http://localhost:40000 --sgl-endpoint http://127.0.0.1:30000 +``` + +#### Launch a model worker + +This is the actual *worker* that performs the inference on the GPU. Each worker is responsible for a single model specified in `--model-path`. + +```Shell +python -m llava.serve.model_worker --host 0.0.0.0 --controller http://localhost:10000 --port 40000 --worker http://localhost:40000 --model-path liuhaotian/llava-v1.5-13b +``` +Wait until the process finishes loading the model and you see "Uvicorn running on ...". Now, refresh your Gradio web UI, and you will see the model you just launched in the model list. + +You can launch as many workers as you want, and compare between different model checkpoints in the same Gradio interface. Please keep the `--controller` the same, and modify the `--port` and `--worker` to a different port number for each worker. +```Shell +python -m llava.serve.model_worker --host 0.0.0.0 --controller http://localhost:10000 --port --worker http://localhost: --model-path +``` + +If you are using an Apple device with an M1 or M2 chip, you can specify the mps device by using the `--device` flag: `--device mps`. + +#### Launch a model worker (Multiple GPUs, when GPU VRAM <= 24GB) + +If the VRAM of your GPU is less than 24GB (e.g., RTX 3090, RTX 4090, etc.), you may try running it with multiple GPUs. Our latest code base will automatically try to use multiple GPUs if you have more than one GPU. You can specify which GPUs to use with `CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES`. Below is an example of running with the first two GPUs. + +```Shell +CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1 python -m llava.serve.model_worker --host 0.0.0.0 --controller http://localhost:10000 --port 40000 --worker http://localhost:40000 --model-path liuhaotian/llava-v1.5-13b +``` + +#### Launch a model worker (4-bit, 8-bit inference, quantized) + +You can launch the model worker with quantized bits (4-bit, 8-bit), which allows you to run the inference with reduced GPU memory footprint, potentially allowing you to run on a GPU with as few as 12GB VRAM. Note that inference with quantized bits may not be as accurate as the full-precision model. Simply append `--load-4bit` or `--load-8bit` to the **model worker** command that you are executing. Below is an example of running with 4-bit quantization. + +```Shell +python -m llava.serve.model_worker --host 0.0.0.0 --controller http://localhost:10000 --port 40000 --worker http://localhost:40000 --model-path liuhaotian/llava-v1.5-13b --load-4bit +``` + +#### Launch a model worker (LoRA weights, unmerged) + +You can launch the model worker with LoRA weights, without merging them with the base checkpoint, to save disk space. There will be additional loading time, while the inference speed is the same as the merged checkpoints. Unmerged LoRA checkpoints do not have `lora-merge` in the model name, and are usually much smaller (less than 1GB) than the merged checkpoints (13G for 7B, and 25G for 13B). + +To load unmerged LoRA weights, you simply need to pass an additional argument `--model-base`, which is the base LLM that is used to train the LoRA weights. You can check the base LLM of each LoRA weights in the [model zoo](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/docs/MODEL_ZOO.md). + +```Shell +python -m llava.serve.model_worker --host 0.0.0.0 --controller http://localhost:10000 --port 40000 --worker http://localhost:40000 --model-path liuhaotian/llava-v1-0719-336px-lora-vicuna-13b-v1.3 --model-base lmsys/vicuna-13b-v1.3 +``` + +### CLI Inference + +Chat about images using LLaVA without the need of Gradio interface. It also supports multiple GPUs, 4-bit and 8-bit quantized inference. With 4-bit quantization, for our LLaVA-1.5-7B, it uses less than 8GB VRAM on a single GPU. + +```Shell +python -m llava.serve.cli \ + --model-path liuhaotian/llava-v1.5-7b \ + --image-file "https://llava-vl.github.io/static/images/view.jpg" \ + --load-4bit +``` + + + +## Train + +*Below is the latest training configuration for LLaVA v1.5. For legacy models, please refer to README of [this](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/tree/v1.0.1) version for now. We'll add them in a separate doc later.* + +LLaVA training consists of two stages: (1) feature alignment stage: use our 558K subset of the LAION-CC-SBU dataset to connect a *frozen pretrained* vision encoder to a *frozen LLM*; (2) visual instruction tuning stage: use 150K GPT-generated multimodal instruction-following data, plus around 515K VQA data from academic-oriented tasks, to teach the model to follow multimodal instructions. + +LLaVA is trained on 8 A100 GPUs with 80GB memory. To train on fewer GPUs, you can reduce the `per_device_train_batch_size` and increase the `gradient_accumulation_steps` accordingly. Always keep the global batch size the same: `per_device_train_batch_size` x `gradient_accumulation_steps` x `num_gpus`. + +### Hyperparameters +We use a similar set of hyperparameters as Vicuna in finetuning. Both hyperparameters used in pretraining and finetuning are provided below. + +1. Pretraining + +| Hyperparameter | Global Batch Size | Learning rate | Epochs | Max length | Weight decay | +| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | +| LLaVA-v1.5-13B | 256 | 1e-3 | 1 | 2048 | 0 | + +2. Finetuning + +| Hyperparameter | Global Batch Size | Learning rate | Epochs | Max length | Weight decay | +| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | +| LLaVA-v1.5-13B | 128 | 2e-5 | 1 | 2048 | 0 | + +### Download Vicuna checkpoints (automatically) + +Our base model Vicuna v1.5, which is an instruction-tuned chatbot, will be downloaded automatically when you run our provided training scripts. No action is needed. + +### Pretrain (feature alignment) + +Please download the 558K subset of the LAION-CC-SBU dataset with BLIP captions we use in the paper [here](https://huggingface.co/datasets/liuhaotian/LLaVA-Pretrain). + +Pretrain takes around 5.5 hours for LLaVA-v1.5-13B on 8x A100 (80G), due to the increased resolution to 336px. It takes around 3.5 hours for LLaVA-v1.5-7B. + +Training script with DeepSpeed ZeRO-2: [`pretrain.sh`](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/scripts/v1_5/pretrain.sh). + +- `--mm_projector_type mlp2x_gelu`: the two-layer MLP vision-language connector. +- `--vision_tower openai/clip-vit-large-patch14-336`: CLIP ViT-L/14 336px. + +
+Pretrain takes around 20 hours for LLaVA-7B on 8x V100 (32G) + + We provide training script with DeepSpeed [here](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/scripts/pretrain_xformers.sh). +Tips: +- If you are using V100 which is not supported by FlashAttention, you can use the [memory-efficient attention](https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.05682) implemented in [xFormers](https://github.com/facebookresearch/xformers). Install xformers and replace `llava/train/train_mem.py` above with [llava/train/train_xformers.py](llava/train/train_xformers.py). +
+ +### Visual Instruction Tuning + +1. Prepare data + +Please download the annotation of the final mixture our instruction tuning data [llava_v1_5_mix665k.json](https://huggingface.co/datasets/liuhaotian/LLaVA-Instruct-150K/blob/main/llava_v1_5_mix665k.json), and download the images from constituting datasets: + +- COCO: [train2017](http://images.cocodataset.org/zips/train2017.zip) +- GQA: [images](https://downloads.cs.stanford.edu/nlp/data/gqa/images.zip) +- OCR-VQA: [download script](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1_GYPY5UkUy7HIcR0zq3ZCFgeZN7BAfm_?usp=sharing), **we save all files as `.jpg`** +- TextVQA: [train_val_images](https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/textvqa/images/train_val_images.zip) +- VisualGenome: [part1](https://cs.stanford.edu/people/rak248/VG_100K_2/images.zip), [part2](https://cs.stanford.edu/people/rak248/VG_100K_2/images2.zip) + +After downloading all of them, organize the data as follows in `./playground/data`, + +``` +├── coco +│ └── train2017 +├── gqa +│ └── images +├── ocr_vqa +│ └── images +├── textvqa +│ └── train_images +└── vg + ├── VG_100K + └── VG_100K_2 +``` + +2. Start training! + +You may download our pretrained projectors in [Model Zoo](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/docs/MODEL_ZOO.md). It is not recommended to use legacy projectors, as they may be trained with a different version of the codebase, and if any option is off, the model will not function/train as we expected. + +Visual instruction tuning takes around 20 hours for LLaVA-v1.5-13B on 8x A100 (80G), due to the increased resolution to 336px. It takes around 10 hours for LLaVA-v1.5-7B on 8x A100 (40G). + +Training script with DeepSpeed ZeRO-3: [`finetune.sh`](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/scripts/v1_5/finetune.sh). + +If you are do not have enough GPU memory: + +- Use LoRA: [`finetune_lora.sh`](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/scripts/v1_5/finetune_lora.sh). We are able to fit 13B training in 8-A100-40G/8-A6000, and 7B training in 8-RTX3090. Make sure `per_device_train_batch_size*gradient_accumulation_steps` is the same as the provided script for best reproducibility. +- Replace `zero3.json` with `zero3_offload.json` which offloads some parameters to CPU RAM. This slows down the training speed. + +If you are interested in finetuning LLaVA model to your own task/data, please check out [`Finetune_Custom_Data.md`](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/docs/Finetune_Custom_Data.md)。 + +New options to note: + +- `--mm_projector_type mlp2x_gelu`: the two-layer MLP vision-language connector. +- `--vision_tower openai/clip-vit-large-patch14-336`: CLIP ViT-L/14 336px. +- `--image_aspect_ratio pad`: this pads the non-square images to square, instead of cropping them; it slightly reduces hallucination. +- `--group_by_modality_length True`: this should only be used when your instruction tuning dataset contains both language (e.g. ShareGPT) and multimodal (e.g. LLaVA-Instruct). It makes the training sampler only sample a single modality (either image or language) during training, which we observe to speed up training by ~25%, and does not affect the final outcome. + +## Evaluation + +In LLaVA-1.5, we evaluate models on a diverse set of 12 benchmarks. To ensure the reproducibility, we evaluate the models with greedy decoding. We do not evaluate using beam search to make the inference process consistent with the chat demo of real-time outputs. + +See [Evaluation.md](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA/blob/main/docs/Evaluation.md). + +### GPT-assisted Evaluation + +Our GPT-assisted evaluation pipeline for multimodal modeling is provided for a comprehensive understanding of the capabilities of vision-language models. Please see our paper for more details. + +1. Generate LLaVA responses + +```Shell +python model_vqa.py \ + --model-path ./checkpoints/LLaVA-13B-v0 \ + --question-file \ + playground/data/coco2014_val_qa_eval/qa90_questions.jsonl \ + --image-folder \ + /path/to/coco2014_val \ + --answers-file \ + /path/to/answer-file-our.jsonl +``` + +2. Evaluate the generated responses. In our case, [`answer-file-ref.jsonl`](./playground/data/coco2014_val_qa_eval/qa90_gpt4_answer.jsonl) is the response generated by text-only GPT-4 (0314), with the context captions/boxes provided. + +```Shell +OPENAI_API_KEY="sk-***********************************" python llava/eval/eval_gpt_review_visual.py \ + --question playground/data/coco2014_val_qa_eval/qa90_questions.jsonl \ + --context llava/eval/table/caps_boxes_coco2014_val_80.jsonl \ + --answer-list \ + /path/to/answer-file-ref.jsonl \ + /path/to/answer-file-our.jsonl \ + --rule llava/eval/table/rule.json \ + --output /path/to/review.json +``` + +3. Summarize the evaluation results + +```Shell +python summarize_gpt_review.py +``` + +## Citation + +If you find LLaVA useful for your research and applications, please cite using this BibTeX: +```bibtex +@misc{liu2024llavanext, + title={LLaVA-NeXT: Improved reasoning, OCR, and world knowledge}, + url={https://llava-vl.github.io/blog/2024-01-30-llava-next/}, + author={Liu, Haotian and Li, Chunyuan and Li, Yuheng and Li, Bo and Zhang, Yuanhan and Shen, Sheng and Lee, Yong Jae}, + month={January}, + year={2024} +} + +@misc{liu2023improvedllava, + title={Improved Baselines with Visual Instruction Tuning}, + author={Liu, Haotian and Li, Chunyuan and Li, Yuheng and Lee, Yong Jae}, + publisher={arXiv:2310.03744}, + year={2023}, +} + +@misc{liu2023llava, + title={Visual Instruction Tuning}, + author={Liu, Haotian and Li, Chunyuan and Wu, Qingyang and Lee, Yong Jae}, + publisher={NeurIPS}, + year={2023}, +} +``` + +## Acknowledgement + +- [Vicuna](https://github.com/lm-sys/FastChat): the codebase we built upon, and our base model Vicuna-13B that has the amazing language capabilities! + +## Related Projects + +- [Instruction Tuning with GPT-4](https://github.com/Instruction-Tuning-with-GPT-4/GPT-4-LLM) +- [LLaVA-Med: Training a Large Language-and-Vision Assistant for Biomedicine in One Day](https://github.com/microsoft/LLaVA-Med) +- [Otter: In-Context Multi-Modal Instruction Tuning](https://github.com/Luodian/Otter) + +For future project ideas, please check out: +- [SEEM: Segment Everything Everywhere All at Once](https://github.com/UX-Decoder/Segment-Everything-Everywhere-All-At-Once) +- [Grounded-Segment-Anything](https://github.com/IDEA-Research/Grounded-Segment-Anything) to detect, segment, and generate anything by marrying [Grounding DINO](https://github.com/IDEA-Research/GroundingDINO) and [Segment-Anything](https://github.com/facebookresearch/segment-anything). diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava.egg-info/SOURCES.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava.egg-info/SOURCES.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d87ef72a4dd6991e79b8ec36c02a29dd2dc031fe --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava.egg-info/SOURCES.txt @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +LICENSE +README.md +pyproject.toml +llava/__init__.py +llava/constants.py +llava/conversation.py +llava/mm_utils.py +llava/utils.py +llava.egg-info/PKG-INFO +llava.egg-info/SOURCES.txt +llava.egg-info/dependency_links.txt +llava.egg-info/requires.txt +llava.egg-info/top_level.txt +llava/eval/eval_gpt_review.py +llava/eval/eval_gpt_review_bench.py +llava/eval/eval_gpt_review_visual.py +llava/eval/eval_pope.py +llava/eval/eval_science_qa.py +llava/eval/eval_science_qa_gpt4.py +llava/eval/eval_science_qa_gpt4_requery.py +llava/eval/eval_textvqa.py +llava/eval/generate_webpage_data_from_table.py +llava/eval/m4c_evaluator.py +llava/eval/model_qa.py +llava/eval/model_vqa.py +llava/eval/model_vqa_loader.py +llava/eval/model_vqa_mmbench.py +llava/eval/model_vqa_science.py +llava/eval/qa_baseline_gpt35.py +llava/eval/run_llava.py +llava/eval/summarize_gpt_review.py +llava/model/__init__.py +llava/model/apply_delta.py +llava/model/builder.py +llava/model/consolidate.py +llava/model/llava_arch.py +llava/model/make_delta.py +llava/model/utils.py +llava/model/language_model/llava_llama.py +llava/model/language_model/llava_mistral.py +llava/model/language_model/llava_mpt.py +llava/model/multimodal_encoder/builder.py +llava/model/multimodal_encoder/clip_encoder.py +llava/model/multimodal_projector/builder.py +llava/serve/__init__.py +llava/serve/cli.py +llava/serve/controller.py +llava/serve/gradio_web_server.py +llava/serve/model_worker.py +llava/serve/register_worker.py +llava/serve/sglang_worker.py +llava/serve/test_message.py +llava/train/llama_flash_attn_monkey_patch.py +llava/train/llama_xformers_attn_monkey_patch.py +llava/train/llava_trainer.py +llava/train/train.py +llava/train/train_mem.py +llava/train/train_xformers.py \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava.egg-info/dependency_links.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava.egg-info/dependency_links.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b137891791fe96927ad78e64b0aad7bded08bdc --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava.egg-info/dependency_links.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava.egg-info/requires.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava.egg-info/requires.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f5a188734d893a34b9eca7b4b6d1616aa5504b38 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava.egg-info/requires.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +transformers==4.37.2 +tokenizers==0.15.1 +sentencepiece==0.1.99 +shortuuid +accelerate==0.21.0 +peft +bitsandbytes +pydantic +markdown2[all] +numpy +scikit-learn==1.2.2 +gradio==4.16.0 +gradio_client==0.8.1 +requests +httpx==0.24.0 +uvicorn +fastapi +einops==0.6.1 +einops-exts==0.0.4 +timm==0.6.13 + +[build] +build +twine + +[train] +deepspeed==0.12.6 +ninja +wandb diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava.egg-info/top_level.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava.egg-info/top_level.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..123113e9b4f1a1bb45ace892a3682afaa8f70f64 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava.egg-info/top_level.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +images +llava diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/language_model/__pycache__/llava_mpt.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/language_model/__pycache__/llava_mpt.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fa255d0c139f2047423e5e30de2ac2481071703a Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/language_model/__pycache__/llava_mpt.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/language_model/__pycache__/llava_mpt.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/language_model/__pycache__/llava_mpt.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8320e4b966557d0bf0091ab4148df2749a51828f Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/language_model/__pycache__/llava_mpt.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/__pycache__/builder.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/__pycache__/builder.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c9bfacedf8a98e4c8acaf51b12008182f42243e6 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/__pycache__/builder.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/__pycache__/clip_encoder.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/__pycache__/clip_encoder.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e61fe3f6b7588f9ea925b40cb633ae2ee008a935 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/__pycache__/clip_encoder.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/clip_encoder.py b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/clip_encoder.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c81415cd0f4ebbbe66385450236c427f5e8fb02 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/multimodal_encoder/clip_encoder.py @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ +import torch +import torch.nn as nn + +from transformers import CLIPVisionModel, CLIPImageProcessor, CLIPVisionConfig + + +class CLIPVisionTower(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, vision_tower, args, delay_load=False): + super().__init__() + + self.is_loaded = False + + self.vision_tower_name = vision_tower + self.select_layer = args.mm_vision_select_layer + self.select_feature = getattr(args, 'mm_vision_select_feature', 'patch') + + if not delay_load: + self.load_model() + elif getattr(args, 'unfreeze_mm_vision_tower', False): + self.load_model() + else: + self.cfg_only = CLIPVisionConfig.from_pretrained(self.vision_tower_name) + + def load_model(self, device_map=None): + if self.is_loaded: + print('{} is already loaded, `load_model` called again, skipping.'.format(self.vision_tower_name)) + return + + self.image_processor = CLIPImageProcessor.from_pretrained(self.vision_tower_name) + self.vision_tower = CLIPVisionModel.from_pretrained(self.vision_tower_name, device_map=device_map) + self.vision_tower.requires_grad_(False) + + self.is_loaded = True + + def feature_select(self, image_forward_outs): + image_features = image_forward_outs.hidden_states[self.select_layer] + if self.select_feature == 'patch': + image_features = image_features[:, 1:] + elif self.select_feature == 'cls_patch': + image_features = image_features + else: + raise ValueError(f'Unexpected select feature: {self.select_feature}') + return image_features + + @torch.no_grad() + def forward(self, images): + if type(images) is list: + image_features = [] + for image in images: + image_forward_out = self.vision_tower(image.to(device=self.device, dtype=self.dtype).unsqueeze(0), output_hidden_states=True) + image_feature = self.feature_select(image_forward_out).to(image.dtype) + image_features.append(image_feature) + else: + image_forward_outs = self.vision_tower(images.to(device=self.device, dtype=self.dtype), output_hidden_states=True) + image_features = self.feature_select(image_forward_outs).to(images.dtype) + + return image_features + + @property + def dummy_feature(self): + return torch.zeros(1, self.hidden_size, device=self.device, dtype=self.dtype) + + @property + def dtype(self): + return self.vision_tower.dtype + + @property + def device(self): + return self.vision_tower.device + + @property + def config(self): + if self.is_loaded: + return self.vision_tower.config + else: + return self.cfg_only + + @property + def hidden_size(self): + return self.config.hidden_size + + @property + def num_patches_per_side(self): + return self.config.image_size // self.config.patch_size + + @property + def num_patches(self): + return (self.config.image_size // self.config.patch_size) ** 2 + + + +class CLIPVisionTowerS2(CLIPVisionTower): + def __init__(self, vision_tower, args, delay_load=False): + super().__init__(vision_tower, args, delay_load) + + self.s2_scales = getattr(args, 's2_scales', '336,672,1008') + self.s2_scales = list(map(int, self.s2_scales.split(','))) + self.s2_scales.sort() + self.s2_split_size = self.s2_scales[0] + self.s2_image_size = self.s2_scales[-1] + + try: + from s2wrapper import forward as multiscale_forward + except ImportError: + raise ImportError('Package s2wrapper not found! Please install by running: \npip install git+https://github.com/bfshi/scaling_on_scales.git') + self.multiscale_forward = multiscale_forward + + # change resize/crop size in preprocessing to the largest image size in s2_scale + if not delay_load or getattr(args, 'unfreeze_mm_vision_tower', False): + self.image_processor.size['shortest_edge'] = self.s2_image_size + self.image_processor.crop_size['height'] = self.image_processor.crop_size['width'] = self.s2_image_size + + def load_model(self, device_map=None): + if self.is_loaded: + print('{} is already loaded, `load_model` called again, skipping.'.format(self.vision_tower_name)) + return + + self.image_processor = CLIPImageProcessor.from_pretrained(self.vision_tower_name) + self.vision_tower = CLIPVisionModel.from_pretrained(self.vision_tower_name, device_map=device_map) + self.vision_tower.requires_grad_(False) + + self.image_processor.size['shortest_edge'] = self.s2_image_size + self.image_processor.crop_size['height'] = self.image_processor.crop_size['width'] = self.s2_image_size + + self.is_loaded = True + + @torch.no_grad() + def forward_feature(self, images): + image_forward_outs = self.vision_tower(images.to(device=self.device, dtype=self.dtype), output_hidden_states=True) + image_features = self.feature_select(image_forward_outs).to(images.dtype) + return image_features + + @torch.no_grad() + def forward(self, images): + if type(images) is list: + image_features = [] + for image in images: + image_feature = self.multiscale_forward(self.forward_feature, image.unsqueeze(0), img_sizes=self.s2_scales, max_split_size=self.s2_split_size) + image_features.append(image_feature) + else: + image_features = self.multiscale_forward(self.forward_feature, images, img_sizes=self.s2_scales, max_split_size=self.s2_split_size) + + return image_features + + @property + def hidden_size(self): + return self.config.hidden_size * len(self.s2_scales) diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/multimodal_projector/__pycache__/builder.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/multimodal_projector/__pycache__/builder.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a13862ff439d703f5c18b84176f7968178de8ab5 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/multimodal_projector/__pycache__/builder.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/multimodal_projector/builder.py b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/multimodal_projector/builder.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..31cd4f48e6055cd6d00a162af30b1c8139e26b57 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/model/multimodal_projector/builder.py @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +import torch +import torch.nn as nn +import re + + +class IdentityMap(nn.Module): + def __init__(self): + super().__init__() + + def forward(self, x, *args, **kwargs): + return x + + @property + def config(self): + return {"mm_projector_type": 'identity'} + + +class SimpleResBlock(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, channels): + super().__init__() + self.pre_norm = nn.LayerNorm(channels) + + self.proj = nn.Sequential( + nn.Linear(channels, channels), + nn.GELU(), + nn.Linear(channels, channels) + ) + def forward(self, x): + x = self.pre_norm(x) + return x + self.proj(x) + + +def build_vision_projector(config, delay_load=False, **kwargs): + projector_type = getattr(config, 'mm_projector_type', 'linear') + + if projector_type == 'linear': + return nn.Linear(config.mm_hidden_size, config.hidden_size) + + mlp_gelu_match = re.match(r'^mlp(\d+)x_gelu$', projector_type) + if mlp_gelu_match: + mlp_depth = int(mlp_gelu_match.group(1)) + modules = [nn.Linear(config.mm_hidden_size, config.hidden_size)] + for _ in range(1, mlp_depth): + modules.append(nn.GELU()) + modules.append(nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size)) + return nn.Sequential(*modules) + + if projector_type == 'identity': + return IdentityMap() + + raise ValueError(f'Unknown projector type: {projector_type}') diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/serve/cli.py b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/serve/cli.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ecb30d5654b6a3f7162bcc25d3b09a855cd7789 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/serve/cli.py @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +import argparse +import torch + +from llava.constants import IMAGE_TOKEN_INDEX, DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN, DEFAULT_IM_START_TOKEN, DEFAULT_IM_END_TOKEN +from llava.conversation import conv_templates, SeparatorStyle +from llava.model.builder import load_pretrained_model +from llava.utils import disable_torch_init +from llava.mm_utils import process_images, tokenizer_image_token, get_model_name_from_path + +from PIL import Image + +import requests +from PIL import Image +from io import BytesIO +from transformers import TextStreamer + + +def load_image(image_file): + if image_file.startswith('http://') or image_file.startswith('https://'): + response = requests.get(image_file) + image = Image.open(BytesIO(response.content)).convert('RGB') + else: + image = Image.open(image_file).convert('RGB') + return image + + +def main(args): + # Model + disable_torch_init() + + model_name = get_model_name_from_path(args.model_path) + tokenizer, model, image_processor, context_len = load_pretrained_model(args.model_path, args.model_base, model_name, args.load_8bit, args.load_4bit, device=args.device) + + if "llama-2" in model_name.lower(): + conv_mode = "llava_llama_2" + elif "mistral" in model_name.lower(): + conv_mode = "mistral_instruct" + elif "v1.6-34b" in model_name.lower(): + conv_mode = "chatml_direct" + elif "v1" in model_name.lower(): + conv_mode = "llava_v1" + elif "mpt" in model_name.lower(): + conv_mode = "mpt" + else: + conv_mode = "llava_v0" + + if args.conv_mode is not None and conv_mode != args.conv_mode: + print('[WARNING] the auto inferred conversation mode is {}, while `--conv-mode` is {}, using {}'.format(conv_mode, args.conv_mode, args.conv_mode)) + else: + args.conv_mode = conv_mode + + conv = conv_templates[args.conv_mode].copy() + if "mpt" in model_name.lower(): + roles = ('user', 'assistant') + else: + roles = conv.roles + + image = load_image(args.image_file) + image_size = image.size + # Similar operation in model_worker.py + image_tensor = process_images([image], image_processor, model.config) + if type(image_tensor) is list: + image_tensor = [image.to(model.device, dtype=torch.float16) for image in image_tensor] + else: + image_tensor = image_tensor.to(model.device, dtype=torch.float16) + + while True: + try: + inp = input(f"{roles[0]}: ") + except EOFError: + inp = "" + if not inp: + print("exit...") + break + + print(f"{roles[1]}: ", end="") + + if image is not None: + # first message + if model.config.mm_use_im_start_end: + inp = DEFAULT_IM_START_TOKEN + DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN + DEFAULT_IM_END_TOKEN + '\n' + inp + else: + inp = DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN + '\n' + inp + image = None + + conv.append_message(conv.roles[0], inp) + conv.append_message(conv.roles[1], None) + prompt = conv.get_prompt() + + input_ids = tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer, IMAGE_TOKEN_INDEX, return_tensors='pt').unsqueeze(0).to(model.device) + stop_str = conv.sep if conv.sep_style != SeparatorStyle.TWO else conv.sep2 + keywords = [stop_str] + streamer = TextStreamer(tokenizer, skip_prompt=True, skip_special_tokens=True) + + with torch.inference_mode(): + output_ids = model.generate( + input_ids, + images=image_tensor, + image_sizes=[image_size], + do_sample=True if args.temperature > 0 else False, + temperature=args.temperature, + max_new_tokens=args.max_new_tokens, + streamer=streamer, + use_cache=True) + + outputs = tokenizer.decode(output_ids[0]).strip() + conv.messages[-1][-1] = outputs + + if args.debug: + print("\n", {"prompt": prompt, "outputs": outputs}, "\n") + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument("--model-path", type=str, default="facebook/opt-350m") + parser.add_argument("--model-base", type=str, default=None) + parser.add_argument("--image-file", type=str, required=True) + parser.add_argument("--device", type=str, default="cuda") + parser.add_argument("--conv-mode", type=str, default=None) + parser.add_argument("--temperature", type=float, default=0.2) + parser.add_argument("--max-new-tokens", type=int, default=512) + parser.add_argument("--load-8bit", action="store_true") + parser.add_argument("--load-4bit", action="store_true") + parser.add_argument("--debug", action="store_true") + args = parser.parse_args() + main(args) diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/serve/controller.py b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/serve/controller.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d4bf1b4c47ccdb1401b18f8397868ec016d1c43a --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/serve/controller.py @@ -0,0 +1,298 @@ +""" +A controller manages distributed workers. +It sends worker addresses to clients. +""" +import argparse +import asyncio +import dataclasses +from enum import Enum, auto +import json +import logging +import time +from typing import List, Union +import threading + +from fastapi import FastAPI, Request +from fastapi.responses import StreamingResponse +import numpy as np +import requests +import uvicorn + +from llava.constants import CONTROLLER_HEART_BEAT_EXPIRATION +from llava.utils import build_logger, server_error_msg + + +logger = build_logger("controller", "controller.log") + + +class DispatchMethod(Enum): + LOTTERY = auto() + SHORTEST_QUEUE = auto() + + @classmethod + def from_str(cls, name): + if name == "lottery": + return cls.LOTTERY + elif name == "shortest_queue": + return cls.SHORTEST_QUEUE + else: + raise ValueError(f"Invalid dispatch method") + + +@dataclasses.dataclass +class WorkerInfo: + model_names: List[str] + speed: int + queue_length: int + check_heart_beat: bool + last_heart_beat: str + + +def heart_beat_controller(controller): + while True: + time.sleep(CONTROLLER_HEART_BEAT_EXPIRATION) + controller.remove_stable_workers_by_expiration() + + +class Controller: + def __init__(self, dispatch_method: str): + # Dict[str -> WorkerInfo] + self.worker_info = {} + self.dispatch_method = DispatchMethod.from_str(dispatch_method) + + self.heart_beat_thread = threading.Thread( + target=heart_beat_controller, args=(self,), daemon=True) + self.heart_beat_thread.start() + + logger.info("Init controller") + + def register_worker(self, worker_name: str, check_heart_beat: bool, + worker_status: dict): + if worker_name not in self.worker_info: + logger.info(f"Register a new worker: {worker_name}") + else: + logger.info(f"Register an existing worker: {worker_name}") + + if not worker_status: + worker_status = self.get_worker_status(worker_name) + if not worker_status: + return False + + self.worker_info[worker_name] = WorkerInfo( + worker_status["model_names"], worker_status["speed"], worker_status["queue_length"], + check_heart_beat, time.time()) + + logger.info(f"Register done: {worker_name}, {worker_status}") + return True + + def get_worker_status(self, worker_name: str): + try: + r = requests.post(worker_name + "/worker_get_status", timeout=5) + except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e: + logger.error(f"Get status fails: {worker_name}, {e}") + return None + + if r.status_code != 200: + logger.error(f"Get status fails: {worker_name}, {r}") + return None + + return r.json() + + def remove_worker(self, worker_name: str): + del self.worker_info[worker_name] + + def refresh_all_workers(self): + old_info = dict(self.worker_info) + self.worker_info = {} + + for w_name, w_info in old_info.items(): + if not self.register_worker(w_name, w_info.check_heart_beat, None): + logger.info(f"Remove stale worker: {w_name}") + + def list_models(self): + model_names = set() + + for w_name, w_info in self.worker_info.items(): + model_names.update(w_info.model_names) + + return list(model_names) + + def get_worker_address(self, model_name: str): + if self.dispatch_method == DispatchMethod.LOTTERY: + worker_names = [] + worker_speeds = [] + for w_name, w_info in self.worker_info.items(): + if model_name in w_info.model_names: + worker_names.append(w_name) + worker_speeds.append(w_info.speed) + worker_speeds = np.array(worker_speeds, dtype=np.float32) + norm = np.sum(worker_speeds) + if norm < 1e-4: + return "" + worker_speeds = worker_speeds / norm + if True: # Directly return address + pt = np.random.choice(np.arange(len(worker_names)), + p=worker_speeds) + worker_name = worker_names[pt] + return worker_name + + # Check status before returning + while True: + pt = np.random.choice(np.arange(len(worker_names)), + p=worker_speeds) + worker_name = worker_names[pt] + + if self.get_worker_status(worker_name): + break + else: + self.remove_worker(worker_name) + worker_speeds[pt] = 0 + norm = np.sum(worker_speeds) + if norm < 1e-4: + return "" + worker_speeds = worker_speeds / norm + continue + return worker_name + elif self.dispatch_method == DispatchMethod.SHORTEST_QUEUE: + worker_names = [] + worker_qlen = [] + for w_name, w_info in self.worker_info.items(): + if model_name in w_info.model_names: + worker_names.append(w_name) + worker_qlen.append(w_info.queue_length / w_info.speed) + if len(worker_names) == 0: + return "" + min_index = np.argmin(worker_qlen) + w_name = worker_names[min_index] + self.worker_info[w_name].queue_length += 1 + logger.info(f"names: {worker_names}, queue_lens: {worker_qlen}, ret: {w_name}") + return w_name + else: + raise ValueError(f"Invalid dispatch method: {self.dispatch_method}") + + def receive_heart_beat(self, worker_name: str, queue_length: int): + if worker_name not in self.worker_info: + logger.info(f"Receive unknown heart beat. {worker_name}") + return False + + self.worker_info[worker_name].queue_length = queue_length + self.worker_info[worker_name].last_heart_beat = time.time() + logger.info(f"Receive heart beat. {worker_name}") + return True + + def remove_stable_workers_by_expiration(self): + expire = time.time() - CONTROLLER_HEART_BEAT_EXPIRATION + to_delete = [] + for worker_name, w_info in self.worker_info.items(): + if w_info.check_heart_beat and w_info.last_heart_beat < expire: + to_delete.append(worker_name) + + for worker_name in to_delete: + self.remove_worker(worker_name) + + def worker_api_generate_stream(self, params): + worker_addr = self.get_worker_address(params["model"]) + if not worker_addr: + logger.info(f"no worker: {params['model']}") + ret = { + "text": server_error_msg, + "error_code": 2, + } + yield json.dumps(ret).encode() + b"\0" + + try: + response = requests.post(worker_addr + "/worker_generate_stream", + json=params, stream=True, timeout=5) + for chunk in response.iter_lines(decode_unicode=False, delimiter=b"\0"): + if chunk: + yield chunk + b"\0" + except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e: + logger.info(f"worker timeout: {worker_addr}") + ret = { + "text": server_error_msg, + "error_code": 3, + } + yield json.dumps(ret).encode() + b"\0" + + + # Let the controller act as a worker to achieve hierarchical + # management. This can be used to connect isolated sub networks. + def worker_api_get_status(self): + model_names = set() + speed = 0 + queue_length = 0 + + for w_name in self.worker_info: + worker_status = self.get_worker_status(w_name) + if worker_status is not None: + model_names.update(worker_status["model_names"]) + speed += worker_status["speed"] + queue_length += worker_status["queue_length"] + + return { + "model_names": list(model_names), + "speed": speed, + "queue_length": queue_length, + } + + +app = FastAPI() + + +@app.post("/register_worker") +async def register_worker(request: Request): + data = await request.json() + controller.register_worker( + data["worker_name"], data["check_heart_beat"], + data.get("worker_status", None)) + + +@app.post("/refresh_all_workers") +async def refresh_all_workers(): + models = controller.refresh_all_workers() + + +@app.post("/list_models") +async def list_models(): + models = controller.list_models() + return {"models": models} + + +@app.post("/get_worker_address") +async def get_worker_address(request: Request): + data = await request.json() + addr = controller.get_worker_address(data["model"]) + return {"address": addr} + + +@app.post("/receive_heart_beat") +async def receive_heart_beat(request: Request): + data = await request.json() + exist = controller.receive_heart_beat( + data["worker_name"], data["queue_length"]) + return {"exist": exist} + + +@app.post("/worker_generate_stream") +async def worker_api_generate_stream(request: Request): + params = await request.json() + generator = controller.worker_api_generate_stream(params) + return StreamingResponse(generator) + + +@app.post("/worker_get_status") +async def worker_api_get_status(request: Request): + return controller.worker_api_get_status() + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument("--host", type=str, default="localhost") + parser.add_argument("--port", type=int, default=21001) + parser.add_argument("--dispatch-method", type=str, choices=[ + "lottery", "shortest_queue"], default="shortest_queue") + args = parser.parse_args() + logger.info(f"args: {args}") + + controller = Controller(args.dispatch_method) + uvicorn.run(app, host=args.host, port=args.port, log_level="info") diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/serve/examples/extreme_ironing.jpg b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/serve/examples/extreme_ironing.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..638b078837f175039b2db49a63821288d9681daa Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/serve/examples/extreme_ironing.jpg differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/serve/examples/waterview.jpg b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/serve/examples/waterview.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f44ebaba1aa493b8bab3baa4e827b76752b1869 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/serve/examples/waterview.jpg differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/serve/model_worker.py b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/serve/model_worker.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9144329893c51f402ff2e2f65d9fb7baf177bd52 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/serve/model_worker.py @@ -0,0 +1,288 @@ +""" +A model worker executes the model. +""" +import argparse +import asyncio +import json +import time +import threading +import uuid + +from fastapi import FastAPI, Request, BackgroundTasks +from fastapi.responses import StreamingResponse +import requests +import torch +import uvicorn +from functools import partial + +from llava.constants import WORKER_HEART_BEAT_INTERVAL +from llava.utils import (build_logger, server_error_msg, + pretty_print_semaphore) +from llava.model.builder import load_pretrained_model +from llava.mm_utils import process_images, load_image_from_base64, tokenizer_image_token +from llava.constants import IMAGE_TOKEN_INDEX, DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN, DEFAULT_IM_START_TOKEN, DEFAULT_IM_END_TOKEN +from transformers import TextIteratorStreamer +from threading import Thread + + +GB = 1 << 30 + +worker_id = str(uuid.uuid4())[:6] +logger = build_logger("model_worker", f"model_worker_{worker_id}.log") +global_counter = 0 + +model_semaphore = None + + +def heart_beat_worker(controller): + + while True: + time.sleep(WORKER_HEART_BEAT_INTERVAL) + controller.send_heart_beat() + + +class ModelWorker: + def __init__(self, controller_addr, worker_addr, + worker_id, no_register, + model_path, model_base, model_name, + load_8bit, load_4bit, device, use_flash_attn=False): + self.controller_addr = controller_addr + self.worker_addr = worker_addr + self.worker_id = worker_id + if model_path.endswith("/"): + model_path = model_path[:-1] + if model_name is None: + model_paths = model_path.split("/") + if model_paths[-1].startswith('checkpoint-'): + self.model_name = model_paths[-2] + "_" + model_paths[-1] + else: + self.model_name = model_paths[-1] + else: + self.model_name = model_name + + self.device = device + logger.info(f"Loading the model {self.model_name} on worker {worker_id} ...") + self.tokenizer, self.model, self.image_processor, self.context_len = load_pretrained_model( + model_path, model_base, self.model_name, load_8bit, load_4bit, device=self.device, use_flash_attn=use_flash_attn) + self.is_multimodal = 'llava' in self.model_name.lower() + + if not no_register: + self.register_to_controller() + self.heart_beat_thread = threading.Thread( + target=heart_beat_worker, args=(self,), daemon=True) + self.heart_beat_thread.start() + + def register_to_controller(self): + logger.info("Register to controller") + + url = self.controller_addr + "/register_worker" + data = { + "worker_name": self.worker_addr, + "check_heart_beat": True, + "worker_status": self.get_status() + } + r = requests.post(url, json=data) + assert r.status_code == 200 + + def send_heart_beat(self): + logger.info(f"Send heart beat. Models: {[self.model_name]}. " + f"Semaphore: {pretty_print_semaphore(model_semaphore)}. " + f"global_counter: {global_counter}") + + url = self.controller_addr + "/receive_heart_beat" + + while True: + try: + ret = requests.post(url, json={ + "worker_name": self.worker_addr, + "queue_length": self.get_queue_length()}, timeout=5) + exist = ret.json()["exist"] + break + except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e: + logger.error(f"heart beat error: {e}") + time.sleep(5) + + if not exist: + self.register_to_controller() + + def get_queue_length(self): + if model_semaphore is None: + return 0 + else: + return args.limit_model_concurrency - model_semaphore._value + (len( + model_semaphore._waiters) if model_semaphore._waiters is not None else 0) + + def get_status(self): + return { + "model_names": [self.model_name], + "speed": 1, + "queue_length": self.get_queue_length(), + } + + @torch.inference_mode() + def generate_stream(self, params): + tokenizer, model, image_processor = self.tokenizer, self.model, self.image_processor + + prompt = params["prompt"] + ori_prompt = prompt + images = params.get("images", None) + num_image_tokens = 0 + if images is not None and len(images) > 0 and self.is_multimodal: + if len(images) > 0: + if len(images) != prompt.count(DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN): + raise ValueError("Number of images does not match number of tokens in prompt") + + images = [load_image_from_base64(image) for image in images] + image_sizes = [image.size for image in images] + images = process_images(images, image_processor, model.config) + + if type(images) is list: + images = [image.to(self.model.device, dtype=torch.float16) for image in images] + else: + images = images.to(self.model.device, dtype=torch.float16) + + replace_token = DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN + if getattr(self.model.config, 'mm_use_im_start_end', False): + replace_token = DEFAULT_IM_START_TOKEN + replace_token + DEFAULT_IM_END_TOKEN + prompt = prompt.replace(DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN, replace_token) + + num_image_tokens = prompt.count(replace_token) * model.get_vision_tower().num_patches + else: + images = None + image_sizes = None + image_args = {"images": images, "image_sizes": image_sizes} + else: + images = None + image_args = {} + + temperature = float(params.get("temperature", 1.0)) + top_p = float(params.get("top_p", 1.0)) + max_context_length = getattr(model.config, 'max_position_embeddings', 2048) + max_new_tokens = min(int(params.get("max_new_tokens", 256)), 1024) + stop_str = params.get("stop", None) + do_sample = True if temperature > 0.001 else False + + input_ids = tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer, IMAGE_TOKEN_INDEX, return_tensors='pt').unsqueeze(0).to(self.device) + keywords = [stop_str] + # stopping_criteria = KeywordsStoppingCriteria(keywords, tokenizer, input_ids) + streamer = TextIteratorStreamer(tokenizer, skip_prompt=True, skip_special_tokens=True, timeout=15) + + max_new_tokens = min(max_new_tokens, max_context_length - input_ids.shape[-1] - num_image_tokens) + + if max_new_tokens < 1: + yield json.dumps({"text": ori_prompt + "Exceeds max token length. Please start a new conversation, thanks.", "error_code": 0}).encode() + b"\0" + return + + thread = Thread(target=model.generate, kwargs=dict( + inputs=input_ids, + do_sample=do_sample, + temperature=temperature, + top_p=top_p, + max_new_tokens=max_new_tokens, + streamer=streamer, + use_cache=True, + **image_args + )) + thread.start() + + generated_text = ori_prompt + for new_text in streamer: + generated_text += new_text + if generated_text.endswith(stop_str): + generated_text = generated_text[:-len(stop_str)] + yield json.dumps({"text": generated_text, "error_code": 0}).encode() + b"\0" + + def generate_stream_gate(self, params): + try: + for x in self.generate_stream(params): + yield x + except ValueError as e: + print("Caught ValueError:", e) + ret = { + "text": server_error_msg, + "error_code": 1, + } + yield json.dumps(ret).encode() + b"\0" + except torch.cuda.CudaError as e: + print("Caught torch.cuda.CudaError:", e) + ret = { + "text": server_error_msg, + "error_code": 1, + } + yield json.dumps(ret).encode() + b"\0" + except Exception as e: + print("Caught Unknown Error", e) + ret = { + "text": server_error_msg, + "error_code": 1, + } + yield json.dumps(ret).encode() + b"\0" + + +app = FastAPI() + + +def release_model_semaphore(fn=None): + model_semaphore.release() + if fn is not None: + fn() + + +@app.post("/worker_generate_stream") +async def generate_stream(request: Request): + global model_semaphore, global_counter + global_counter += 1 + params = await request.json() + + if model_semaphore is None: + model_semaphore = asyncio.Semaphore(args.limit_model_concurrency) + await model_semaphore.acquire() + worker.send_heart_beat() + generator = worker.generate_stream_gate(params) + background_tasks = BackgroundTasks() + background_tasks.add_task(partial(release_model_semaphore, fn=worker.send_heart_beat)) + return StreamingResponse(generator, background=background_tasks) + + +@app.post("/worker_get_status") +async def get_status(request: Request): + return worker.get_status() + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument("--host", type=str, default="localhost") + parser.add_argument("--port", type=int, default=21002) + parser.add_argument("--worker-address", type=str, + default="http://localhost:21002") + parser.add_argument("--controller-address", type=str, + default="http://localhost:21001") + parser.add_argument("--model-path", type=str, default="facebook/opt-350m") + parser.add_argument("--model-base", type=str, default=None) + parser.add_argument("--model-name", type=str) + parser.add_argument("--device", type=str, default="cuda") + parser.add_argument("--multi-modal", action="store_true", help="Multimodal mode is automatically detected with model name, please make sure `llava` is included in the model path.") + parser.add_argument("--limit-model-concurrency", type=int, default=5) + parser.add_argument("--stream-interval", type=int, default=1) + parser.add_argument("--no-register", action="store_true") + parser.add_argument("--load-8bit", action="store_true") + parser.add_argument("--load-4bit", action="store_true") + parser.add_argument("--use-flash-attn", action="store_true") + args = parser.parse_args() + logger.info(f"args: {args}") + + if args.multi_modal: + logger.warning("Multimodal mode is automatically detected with model name, please make sure `llava` is included in the model path.") + + worker = ModelWorker(args.controller_address, + args.worker_address, + worker_id, + args.no_register, + args.model_path, + args.model_base, + args.model_name, + args.load_8bit, + args.load_4bit, + args.device, + use_flash_attn=args.use_flash_attn) + uvicorn.run(app, host=args.host, port=args.port, log_level="info") diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/serve/test_message.py b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/serve/test_message.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b090faed0e630b03b2294545050f1f4f5032cad --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/serve/test_message.py @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +import argparse +import json + +import requests + +from llava.conversation import default_conversation + + +def main(): + if args.worker_address: + worker_addr = args.worker_address + else: + controller_addr = args.controller_address + ret = requests.post(controller_addr + "/refresh_all_workers") + ret = requests.post(controller_addr + "/list_models") + models = ret.json()["models"] + models.sort() + print(f"Models: {models}") + + ret = requests.post(controller_addr + "/get_worker_address", + json={"model": args.model_name}) + worker_addr = ret.json()["address"] + print(f"worker_addr: {worker_addr}") + + if worker_addr == "": + return + + conv = default_conversation.copy() + conv.append_message(conv.roles[0], args.message) + prompt = conv.get_prompt() + + headers = {"User-Agent": "LLaVA Client"} + pload = { + "model": args.model_name, + "prompt": prompt, + "max_new_tokens": args.max_new_tokens, + "temperature": 0.7, + "stop": conv.sep, + } + response = requests.post(worker_addr + "/worker_generate_stream", headers=headers, + json=pload, stream=True) + + print(prompt.replace(conv.sep, "\n"), end="") + for chunk in response.iter_lines(chunk_size=8192, decode_unicode=False, delimiter=b"\0"): + if chunk: + data = json.loads(chunk.decode("utf-8")) + output = data["text"].split(conv.sep)[-1] + print(output, end="\r") + print("") + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument("--controller-address", type=str, default="http://localhost:21001") + parser.add_argument("--worker-address", type=str) + parser.add_argument("--model-name", type=str, default="facebook/opt-350m") + parser.add_argument("--max-new-tokens", type=int, default=32) + parser.add_argument("--message", type=str, default= + "Tell me a story with more than 1000 words.") + args = parser.parse_args() + + main() diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/train/llama_flash_attn_monkey_patch.py b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/train/llama_flash_attn_monkey_patch.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..31db2eff8d1c4b3ae645583dfc5e156e818b6f1c --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/train/llama_flash_attn_monkey_patch.py @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +from typing import Optional, Tuple +import warnings + +import torch + +import transformers +from transformers.models.llama.modeling_llama import apply_rotary_pos_emb, repeat_kv + +try: + from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import flash_attn_unpadded_qkvpacked_func +except ImportError: + from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import flash_attn_varlen_qkvpacked_func as flash_attn_unpadded_qkvpacked_func +from flash_attn.bert_padding import unpad_input, pad_input + + +def forward( + self, + hidden_states: torch.Tensor, + attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + position_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + past_key_value: Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]] = None, + output_attentions: bool = False, + use_cache: bool = False, +) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, Optional[torch.Tensor], Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]]]: + if output_attentions: + warnings.warn( + "Output attentions is not supported for patched `LlamaAttention`, returning `None` instead." + ) + + bsz, q_len, _ = hidden_states.size() + + query_states = ( + self.q_proj(hidden_states) + .view(bsz, q_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim) + .transpose(1, 2) + ) + key_states = ( + self.k_proj(hidden_states) + .view(bsz, q_len, self.num_key_value_heads, self.head_dim) + .transpose(1, 2) + ) + value_states = ( + self.v_proj(hidden_states) + .view(bsz, q_len, self.num_key_value_heads, self.head_dim) + .transpose(1, 2) + ) # shape: (b, num_heads, s, head_dim) + + kv_seq_len = key_states.shape[-2] + if past_key_value is not None: + kv_seq_len += past_key_value[0].shape[-2] + + cos, sin = self.rotary_emb(value_states, seq_len=kv_seq_len) + query_states, key_states = apply_rotary_pos_emb( + query_states, key_states, cos, sin, position_ids + ) + + if past_key_value is not None: + # reuse k, v + key_states = torch.cat([past_key_value[0], key_states], dim=2) + value_states = torch.cat([past_key_value[1], value_states], dim=2) + + past_key_value = (key_states, value_states) if use_cache else None + + # repeat k/v heads if n_kv_heads < n_heads + key_states = repeat_kv(key_states, self.num_key_value_groups) + value_states = repeat_kv(value_states, self.num_key_value_groups) + + # Transform the data into the format required by flash attention + qkv = torch.stack([query_states, key_states, value_states], dim=2) + qkv = qkv.transpose(1, 3) # shape: [b, s, 3, num_heads, head_dim] + key_padding_mask = attention_mask + + if key_padding_mask is None: + qkv = qkv.reshape(-1, 3, self.num_heads, self.head_dim) + cu_q_lens = torch.arange( + 0, (bsz + 1) * q_len, step=q_len, dtype=torch.int32, device=qkv.device + ) + max_s = q_len + output = flash_attn_unpadded_qkvpacked_func( + qkv, cu_q_lens, max_s, 0.0, softmax_scale=None, causal=True + ) + output = output.view(bsz, q_len, -1) + else: + qkv = qkv.reshape(bsz, q_len, -1) + qkv, indices, cu_q_lens, max_s = unpad_input(qkv, key_padding_mask) + qkv = qkv.view(-1, 3, self.num_heads, self.head_dim) + output_unpad = flash_attn_unpadded_qkvpacked_func( + qkv, cu_q_lens, max_s, 0.0, softmax_scale=None, causal=True + ) + output_unpad = output_unpad.reshape(-1, self.num_heads * self.head_dim) + output = pad_input(output_unpad, indices, bsz, q_len) + + return self.o_proj(output), None, past_key_value + + +# Disable the transformation of the attention mask in LlamaModel as the flash attention +# requires the attention mask to be the same as the key_padding_mask +def _prepare_decoder_attention_mask( + self, attention_mask, input_shape, inputs_embeds, past_key_values_length +): + # [bsz, seq_len] + return attention_mask + + +def replace_llama_attn_with_flash_attn(): + cuda_major, cuda_minor = torch.cuda.get_device_capability() + if cuda_major < 8: + warnings.warn( + "Flash attention is only supported on A100 or H100 GPU during training due to head dim > 64 backward." + "ref: https://github.com/HazyResearch/flash-attention/issues/190#issuecomment-1523359593" + ) + transformers.models.llama.modeling_llama.LlamaModel._prepare_decoder_attention_mask = ( + _prepare_decoder_attention_mask + ) + transformers.models.llama.modeling_llama.LlamaAttention.forward = forward diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/train/llama_xformers_attn_monkey_patch.py b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/train/llama_xformers_attn_monkey_patch.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f8351e41ccd4a64dca237bd8f8be0702b23989dc --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/train/llama_xformers_attn_monkey_patch.py @@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ +""" +Directly copied the code from https://raw.githubusercontent.com/oobabooga/text-generation-webui/main/modules/llama_attn_hijack.py and made some adjustments +""" + +import logging +import math +from typing import Optional, Tuple + +import torch +import transformers.models.llama.modeling_llama +from torch import nn + +try: + import xformers.ops +except ImportError: + logging.error("xformers not found! Please install it before trying to use it.") + + +def replace_llama_attn_with_xformers_attn(): + transformers.models.llama.modeling_llama.LlamaAttention.forward = xformers_forward + + +def xformers_forward( + self, + hidden_states: torch.Tensor, + attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, + position_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None, + past_key_value: Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]] = None, + output_attentions: bool = False, + use_cache: bool = False, +) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, Optional[torch.Tensor], Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]]]: + # pylint: disable=duplicate-code + bsz, q_len, _ = hidden_states.size() + + query_states = ( + self.q_proj(hidden_states) + .view(bsz, q_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim) + .transpose(1, 2) + ) + key_states = ( + self.k_proj(hidden_states) + .view(bsz, q_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim) + .transpose(1, 2) + ) + value_states = ( + self.v_proj(hidden_states) + .view(bsz, q_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim) + .transpose(1, 2) + ) + + kv_seq_len = key_states.shape[-2] + if past_key_value is not None: + kv_seq_len += past_key_value[0].shape[-2] + cos, sin = self.rotary_emb(value_states, seq_len=kv_seq_len) + ( + query_states, + key_states, + ) = transformers.models.llama.modeling_llama.apply_rotary_pos_emb( + query_states, key_states, cos, sin, position_ids + ) + # [bsz, nh, t, hd] + + if past_key_value is not None: + # reuse k, v, self_attention + key_states = torch.cat([past_key_value[0], key_states], dim=2) + value_states = torch.cat([past_key_value[1], value_states], dim=2) + + past_key_value = (key_states, value_states) if use_cache else None + + # We only apply xformers optimizations if we don't need to output the whole attention matrix + if not output_attentions: + query_states = query_states.transpose(1, 2) + key_states = key_states.transpose(1, 2) + value_states = value_states.transpose(1, 2) + + # This is a nasty hack. We know attention_mask in transformers is either LowerTriangular or all Zeros. + # We therefore check if one element in the upper triangular portion is zero. If it is, then the mask is all zeros. + if attention_mask is None or attention_mask[0, 0, 0, 1] == 0: + # input and output should be of form (bsz, q_len, num_heads, head_dim) + attn_output = xformers.ops.memory_efficient_attention( + query_states, key_states, value_states, attn_bias=None + ) + else: + # input and output should be of form (bsz, q_len, num_heads, head_dim) + attn_output = xformers.ops.memory_efficient_attention( + query_states, + key_states, + value_states, + attn_bias=xformers.ops.LowerTriangularMask(), + ) + attn_weights = None + else: + attn_weights = torch.matmul( + query_states, key_states.transpose(2, 3) + ) / math.sqrt(self.head_dim) + + if attn_weights.size() != (bsz, self.num_heads, q_len, kv_seq_len): + raise ValueError( + f"Attention weights should be of size {(bsz * self.num_heads, q_len, kv_seq_len)}, but is" + f" {attn_weights.size()}" + ) + + if attention_mask is not None: + if attention_mask.size() != (bsz, 1, q_len, kv_seq_len): + raise ValueError( + f"Attention mask should be of size {(bsz, 1, q_len, kv_seq_len)}, but is {attention_mask.size()}" + ) + attn_weights = attn_weights + attention_mask + attn_weights = torch.max( + attn_weights, torch.tensor(torch.finfo(attn_weights.dtype).min) + ) + + # upcast attention to fp32 + attn_weights = nn.functional.softmax( + attn_weights, dim=-1, dtype=torch.float32 + ).to(query_states.dtype) + attn_output = torch.matmul(attn_weights, value_states) + + if attn_output.size() != (bsz, self.num_heads, q_len, self.head_dim): + raise ValueError( + f"`attn_output` should be of size {(bsz, self.num_heads, q_len, self.head_dim)}, but is" + f" {attn_output.size()}" + ) + + attn_output = attn_output.transpose(1, 2) + + attn_output = attn_output.reshape(bsz, q_len, self.hidden_size) + attn_output = self.o_proj(attn_output) + return attn_output, attn_weights, past_key_value diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/train/llava_trainer.py b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/train/llava_trainer.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce2853a41a1d232ff823bdd3afeb4823132b6672 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/train/llava_trainer.py @@ -0,0 +1,255 @@ +import os +import torch +import torch.nn as nn + +from torch.utils.data import Sampler + +from transformers import Trainer +from transformers.trainer import ( + is_sagemaker_mp_enabled, + get_parameter_names, + has_length, + ALL_LAYERNORM_LAYERS, + logger, +) +from typing import List, Optional + + +def maybe_zero_3(param, ignore_status=False, name=None): + from deepspeed import zero + from deepspeed.runtime.zero.partition_parameters import ZeroParamStatus + if hasattr(param, "ds_id"): + if param.ds_status == ZeroParamStatus.NOT_AVAILABLE: + if not ignore_status: + print(name, 'no ignore status') + with zero.GatheredParameters([param]): + param = param.data.detach().cpu().clone() + else: + param = param.detach().cpu().clone() + return param + + +def get_mm_adapter_state_maybe_zero_3(named_params, keys_to_match): + to_return = {k: t for k, t in named_params if any(key_match in k for key_match in keys_to_match)} + to_return = {k: maybe_zero_3(v, ignore_status=True, name=k).cpu() for k, v in to_return.items()} + return to_return + + +def split_to_even_chunks(indices, lengths, num_chunks): + """ + Split a list of indices into `chunks` chunks of roughly equal lengths. + """ + + if len(indices) % num_chunks != 0: + return [indices[i::num_chunks] for i in range(num_chunks)] + + num_indices_per_chunk = len(indices) // num_chunks + + chunks = [[] for _ in range(num_chunks)] + chunks_lengths = [0 for _ in range(num_chunks)] + for index in indices: + shortest_chunk = chunks_lengths.index(min(chunks_lengths)) + chunks[shortest_chunk].append(index) + chunks_lengths[shortest_chunk] += lengths[index] + if len(chunks[shortest_chunk]) == num_indices_per_chunk: + chunks_lengths[shortest_chunk] = float("inf") + + return chunks + + +def get_modality_length_grouped_indices(lengths, batch_size, world_size, generator=None): + # We need to use torch for the random part as a distributed sampler will set the random seed for torch. + assert all(l != 0 for l in lengths), "Should not have zero length." + if all(l > 0 for l in lengths) or all(l < 0 for l in lengths): + # all samples are in the same modality + return get_length_grouped_indices(lengths, batch_size, world_size, generator=generator) + mm_indices, mm_lengths = zip(*[(i, l) for i, l in enumerate(lengths) if l > 0]) + lang_indices, lang_lengths = zip(*[(i, -l) for i, l in enumerate(lengths) if l < 0]) + + mm_shuffle = [mm_indices[i] for i in get_length_grouped_indices(mm_lengths, batch_size, world_size, generator=None)] + lang_shuffle = [lang_indices[i] for i in get_length_grouped_indices(lang_lengths, batch_size, world_size, generator=None)] + megabatch_size = world_size * batch_size + mm_megabatches = [mm_shuffle[i : i + megabatch_size] for i in range(0, len(mm_shuffle), megabatch_size)] + lang_megabatches = [lang_shuffle[i : i + megabatch_size] for i in range(0, len(lang_shuffle), megabatch_size)] + + last_mm = mm_megabatches[-1] + last_lang = lang_megabatches[-1] + additional_batch = last_mm + last_lang + megabatches = mm_megabatches[:-1] + lang_megabatches[:-1] + megabatch_indices = torch.randperm(len(megabatches), generator=generator) + megabatches = [megabatches[i] for i in megabatch_indices] + + if len(additional_batch) > 0: + megabatches.append(sorted(additional_batch)) + + return [i for megabatch in megabatches for i in megabatch] + + +def get_length_grouped_indices(lengths, batch_size, world_size, generator=None, merge=True): + # We need to use torch for the random part as a distributed sampler will set the random seed for torch. + indices = torch.randperm(len(lengths), generator=generator) + megabatch_size = world_size * batch_size + megabatches = [indices[i : i + megabatch_size].tolist() for i in range(0, len(lengths), megabatch_size)] + megabatches = [sorted(megabatch, key=lambda i: lengths[i], reverse=True) for megabatch in megabatches] + megabatches = [split_to_even_chunks(megabatch, lengths, world_size) for megabatch in megabatches] + + return [i for megabatch in megabatches for batch in megabatch for i in batch] + + +class LengthGroupedSampler(Sampler): + r""" + Sampler that samples indices in a way that groups together features of the dataset of roughly the same length while + keeping a bit of randomness. + """ + + def __init__( + self, + batch_size: int, + world_size: int, + lengths: Optional[List[int]] = None, + generator=None, + group_by_modality: bool = False, + ): + if lengths is None: + raise ValueError("Lengths must be provided.") + + self.batch_size = batch_size + self.world_size = world_size + self.lengths = lengths + self.generator = generator + self.group_by_modality = group_by_modality + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.lengths) + + def __iter__(self): + if self.group_by_modality: + indices = get_modality_length_grouped_indices(self.lengths, self.batch_size, self.world_size, generator=self.generator) + else: + indices = get_length_grouped_indices(self.lengths, self.batch_size, self.world_size, generator=self.generator) + return iter(indices) + + +class LLaVATrainer(Trainer): + + def _get_train_sampler(self) -> Optional[torch.utils.data.Sampler]: + if self.train_dataset is None or not has_length(self.train_dataset): + return None + + if self.args.group_by_modality_length: + lengths = self.train_dataset.modality_lengths + return LengthGroupedSampler( + self.args.train_batch_size, + world_size=self.args.world_size * self.args.gradient_accumulation_steps, + lengths=lengths, + group_by_modality=True, + ) + else: + return super()._get_train_sampler() + + def create_optimizer(self): + """ + Setup the optimizer. + + We provide a reasonable default that works well. If you want to use something else, you can pass a tuple in the + Trainer's init through `optimizers`, or subclass and override this method in a subclass. + """ + if is_sagemaker_mp_enabled(): + return super().create_optimizer() + + opt_model = self.model + + if self.optimizer is None: + decay_parameters = get_parameter_names(opt_model, ALL_LAYERNORM_LAYERS) + decay_parameters = [name for name in decay_parameters if "bias" not in name] + if self.args.mm_projector_lr is not None: + projector_parameters = [name for name, _ in opt_model.named_parameters() if "mm_projector" in name] + optimizer_grouped_parameters = [ + { + "params": [ + p for n, p in opt_model.named_parameters() if (n in decay_parameters and n not in projector_parameters and p.requires_grad) + ], + "weight_decay": self.args.weight_decay, + }, + { + "params": [ + p for n, p in opt_model.named_parameters() if (n not in decay_parameters and n not in projector_parameters and p.requires_grad) + ], + "weight_decay": 0.0, + }, + { + "params": [ + p for n, p in opt_model.named_parameters() if (n in decay_parameters and n in projector_parameters and p.requires_grad) + ], + "weight_decay": self.args.weight_decay, + "lr": self.args.mm_projector_lr, + }, + { + "params": [ + p for n, p in opt_model.named_parameters() if (n not in decay_parameters and n in projector_parameters and p.requires_grad) + ], + "weight_decay": 0.0, + "lr": self.args.mm_projector_lr, + }, + ] + else: + optimizer_grouped_parameters = [ + { + "params": [ + p for n, p in opt_model.named_parameters() if (n in decay_parameters and p.requires_grad) + ], + "weight_decay": self.args.weight_decay, + }, + { + "params": [ + p for n, p in opt_model.named_parameters() if (n not in decay_parameters and p.requires_grad) + ], + "weight_decay": 0.0, + }, + ] + + optimizer_cls, optimizer_kwargs = Trainer.get_optimizer_cls_and_kwargs(self.args) + + self.optimizer = optimizer_cls(optimizer_grouped_parameters, **optimizer_kwargs) + if optimizer_cls.__name__ == "Adam8bit": + import bitsandbytes + + manager = bitsandbytes.optim.GlobalOptimManager.get_instance() + + skipped = 0 + for module in opt_model.modules(): + if isinstance(module, nn.Embedding): + skipped += sum({p.data_ptr(): p.numel() for p in module.parameters()}.values()) + logger.info(f"skipped {module}: {skipped/2**20}M params") + manager.register_module_override(module, "weight", {"optim_bits": 32}) + logger.debug(f"bitsandbytes: will optimize {module} in fp32") + logger.info(f"skipped: {skipped/2**20}M params") + + return self.optimizer + + def _save_checkpoint(self, model, trial, metrics=None): + if getattr(self.args, 'tune_mm_mlp_adapter', False): + from transformers.trainer_utils import PREFIX_CHECKPOINT_DIR + checkpoint_folder = f"{PREFIX_CHECKPOINT_DIR}-{self.state.global_step}" + + run_dir = self._get_output_dir(trial=trial) + output_dir = os.path.join(run_dir, checkpoint_folder) + + # Only save Adapter + keys_to_match = ['mm_projector', 'vision_resampler'] + if getattr(self.args, "use_im_start_end", False): + keys_to_match.extend(['embed_tokens', 'embed_in']) + + weight_to_save = get_mm_adapter_state_maybe_zero_3(self.model.named_parameters(), keys_to_match) + + if self.args.local_rank == 0 or self.args.local_rank == -1: + self.model.config.save_pretrained(output_dir) + torch.save(weight_to_save, os.path.join(output_dir, f'mm_projector.bin')) + else: + super(LLaVATrainer, self)._save_checkpoint(model, trial, metrics) + + def _save(self, output_dir: Optional[str] = None, state_dict=None): + if getattr(self.args, 'tune_mm_mlp_adapter', False): + pass + else: + super(LLaVATrainer, self)._save(output_dir, state_dict) diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/train/train.py b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/train/train.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..477c668b62a30da69a6efc630c736fe319970bae --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/train/train.py @@ -0,0 +1,991 @@ +# Adopted from https://github.com/lm-sys/FastChat. Below is the original copyright: +# Adopted from tatsu-lab@stanford_alpaca. Below is the original copyright: +# Copyright 2023 Rohan Taori, Ishaan Gulrajani, Tianyi Zhang, Yann Dubois, Xuechen Li +# +# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); +# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. +# You may obtain a copy of the License at +# +# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 +# +# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, +# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. +# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and +# limitations under the License. + +import os +import copy +from dataclasses import dataclass, field +import json +import logging +import pathlib +from typing import Dict, Optional, Sequence, List + +import torch + +import transformers +import tokenizers + +from llava.constants import IGNORE_INDEX, IMAGE_TOKEN_INDEX, DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN, DEFAULT_IM_START_TOKEN, DEFAULT_IM_END_TOKEN +from torch.utils.data import Dataset +from llava.train.llava_trainer import LLaVATrainer + +from llava import conversation as conversation_lib +from llava.model import * +from llava.mm_utils import tokenizer_image_token + +from PIL import Image + + +local_rank = None + + +def rank0_print(*args): + if local_rank == 0: + print(*args) + + +from packaging import version +IS_TOKENIZER_GREATER_THAN_0_14 = version.parse(tokenizers.__version__) >= version.parse('0.14') + + +@dataclass +class ModelArguments: + model_name_or_path: Optional[str] = field(default="facebook/opt-125m") + version: Optional[str] = field(default="v0") + freeze_backbone: bool = field(default=False) + tune_mm_mlp_adapter: bool = field(default=False) + vision_tower: Optional[str] = field(default=None) + mm_vision_select_layer: Optional[int] = field(default=-1) # default to the last layer + pretrain_mm_mlp_adapter: Optional[str] = field(default=None) + mm_projector_type: Optional[str] = field(default='linear') + mm_use_im_start_end: bool = field(default=False) + mm_use_im_patch_token: bool = field(default=True) + mm_patch_merge_type: Optional[str] = field(default='flat') + mm_vision_select_feature: Optional[str] = field(default="patch") + + +@dataclass +class DataArguments: + data_path: str = field(default=None, + metadata={"help": "Path to the training data."}) + lazy_preprocess: bool = False + is_multimodal: bool = False + image_folder: Optional[str] = field(default=None) + image_aspect_ratio: str = 'square' + + +@dataclass +class TrainingArguments(transformers.TrainingArguments): + cache_dir: Optional[str] = field(default=None) + optim: str = field(default="adamw_torch") + remove_unused_columns: bool = field(default=False) + freeze_mm_mlp_adapter: bool = field(default=False) + mpt_attn_impl: Optional[str] = field(default="triton") + model_max_length: int = field( + default=512, + metadata={ + "help": + "Maximum sequence length. Sequences will be right padded (and possibly truncated)." + }, + ) + double_quant: bool = field( + default=True, + metadata={"help": "Compress the quantization statistics through double quantization."} + ) + quant_type: str = field( + default="nf4", + metadata={"help": "Quantization data type to use. Should be one of `fp4` or `nf4`."} + ) + bits: int = field( + default=16, + metadata={"help": "How many bits to use."} + ) + lora_enable: bool = False + lora_r: int = 64 + lora_alpha: int = 16 + lora_dropout: float = 0.05 + lora_weight_path: str = "" + lora_bias: str = "none" + mm_projector_lr: Optional[float] = None + group_by_modality_length: bool = field(default=False) + + +def maybe_zero_3(param, ignore_status=False, name=None): + from deepspeed import zero + from deepspeed.runtime.zero.partition_parameters import ZeroParamStatus + if hasattr(param, "ds_id"): + if param.ds_status == ZeroParamStatus.NOT_AVAILABLE: + if not ignore_status: + logging.warning(f"{name}: param.ds_status != ZeroParamStatus.NOT_AVAILABLE: {param.ds_status}") + with zero.GatheredParameters([param]): + param = param.data.detach().cpu().clone() + else: + param = param.detach().cpu().clone() + return param + + +# Borrowed from peft.utils.get_peft_model_state_dict +def get_peft_state_maybe_zero_3(named_params, bias): + if bias == "none": + to_return = {k: t for k, t in named_params if "lora_" in k} + elif bias == "all": + to_return = {k: t for k, t in named_params if "lora_" in k or "bias" in k} + elif bias == "lora_only": + to_return = {} + maybe_lora_bias = {} + lora_bias_names = set() + for k, t in named_params: + if "lora_" in k: + to_return[k] = t + bias_name = k.split("lora_")[0] + "bias" + lora_bias_names.add(bias_name) + elif "bias" in k: + maybe_lora_bias[k] = t + for k, t in maybe_lora_bias: + if bias_name in lora_bias_names: + to_return[bias_name] = t + else: + raise NotImplementedError + to_return = {k: maybe_zero_3(v, ignore_status=True) for k, v in to_return.items()} + return to_return + + +def get_peft_state_non_lora_maybe_zero_3(named_params, require_grad_only=True): + to_return = {k: t for k, t in named_params if "lora_" not in k} + if require_grad_only: + to_return = {k: t for k, t in to_return.items() if t.requires_grad} + to_return = {k: maybe_zero_3(v, ignore_status=True).cpu() for k, v in to_return.items()} + return to_return + + +def get_mm_adapter_state_maybe_zero_3(named_params, keys_to_match): + to_return = {k: t for k, t in named_params if any(key_match in k for key_match in keys_to_match)} + to_return = {k: maybe_zero_3(v, ignore_status=True).cpu() for k, v in to_return.items()} + return to_return + + +def find_all_linear_names(model): + cls = torch.nn.Linear + lora_module_names = set() + multimodal_keywords = ['mm_projector', 'vision_tower', 'vision_resampler'] + for name, module in model.named_modules(): + if any(mm_keyword in name for mm_keyword in multimodal_keywords): + continue + if isinstance(module, cls): + names = name.split('.') + lora_module_names.add(names[0] if len(names) == 1 else names[-1]) + + if 'lm_head' in lora_module_names: # needed for 16-bit + lora_module_names.remove('lm_head') + return list(lora_module_names) + + +def safe_save_model_for_hf_trainer(trainer: transformers.Trainer, + output_dir: str): + """Collects the state dict and dump to disk.""" + + if getattr(trainer.args, "tune_mm_mlp_adapter", False): + # Only save Adapter + keys_to_match = ['mm_projector'] + if getattr(trainer.args, "use_im_start_end", False): + keys_to_match.extend(['embed_tokens', 'embed_in']) + + weight_to_save = get_mm_adapter_state_maybe_zero_3(trainer.model.named_parameters(), keys_to_match) + trainer.model.config.save_pretrained(output_dir) + + current_folder = output_dir.split('/')[-1] + parent_folder = os.path.dirname(output_dir) + if trainer.args.local_rank == 0 or trainer.args.local_rank == -1: + if current_folder.startswith('checkpoint-'): + mm_projector_folder = os.path.join(parent_folder, "mm_projector") + os.makedirs(mm_projector_folder, exist_ok=True) + torch.save(weight_to_save, os.path.join(mm_projector_folder, f'{current_folder}.bin')) + else: + torch.save(weight_to_save, os.path.join(output_dir, f'mm_projector.bin')) + return + + if trainer.deepspeed: + torch.cuda.synchronize() + trainer.save_model(output_dir) + return + + state_dict = trainer.model.state_dict() + if trainer.args.should_save: + cpu_state_dict = { + key: value.cpu() + for key, value in state_dict.items() + } + del state_dict + trainer._save(output_dir, state_dict=cpu_state_dict) # noqa + + +def smart_tokenizer_and_embedding_resize( + special_tokens_dict: Dict, + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, + model: transformers.PreTrainedModel, +): + """Resize tokenizer and embedding. + + Note: This is the unoptimized version that may make your embedding size not be divisible by 64. + """ + num_new_tokens = tokenizer.add_special_tokens(special_tokens_dict) + model.resize_token_embeddings(len(tokenizer)) + + if num_new_tokens > 0: + input_embeddings = model.get_input_embeddings().weight.data + output_embeddings = model.get_output_embeddings().weight.data + + input_embeddings_avg = input_embeddings[:-num_new_tokens].mean( + dim=0, keepdim=True) + output_embeddings_avg = output_embeddings[:-num_new_tokens].mean( + dim=0, keepdim=True) + + input_embeddings[-num_new_tokens:] = input_embeddings_avg + output_embeddings[-num_new_tokens:] = output_embeddings_avg + + +def _tokenize_fn(strings: Sequence[str], + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer) -> Dict: + """Tokenize a list of strings.""" + tokenized_list = [ + tokenizer( + text, + return_tensors="pt", + padding="longest", + max_length=tokenizer.model_max_length, + truncation=True, + ) for text in strings + ] + input_ids = labels = [ + tokenized.input_ids[0] for tokenized in tokenized_list + ] + input_ids_lens = labels_lens = [ + tokenized.input_ids.ne(tokenizer.pad_token_id).sum().item() + for tokenized in tokenized_list + ] + return dict( + input_ids=input_ids, + labels=labels, + input_ids_lens=input_ids_lens, + labels_lens=labels_lens, + ) + + +def _mask_targets(target, tokenized_lens, speakers): + # cur_idx = 0 + cur_idx = tokenized_lens[0] + tokenized_lens = tokenized_lens[1:] + target[:cur_idx] = IGNORE_INDEX + for tokenized_len, speaker in zip(tokenized_lens, speakers): + if speaker == "human": + target[cur_idx+2:cur_idx + tokenized_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + cur_idx += tokenized_len + + +def _add_speaker_and_signal(header, source, get_conversation=True): + """Add speaker and start/end signal on each round.""" + BEGIN_SIGNAL = "### " + END_SIGNAL = "\n" + conversation = header + for sentence in source: + from_str = sentence["from"] + if from_str.lower() == "human": + from_str = conversation_lib.default_conversation.roles[0] + elif from_str.lower() == "gpt": + from_str = conversation_lib.default_conversation.roles[1] + else: + from_str = 'unknown' + sentence["value"] = (BEGIN_SIGNAL + from_str + ": " + + sentence["value"] + END_SIGNAL) + if get_conversation: + conversation += sentence["value"] + conversation += BEGIN_SIGNAL + return conversation + + +def preprocess_multimodal( + sources: Sequence[str], + data_args: DataArguments +) -> Dict: + is_multimodal = data_args.is_multimodal + if not is_multimodal: + return sources + + for source in sources: + for sentence in source: + if DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN in sentence['value']: + sentence['value'] = sentence['value'].replace(DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN, '').strip() + sentence['value'] = DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN + '\n' + sentence['value'] + sentence['value'] = sentence['value'].strip() + if "mmtag" in conversation_lib.default_conversation.version: + sentence['value'] = sentence['value'].replace(DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN, '' + DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN + '') + replace_token = DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN + if data_args.mm_use_im_start_end: + replace_token = DEFAULT_IM_START_TOKEN + replace_token + DEFAULT_IM_END_TOKEN + sentence["value"] = sentence["value"].replace(DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN, replace_token) + + return sources + + +def preprocess_llama_2( + sources, + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, + has_image: bool = False +) -> Dict: + conv = conversation_lib.default_conversation.copy() + roles = {"human": conv.roles[0], "gpt": conv.roles[1]} + + # Apply prompt templates + conversations = [] + for i, source in enumerate(sources): + if roles[source[0]["from"]] != conv.roles[0]: + # Skip the first one if it is not from human + source = source[1:] + + conv.messages = [] + for j, sentence in enumerate(source): + role = roles[sentence["from"]] + assert role == conv.roles[j % 2], f"{i}" + conv.append_message(role, sentence["value"]) + conversations.append(conv.get_prompt()) + + # Tokenize conversations + + if has_image: + input_ids = torch.stack([tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer, return_tensors='pt') for prompt in conversations], dim=0) + else: + input_ids = tokenizer( + conversations, + return_tensors="pt", + padding="longest", + max_length=tokenizer.model_max_length, + truncation=True, + ).input_ids + + targets = input_ids.clone() + + assert conv.sep_style == conversation_lib.SeparatorStyle.LLAMA_2 + + # Mask targets + sep = "[/INST] " + for conversation, target in zip(conversations, targets): + total_len = int(target.ne(tokenizer.pad_token_id).sum()) + + rounds = conversation.split(conv.sep2) + cur_len = 1 + target[:cur_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + for i, rou in enumerate(rounds): + if rou == "": + break + + parts = rou.split(sep) + if len(parts) != 2: + break + parts[0] += sep + + if has_image: + round_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(rou, tokenizer)) + instruction_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(parts[0], tokenizer)) - 2 + else: + round_len = len(tokenizer(rou).input_ids) + instruction_len = len(tokenizer(parts[0]).input_ids) - 2 + + target[cur_len : cur_len + instruction_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + + cur_len += round_len + target[cur_len:] = IGNORE_INDEX + + if cur_len < tokenizer.model_max_length: + if cur_len != total_len: + target[:] = IGNORE_INDEX + print( + f"WARNING: tokenization mismatch: {cur_len} vs. {total_len}." + f" (ignored)" + ) + + return dict( + input_ids=input_ids, + labels=targets, + ) + + +def preprocess_v1( + sources, + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, + has_image: bool = False +) -> Dict: + conv = conversation_lib.default_conversation.copy() + roles = {"human": conv.roles[0], "gpt": conv.roles[1]} + + # Apply prompt templates + conversations = [] + for i, source in enumerate(sources): + if roles[source[0]["from"]] != conv.roles[0]: + # Skip the first one if it is not from human + source = source[1:] + + conv.messages = [] + for j, sentence in enumerate(source): + role = roles[sentence["from"]] + assert role == conv.roles[j % 2], f"{i}" + conv.append_message(role, sentence["value"]) + conversations.append(conv.get_prompt()) + + # Tokenize conversations + + if has_image: + input_ids = torch.stack([tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer, return_tensors='pt') for prompt in conversations], dim=0) + else: + input_ids = tokenizer( + conversations, + return_tensors="pt", + padding="longest", + max_length=tokenizer.model_max_length, + truncation=True, + ).input_ids + + targets = input_ids.clone() + + assert conv.sep_style == conversation_lib.SeparatorStyle.TWO + + # Mask targets + sep = conv.sep + conv.roles[1] + ": " + for conversation, target in zip(conversations, targets): + total_len = int(target.ne(tokenizer.pad_token_id).sum()) + + rounds = conversation.split(conv.sep2) + cur_len = 1 + target[:cur_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + for i, rou in enumerate(rounds): + if rou == "": + break + + parts = rou.split(sep) + if len(parts) != 2: + break + parts[0] += sep + + if has_image: + round_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(rou, tokenizer)) + instruction_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(parts[0], tokenizer)) - 2 + else: + round_len = len(tokenizer(rou).input_ids) + instruction_len = len(tokenizer(parts[0]).input_ids) - 2 + + if i != 0 and not tokenizer.legacy and IS_TOKENIZER_GREATER_THAN_0_14: + round_len -= 1 + instruction_len -= 1 + + target[cur_len : cur_len + instruction_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + + cur_len += round_len + target[cur_len:] = IGNORE_INDEX + + if cur_len < tokenizer.model_max_length: + if cur_len != total_len: + target[:] = IGNORE_INDEX + print( + f"WARNING: tokenization mismatch: {cur_len} vs. {total_len}." + f" (ignored)" + ) + + return dict( + input_ids=input_ids, + labels=targets, + ) + + +def preprocess_mpt( + sources, + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, + has_image: bool = False +) -> Dict: + conv = conversation_lib.default_conversation.copy() + roles = {"human": conv.roles[0], "gpt": conv.roles[1]} + + # Apply prompt templates + conversations = [] + for i, source in enumerate(sources): + if roles[source[0]["from"]] != conv.roles[0]: + # Skip the first one if it is not from human + source = source[1:] + + conv.messages = [] + for j, sentence in enumerate(source): + role = roles[sentence["from"]] + assert role == conv.roles[j % 2], f"{i}" + conv.append_message(role, sentence["value"]) + conversations.append(conv.get_prompt()) + + # Tokenize conversations + + if has_image: + input_ids = torch.stack([tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer, return_tensors='pt') for prompt in conversations], dim=0) + else: + input_ids = tokenizer( + conversations, + return_tensors="pt", + padding="longest", + max_length=tokenizer.model_max_length, + truncation=True, + ).input_ids + + targets = input_ids.clone() + assert conv.sep_style == conversation_lib.SeparatorStyle.MPT + + # Mask targets + sep = conv.sep + conv.roles[1] + for conversation, target in zip(conversations, targets): + total_len = int(target.ne(tokenizer.pad_token_id).sum()) + + rounds = conversation.split(conv.sep) + re_rounds = [conv.sep.join(rounds[:3])] # system + user + gpt + for conv_idx in range(3, len(rounds), 2): + re_rounds.append(conv.sep.join(rounds[conv_idx:conv_idx+2])) # user + gpt + cur_len = 0 + target[:cur_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + for i, rou in enumerate(re_rounds): + if rou == "": + break + + parts = rou.split(sep) + if len(parts) != 2: + break + parts[0] += sep + + if has_image: + round_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(rou, tokenizer)) + instruction_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(parts[0], tokenizer)) - 1 + else: + round_len = len(tokenizer(rou).input_ids) + instruction_len = len(tokenizer(parts[0]).input_ids) - 1 + + if i != 0 and getattr(tokenizer, 'legacy', False) and IS_TOKENIZER_GREATER_THAN_0_14: + round_len += 1 + instruction_len += 1 + + target[cur_len : cur_len + instruction_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + + cur_len += round_len + target[cur_len:] = IGNORE_INDEX + + if cur_len < tokenizer.model_max_length: + if cur_len != total_len: + target[:] = IGNORE_INDEX + print( + f"WARNING: tokenization mismatch: {cur_len} vs. {total_len}." + f" (ignored)" + ) + + return dict( + input_ids=input_ids, + labels=targets, + ) + + +def preprocess_plain( + sources: Sequence[str], + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, +) -> Dict: + # add end signal and concatenate together + conversations = [] + for source in sources: + assert len(source) == 2 + assert DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN in source[0]['value'] + source[0]['value'] = DEFAULT_IMAGE_TOKEN + conversation = source[0]['value'] + source[1]['value'] + conversation_lib.default_conversation.sep + conversations.append(conversation) + # tokenize conversations + input_ids = [tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer, return_tensors='pt') for prompt in conversations] + targets = copy.deepcopy(input_ids) + for target, source in zip(targets, sources): + tokenized_len = len(tokenizer_image_token(source[0]['value'], tokenizer)) + target[:tokenized_len] = IGNORE_INDEX + + return dict(input_ids=input_ids, labels=targets) + + +def preprocess( + sources: Sequence[str], + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, + has_image: bool = False +) -> Dict: + """ + Given a list of sources, each is a conversation list. This transform: + 1. Add signal '### ' at the beginning each sentence, with end signal '\n'; + 2. Concatenate conversations together; + 3. Tokenize the concatenated conversation; + 4. Make a deepcopy as the target. Mask human words with IGNORE_INDEX. + """ + if conversation_lib.default_conversation.sep_style == conversation_lib.SeparatorStyle.PLAIN: + return preprocess_plain(sources, tokenizer) + if conversation_lib.default_conversation.sep_style == conversation_lib.SeparatorStyle.LLAMA_2: + return preprocess_llama_2(sources, tokenizer, has_image=has_image) + if conversation_lib.default_conversation.version.startswith("v1"): + return preprocess_v1(sources, tokenizer, has_image=has_image) + if conversation_lib.default_conversation.version == "mpt": + return preprocess_mpt(sources, tokenizer, has_image=has_image) + # add end signal and concatenate together + conversations = [] + for source in sources: + header = f"{conversation_lib.default_conversation.system}\n\n" + conversation = _add_speaker_and_signal(header, source) + conversations.append(conversation) + # tokenize conversations + def get_tokenize_len(prompts): + return [len(tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer)) for prompt in prompts] + + if has_image: + input_ids = [tokenizer_image_token(prompt, tokenizer, return_tensors='pt') for prompt in conversations] + else: + conversations_tokenized = _tokenize_fn(conversations, tokenizer) + input_ids = conversations_tokenized["input_ids"] + + targets = copy.deepcopy(input_ids) + for target, source in zip(targets, sources): + if has_image: + tokenized_lens = get_tokenize_len([header] + [s["value"] for s in source]) + else: + tokenized_lens = _tokenize_fn([header] + [s["value"] for s in source], tokenizer)["input_ids_lens"] + speakers = [sentence["from"] for sentence in source] + _mask_targets(target, tokenized_lens, speakers) + + return dict(input_ids=input_ids, labels=targets) + + +class LazySupervisedDataset(Dataset): + """Dataset for supervised fine-tuning.""" + + def __init__(self, data_path: str, + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, + data_args: DataArguments): + super(LazySupervisedDataset, self).__init__() + list_data_dict = json.load(open(data_path, "r")) + + rank0_print("Formatting inputs...Skip in lazy mode") + self.tokenizer = tokenizer + self.list_data_dict = list_data_dict + self.data_args = data_args + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.list_data_dict) + + @property + def lengths(self): + length_list = [] + for sample in self.list_data_dict: + img_tokens = 128 if 'image' in sample else 0 + length_list.append(sum(len(conv['value'].split()) for conv in sample['conversations']) + img_tokens) + return length_list + + @property + def modality_lengths(self): + length_list = [] + for sample in self.list_data_dict: + cur_len = sum(len(conv['value'].split()) for conv in sample['conversations']) + cur_len = cur_len if 'image' in sample else -cur_len + length_list.append(cur_len) + return length_list + + def __getitem__(self, i) -> Dict[str, torch.Tensor]: + sources = self.list_data_dict[i] + if isinstance(i, int): + sources = [sources] + assert len(sources) == 1, "Don't know why it is wrapped to a list" # FIXME + if 'image' in sources[0]: + image_file = self.list_data_dict[i]['image'] + image_folder = self.data_args.image_folder + processor = self.data_args.image_processor + image = Image.open(os.path.join(image_folder, image_file)).convert('RGB') + if self.data_args.image_aspect_ratio == 'pad': + def expand2square(pil_img, background_color): + width, height = pil_img.size + if width == height: + return pil_img + elif width > height: + result = Image.new(pil_img.mode, (width, width), background_color) + result.paste(pil_img, (0, (width - height) // 2)) + return result + else: + result = Image.new(pil_img.mode, (height, height), background_color) + result.paste(pil_img, ((height - width) // 2, 0)) + return result + image = expand2square(image, tuple(int(x*255) for x in processor.image_mean)) + image = processor.preprocess(image, return_tensors='pt')['pixel_values'][0] + else: + image = processor.preprocess(image, return_tensors='pt')['pixel_values'][0] + sources = preprocess_multimodal( + copy.deepcopy([e["conversations"] for e in sources]), + self.data_args) + else: + sources = copy.deepcopy([e["conversations"] for e in sources]) + data_dict = preprocess( + sources, + self.tokenizer, + has_image=('image' in self.list_data_dict[i])) + if isinstance(i, int): + data_dict = dict(input_ids=data_dict["input_ids"][0], + labels=data_dict["labels"][0]) + + # image exist in the data + if 'image' in self.list_data_dict[i]: + data_dict['image'] = image + elif self.data_args.is_multimodal: + # image does not exist in the data, but the model is multimodal + crop_size = self.data_args.image_processor.crop_size + data_dict['image'] = torch.zeros(3, crop_size['height'], crop_size['width']) + return data_dict + + +@dataclass +class DataCollatorForSupervisedDataset(object): + """Collate examples for supervised fine-tuning.""" + + tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer + + def __call__(self, instances: Sequence[Dict]) -> Dict[str, torch.Tensor]: + input_ids, labels = tuple([instance[key] for instance in instances] + for key in ("input_ids", "labels")) + input_ids = torch.nn.utils.rnn.pad_sequence( + input_ids, + batch_first=True, + padding_value=self.tokenizer.pad_token_id) + labels = torch.nn.utils.rnn.pad_sequence(labels, + batch_first=True, + padding_value=IGNORE_INDEX) + input_ids = input_ids[:, :self.tokenizer.model_max_length] + labels = labels[:, :self.tokenizer.model_max_length] + batch = dict( + input_ids=input_ids, + labels=labels, + attention_mask=input_ids.ne(self.tokenizer.pad_token_id), + ) + + if 'image' in instances[0]: + images = [instance['image'] for instance in instances] + if all(x is not None and x.shape == images[0].shape for x in images): + batch['images'] = torch.stack(images) + else: + batch['images'] = images + + return batch + + +def make_supervised_data_module(tokenizer: transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer, + data_args) -> Dict: + """Make dataset and collator for supervised fine-tuning.""" + train_dataset = LazySupervisedDataset(tokenizer=tokenizer, + data_path=data_args.data_path, + data_args=data_args) + data_collator = DataCollatorForSupervisedDataset(tokenizer=tokenizer) + return dict(train_dataset=train_dataset, + eval_dataset=None, + data_collator=data_collator) + + +def train(attn_implementation=None): + global local_rank + + parser = transformers.HfArgumentParser( + (ModelArguments, DataArguments, TrainingArguments)) + model_args, data_args, training_args = parser.parse_args_into_dataclasses() + local_rank = training_args.local_rank + compute_dtype = (torch.float16 if training_args.fp16 else (torch.bfloat16 if training_args.bf16 else torch.float32)) + + bnb_model_from_pretrained_args = {} + if training_args.bits in [4, 8]: + from transformers import BitsAndBytesConfig + bnb_model_from_pretrained_args.update(dict( + device_map={"": training_args.device}, + load_in_4bit=training_args.bits == 4, + load_in_8bit=training_args.bits == 8, + quantization_config=BitsAndBytesConfig( + load_in_4bit=training_args.bits == 4, + load_in_8bit=training_args.bits == 8, + llm_int8_skip_modules=["mm_projector"], + llm_int8_threshold=6.0, + llm_int8_has_fp16_weight=False, + bnb_4bit_compute_dtype=compute_dtype, + bnb_4bit_use_double_quant=training_args.double_quant, + bnb_4bit_quant_type=training_args.quant_type # {'fp4', 'nf4'} + ) + )) + + if model_args.vision_tower is not None: + if 'mpt' in model_args.model_name_or_path: + config = transformers.AutoConfig.from_pretrained(model_args.model_name_or_path, trust_remote_code=True) + config.attn_config['attn_impl'] = training_args.mpt_attn_impl + model = LlavaMptForCausalLM.from_pretrained( + model_args.model_name_or_path, + config=config, + cache_dir=training_args.cache_dir, + **bnb_model_from_pretrained_args + ) + else: + model = LlavaLlamaForCausalLM.from_pretrained( + model_args.model_name_or_path, + cache_dir=training_args.cache_dir, + attn_implementation=attn_implementation, + torch_dtype=(torch.bfloat16 if training_args.bf16 else None), + **bnb_model_from_pretrained_args + ) + else: + model = transformers.LlamaForCausalLM.from_pretrained( + model_args.model_name_or_path, + cache_dir=training_args.cache_dir, + attn_implementation=attn_implementation, + torch_dtype=(torch.bfloat16 if training_args.bf16 else None), + **bnb_model_from_pretrained_args + ) + model.config.use_cache = False + + if model_args.freeze_backbone: + model.model.requires_grad_(False) + + if training_args.bits in [4, 8]: + from peft import prepare_model_for_kbit_training + model.config.torch_dtype=(torch.float32 if training_args.fp16 else (torch.bfloat16 if training_args.bf16 else torch.float32)) + model = prepare_model_for_kbit_training(model, use_gradient_checkpointing=training_args.gradient_checkpointing) + + if training_args.gradient_checkpointing: + if hasattr(model, "enable_input_require_grads"): + model.enable_input_require_grads() + else: + def make_inputs_require_grad(module, input, output): + output.requires_grad_(True) + model.get_input_embeddings().register_forward_hook(make_inputs_require_grad) + + if training_args.lora_enable: + from peft import LoraConfig, get_peft_model + lora_config = LoraConfig( + r=training_args.lora_r, + lora_alpha=training_args.lora_alpha, + target_modules=find_all_linear_names(model), + lora_dropout=training_args.lora_dropout, + bias=training_args.lora_bias, + task_type="CAUSAL_LM", + ) + if training_args.bits == 16: + if training_args.bf16: + model.to(torch.bfloat16) + if training_args.fp16: + model.to(torch.float16) + rank0_print("Adding LoRA adapters...") + model = get_peft_model(model, lora_config) + + if 'mpt' in model_args.model_name_or_path: + tokenizer = transformers.AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained( + model_args.model_name_or_path, + cache_dir=training_args.cache_dir, + model_max_length=training_args.model_max_length, + padding_side="right" + ) + else: + tokenizer = transformers.AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained( + model_args.model_name_or_path, + cache_dir=training_args.cache_dir, + model_max_length=training_args.model_max_length, + padding_side="right", + use_fast=False, + ) + + if model_args.version == "v0": + if tokenizer.pad_token is None: + smart_tokenizer_and_embedding_resize( + special_tokens_dict=dict(pad_token="[PAD]"), + tokenizer=tokenizer, + model=model, + ) + elif model_args.version == "v0.5": + tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.unk_token + else: + tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.unk_token + if model_args.version in conversation_lib.conv_templates: + conversation_lib.default_conversation = conversation_lib.conv_templates[model_args.version] + else: + conversation_lib.default_conversation = conversation_lib.conv_templates["vicuna_v1"] + + if model_args.vision_tower is not None: + model.get_model().initialize_vision_modules( + model_args=model_args, + fsdp=training_args.fsdp + ) + + vision_tower = model.get_vision_tower() + vision_tower.to(dtype=torch.bfloat16 if training_args.bf16 else torch.float16, device=training_args.device) + + data_args.image_processor = vision_tower.image_processor + data_args.is_multimodal = True + + model.config.image_aspect_ratio = data_args.image_aspect_ratio + model.config.tokenizer_padding_side = tokenizer.padding_side + model.config.tokenizer_model_max_length = tokenizer.model_max_length + + model.config.tune_mm_mlp_adapter = training_args.tune_mm_mlp_adapter = model_args.tune_mm_mlp_adapter + if model_args.tune_mm_mlp_adapter: + model.requires_grad_(False) + for p in model.get_model().mm_projector.parameters(): + p.requires_grad = True + + model.config.freeze_mm_mlp_adapter = training_args.freeze_mm_mlp_adapter + if training_args.freeze_mm_mlp_adapter: + for p in model.get_model().mm_projector.parameters(): + p.requires_grad = False + + if training_args.bits in [4, 8]: + model.get_model().mm_projector.to(dtype=compute_dtype, device=training_args.device) + + model.config.mm_use_im_start_end = data_args.mm_use_im_start_end = model_args.mm_use_im_start_end + model.config.mm_projector_lr = training_args.mm_projector_lr + training_args.use_im_start_end = model_args.mm_use_im_start_end + model.config.mm_use_im_patch_token = model_args.mm_use_im_patch_token + model.initialize_vision_tokenizer(model_args, tokenizer=tokenizer) + + if training_args.bits in [4, 8]: + from peft.tuners.lora import LoraLayer + for name, module in model.named_modules(): + if isinstance(module, LoraLayer): + if training_args.bf16: + module = module.to(torch.bfloat16) + if 'norm' in name: + module = module.to(torch.float32) + if 'lm_head' in name or 'embed_tokens' in name: + if hasattr(module, 'weight'): + if training_args.bf16 and module.weight.dtype == torch.float32: + module = module.to(torch.bfloat16) + + data_module = make_supervised_data_module(tokenizer=tokenizer, + data_args=data_args) + trainer = LLaVATrainer(model=model, + tokenizer=tokenizer, + args=training_args, + **data_module) + + if list(pathlib.Path(training_args.output_dir).glob("checkpoint-*")): + trainer.train(resume_from_checkpoint=True) + else: + trainer.train() + trainer.save_state() + + model.config.use_cache = True + + if training_args.lora_enable: + state_dict = get_peft_state_maybe_zero_3( + model.named_parameters(), training_args.lora_bias + ) + non_lora_state_dict = get_peft_state_non_lora_maybe_zero_3( + model.named_parameters() + ) + if training_args.local_rank == 0 or training_args.local_rank == -1: + model.config.save_pretrained(training_args.output_dir) + model.save_pretrained(training_args.output_dir, state_dict=state_dict) + torch.save(non_lora_state_dict, os.path.join(training_args.output_dir, 'non_lora_trainables.bin')) + else: + safe_save_model_for_hf_trainer(trainer=trainer, + output_dir=training_args.output_dir) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + train() diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/train/train_mem.py b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/train/train_mem.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..29ea06170f23a845627c7e3dd52d3a5bdb379767 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/train/train_mem.py @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +from llava.train.train import train + +if __name__ == "__main__": + train(attn_implementation="flash_attention_2") diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/train/train_xformers.py b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/train/train_xformers.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..23a59bf4ee0f365de9fbf3838836b170058126d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/llava/train/train_xformers.py @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +# Make it more memory efficient by monkey patching the LLaMA model with xformers attention. + +# Need to call this before importing transformers. +from llava.train.llama_xformers_attn_monkey_patch import ( + replace_llama_attn_with_xformers_attn, +) + +replace_llama_attn_with_xformers_attn() + +from llava.train.train import train + +if __name__ == "__main__": + train() diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/coco2014_val_gpt4_qa_30x3.jsonl b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/coco2014_val_gpt4_qa_30x3.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b4532882149acfa85d74840784052ddfc7061ed4 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/coco2014_val_gpt4_qa_30x3.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +{"id": "000000525439", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000525439.jpg", "instruction": "What is the position of the skateboard in the image?", "output": "The skateboard in the image is in an upside-down position, with its wheels pointing up and laying on the ground.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000525439", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000525439.jpg", "instruction": "Can you elaborate on the elements of the picture provided?", "output": "In the image, a person wearing camo shorts is standing on a cement surface next to an overturned skateboard. The skateboard is laying upside down with its wheels pointing up, giving a sense of it having been flipped or potentially used for a trick. The boy appears to be standing in front of the skateboard, engaging with it or possibly preparing for his next move.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000525439", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000525439.jpg", "instruction": "What might have happened prior to this moment?", "output": "It's plausible that prior to this moment, the person standing next to the overturned skateboard might have attempted a trick or maneuver on the skateboard, which resulted in either a failed attempt or a wipeout. As a consequence, the skateboard ended up upside down on the ground, with its wheels pointed upward. The person, possibly the skateboarder, is standing next to it, possibly pondering their next move, contemplating a retry or assessing any potential damage to the skateboard.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000097131", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000097131.jpg", "instruction": "What is the main focus of the image?", "output": "The main focus of the image is a car parked on the side of the road, next to a parking meter.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000097131", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000097131.jpg", "instruction": "Can you elaborate on the elements of the picture provided?", "output": "The scene features a black car parked on the side of the road next to a parking meter. There is another parking meter slightly further ahead of the car. The car is parked in front of a building, which seems to be the destination for the driver. \n\nAdditionally, there are other vehicles in the image. A gray car is situated further behind the black car, and a truck can be seen in the background on the right side. Moreover, there is another vehicle barely visible on the left side of the scene.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000097131", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000097131.jpg", "instruction": "What might be the reason for the car to be parked on the side of the road?", "output": "The most plausible reason for the car to be parked on the side of the road is that it is utilizing the available parking spot with parking meters. In the image, the car is parked next to two parking meters, which indicates that the driver has parked the car to follow parking regulations and likely paid for their parking session. The car might be parked there so the driver or passengers can go to a nearby building, shop, or participate in any other activities in the area. Parking meters are commonly used in urban and commercial areas to manage and regulate limited street parking spaces, and it's reasonable to assume the driver is abiding by these parking rules.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000305873", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000305873.jpg", "instruction": "What is the pattern on the little girl's umbrella and raincoat?", "output": "The little girl's umbrella and raincoat both have a ladybug pattern on them.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000305873", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000305873.jpg", "instruction": "Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner.", "output": "The image features a little girl dressed for the rain, wearing a ladybug-patterned raincoat and green rubber boots. She is holding a matching red and black dotted umbrella with a ladybug design, prepared to protect herself from the rain. The girl stands in the foreground of the scene, capturing attention. Behind her, there is a car partially visible at the top part of the image.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000305873", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000305873.jpg", "instruction": "What precautions has the little girl taken to stay dry in the rain?", "output": "The little girl in the image has taken several precautions to stay dry in the rain. She is wearing a ladybug-patterned raincoat, which protects her clothes from getting wet, along with a pair of green rubber rain boots to keep her feet dry. Additionally, the little girl is holding a matching ladybug-patterned umbrella to shield herself from the rain. These precautions ensure that she remains comfortable and dry during wet weather conditions.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000081552", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000081552.jpg", "instruction": "What is the cat doing on the red couch?", "output": "The cat is curled up and sleeping on the red couch.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000081552", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000081552.jpg", "instruction": "Write a detailed description of the given image.", "output": "A tan and black cat is curled up and comfortably asleep on a vibrant red couch. The cat is situated towards the center of the plush seat. The red couch itself is prominent in the image, occupying a large portion of the frame. The peaceful sleeping cat adds a sense of warmth and coziness to the scene.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000081552", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000081552.jpg", "instruction": "What factors may have led the cat to choose this location for sleep?", "output": "The cat may have chosen to sleep on the red couch for several reasons. The couch appears to be plush and comfortable, providing a soft surface for the cat to curl up and maintain its body heat. Cats also prefer quiet and low-traffic areas to rest. The couch may be located in such an area, providing a sense of security for the cat while sleeping. Furthermore, felines are known to be attracted to soft and warm materials, making the red velvet seat an appealing spot for relaxation. It's also common for cats to sleep in locations familiar to them or near their human companions, so the couch might be a place where the cat often spends time or feels safe.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000092109", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000092109.jpg", "instruction": "What is the main focus of the image?", "output": "The main focus of the image is the head of a giraffe, shown in a close-up headshot.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000092109", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000092109.jpg", "instruction": "What is this photo about'?", "output": "The image is a clear and colorful close up of a giraffe's head, showcasing its beautiful features. The giraffe is standing tall among several bright green trees, likely in its natural habitat. It appears to be chewing on some leaves, while its face is turned to the side, providing a detailed view of its profile.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000092109", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000092109.jpg", "instruction": "What can be inferred about the giraffe's habitat from this image?", "output": "From the image, it can be inferred that the giraffe's habitat is likely a natural environment with an abundance of greenery. The giraffe is standing tall among several bright green trees, which suggests that the area is rich in vegetation and provides plenty of food sources for the giraffe, such as leaves. This natural habitat is likely suitable for giraffes to thrive and maintain their unique characteristics, such as their long necks, which are adapted for reaching leaves on tall trees.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000056013", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000056013.jpg", "instruction": "Where is the cart with luggage bags located?", "output": "The cart with luggage bags is located in a lobby.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000056013", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000056013.jpg", "instruction": "Describe the following image.", "output": "The scene is set in a lobby at a commercial business, where a wheeled luggage cart is filled with various suitcases and bags. There are a number of luggage bags, including two backpacks, one near the front of the cart and another near the back, as well as multiple suitcases placed on different sections of the cart. \n\nA handbag is also visible, placed near the front of the cart. Two people are present in the scene: one person standing near the left side and another person on the right side, possibly engaging in conversation or waiting to transport their luggage to their rooms.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000056013", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000056013.jpg", "instruction": "What challenges might the staff encounter with handling luggage in the lobby?", "output": "In the image, a cart is filled with numerous pieces of luggage, including suitcases, bags, and backpacks, in the lobby of a commercial business. The staff responsible for handling the luggage might face several challenges such as:\n\n1. Efficiently organizing and placing the luggage on the cart to prevent any damages or items from falling off during transportation.\n2. Identifying and keeping track of each guest's belongings to avoid misplacement or mixing up the luggage.\n3. Maneuvering the heavily loaded cart without causing hindrances to other guests in the lobby while ensuring their safety.\n4. Carrying or transporting the luggage to the guests' rooms in a timely manner to maintain customer satisfaction and efficient use of staff resources.\n\nTo overcome these challenges, staff might need proper training in luggage handling, organization, and customer service skills. Maintaining clear luggage tags and taking note of each item could help them ensure accurate delivery to the corresponding guests' rooms.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000151358", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000151358.jpg", "instruction": "What objects are on the table in the image?", "output": "The objects on the table in the image include a folded newspaper, sunglasses, books, an apple, and a teddy bear.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000151358", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000151358.jpg", "instruction": "Can you elaborate on the elements of the picture provided?", "output": "The image displays a table with a folded newspaper and sunglasses lying on top of it. Behind the newspaper and sunglasses, there is an apple sitting on the table. The scene also features several books arranged near the apple and the newspaper.\n\nIn addition to the books, there is a teddy bear placed behind the apple, adding a friendly and cozy touch to the overall setting. With this assortment of items, the scene appears to be a peaceful and relaxing space for reading and leisure.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000151358", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000151358.jpg", "instruction": "What might be the purpose of this table arrangement?", "output": "The table arrangement, which includes a folded newspaper with sunglasses on top, an apple, several books, and a teddy bear, might serve several purposes. It could be a leisurely reading spot where someone has gathered essentials for a relaxing and comfortable reading experience. The items on the table each serve a specific purpose; the folded newspaper and books provide reading material, the sunglasses protect the reader's eyes when reading outdoors or under bright light, the apple serves as a healthy snack, and the teddy bear adds a cozy and comfortable touch to the arrangement. This combination of items indicates an intention to create an inviting space for both reading and personal enjoyment.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000293505", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000293505.jpg", "instruction": "Is the person riding a motorbike or scooter?", "output": "The person is riding a motorbike, which can also be referred to as a motorcycle or a moped. In this case, the terms motorcycle, scooter, and moped are used interchangeably to describe the same vehicle the woman is riding.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000293505", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000293505.jpg", "instruction": "Explain the visual content of the image in great detail.", "output": "The scene showcases a dirt road, with a woman riding a motorcycle in the middle of the road. She is accompanied by a man walking alongside her, with another man further down the road. Various animals, including three cows, are also present in the scene, suggesting a rural setting. The main cow is positioned to the right of the motorcycle while two smaller cows can be seen on the left side of the road. The people and animals all appear to be going in the same direction down the dirt road.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000293505", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000293505.jpg", "instruction": "What challenges might the woman on the motorcycle face in this situation?", "output": "The woman on the motorcycle might face challenges navigating the dirt road, especially because of the presence of multiple objects and living beings on the road. In the image, a cow is nearby, along with two other smaller cows, two men, and a dog. Dirt roads can be uneven, dusty, and unpredictable, making it important for the woman to maneuver cautiously to avoid any potential accidents. Additionally, she needs to be aware of the animals and people around her to ensure both her safety and the safety of others. This situation requires her to be vigilant, slow down when necessary, and carefully navigate through the environment.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000258285", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000258285.jpg", "instruction": "How many airplanes are visible in the image?", "output": "There are two large passenger airplanes visible in the image.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000258285", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000258285.jpg", "instruction": "What do you see happening in this image?", "output": "The scene captures a picturesque view of two large passenger jets, one in the air and one on the ground. They are flying over a beautiful beach filled with various birds. Many birds can be seen scattered across the scene, both near the water and around the area. The blue water in the background adds a calming touch to the image.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000258285", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000258285.jpg", "instruction": "What environmental impact might these planes' activity have on the birds?", "output": "The presence of two large passenger jets flying in close proximity to the beach filled with birds can have a negative impact on the avian population. The noise generated by the engines can be stressful and disruptive for the birds, potentially resulting in altered behaviors, flight patterns, or even relocation from the area. In addition, the airplanes could pose a risk of bird strikes, in which birds collide with the planes, leading to injuries or fatalities for the birds and damage to the aircraft. This highlights the importance of maintaining safe distances between airplanes and wildlife habitats in order to minimize the risk of adverse effects on both the environment and aviation.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000319432", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000319432.jpg", "instruction": "What is the man doing in the image?", "output": "In the image, the man is holding up clothes on hangers, possibly in some hanger bags, and appears to be preparing for travel, as a suitcase is also in front of him.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000319432", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000319432.jpg", "instruction": "Can you describe the main features of this image for me?", "output": "The image depicts a man standing near a window, holding two clothing hangers with garments in both hands, one red and one white. In front of him, there is a suitcase, possibly indicating that he is preparing for travel or organizing his belongings. The man appears to be showing or comparing these clothes while packing his luggage.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000319432", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000319432.jpg", "instruction": "Why might the man be holding the clothes on hangers?", "output": "The man might be holding the clothes on hangers because he is preparing to pack his suitcase for a trip or has just arrived at his destination and is unpacking his belongings. By holding the clothes on hangers, he can avoid wrinkles and ensure that the garments remain in good condition for wearing during his journey or at his destination. The presence of a suitcase in front of him supports this idea, as it is commonly used for transportation and storage of personal belongings when traveling.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000203629", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000203629.jpg", "instruction": "What is the man doing in the image?", "output": "The man in the image is using his cell phone and giving a thumbs up, possibly posing for a picture.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000203629", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000203629.jpg", "instruction": "Can you describe the main features of this image for me?", "output": "The image depicts a group of people gathered inside a room, creating a lively social atmosphere. A man is prominently featured in the scene, holding a cell phone to his ear and smiling with a thumbs-up gesture, possibly posing for a picture or simply enjoying the conversation.\n\nThere are multiple other people in the room, adding to the gathering and engaging in various conversations. The scene also has two cups visible, one on the left side of the room and another on the right side, indicating that the gathering may be a casual social event.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000203629", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000203629.jpg", "instruction": "What might be the reason behind the man's thumbs-up gesture while on the phone?", "output": "It is likely that the man is giving a thumbs-up gesture while talking on the phone to express a positive emotion or to signal agreement, approval, or satisfaction with the conversation he is having. This non-verbal communication can be conveyed to the people around him or to the person taking the picture of him while on the phone call. The man might be receiving good news, agreeing with the person on the phone, or sharing his excitement with the group of people surrounding him in the room. The specific reason cannot be precisely determined from the image alone, but it does indicate a positive sentiment associated with the phone call.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000225738", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000225738.jpg", "instruction": "How many giraffes are depicted in the image?", "output": "There are four giraffes in the image.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000225738", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000225738.jpg", "instruction": "Write a detailed description of the given image.", "output": "The image showcases a group of four giraffes standing in their natural habitat, a grassy field with some dry brush. They are dispersed across the field, with one giraffe positioned more towards the left, and the other three clustered closer together on the right side. The giraffes appear to be grazing peacefully or engaging in social interactions. A tree can be seen in the scene, providing shade and a point of interest for the giraffes to gather around.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000225738", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000225738.jpg", "instruction": "Why might these giraffes be gathering near the same tree?", "output": "In the image, there are four giraffes gathered near the same tree in their natural habitat, a grass field with dry brush. Giraffes may gather near the same tree for various reasons. One common reason is to feed, as their long necks enable them to reach high branches for fresh leaves and foliage, which is a primary part of their diet. Giraffes are also social animals, so they may gather around the same tree to interact with each other and maintain their social bonds. Furthermore, the tree can provide shade in the hot African sun, offering a place for the giraffes to rest and regulate their body temperature.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000205183", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000205183.jpg", "instruction": "What type of bird is pictured in the image?", "output": "A white duck is pictured in the image.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000205183", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000205183.jpg", "instruction": "What do you see happening in this image?", "output": "The image features a single white bird, likely a duck or a goose, walking along a paved road. The bird appears to be closely examining the ground as it walks. The road runs adjacent to a patch of grass, providing a contrasting backdrop for the scene. The bird occupies a predominant part of the image, offering a close-up view of its action.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000205183", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000205183.jpg", "instruction": "What challenges could the duck face while walking along the paved road?", "output": "While walking along the paved road, the duck may face various challenges. Firstly, the duck could be at risk of encountering vehicles, which might not notice or expect to see wildlife on the road. This could put the duck in danger of being hit or injured by passing traffic. Secondly, the duck might struggle to find appropriate food sources on or near the paved road, as opposed to its natural habitat, such as a body of water or a grassy area, where it would have easier access to its regular diet.\n\nFurthermore, the duck might be exposed to potential predators, like domestic pets or other animals that live in urban environments, increasing the risk of harm for the duck. Lastly, walking on the paved concrete surface could be less comfortable for the duck than walking on softer natural ground, causing discomfort over time. Overall, the duck's safety and well-being may be compromised by navigating this environment that is not adapted to its natural behaviors and needs.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000460149", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000460149.jpg", "instruction": "What is the main object featured in the image?", "output": "The main object featured in the image is the clock mounted on a pole or a short tower, standing on the sidewalk next to a building.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000460149", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000460149.jpg", "instruction": "Describe the following image.", "output": "The image features a quiet street with a tall clock mounted on a pole at the side of the pavement, near a building. The pole stands prominently on the empty sidewalk, offering a convenient time-keeping source for pedestrians.\n\nThere are a few potted plants along the sidewalk, adding a touch of greenery to the scene. Bicycles can also be seen parked nearby, and a couple of cars are parked further down the street. A person is walking in the background, adding some life to the otherwise calm environment.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000460149", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000460149.jpg", "instruction": "Imagine you are walking down this street; how would you know the time or which direction the sidewalk leads?", "output": "As you walk down this quiet street, you can easily tell the time by looking at the tall clock that is mounted on a pole along the sidewalk. This clock stands out significantly, making it easily noticeable. Regarding the direction of the sidewalk, the presence of potted plants, bicycles, and cars suggest that this is a well-maintained and organized street. As you follow the sidewalk further, you will see that it is lined with trees, potted plants, and parked bicycles and cars, guiding you in the direction it leads. Additionally, the building next to the clock also gives you context for the orientation and direction of the street.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000506095", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000506095.jpg", "instruction": "What is the main focus of the image?", "output": "The main focus of the image is a cat or kitten sitting on or next to a laptop computer.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000506095", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000506095.jpg", "instruction": "What is this photo about'?", "output": "The image features a cat sitting on a wooden desk, intently staring at a black laptop computer that is open in front of it. The desk is quite organized, with several books spread around, both on the left and right sides of the laptop. Some books are neatly piled and others are laid out individually. The scene could be interpreted as the cat appearing to use the laptop or showing interest in what's on the screen.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000506095", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000506095.jpg", "instruction": "What could be a reason for the cat's interest in the laptop?", "output": "The cat may be interested in the laptop due to the light coming from the screen, the movement of the cursor, or the sounds produced by the laptop, such as keystrokes or notifications. Cats are known to be naturally curious creatures and are often attracted to objects that stimulate their senses. The visual display, warmth emanating from the device, and interactive nature of the laptop could be appealing to the cat, prompting it to sit on the desk and face the open laptop. Additionally, the cat may simply be seeking its owner's attention or wanting to be close to them while they use the laptop.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000164255", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000164255.jpg", "instruction": "What is the main object in the image?", "output": "The main object in the image is a colorful striped umbrella standing on the beach.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000164255", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000164255.jpg", "instruction": "What do you think is going on in this snapshot?", "output": "The image features a colorful striped umbrella on the beach, with its vibrant appearance attracting attention. The umbrella is firmly positioned in the sand, providing shade and comfort for visitors. The umbrella sits near the ocean, offering a lovely view of the water and contributing to the pleasant beach atmosphere.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000164255", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000164255.jpg", "instruction": "What purpose does the umbrella serve on the beach?", "output": "The colorful umbrella set up on the beach serves several purposes. First, it provides shade from the sun, which helps protect people from direct sunlight and the associated harmful UV rays, reducing the risk of sunburn and heatstroke. Second, it offers a comfortable spot to relax, rest, and enjoy the beach ambiance without being exposed to the intense sun or heat. Finally, the umbrella creates a designated area for beach-goers to keep their belongings and have a visible landmark to locate their spot quickly when in the crowded beach environment.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000473210", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000473210.jpg", "instruction": "How many people are involved in taking apart the video game controllers?", "output": "There are two people involved in taking apart the video game controllers.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000473210", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000473210.jpg", "instruction": "What are the key elements in this picture?", "output": "The scene features two people at a wooden dining table, where they are working on taking apart their video game remote controllers, possibly in order to replace the batteries. Each person is handling a separate remote, being careful and precise in their actions.\n\nThe table spans the entirety of the scene and a laptop is visible on the left side of the table. It seems the people might be following instructions or looking for additional guidance during the process of disassembling the controllers.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000473210", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000473210.jpg", "instruction": "What might be the reason behind these people taking apart their video game controllers?", "output": "A plausible reason for the two people taking apart their video game controllers could be that they need to replace the batteries inside. Video game remote controls generally operate on batteries, and over time, the batteries may drain and require replacement for the controllers to continue functioning properly. These people might have experienced the controllers not working or functioning sub-optimally, leading them to disassemble the remotes on a wooden table to access and replace the batteries. This action ensures their gaming experience remains uninterrupted and enjoyable.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000441147", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000441147.jpg", "instruction": "What is the color of the two suitcases in the image?", "output": "The colors of the two suitcases in the image are black and brown with yellow details.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000441147", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000441147.jpg", "instruction": "Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner.", "output": "The image features two antique suitcases made of leather, stacked one on top of the other. The top suitcase is black, while the bottom one has a combination of brown and yellow colors. Both suitcases are prominently displayed side by side, taking up a large portion of the image. They appear to be vintage luggage, possibly available for purchase with price tags attached, showcasing their classic design and craftsmanship.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000441147", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000441147.jpg", "instruction": "What potential factors could make these suitcases valuable?", "output": "Several factors could make the two stacked suitcases valuable. In the image, they are described as antique, which suggests that they are potentially rare or have some historical significance. Their age and rarity could contribute to their value. Additionally, they are made of leather, which is a material known for its durability and, in some cases, luxury. The suitcases also differ in color, featuring black, brown, and yellow tones, which may attract buyers due to their aesthetic appeal or the desire to own a unique piece of luggage. Furthermore, the presence of price tags on the luggage indicates that they are being sold, drawing attention to their perceived value in the market. Collectors or enthusiasts of vintage items may find these suitcases valuable due to their material, design, age, and distinct appearance.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000353536", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000353536.jpg", "instruction": "What are the main objects on the table in the image?", "output": "The main objects on the table in the image are plates, glasses, eating utensils, and possibly a bottle of something.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000353536", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000353536.jpg", "instruction": "Describe the following image.", "output": "The image showcases a dining table filled with various dirty dishes, eating utensils, and a bottle. The table has plates and glasses scattered across it. There are at least two cups on the table, with one positioned on the left and another on the right side. \n\nTwo forks can be seen, one resting on a small white plate and the other located towards the left side of the table. A spoon is also present, placed near the left corner of the table. Additionally, there is a bottle located in the upper central area of the table.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000353536", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000353536.jpg", "instruction": "What activity might have recently taken place around this table and what could be its aftermath?", "output": "A meal or gathering might have recently taken place around this table, as evidenced by the variety of dirty dishes, utensils, and drinkware present on it. The aftermath of this meal or event could involve the need to clean up and wash the dirty dishes, glasses, and eating utensils. Items on the table include plates, forks, spoons, cups, and a bottle, which are typically used during such occasions. Participants might have engaged in conversation, shared food and beverages, and enjoyed each other's company at this table. Once the gathering is complete, disposing of any leftovers and cleaning the table area would be necessary to prepare it for the next use.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000367571", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000367571.jpg", "instruction": "How many doughnuts are in the box?", "output": "There are four doughnuts in the box.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000367571", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000367571.jpg", "instruction": "Write a detailed description of the given image.", "output": "The image features a box filled with four different kinds of doughnuts sitting on a table. Each doughnut appears to have a unique design or topping. One of the doughnuts is a cake-style doughnut, while another has nuts and coconut on top. The third doughnut appears to be a glazed one, and the last doughnut also has various toppings. The doughnuts are positioned inside the box in close proximity to one another, showcasing their delicious variety.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000367571", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000367571.jpg", "instruction": "What unique taste combinations can be found in this box of doughnuts?", "output": "The box contains a variety of doughnuts with unique taste combinations. Among the four doughnuts, there are cake doughnuts, a glazed doughnut, and one with a mix of nuts and coconut as toppings. These different toppings and textures provide a diverse selection for those who want to try various flavors and types of doughnuts. Combining the flavors of nuts and coconut on one doughnut, in particular, offers a unique taste experience that blends the richness of nuts with the tropical sweetness of coconut. Thus, the box offers a selection that caters to different preferences and invites people to discover new taste combinations.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000203879", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000203879.jpg", "instruction": "What objects are next to the cellphone in the image?", "output": "In the image, the cellphone is next to a pair of earbuds and two jewels.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000203879", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000203879.jpg", "instruction": "Can you elaborate on the elements of the picture provided?", "output": "In this image, there is a small cell phone displayed on a table. The cell phone is positioned between a set of earbuds and two jewel-like objects, which might be functioning as paperweights or decorative pieces. The close-up shot showcases these items laying near each other, creating a scene that combines technology and luxury.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000203879", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000203879.jpg", "instruction": "What is the connection between the objects in the image?", "output": "In the image, a cell phone is displayed between earbuds and two jewels. The connection between these objects is that they can represent luxury, personal belongings, or daily essential items. The cell phone and earbuds are electronic devices used for communication and entertainment purposes. Both are commonly used in daily life to maintain contact with others, listen to music, or utilize various applications. The jewels, on the other hand, symbolize wealth, luxury, and exclusivity. These items seem to be placed with the intention of emphasizing the cell phone's premium value, associating it with luxury and high quality, potentially for advertising or product display purposes.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000109532", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000109532.jpg", "instruction": "What breed is the dog in the image?", "output": "The dog in the image is a husky.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000109532", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000109532.jpg", "instruction": "What are the key elements in this picture?", "output": "The image shows a large, adorable husky dog sleeping peacefully on a dog bed in a room. The room has a somewhat dark ambiance, making the scene feel cozy and comfortable. \n\nIn the same room, there are two chairs, one positioned towards the center and another one closer to the right side. Additionally, there are two potted plants, one situated slightly behind and to the right of the dog and the other placed further to the right in the room. The presence of these elements gives the room a warm, inviting atmosphere.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000109532", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000109532.jpg", "instruction": "What measures may be taken by the dog's owner to make the dog feel comfortable in the room?", "output": "The dog owner seems to have taken several measures to make their dog feel comfortable in the room. Based on the image, an adorable husky dog has a designated dog bed to sleep in, providing cushioning and a cozy space for rest. The room is also dimly lit or dark, which contributes to a calmer atmosphere that promotes sleep and relaxation. There might be other considerations, such as room temperature or air circulation, that aid in creating a comfortable environment for the dog. It's essential for pet owners to ensure that their pets have a secure and comfortable space to rest in order to maintain their well-being and happiness.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000214367", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000214367.jpg", "instruction": "What type of tree is outside the window with brick siding?", "output": "There is an apple tree outside the window with brick siding.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000214367", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000214367.jpg", "instruction": "Describe the following image.", "output": "The image features a window with wood shading and brick siding on the exterior of a building. Outside the window, an apple tree with branches filled with ripe, red fruit can be seen. The tree appears to be quite fruitful, as many apples are ready for picking. Some apples are hanging close to the window, while others can be spotted at various heights and positions throughout the tree. The combination of the shuttered window and the fruit tree creates an aesthetically pleasing scene.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000214367", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000214367.jpg", "instruction": "What benefits come from having a fruit tree near a building's window?", "output": "Having a fruit tree, like the apple tree shown in the image, near a building's window offers several benefits. Firstly, it provides easy access to fresh and healthy fruits, in this case, apples, which can be enjoyed by the residents. This can promote healthy eating habits and encourage local food sources. Secondly, a fruit tree in close proximity can enhance the aesthetic appeal of the surrounding area, with its vibrant colors and foliage, creating a pleasant view from the window. Moreover, the tree can contribute to the local ecosystem by supporting insects, birds, and other wildlife, promoting biodiversity. Finally, the tree can also offer shade during hot weather and help with temperature regulation by cooling down the close environment, potentially reducing the need for air conditioning and thus lowering energy costs.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000119876", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000119876.jpg", "instruction": "What is the man doing in the image?", "output": "The man in the image is walking down the street while talking on his cell phone.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000119876", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000119876.jpg", "instruction": "What do you see happening in this image?", "output": "The image features a man with a striking appearance, walking down the street while talking on his cell phone. He has colored his hair purple and is wearing a loud outfit, including a purple shirt and tie. The man also carries a handbag, which adds to his distinctive look.\n\nThere are two bicycles in the scene, one occupying a large area in the middle of the frame and the other located on the right side. Both bicycles are parked along the street, consistent with the urban setting.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000119876", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000119876.jpg", "instruction": "How can one infer that the man in the image is drawing attention to himself?", "output": "The man in the image is drawing attention to himself due to his unconventional appearance and fashion choices. He is sporting bright purple hair, which is not a common hair color and stands out from the norm. Additionally, the man is wearing a purple shirt and tie, which also contributes to his bold and eye-catching ensemble. His unique and colorful appearance is likely to grab the attention of passersby as he walks down the street talking on his cell phone.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000534270", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000534270.jpg", "instruction": "What type of hats are the man and woman wearing?", "output": "The man and woman are wearing umbrella hats, which are designed to provide protection from the rain.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000534270", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000534270.jpg", "instruction": "Can you describe the main features of this image for me?", "output": "The image depicts a man and a woman sitting on top of a bridge, both wearing umbrella hats. The quirky umbrella hats provide them with some cover from the rainy weather. A dog is accompanying the couple, taking a break with them on the bridge. \n\nThe surrounding area has a view of the ocean, and there are boats visible in the water. One boat can be found close to the right edge of the scene, while two other boats are in the middle and the far left side of the frame. Additional umbrellas can be spotted in the area, signifying that other pedestrians have also sought shelter from the rain.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000534270", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000534270.jpg", "instruction": "What benefits do umbrella hats provide to the couple on this rainy day?", "output": "On this rainy day, the umbrella hats provide the couple several benefits as they sit on top of a bridge near the ocean with their dog. First, the umbrella hats enable them to keep their hands free, allowing them to hold their dog's leash, interact with each other, and perform other tasks without holding a traditional umbrella. Second, the umbrella hats protect their heads and upper bodies from getting wet due to rain, making their outdoor experience more comfortable. Additionally, the novel and fun nature of the umbrella hats can be a conversation starter and bring some humor to their day despite the gloomy weather.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000018476", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000018476.jpg", "instruction": "What are the main items of clothing visible in the image?", "output": "The main items of clothing visible in the image are a white shirt, a red tie, and black shoes.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000018476", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000018476.jpg", "instruction": "Describe the following image.", "output": "The image shows a neatly laid out outfit on top of a bed. The outfit consists of a white shirt with a red tie placed over it and a pair of black shoes nearby. The arrangement of the attire suggests that it could be a uniform or a suit, all set out and ready to wear for a formal event or a professional occasion. The overall appearance of the photograph is visually pleasing and well-organized.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000018476", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000018476.jpg", "instruction": "What could be a potential occasion for this arrangement?", "output": "The image shows a neatly arranged suit, complete with a white shirt, red tie, and black shoes, laid out on a bed. This preparation could suggest a potential upcoming formal occasion, such as a job interview, a wedding, a business meeting, or an important event requiring a professional attire. The person is likely getting his outfit ready in advance to ensure proper presentation, and to avoid rushing or forgetting any essential elements of the attire on the day of the event.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000034096", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000034096.jpg", "instruction": "What stage is the house in regarding its construction?", "output": "The house is in the beginning stages of its construction, with the wooden structure, studs, and staircase partially built but not yet completed.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000034096", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000034096.jpg", "instruction": "What is this photo about'?", "output": "The image shows the beginning stages of a house under construction. The wooden structure is still being built, and there are lots of wooden studs visible throughout the scene, indicating work in progress. Additionally, a partially-built staircase can be seen within the house, giving an idea of the floor plan layout.\n\nDespite the house still being under construction, a bed and a TV are already present in the area. The bed is located near the center of the image, with the TV placed to its left. This shows that some household items have been brought in, probably in anticipation of the house's completion.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000034096", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000034096.jpg", "instruction": "What may be a potential obstacle for the house construction in its current state?", "output": "In the current state of the house construction with wooden studs and a partially-built staircase, a potential obstacle that might occur is the incomplete structure being exposed to external elements like rain, snow, or strong winds. These conditions can potentially damage the building materials, delay construction work, and cause additional unexpected costs for repairing or replacing materials. It is essential for the builders to properly cover the construction site and store materials accordingly to protect them from potential damage when not in use.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000515716", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000515716.jpg", "instruction": "How many people are visible in the image?", "output": "There are three people visible in the image - two women and one man.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000515716", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000515716.jpg", "instruction": "What do you see happening in this image?", "output": "The image shows a group of people at a celebration, likely participating in a wine tasting event. There are a total of six people, with three young adults prominently in the foreground. A man wearing glasses stands in the middle, flanked by a couple of women on either side. They are all holding wine glasses, enjoying the event and smiling.\n\nAt the table, there are several wine bottles dispersed along its surface, showing the variety of options available for tasting. Additionally, there is a handbag placed on the table, possibly belonging to one of the women attending the event. \n\nTwo more people are visible in the background. They are smiling and making conversation while engaging in the celebration with the others.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000515716", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000515716.jpg", "instruction": "What might be the reason behind this gathering?", "output": "It appears that the group of people are gathered for a wine tasting or celebration in which they are enjoying various types of wine. They are seen standing and sitting around a table with several wine bottles and holding wine glasses. Their smiles and the friendly atmosphere indicate that it's a social event where they have gathered to indulge in sampling different wines, engage in conversations, and enjoy each other's company.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000431165", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000431165.jpg", "instruction": "What is the color of the elephant in the image?", "output": "The color of the elephant in the image is grey.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000431165", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000431165.jpg", "instruction": "What do you think is going on in this snapshot?", "output": "The image depicts a baby elephant standing alone inside an enclosure. The elephant is positioned towards the center of the pen with a large sand dune, or dirt mount, nearby. In the background, there is a brick building that serves as part of the exhibit. The grey elephant stands calmly, occupying the majority of the scene in this pen.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000431165", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000431165.jpg", "instruction": "What could be a potential concern for the baby elephant in this setting?", "output": "A potential concern for the baby elephant standing alone inside the pen could be the lack of social interaction with other elephants. Elephants are highly social creatures and form strong bonds within their family units. The absence of other elephants in the enclosure might lead to feelings of loneliness, stress, and anxiety for the baby elephant. It is crucial for the mental and emotional well-being of elephants, especially young ones, to have regular opportunities to interact with their peers and family members in a naturalistic, supportive environment. By addressing this concern, the caretakers of the baby elephant can help ensure its psychological well-being and overall health.", "type": "complex"} +{"id": "000000506483", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000506483.jpg", "instruction": "What kind of objects are included in the art installation?", "output": "The art installation includes a display of large artworks, such as an oversized bench, painted feline heads, and potentially other artistic sculptures or images.", "type": "conv"} +{"id": "000000506483", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000506483.jpg", "instruction": "Explain the visual content of the image in great detail.", "output": "The image features an art installation placed on a city street. The display consists of a large, oversized wooden bench and two massive animal art sculptures, which appear to be painted feline heads. \n\nThere are several people in the scene, with two people sitting near the art display, one person standing nearby, and another person further to the left. A parked car is visible behind the bench, close to the edge of the street. Additionally, a backpack can be seen on the ground, closer to the left side of the bench.", "type": "detail"} +{"id": "000000506483", "image": "COCO_val2014_000000506483.jpg", "instruction": "How might the art installation encourage interaction among people?", "output": "The art installation, featuring an oversized wooden bench and two massive animal art sculptures, encourages interaction among people by providing a visually intriguing and inviting space to sit or gather. People are naturally drawn to the unique and whimsical nature of these installations, sparking curiosity and conversation among those who encounter them. The oversized bench provides seating for multiple individuals, prompting people to sit down, rest, or socialize while admiring the giant painted feline heads and other artworks on display. Additionally, the installations capture the attention of passersby, creating a shared experience and a sense of community among those who visit the area. The artistic environment stimulates discussion and appreciation of the art, facilitating social interactions and connections among those who gather near the sculptures and oversized bench.", "type": "complex"} diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/coco2014_val_qa_eval/qa90_gpt4_answer.jsonl b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/coco2014_val_qa_eval/qa90_gpt4_answer.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0bb1a99f24c94b7d2f5c8f8b6c5c8a071d16006e --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/coco2014_val_qa_eval/qa90_gpt4_answer.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +{"question_id": 0, "text": "The colors of the two suitcases in the image are black and brown with yellow details.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 1, "text": "The image features two antique suitcases made of leather, stacked one on top of the other. The top suitcase is black, while the bottom one has a combination of brown and yellow colors. Both suitcases are prominently displayed side by side, taking up a large portion of the image. They appear to be vintage luggage, possibly available for purchase with price tags attached, showcasing their classic design and craftsmanship.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 2, "text": "Several factors could make the two stacked suitcases valuable. In the image, they are described as antique, which suggests that they are potentially rare or have some historical significance. Their age and rarity could contribute to their value. Additionally, they are made of leather, which is a material known for its durability and, in some cases, luxury. The suitcases also differ in color, featuring black, brown, and yellow tones, which may attract buyers due to their aesthetic appeal or the desire to own a unique piece of luggage. Furthermore, the presence of price tags on the luggage indicates that they are being sold, drawing attention to their perceived value in the market. Collectors or enthusiasts of vintage items may find these suitcases valuable due to their material, design, age, and distinct appearance.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 3, "text": "The main objects on the table in the image are plates, glasses, eating utensils, and possibly a bottle of something.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 4, "text": "The image showcases a dining table filled with various dirty dishes, eating utensils, and a bottle. The table has plates and glasses scattered across it. There are at least two cups on the table, with one positioned on the left and another on the right side. \n\nTwo forks can be seen, one resting on a small white plate and the other located towards the left side of the table. A spoon is also present, placed near the left corner of the table. Additionally, there is a bottle located in the upper central area of the table.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 5, "text": "A meal or gathering might have recently taken place around this table, as evidenced by the variety of dirty dishes, utensils, and drinkware present on it. The aftermath of this meal or event could involve the need to clean up and wash the dirty dishes, glasses, and eating utensils. Items on the table include plates, forks, spoons, cups, and a bottle, which are typically used during such occasions. Participants might have engaged in conversation, shared food and beverages, and enjoyed each other's company at this table. Once the gathering is complete, disposing of any leftovers and cleaning the table area would be necessary to prepare it for the next use.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 6, "text": "The main focus of the image is a cat or kitten sitting on or next to a laptop computer.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 7, "text": "The image features a cat sitting on a wooden desk, intently staring at a black laptop computer that is open in front of it. The desk is quite organized, with several books spread around, both on the left and right sides of the laptop. Some books are neatly piled and others are laid out individually. The scene could be interpreted as the cat appearing to use the laptop or showing interest in what's on the screen.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 8, "text": "The cat may be interested in the laptop due to the light coming from the screen, the movement of the cursor, or the sounds produced by the laptop, such as keystrokes or notifications. Cats are known to be naturally curious creatures and are often attracted to objects that stimulate their senses. The visual display, warmth emanating from the device, and interactive nature of the laptop could be appealing to the cat, prompting it to sit on the desk and face the open laptop. Additionally, the cat may simply be seeking its owner's attention or wanting to be close to them while they use the laptop.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 9, "text": "The dog in the image is black.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 10, "text": "The image features a large black dog with a red collar laying down on a kitchen floor. The tiled floor provides a comfortable space for the dog to relax. The dog is positioned towards the middle of the scene. Next to the dog, there are two bowls placed on the floor, one around the top-left side and the other slightly further to the right. These could be the dog's food and water bowls. The scene depicts a cozy domestic environment for the dog.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 11, "text": "The dog may have chosen to lay down on the kitchen floor in this location for several reasons. First, the tiled floor can provide a cool surface, which could be comforting compared to a warm or soft surface. This is particularly true if the dog has a thick coat or if the temperature in the room is high. Second, the dog is positioned next to its bowls and a toy, which suggests that the location is familiar and associated with food, water, and playtime. The dog could be resting near these resources for convenience and ease of access. Lastly, the location could be a central spot in the home, and dogs often prefer to stay near their owners or members of the household. By laying on the kitchen floor, the dog might be able to keep an eye on the activities happening around it and remain close to its family.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 12, "text": "The cart with luggage bags is located in a lobby.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 13, "text": "The scene is set in a lobby at a commercial business, where a wheeled luggage cart is filled with various suitcases and bags. There are a number of luggage bags, including two backpacks, one near the front of the cart and another near the back, as well as multiple suitcases placed on different sections of the cart. \n\nA handbag is also visible, placed near the front of the cart. Two people are present in the scene: one person standing near the left side and another person on the right side, possibly engaging in conversation or waiting to transport their luggage to their rooms.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 14, "text": "In the image, a cart is filled with numerous pieces of luggage, including suitcases, bags, and backpacks, in the lobby of a commercial business. The staff responsible for handling the luggage might face several challenges such as:\n\n1. Efficiently organizing and placing the luggage on the cart to prevent any damages or items from falling off during transportation.\n2. Identifying and keeping track of each guest's belongings to avoid misplacement or mixing up the luggage.\n3. Maneuvering the heavily loaded cart without causing hindrances to other guests in the lobby while ensuring their safety.\n4. Carrying or transporting the luggage to the guests' rooms in a timely manner to maintain customer satisfaction and efficient use of staff resources.\n\nTo overcome these challenges, staff might need proper training in luggage handling, organization, and customer service skills. Maintaining clear luggage tags and taking note of each item could help them ensure accurate delivery to the corresponding guests' rooms.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 15, "text": "The image features a large, placid lake.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 16, "text": "The image depicts a serene and picturesque landscape with a large, placid lake surrounded by beautiful tree-covered mountains. Cliffs rise majestically on the edge of the lake, showcasing the grandeur of nature. \n\nIn the distance, near the waterfront, a train can be seen traveling on a track. The train adds a touch of human presence to the otherwise untouched landscape and further enhances the scenic view.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 17, "text": "There could be several reasons for the train to be traveling on this scenic route surrounded by mountains, water, and trees. First, the train route might have been built to provide transportation services to local communities or businesses located in this remote or picturesque area. It may facilitate travel, trade, or tourism in the region. Second, the scenic route could be intentionally designed to attract tourists who seek leisure train journeys that showcase natural beauty and captivating landscapes. These types of train rides offer a unique and immersive experience for people who enjoy exploring breathtaking scenery and discovering new destinations while traveling comfortably. Ultimately, the train route could serve both practical and recreational purposes, fostering connectivity and promoting tourism for the area.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 18, "text": "The main object in the image is a colorful striped umbrella standing on the beach.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 19, "text": "The image features a colorful striped umbrella on the beach, with its vibrant appearance attracting attention. The umbrella is firmly positioned in the sand, providing shade and comfort for visitors. The umbrella sits near the ocean, offering a lovely view of the water and contributing to the pleasant beach atmosphere.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 20, "text": "The colorful umbrella set up on the beach serves several purposes. First, it provides shade from the sun, which helps protect people from direct sunlight and the associated harmful UV rays, reducing the risk of sunburn and heatstroke. Second, it offers a comfortable spot to relax, rest, and enjoy the beach ambiance without being exposed to the intense sun or heat. Finally, the umbrella creates a designated area for beach-goers to keep their belongings and have a visible landmark to locate their spot quickly when in the crowded beach environment.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 21, "text": "The house is in the beginning stages of its construction, with the wooden structure, studs, and staircase partially built but not yet completed.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 22, "text": "The image shows the beginning stages of a house under construction. The wooden structure is still being built, and there are lots of wooden studs visible throughout the scene, indicating work in progress. Additionally, a partially-built staircase can be seen within the house, giving an idea of the floor plan layout.\n\nDespite the house still being under construction, a bed and a TV are already present in the area. The bed is located near the center of the image, with the TV placed to its left. This shows that some household items have been brought in, probably in anticipation of the house's completion.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 23, "text": "In the current state of the house construction with wooden studs and a partially-built staircase, a potential obstacle that might occur is the incomplete structure being exposed to external elements like rain, snow, or strong winds. These conditions can potentially damage the building materials, delay construction work, and cause additional unexpected costs for repairing or replacing materials. It is essential for the builders to properly cover the construction site and store materials accordingly to protect them from potential damage when not in use.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 24, "text": "There are three pizzas in the image.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 25, "text": "The image displays three open pizza boxes with pizzas inside. The first pizza box, situated to the left, contains a smaller pizza. The second pizza box, positioned in the middle, features a larger pizza topped with tortilla chips. The third pizza box, located to the right, contains another smaller pizza. \n\nBeside the large pizza, there are two side orders of sauce in bowls, accompanying the delicious meal. The arrangement showcases a delicious spread of pizzas, inviting everyone to enjoy their different flavors and sizes.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 26, "text": "When dividing these pizzas equitably among a group of people, one might face several challenges due to the different sizes and potential toppings on the pizzas. In the image, there are three pizzas sitting in their delivery boxes, with one pizza being larger than the other two. This size difference may complicate equal distribution of pizza slices among the group, as some people might want more of the larger pizza, while others may prefer the smaller ones.\n\nFurthermore, one of the pizzas is topped with tortilla chips, which could lead to preference differences among the group, as some people might like this topping while others may not. Lastly, alongside one of the pizzas, there are two side orders of sauce, which may need to be shared among those who enjoy sauce with their pizza. All these factors make it a challenge to ensure that everyone in the group has an equal and satisfying share of the pizzas and accompanying sauces. One possible solution is to have a group discussion and decide on rules or a plan for dividing the pizzas, taking into account individual preferences and dietary restrictions if any.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 27, "text": "There are four doughnuts in the box.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 28, "text": "The image features a box filled with four different kinds of doughnuts sitting on a table. Each doughnut appears to have a unique design or topping. One of the doughnuts is a cake-style doughnut, while another has nuts and coconut on top. The third doughnut appears to be a glazed one, and the last doughnut also has various toppings. The doughnuts are positioned inside the box in close proximity to one another, showcasing their delicious variety.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 29, "text": "The box contains a variety of doughnuts with unique taste combinations. Among the four doughnuts, there are cake doughnuts, a glazed doughnut, and one with a mix of nuts and coconut as toppings. These different toppings and textures provide a diverse selection for those who want to try various flavors and types of doughnuts. Combining the flavors of nuts and coconut on one doughnut, in particular, offers a unique taste experience that blends the richness of nuts with the tropical sweetness of coconut. Thus, the box offers a selection that caters to different preferences and invites people to discover new taste combinations.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 30, "text": "In the image, the man is holding up clothes on hangers, possibly in some hanger bags, and appears to be preparing for travel, as a suitcase is also in front of him.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 31, "text": "The image depicts a man standing near a window, holding two clothing hangers with garments in both hands, one red and one white. In front of him, there is a suitcase, possibly indicating that he is preparing for travel or organizing his belongings. The man appears to be showing or comparing these clothes while packing his luggage.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 32, "text": "The man might be holding the clothes on hangers because he is preparing to pack his suitcase for a trip or has just arrived at his destination and is unpacking his belongings. By holding the clothes on hangers, he can avoid wrinkles and ensure that the garments remain in good condition for wearing during his journey or at his destination. The presence of a suitcase in front of him supports this idea, as it is commonly used for transportation and storage of personal belongings when traveling.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 33, "text": "There are four giraffes in the image.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 34, "text": "The image showcases a group of four giraffes standing in their natural habitat, a grassy field with some dry brush. They are dispersed across the field, with one giraffe positioned more towards the left, and the other three clustered closer together on the right side. The giraffes appear to be grazing peacefully or engaging in social interactions. A tree can be seen in the scene, providing shade and a point of interest for the giraffes to gather around.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 35, "text": "In the image, there are four giraffes gathered near the same tree in their natural habitat, a grass field with dry brush. Giraffes may gather near the same tree for various reasons. One common reason is to feed, as their long necks enable them to reach high branches for fresh leaves and foliage, which is a primary part of their diet. Giraffes are also social animals, so they may gather around the same tree to interact with each other and maintain their social bonds. Furthermore, the tree can provide shade in the hot African sun, offering a place for the giraffes to rest and regulate their body temperature.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 36, "text": "The main focus of the image is the head of a giraffe, shown in a close-up headshot.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 37, "text": "The image is a clear and colorful close up of a giraffe's head, showcasing its beautiful features. The giraffe is standing tall among several bright green trees, likely in its natural habitat. It appears to be chewing on some leaves, while its face is turned to the side, providing a detailed view of its profile.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 38, "text": "From the image, it can be inferred that the giraffe's habitat is likely a natural environment with an abundance of greenery. The giraffe is standing tall among several bright green trees, which suggests that the area is rich in vegetation and provides plenty of food sources for the giraffe, such as leaves. This natural habitat is likely suitable for giraffes to thrive and maintain their unique characteristics, such as their long necks, which are adapted for reaching leaves on tall trees.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 39, "text": "The art installation includes a display of large artworks, such as an oversized bench, painted feline heads, and potentially other artistic sculptures or images.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 40, "text": "The image features an art installation placed on a city street. The display consists of a large, oversized wooden bench and two massive animal art sculptures, which appear to be painted feline heads. \n\nThere are several people in the scene, with two people sitting near the art display, one person standing nearby, and another person further to the left. A parked car is visible behind the bench, close to the edge of the street. Additionally, a backpack can be seen on the ground, closer to the left side of the bench.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 41, "text": "The art installation, featuring an oversized wooden bench and two massive animal art sculptures, encourages interaction among people by providing a visually intriguing and inviting space to sit or gather. People are naturally drawn to the unique and whimsical nature of these installations, sparking curiosity and conversation among those who encounter them. The oversized bench provides seating for multiple individuals, prompting people to sit down, rest, or socialize while admiring the giant painted feline heads and other artworks on display. Additionally, the installations capture the attention of passersby, creating a shared experience and a sense of community among those who visit the area. The artistic environment stimulates discussion and appreciation of the art, facilitating social interactions and connections among those who gather near the sculptures and oversized bench.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 42, "text": "The main focus of the image is a car parked on the side of the road, next to a parking meter.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 43, "text": "The scene features a black car parked on the side of the road next to a parking meter. There is another parking meter slightly further ahead of the car. The car is parked in front of a building, which seems to be the destination for the driver. \n\nAdditionally, there are other vehicles in the image. A gray car is situated further behind the black car, and a truck can be seen in the background on the right side. Moreover, there is another vehicle barely visible on the left side of the scene.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 44, "text": "The most plausible reason for the car to be parked on the side of the road is that it is utilizing the available parking spot with parking meters. In the image, the car is parked next to two parking meters, which indicates that the driver has parked the car to follow parking regulations and likely paid for their parking session. The car might be parked there so the driver or passengers can go to a nearby building, shop, or participate in any other activities in the area. Parking meters are commonly used in urban and commercial areas to manage and regulate limited street parking spaces, and it's reasonable to assume the driver is abiding by these parking rules.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 45, "text": "The unusual aspect of the elderly man's facial appearance in the image is that he has the head of a toothbrush under his nose, which mimics a mustache, specifically a toothbrush mustache.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 46, "text": "The image features an elderly man humorously wearing the head of a toothbrush under his nose, creating the illusion of a toothbrush mustache. Since the toothbrush head is positioned like a mustache, it is reminiscent of a toothbrush mustache caricature often associated with Hitler. The man takes up most of the frame, appearing front and center in the scene.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 47, "text": "The elderly man wearing the head of a toothbrush under his nose as a moustache could be conveying a satirical or humorous message. By mimicking a toothbrush mustache, he may be making light of or criticizing a specific historical figure or style associated with the toothbrush mustache, such as Adolf Hitler. Using a toothbrush instead of an actual mustache allows him to dramatically emphasize the point and create a lighthearted or comical effect. However, it's essential to consider cultural and social contexts when interpreting such unconventional expressions, as the message may not always be clear or universally accepted.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 48, "text": "There are two large passenger airplanes visible in the image.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 49, "text": "The scene captures a picturesque view of two large passenger jets, one in the air and one on the ground. They are flying over a beautiful beach filled with various birds. Many birds can be seen scattered across the scene, both near the water and around the area. The blue water in the background adds a calming touch to the image.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 50, "text": "The presence of two large passenger jets flying in close proximity to the beach filled with birds can have a negative impact on the avian population. The noise generated by the engines can be stressful and disruptive for the birds, potentially resulting in altered behaviors, flight patterns, or even relocation from the area. In addition, the airplanes could pose a risk of bird strikes, in which birds collide with the planes, leading to injuries or fatalities for the birds and damage to the aircraft. This highlights the importance of maintaining safe distances between airplanes and wildlife habitats in order to minimize the risk of adverse effects on both the environment and aviation.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 51, "text": "The cat is curled up and sleeping on the red couch.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 52, "text": "A tan and black cat is curled up and comfortably asleep on a vibrant red couch. The cat is situated towards the center of the plush seat. The red couch itself is prominent in the image, occupying a large portion of the frame. The peaceful sleeping cat adds a sense of warmth and coziness to the scene.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 53, "text": "The cat may have chosen to sleep on the red couch for several reasons. The couch appears to be plush and comfortable, providing a soft surface for the cat to curl up and maintain its body heat. Cats also prefer quiet and low-traffic areas to rest. The couch may be located in such an area, providing a sense of security for the cat while sleeping. Furthermore, felines are known to be attracted to soft and warm materials, making the red velvet seat an appealing spot for relaxation. It's also common for cats to sleep in locations familiar to them or near their human companions, so the couch might be a place where the cat often spends time or feels safe.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 54, "text": "An old Volkswagen Bug is parked next to the stop sign in the image.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 55, "text": "In the scene, a woman is standing in front of a window, observing the street outside. On the street, a vintage Volkswagen Bug is parked near a stop sign, which is located towards the center of the image. Several other cars occupy the street, including one positioned to the left of the Volkswagen and two others in the background. On the far left and far right sides of the image, there are additional cars partially visible. The street also features a tree growing near the stop sign, adding a touch of greenery to the urban setting.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 56, "text": "From the image, it can be inferred that the traffic situation in the area is relatively light or calm. There is an old VW Bug parked near a stop sign, and a few other cars are also visible on the street. However, there doesn't seem to be any congestion or significant traffic. The presence of the stop sign indicates that there is some traffic regulation and order in place to manage vehicle movement, contributing to the overall calmness of the area. Moreover, no people are seen near the stop sign, which further suggests that there might be low pedestrian activity at the time the picture was taken.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 57, "text": "The man in the image is using his cell phone and giving a thumbs up, possibly posing for a picture.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 58, "text": "The image depicts a group of people gathered inside a room, creating a lively social atmosphere. A man is prominently featured in the scene, holding a cell phone to his ear and smiling with a thumbs-up gesture, possibly posing for a picture or simply enjoying the conversation.\n\nThere are multiple other people in the room, adding to the gathering and engaging in various conversations. The scene also has two cups visible, one on the left side of the room and another on the right side, indicating that the gathering may be a casual social event.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 59, "text": "It is likely that the man is giving a thumbs-up gesture while talking on the phone to express a positive emotion or to signal agreement, approval, or satisfaction with the conversation he is having. This non-verbal communication can be conveyed to the people around him or to the person taking the picture of him while on the phone call. The man might be receiving good news, agreeing with the person on the phone, or sharing his excitement with the group of people surrounding him in the room. The specific reason cannot be precisely determined from the image alone, but it does indicate a positive sentiment associated with the phone call.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 60, "text": "The dog in the image is a husky.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 61, "text": "The image shows a large, adorable husky dog sleeping peacefully on a dog bed in a room. The room has a somewhat dark ambiance, making the scene feel cozy and comfortable. \n\nIn the same room, there are two chairs, one positioned towards the center and another one closer to the right side. Additionally, there are two potted plants, one situated slightly behind and to the right of the dog and the other placed further to the right in the room. The presence of these elements gives the room a warm, inviting atmosphere.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 62, "text": "The dog owner seems to have taken several measures to make their dog feel comfortable in the room. Based on the image, an adorable husky dog has a designated dog bed to sleep in, providing cushioning and a cozy space for rest. The room is also dimly lit or dark, which contributes to a calmer atmosphere that promotes sleep and relaxation. There might be other considerations, such as room temperature or air circulation, that aid in creating a comfortable environment for the dog. It's essential for pet owners to ensure that their pets have a secure and comfortable space to rest in order to maintain their well-being and happiness.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 63, "text": "The color of the elephant in the image is grey.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 64, "text": "The image depicts a baby elephant standing alone inside an enclosure. The elephant is positioned towards the center of the pen with a large sand dune, or dirt mount, nearby. In the background, there is a brick building that serves as part of the exhibit. The grey elephant stands calmly, occupying the majority of the scene in this pen.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 65, "text": "A potential concern for the baby elephant standing alone inside the pen could be the lack of social interaction with other elephants. Elephants are highly social creatures and form strong bonds within their family units. The absence of other elephants in the enclosure might lead to feelings of loneliness, stress, and anxiety for the baby elephant. It is crucial for the mental and emotional well-being of elephants, especially young ones, to have regular opportunities to interact with their peers and family members in a naturalistic, supportive environment. By addressing this concern, the caretakers of the baby elephant can help ensure its psychological well-being and overall health.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 66, "text": "On the orange plate, there are a burger or sandwich, a bowl of broccoli, and a pickle.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 67, "text": "The image features a dining table with an orange plate in the center. On the plate, there is a half of a sandwich, a pickle, and a bowl of broccoli, creating a visually appealing and mouth-watering combination. A fork is also placed alongside the plate, ready to be used for enjoying the meal. Several individual pieces of broccoli can be seen around the bowl, adding variety and color to the scene.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 68, "text": "Based on the image, it can be inferred that the individual has a balanced approach to their dietary choices. The meal on the table consists of a sandwich, a bowl of broccoli, and a pickle on an orange plate. The sandwich likely provides carbohydrates and proteins, while the broccoli offers essential vitamins, minerals, and fiber. The pickle adds some flavor and tanginess to the meal. This combination of foods illustrates that the person is interested in having a diverse and nutritious diet, incorporating both proteins and vegetables in their meal. Additionally, the presence of a fork suggests that they prefer using cutlery while eating, which can be seen as a more cultured and organized approach to dining.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 69, "text": "A white duck is pictured in the image.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 70, "text": "The image features a single white bird, likely a duck or a goose, walking along a paved road. The bird appears to be closely examining the ground as it walks. The road runs adjacent to a patch of grass, providing a contrasting backdrop for the scene. The bird occupies a predominant part of the image, offering a close-up view of its action.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 71, "text": "While walking along the paved road, the duck may face various challenges. Firstly, the duck could be at risk of encountering vehicles, which might not notice or expect to see wildlife on the road. This could put the duck in danger of being hit or injured by passing traffic. Secondly, the duck might struggle to find appropriate food sources on or near the paved road, as opposed to its natural habitat, such as a body of water or a grassy area, where it would have easier access to its regular diet.\n\nFurthermore, the duck might be exposed to potential predators, like domestic pets or other animals that live in urban environments, increasing the risk of harm for the duck. Lastly, walking on the paved concrete surface could be less comfortable for the duck than walking on softer natural ground, causing discomfort over time. Overall, the duck's safety and well-being may be compromised by navigating this environment that is not adapted to its natural behaviors and needs.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 72, "text": "Yes, the little boy is wearing a helmet to ensure his safety while riding his bike.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 73, "text": "The image depicts a little boy riding his bike on a road. He is practicing safety by wearing a yellow helmet while cycling. The boy is visible from a side angle, capturing both him and his bicycle in motion.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 74, "text": "The little boy's precaution of wearing a helmet is noteworthy because it shows that the child or their guardian is aware of and strictly adhering to safety precautions. Wearing a helmet while riding a bicycle is crucial for reducing the risk of severe head injuries in the event of a crash, fall, or any other unforeseen incident. It is especially important for children, who are often more prone to accidents due to their limited experience with balancing and negotiating obstacles. By wearing a helmet, the boy is demonstrating responsible behavior and setting a positive example for others to follow, promoting a culture of safety awareness.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 75, "text": "There are three people visible in the image - two women and one man.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 76, "text": "The image shows a group of people at a celebration, likely participating in a wine tasting event. There are a total of six people, with three young adults prominently in the foreground. A man wearing glasses stands in the middle, flanked by a couple of women on either side. They are all holding wine glasses, enjoying the event and smiling.\n\nAt the table, there are several wine bottles dispersed along its surface, showing the variety of options available for tasting. Additionally, there is a handbag placed on the table, possibly belonging to one of the women attending the event. \n\nTwo more people are visible in the background. They are smiling and making conversation while engaging in the celebration with the others.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 77, "text": "It appears that the group of people are gathered for a wine tasting or celebration in which they are enjoying various types of wine. They are seen standing and sitting around a table with several wine bottles and holding wine glasses. Their smiles and the friendly atmosphere indicate that it's a social event where they have gathered to indulge in sampling different wines, engage in conversations, and enjoy each other's company.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 78, "text": "The main object featured in the image is the clock mounted on a pole or a short tower, standing on the sidewalk next to a building.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 79, "text": "The image features a quiet street with a tall clock mounted on a pole at the side of the pavement, near a building. The pole stands prominently on the empty sidewalk, offering a convenient time-keeping source for pedestrians.\n\nThere are a few potted plants along the sidewalk, adding a touch of greenery to the scene. Bicycles can also be seen parked nearby, and a couple of cars are parked further down the street. A person is walking in the background, adding some life to the otherwise calm environment.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 80, "text": "As you walk down this quiet street, you can easily tell the time by looking at the tall clock that is mounted on a pole along the sidewalk. This clock stands out significantly, making it easily noticeable. Regarding the direction of the sidewalk, the presence of potted plants, bicycles, and cars suggest that this is a well-maintained and organized street. As you follow the sidewalk further, you will see that it is lined with trees, potted plants, and parked bicycles and cars, guiding you in the direction it leads. Additionally, the building next to the clock also gives you context for the orientation and direction of the street.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 81, "text": "The person is riding a motorbike, which can also be referred to as a motorcycle or a moped. In this case, the terms motorcycle, scooter, and moped are used interchangeably to describe the same vehicle the woman is riding.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 82, "text": "The scene showcases a dirt road, with a woman riding a motorcycle in the middle of the road. She is accompanied by a man walking alongside her, with another man further down the road. Various animals, including three cows, are also present in the scene, suggesting a rural setting. The main cow is positioned to the right of the motorcycle while two smaller cows can be seen on the left side of the road. The people and animals all appear to be going in the same direction down the dirt road.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 83, "text": "The woman on the motorcycle might face challenges navigating the dirt road, especially because of the presence of multiple objects and living beings on the road. In the image, a cow is nearby, along with two other smaller cows, two men, and a dog. Dirt roads can be uneven, dusty, and unpredictable, making it important for the woman to maneuver cautiously to avoid any potential accidents. Additionally, she needs to be aware of the animals and people around her to ensure both her safety and the safety of others. This situation requires her to be vigilant, slow down when necessary, and carefully navigate through the environment.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 84, "text": "The skateboard in the image is in an upside-down position, with its wheels pointing up and laying on the ground.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 85, "text": "In the image, a person wearing camo shorts is standing on a cement surface next to an overturned skateboard. The skateboard is laying upside down with its wheels pointing up, giving a sense of it having been flipped or potentially used for a trick. The boy appears to be standing in front of the skateboard, engaging with it or possibly preparing for his next move.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 86, "text": "It's plausible that prior to this moment, the person standing next to the overturned skateboard might have attempted a trick or maneuver on the skateboard, which resulted in either a failed attempt or a wipeout. As a consequence, the skateboard ended up upside down on the ground, with its wheels pointed upward. The person, possibly the skateboarder, is standing next to it, possibly pondering their next move, contemplating a retry or assessing any potential damage to the skateboard.", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 87, "text": "The man and woman are wearing umbrella hats, which are designed to provide protection from the rain.", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 88, "text": "The image depicts a man and a woman sitting on top of a bridge, both wearing umbrella hats. The quirky umbrella hats provide them with some cover from the rainy weather. A dog is accompanying the couple, taking a break with them on the bridge. \n\nThe surrounding area has a view of the ocean, and there are boats visible in the water. One boat can be found close to the right edge of the scene, while two other boats are in the middle and the far left side of the frame. Additional umbrellas can be spotted in the area, signifying that other pedestrians have also sought shelter from the rain.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 89, "text": "On this rainy day, the umbrella hats provide the couple several benefits as they sit on top of a bridge near the ocean with their dog. First, the umbrella hats enable them to keep their hands free, allowing them to hold their dog's leash, interact with each other, and perform other tasks without holding a traditional umbrella. Second, the umbrella hats protect their heads and upper bodies from getting wet due to rain, making their outdoor experience more comfortable. Additionally, the novel and fun nature of the umbrella hats can be a conversation starter and bring some humor to their day despite the gloomy weather.", "category": "complex"} diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/coco2014_val_qa_eval/qa90_questions.jsonl b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/coco2014_val_qa_eval/qa90_questions.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..27555554a960866d6571767db2437cfb4fd95ba4 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/coco2014_val_qa_eval/qa90_questions.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +{"question_id": 0, "image": "000000441147.jpg", "text": "What is the color of the two suitcases in the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 1, "image": "000000441147.jpg", "text": "Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 2, "image": "000000441147.jpg", "text": "What potential factors could make these suitcases valuable?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 3, "image": "000000353536.jpg", "text": "What are the main objects on the table in the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 4, "image": "000000353536.jpg", "text": "Describe the following image.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 5, "image": "000000353536.jpg", "text": "What activity might have recently taken place around this table and what could be its aftermath?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 6, "image": "000000506095.jpg", "text": "What is the main focus of the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 7, "image": "000000506095.jpg", "text": "What is this photo about'?", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 8, "image": "000000506095.jpg", "text": "What could be a reason for the cat's interest in the laptop?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 9, "image": "000000514915.jpg", "text": "What color is the dog in the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 10, "image": "000000514915.jpg", "text": "Describe the following image.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 11, "image": "000000514915.jpg", "text": "Why might the dog have chosen to lay down on the floor in this location?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 12, "image": "000000056013.jpg", "text": "Where is the cart with luggage bags located?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 13, "image": "000000056013.jpg", "text": "Describe the following image.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 14, "image": "000000056013.jpg", "text": "What challenges might the staff encounter with handling luggage in the lobby?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 15, "image": "000000408439.jpg", "text": "What is the body of water seen in the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 16, "image": "000000408439.jpg", "text": "Can you elaborate on the elements of the picture provided?", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 17, "image": "000000408439.jpg", "text": "What are potential reasons for the train to be traveling in such a scenic route?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 18, "image": "000000164255.jpg", "text": "What is the main object in the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 19, "image": "000000164255.jpg", "text": "What do you think is going on in this snapshot?", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 20, "image": "000000164255.jpg", "text": "What purpose does the umbrella serve on the beach?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 21, "image": "000000034096.jpg", "text": "What stage is the house in regarding its construction?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 22, "image": "000000034096.jpg", "text": "What is this photo about'?", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 23, "image": "000000034096.jpg", "text": "What may be a potential obstacle for the house construction in its current state?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 24, "image": "000000385873.jpg", "text": "How many pizzas are there in the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 25, "image": "000000385873.jpg", "text": "Explain the visual content of the image in great detail.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 26, "image": "000000385873.jpg", "text": "What are the possible challenges one might face when dividing these pizzas equitably among a group of people?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 27, "image": "000000367571.jpg", "text": "How many doughnuts are in the box?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 28, "image": "000000367571.jpg", "text": "Write a detailed description of the given image.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 29, "image": "000000367571.jpg", "text": "What unique taste combinations can be found in this box of doughnuts?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 30, "image": "000000319432.jpg", "text": "What is the man doing in the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 31, "image": "000000319432.jpg", "text": "Can you describe the main features of this image for me?", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 32, "image": "000000319432.jpg", "text": "Why might the man be holding the clothes on hangers?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 33, "image": "000000225738.jpg", "text": "How many giraffes are depicted in the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 34, "image": "000000225738.jpg", "text": "Write a detailed description of the given image.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 35, "image": "000000225738.jpg", "text": "Why might these giraffes be gathering near the same tree?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 36, "image": "000000092109.jpg", "text": "What is the main focus of the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 37, "image": "000000092109.jpg", "text": "What is this photo about'?", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 38, "image": "000000092109.jpg", "text": "What can be inferred about the giraffe's habitat from this image?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 39, "image": "000000506483.jpg", "text": "What kind of objects are included in the art installation?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 40, "image": "000000506483.jpg", "text": "Explain the visual content of the image in great detail.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 41, "image": "000000506483.jpg", "text": "How might the art installation encourage interaction among people?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 42, "image": "000000097131.jpg", "text": "What is the main focus of the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 43, "image": "000000097131.jpg", "text": "Can you elaborate on the elements of the picture provided?", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 44, "image": "000000097131.jpg", "text": "What might be the reason for the car to be parked on the side of the road?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 45, "image": "000000052312.jpg", "text": "What is unusual about the elderly man's facial appearance in the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 46, "image": "000000052312.jpg", "text": "What's happening in the scene?", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 47, "image": "000000052312.jpg", "text": "What message could be conveyed by the man's unusual facial adornment?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 48, "image": "000000258285.jpg", "text": "How many airplanes are visible in the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 49, "image": "000000258285.jpg", "text": "What do you see happening in this image?", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 50, "image": "000000258285.jpg", "text": "What environmental impact might these planes' activity have on the birds?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 51, "image": "000000081552.jpg", "text": "What is the cat doing on the red couch?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 52, "image": "000000081552.jpg", "text": "Write a detailed description of the given image.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 53, "image": "000000081552.jpg", "text": "What factors may have led the cat to choose this location for sleep?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 54, "image": "000000066144.jpg", "text": "What type of car is parked next to the stop sign in the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 55, "image": "000000066144.jpg", "text": "Explain the visual content of the image in great detail.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 56, "image": "000000066144.jpg", "text": "What can be inferred about the traffic situation in the area?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 57, "image": "000000203629.jpg", "text": "What is the man doing in the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 58, "image": "000000203629.jpg", "text": "Can you describe the main features of this image for me?", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 59, "image": "000000203629.jpg", "text": "What might be the reason behind the man's thumbs-up gesture while on the phone?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 60, "image": "000000109532.jpg", "text": "What breed is the dog in the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 61, "image": "000000109532.jpg", "text": "What are the key elements in this picture?", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 62, "image": "000000109532.jpg", "text": "What measures may be taken by the dog's owner to make the dog feel comfortable in the room?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 63, "image": "000000431165.jpg", "text": "What is the color of the elephant in the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 64, "image": "000000431165.jpg", "text": "What do you think is going on in this snapshot?", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 65, "image": "000000431165.jpg", "text": "What could be a potential concern for the baby elephant in this setting?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 66, "image": "000000020650.jpg", "text": "What type of food items are present on the orange plate?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 67, "image": "000000020650.jpg", "text": "What are the key elements in this picture?", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 68, "image": "000000020650.jpg", "text": "What can be inferred about the individual's dietary choices?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 69, "image": "000000205183.jpg", "text": "What type of bird is pictured in the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 70, "image": "000000205183.jpg", "text": "What do you see happening in this image?", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 71, "image": "000000205183.jpg", "text": "What challenges could the duck face while walking along the paved road?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 72, "image": "000000210299.jpg", "text": "Is the little boy wearing any safety gear while riding his bike?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 73, "image": "000000210299.jpg", "text": "Can you elaborate on the elements of the picture provided?", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 74, "image": "000000210299.jpg", "text": "Why is the little boy's precaution noteworthy?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 75, "image": "000000515716.jpg", "text": "How many people are visible in the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 76, "image": "000000515716.jpg", "text": "What do you see happening in this image?", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 77, "image": "000000515716.jpg", "text": "What might be the reason behind this gathering?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 78, "image": "000000460149.jpg", "text": "What is the main object featured in the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 79, "image": "000000460149.jpg", "text": "Describe the following image.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 80, "image": "000000460149.jpg", "text": "Imagine you are walking down this street; how would you know the time or which direction the sidewalk leads?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 81, "image": "000000293505.jpg", "text": "Is the person riding a motorbike or scooter?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 82, "image": "000000293505.jpg", "text": "Explain the visual content of the image in great detail.", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 83, "image": "000000293505.jpg", "text": "What challenges might the woman on the motorcycle face in this situation?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 84, "image": "000000525439.jpg", "text": "What is the position of the skateboard in the image?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 85, "image": "000000525439.jpg", "text": "Can you elaborate on the elements of the picture provided?", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 86, "image": "000000525439.jpg", "text": "What might have happened prior to this moment?", "category": "complex"} +{"question_id": 87, "image": "000000534270.jpg", "text": "What type of hats are the man and woman wearing?", "category": "conv"} +{"question_id": 88, "image": "000000534270.jpg", "text": "Can you describe the main features of this image for me?", "category": "detail"} +{"question_id": 89, "image": "000000534270.jpg", "text": "What benefits do umbrella hats provide to the couple on this rainy day?", "category": "complex"} diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/000_caps.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/000_caps.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..358155c384a2d18e6927d62562ac3f12eef36a87 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/000_caps.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +A man wearing multiple neck ties making a goofy face. +A man in a white shirt wearing very many ties. +a man with ties on poses for a picture +A man wearing multiple ties on his neck. +A young man smiles while wearing several ties. + +tie: [0.574, 0.298, 0.752, 0.704] +tie: [0.464, 0.339, 0.639, 0.789] +tie: [0.349, 0.363, 0.563, 0.732] +tie: [0.259, 0.255, 0.668, 0.805] +person: [0.019, 0.065, 0.962, 0.988] +person: [0.0, 0.24, 0.214, 1.0] +tie: [0.316, 0.778, 0.443, 0.867] +tie: [0.386, 0.707, 0.496, 0.801] +tie: [0.251, 0.354, 0.402, 0.747] +tie: [0.44, 0.318, 0.63, 0.397] +tie: [0.566, 0.33, 0.655, 0.543] +tie: [0.25, 0.409, 0.359, 0.556] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/000_conv.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/000_conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..04f47a91a74af9ba5686107fb6a4441117494a56 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/000_conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Question: +What is unusual about this photo? +=== +Answer: +In the photo, the man is wearing a total of ten ties around his neck. This is considered unusual because it is not common for someone to wear multiple ties at once. In a typical setting, a person would wear only one tie. The man's goofy facial expression also adds to the unconventional and humorous nature of the image. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/001_caps.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/001_caps.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2065dfb20a6e40128749d507ecc27d01349e2ad9 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/001_caps.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +A group of people standing outside of a black vehicle with various luggage. +Luggage surrounds a vehicle in an underground parking area +People try to fit all of their luggage in an SUV. +The sport utility vehicle is parked in the public garage, being packed for a trip +Some people with luggage near a van that is transporting it. + +person: [0.681, 0.242, 0.774, 0.694] +person: [0.63, 0.222, 0.686, 0.516] +person: [0.444, 0.233, 0.487, 0.34] +backpack: [0.384, 0.696, 0.485, 0.914] +backpack: [0.755, 0.413, 0.846, 0.692] +suitcase: [0.758, 0.413, 0.845, 0.69] +suitcase: [0.1, 0.497, 0.173, 0.579] +bicycle: [0.282, 0.363, 0.327, 0.442] +car: [0.786, 0.25, 0.848, 0.322] +car: [0.783, 0.27, 0.827, 0.335] +car: [0.86, 0.254, 0.891, 0.3] +car: [0.261, 0.101, 0.787, 0.626] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/001_conv.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/001_conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b293aecb87839015f8ab37943afe71c2f8904871 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/001_conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Question: +What challenges do these people face? +=== +Answer: +In the image, a group of people is standing outside a black SUV in a parking area, surrounded by various pieces of luggage, including suitcases and backpacks. They are facing the challenge of fitting all their luggage into the black SUV. There are multiple suitcases and backpacks to be packed, which suggests that the group has a significant amount of belongings to accommodate. They might have to strategize and arrange the luggage efficiently to ensure that everything fits properly into the vehicle. Additionally, they need to consider the comfort of the passengers and visibility while driving, so the placement of the luggage must not obstruct the driver's view or make the passengers uncomfortable during the trip. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/002_caps.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/002_caps.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8fb59f2eb46c7e0db50d2994b2e9102d46def656 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/002_caps.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +There is a movie theater that displays the show times above the doors. +A red fire hydrant is deep in the snow. +The fire hydrant is in the snow near a recently plowed sidewalk. +This city has had a very hard winter with snow. +A hotel for dogs in the snow in winter. + +fire hydrant: [0.326, 0.612, 0.426, 0.72] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/002_conv.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/002_conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a2c7f35b9fe3961f0d974ee4799fa517922df83 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/002_conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Question: +What challenges might this city face? +=== +Answer: +The city faces challenges due to the harsh winter conditions and heavy snowfall. In the image, a red fire hydrant is almost buried deep in the snow, which indicates the significant amount of snow the city has experienced. This can lead to various challenges such as difficulties in transportation, increased risk of accidents, and disruptions to daily life. For example, the recently plowed sidewalk near the fire hydrant shows that the city has to constantly clear snow from roads and sidewalks to maintain access and safety for pedestrians and vehicles. Moreover, emergency services, like firefighters, might face challenges accessing crucial equipment, such as fire hydrants, during emergencies due to the snow accumulation. This highlights the importance of effective snow management strategies and preparedness in such cities to minimize the impact of harsh winter conditions on residents and essential services. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/system_message.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/system_message.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a394efd653554ce687ab8f0c908238bef4f27dee --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/complex_reasoning/system_message.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +You are an AI visual assistant that can analyze a single image. You receive five sentences, each describing the same image you are observing. In addition, specific object locations within the image are given, along with detailed coordinates. These coordinates are in the form of bounding boxes, represented as (x1, y1, x2, y2) with floating numbers ranging from 0 to 1. These values correspond to the top left x, top left y, bottom right x, and bottom right y. + +The task is to use the provided caption and bounding box information, create a plausible question about the image, and provide the answer in detail. + +Create complex questions beyond describing the scene. +To answer such questions, one should require first understanding the visual content, then based on the background knowledge or reasoning, either explain why the things are happening that way, or provide guides and help to user's request. Make the question challenging by not including the visual content details in the question so that the user needs to reason about that first. + +Instead of directly mentioning the bounding box coordinates, utilize this data to explain the scene using natural language. Include details like object counts, position of the objects, relative position between the objects. + +When using the information from the caption and coordinates, directly explain the scene, and do not mention that the information source is the caption or the bounding box. Always answer as if you are directly looking at the image. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/conversation/000_caps.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/conversation/000_caps.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3139b31b27e6e67b31b27cf0ac7bda317f46d6b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/conversation/000_caps.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +There is a movie theater that displays the show times above the doors. +A red fire hydrant is deep in the snow. +The fire hydrant is in the snow near a recently plowed sidewalk. +This city has had a very hard winter with snow. +A hotel for dogs in the snow in winter. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/conversation/000_conv.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/conversation/000_conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1300cd49992d8c342396cebfebc592909d6391e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/conversation/000_conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Question: +What color is the fire hydrant in the image? +=== +Answer: +The fire hydrant in the image is red. +=== +Question: +Is the fire hydrant fully covered by snow or partially visible? +=== +Answer: +The fire hydrant is partially visible, with a significant portion of it covered by the deep snow. +=== +Question: +What is the condition of the sidewalk near the fire hydrant? +=== +Answer: +The sidewalk near the fire hydrant has been recently plowed, so it is relatively clear of snow compared to the surrounding area. +=== +Question: +What does the image suggest about the winter season in the city? +=== +Answer: +The image suggests that the winter season in the city has been quite harsh and challenging. The significant snow accumulation seen in the image indicates that the city has experienced heavy snowfall, which can lead to various difficulties and disruptions for its residents. + +For instance, the deep snow covering the fire hydrant could potentially hinder its accessibility in case of emergencies, which poses safety concerns. The recently plowed sidewalk implies that the city's maintenance crews have been actively working to keep the walkways clear and safe for pedestrians, but the sheer amount of snowfall might make it difficult to keep up with the continuous snow removal efforts. + +Furthermore, such extreme winter conditions can impact transportation, leading to traffic issues, delays in public transit, and increased risks of accidents due to slippery roads. It can also cause problems for businesses and schools, as people might face challenges commuting to work or attending classes. Additionally, the heavy snow can put extra strain on infrastructure, such as roofs and power lines, increasing the likelihood of structural damage or power outages. + +In conclusion, the image of the red fire hydrant deep in the snow and the recently plowed sidewalk suggest that the city has faced a particularly severe winter season, with substantial snowfall that has likely caused various challenges and disruptions for its residents and infrastructure. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/conversation/001_caps.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/conversation/001_caps.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..02a8c6d8dda4f5ac338983251adcdc1d3a99a3f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/conversation/001_caps.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +A man is skiing in the open snow covered hills +A skier is making his way into the snow. +A skier on the foothills of a huge mountain range. +A skier looks at mountains while standing near a trail sign. +a single person skiing by an area with a lot of bushes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/conversation/001_conv.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/conversation/001_conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8dac93823203ead2af275b908f3b3c5e4ccbe631 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/conversation/001_conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Question: +What is the skier doing? +=== +Answer: +The skier is skiing in the snow-covered hills, making his way through the snow and enjoying the beautiful mountain scenery. They are also standing near a trail sign, which indicates their location on the mountain. +=== +Question: +Are there any other people or skiers visible in the image? +=== +Answer: +No, there is only a single person skiing in the image, and they are surrounded by an area with a lot of bushes. +=== +Question: +What kind of skiing is the person doing? Cross-country or downhill? +=== +Answer: +Based on what I can see in the photo, it is not possible to definitively determine whether the skier is doing cross-country or downhill skiing. However, given the presence of a trail sign and the fact that they are skiing in the foothills, it is more likely that the skier is engaged in cross-country skiing. Downhill skiing typically takes place on more steep slopes and involves ski lifts, whereas cross-country skiing often occurs on relatively flatter terrain with marked trails. +=== +Question: +Can you explain cross-country and downhill skiing a bit more? +=== +Answer: +Cross-country skiing and downhill skiing are two distinct types of skiing, each with its own techniques, equipment, and terrain preferences. + +1. Cross-Country Skiing: +Also known as Nordic skiing, cross-country skiing involves traversing relatively flat terrain or gentle slopes using skis and poles. It is a popular recreational and competitive sport that focuses on endurance, balance, and aerobic fitness. Cross-country skiers use their own locomotion to move across snow-covered terrain, rather than relying on ski lifts or other forms of assistance. +There are two main techniques in cross-country skiing: +- Classic: This technique involves skiing in parallel tracks, using a forward-and-backward gliding motion while keeping the skis parallel to each other. The skier uses their poles to propel themselves forward. +- Skate skiing: This technique is similar to ice skating, where the skier pushes off one ski at an angle and glides on the other. It requires a smooth, groomed surface and is typically faster than the classic technique. +Cross-country ski equipment consists of lightweight skis, boots, bindings, and poles. The boots are more flexible than those used in downhill skiing, allowing for better ankle movement and control. + +2. Downhill Skiing: +Also known as alpine skiing, downhill skiing involves descending slopes at high speeds using skis and poles for balance and control. This sport is more focused on speed, technique, and navigating challenging terrain, including steep slopes, moguls, and even jumps. +Downhill skiing can be further categorized into several disciplines, such as slalom, giant slalom, super-G, and downhill racing. Each discipline has its own set of rules, courses, and ski equipment. +Downhill ski equipment includes heavier and stiffer skis, boots, bindings, and poles than those used in cross-country skiing. The boots are more rigid to provide better support and control during high-speed descents and sharp turns. + +In summary, cross-country skiing is an endurance-based sport that involves traveling across flat or gently sloping terrain, while downhill skiing is focused on speed and technique as skiers navigate steeper slopes and challenging terrain. Both sports require specialized equipment and techniques, but they offer different experiences and challenges to participants. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/conversation/system_message.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/conversation/system_message.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6eb89c0c1408299f1423064814d78c293acf9da2 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/conversation/system_message.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +You are an AI visual assistant, and you are seeing a single image. What you see are provided with five sentences, describing the same image you are looking at. Answer all questions as you are seeing the image. + +Design a conversation between you and a person asking about this photo. The answers should be in a tone that a visual AI assistant is seeing the image and answering the question. +Ask diverse questions and give corresponding answers. + +Include questions asking about the visual content of the image, including the object types, counting the objects, object actions, object locations, relative positions between objects, etc. Only include questions that have definite answers: +(1) one can see the content in the image that the question asks about and can answer confidently; +(2) one can determine confidently from the image that it is not in the image. +Do not ask any question that cannot be answered confidently. + +Also include complex questions that are relevant to the content in the image, for example, asking about background knowledge of the objects in the image, asking to discuss about events happening in the image, etc. Again, do not ask about uncertain details. +Provide detailed answers when answering complex questions. For example, give detailed examples or reasoning steps to make the content more convincing and well-organized. You can include multiple paragraphs if necessary. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/000_caps.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/000_caps.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8c10e30e2d7f9bde33105715b04f5251d5c1950 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/000_caps.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +A harbor filled with lots of boats next to a building. +A bicycle parked in front of several boats at a dock. +A red bicycle in front of a line of docked white yachts +A bike sits before boats which sit before a long building. +A bicycle is a convenient means of land transportation when you live on a boat. + +bicycle: [0.287, 0.641, 0.507, 0.874] +bicycle: [0.566, 0.667, 0.63, 0.731] +boat: [0.318, 0.579, 0.575, 0.724] +boat: [0.704, 0.607, 0.818, 0.727] +boat: [0.818, 0.601, 0.942, 0.744] +boat: [0.002, 0.53, 0.243, 0.71] +boat: [0.541, 0.611, 0.668, 0.731] +person: [0.778, 0.527, 0.797, 0.57] +cup: [0.708, 0.733, 0.724, 0.758] +boat: [0.236, 0.532, 0.404, 0.64] +boat: [0.81, 0.632, 0.836, 0.676] +boat: [0.957, 0.526, 1.0, 0.752] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/000_conv.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/000_conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d4a24572427098354f723fad5e737ff6dfe223fb --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/000_conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +It is a harbor filled with numerous boats of various sizes docked next to a long building. Among the boats, there are a few white yachts lined up, standing out from the rest. There is a red bicycle prominently parked in front of the line of docked boats, serving as a convenient means of land transportation for those living on the boats. Another bicycle can be seen further back in the scene, near the middle of the harbor. + +A person is visible near the right side of the harbor, possibly enjoying the view or attending to their boat. Additionally, there is a cup placed on a surface near the middle of the scene. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/001_caps.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/001_caps.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2065dfb20a6e40128749d507ecc27d01349e2ad9 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/001_caps.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +A group of people standing outside of a black vehicle with various luggage. +Luggage surrounds a vehicle in an underground parking area +People try to fit all of their luggage in an SUV. +The sport utility vehicle is parked in the public garage, being packed for a trip +Some people with luggage near a van that is transporting it. + +person: [0.681, 0.242, 0.774, 0.694] +person: [0.63, 0.222, 0.686, 0.516] +person: [0.444, 0.233, 0.487, 0.34] +backpack: [0.384, 0.696, 0.485, 0.914] +backpack: [0.755, 0.413, 0.846, 0.692] +suitcase: [0.758, 0.413, 0.845, 0.69] +suitcase: [0.1, 0.497, 0.173, 0.579] +bicycle: [0.282, 0.363, 0.327, 0.442] +car: [0.786, 0.25, 0.848, 0.322] +car: [0.783, 0.27, 0.827, 0.335] +car: [0.86, 0.254, 0.891, 0.3] +car: [0.261, 0.101, 0.787, 0.626] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/001_conv.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/001_conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2eaef8ea3754d8ec0695e328907a8d62553de46 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/001_conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +The image is an underground parking area with a black sport utility vehicle (SUV) parked. There are three people in the scene, with one person standing closer to the left side of the vehicle, another person in the middle, and the third person on the right side. They are all working together to pack their luggage into the SUV for a trip. + +In the parking area, various luggage items are scattered around the vehicle. There are two backpacks, one located near the left rear wheel and the other closer to the right side of the vehicle. Additionally, there are two suitcases, one on the right side of the car and another further away near the center of the parking area. A bicycle can also be seen on the left side of the vehicle. + +Other cars are parked around the main SUV, with one car positioned behind it and slightly to the left, another behind and slightly to the right, and the third car further behind on the right side. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/002_caps.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/002_caps.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..70284585018497b091ba797a05d57c07e8bce3b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/002_caps.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +A man holds a Wii-mote above his head while another looks on. +A guy and his friend are playing Nintendo Wii. +A young man is holding a video game remote over his head. +two men standing in a room while one plays with a wii mote +Some guys standing and playing a video game. + +couch: [0.697, 0.759, 0.995, 1.0] +dining table: [0.426, 0.755, 1.0, 0.987] +person: [0.082, 0.252, 0.342, 1.0] +person: [0.399, 0.085, 0.742, 0.982] +remote: [0.477, 0.135, 0.516, 0.187] +sink: [0.016, 0.501, 0.063, 0.52] +potted plant: [0.798, 0.384, 0.888, 0.645] +refrigerator: [0.305, 0.389, 0.414, 0.547] +chair: [0.72, 0.509, 0.858, 0.725] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/002_conv.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/002_conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56881c770ec5aca56bc2bf6c38cb6101ae58fa24 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/002_conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The image shows two men standing in a room, engaged in playing a video game on a Nintendo Wii console. One of the men is holding a Wii remote above his head with enthusiasm, while the other man looks on, likely enjoying the friendly competition. + +The room appears to be a living space with a couch located in the background and a dining table nearby. A potted plant can be seen placed close to the couch, and a chair is situated in the middle of the room. The room also features a kitchen area with a sink and a refrigerator visible in the background. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/system_message.txt b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/system_message.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fa836ca4b4d836a539f7e6d0aa2a012e6996edf5 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/playground/data/prompts/detail_description/system_message.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +You are an AI visual assistant that can analyze a single image. You receive five sentences, each describing the same image you are observing. In addition, specific object locations within the image are given, along with detailed coordinates. These coordinates are in the form of bounding boxes, represented as (x1, y1, x2, y2) with floating numbers ranging from 0 to 1. These values correspond to the top left x, top left y, bottom right x, and bottom right y. + +Using the provided caption and bounding box information, describe the scene in a detailed manner. + +Instead of directly mentioning the bounding box coordinates, utilize this data to explain the scene using natural language. Include details like object counts, position of the objects, relative position between the objects. + +When using the information from the caption and coordinates, directly explain the scene, and do not mention that the information source is the caption or the bounding box. Always answer as if you are directly looking at the image. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_gqa_for_eval.py b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_gqa_for_eval.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4d46c8b876df618faac548e9b369109d541f4f23 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_gqa_for_eval.py @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +import os +import json +import argparse + +parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() +parser.add_argument("--src", type=str) +parser.add_argument("--dst", type=str) +args = parser.parse_args() + +all_answers = [] +for line_idx, line in enumerate(open(args.src)): + res = json.loads(line) + question_id = res['question_id'] + text = res['text'].rstrip('.').lower() + all_answers.append({"questionId": question_id, "prediction": text}) + +with open(args.dst, 'w') as f: + json.dump(all_answers, f) diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_mmbench_for_submission.py b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_mmbench_for_submission.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..27baec12f9ef48d4e3df41e15b1d2644aab4174b --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_mmbench_for_submission.py @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +import os +import json +import argparse +import pandas as pd + +def get_args(): + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument("--annotation-file", type=str, required=True) + parser.add_argument("--result-dir", type=str, required=True) + parser.add_argument("--upload-dir", type=str, required=True) + parser.add_argument("--experiment", type=str, required=True) + + return parser.parse_args() + +if __name__ == "__main__": + args = get_args() + + df = pd.read_table(args.annotation_file) + + cur_df = df.copy() + cur_df = cur_df.drop(columns=['hint', 'category', 'source', 'image', 'comment', 'l2-category']) + cur_df.insert(6, 'prediction', None) + for pred in open(os.path.join(args.result_dir, f"{args.experiment}.jsonl")): + pred = json.loads(pred) + cur_df.loc[df['index'] == pred['question_id'], 'prediction'] = pred['text'] + + cur_df.to_excel(os.path.join(args.upload_dir, f"{args.experiment}.xlsx"), index=False, engine='openpyxl') diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_mmvet_for_eval.py b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_mmvet_for_eval.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..97f5cfb7fb7691ef3921e3e6afc6d82ec54d4c6c --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_mmvet_for_eval.py @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +import os +import json +import argparse + +parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() +parser.add_argument("--src", type=str) +parser.add_argument("--dst", type=str) +args = parser.parse_args() + +cur_result = {} + +for line in open(args.src): + data = json.loads(line) + qid = data['question_id'] + cur_result[f'v1_{qid}'] = data['text'] + +with open(args.dst, 'w') as f: + json.dump(cur_result, f, indent=2) diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_seed_for_submission.py b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_seed_for_submission.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae903e63087516bc8ae77142532196be6a85589c --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_seed_for_submission.py @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +import os +import json +import argparse + + +def get_args(): + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument("--annotation-file", type=str) + parser.add_argument("--result-file", type=str) + parser.add_argument("--result-upload-file", type=str) + return parser.parse_args() + + +def eval_single(result_file, eval_only_type=None): + results = {} + for line in open(result_file): + row = json.loads(line) + results[row['question_id']] = row + + type_counts = {} + correct_counts = {} + for question_data in data['questions']: + if eval_only_type is not None and question_data['data_type'] != eval_only_type: continue + data_type = question_data['question_type_id'] + type_counts[data_type] = type_counts.get(data_type, 0) + 1 + try: + question_id = int(question_data['question_id']) + except: + question_id = question_data['question_id'] + if question_id not in results: + correct_counts[data_type] = correct_counts.get(data_type, 0) + continue + row = results[question_id] + if row['text'] == question_data['answer']: + correct_counts[data_type] = correct_counts.get(data_type, 0) + 1 + + total_count = 0 + total_correct = 0 + for data_type in sorted(type_counts.keys()): + accuracy = correct_counts[data_type] / type_counts[data_type] * 100 + if eval_only_type is None: + print(f"{ques_type_id_to_name[data_type]}: {accuracy:.2f}%") + + total_count += type_counts[data_type] + total_correct += correct_counts[data_type] + + total_accuracy = total_correct / total_count * 100 + if eval_only_type is None: + print(f"Total accuracy: {total_accuracy:.2f}%") + else: + print(f"{eval_only_type} accuracy: {total_accuracy:.2f}%") + + return results + +if __name__ == "__main__": + args = get_args() + data = json.load(open(args.annotation_file)) + ques_type_id_to_name = {id:n for n,id in data['question_type'].items()} + + results = eval_single(args.result_file) + eval_single(args.result_file, eval_only_type='image') + eval_single(args.result_file, eval_only_type='video') + + with open(args.result_upload_file, 'w') as fp: + for question in data['questions']: + qid = question['question_id'] + if qid in results: + result = results[qid] + else: + result = results[int(qid)] + fp.write(json.dumps({ + 'question_id': qid, + 'prediction': result['text'] + }) + '\n') diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_sqa_to_llava.py b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_sqa_to_llava.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..26fe3002413a23b5029e540c8b338ebb14307bf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_sqa_to_llava.py @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +import json +import os +import fire +import re +from convert_sqa_to_llava_base_prompt import build_prompt_chatbot + + +def convert_to_llava(base_dir, split, prompt_format="QCM-LEA"): + split_indices = json.load(open(os.path.join(base_dir, "pid_splits.json")))[split] + problems = json.load(open(os.path.join(base_dir, "problems.json"))) + + split_problems = build_prompt_chatbot( + problems, split_indices, prompt_format, + use_caption=False, is_test=False) + + target_format = [] + for prob_id, (input, output) in split_problems.items(): + if input.startswith('Question: '): + input = input.replace('Question: ', '') + if output.startswith('Answer: '): + output = output.replace('Answer: ', '') + + raw_prob_data = problems[prob_id] + if raw_prob_data['image'] is None: + target_format.append({ + "id": prob_id, + "conversations": [ + {'from': 'human', 'value': f"{input}"}, + {'from': 'gpt', 'value': f"{output}"}, + ], + }) + + else: + target_format.append({ + "id": prob_id, + "image": os.path.join(prob_id, raw_prob_data['image']), + "conversations": [ + {'from': 'human', 'value': f"{input}\n"}, + {'from': 'gpt', 'value': f"{output}"}, + ], + }) + + print(f'Number of samples: {len(target_format)}') + + with open(os.path.join(base_dir, f"llava_{split}_{prompt_format}.json"), "w") as f: + json.dump(target_format, f, indent=2) + + +def convert_to_jsonl(base_dir, split, prompt_format="QCM-LEPA"): + split_indices = json.load(open(os.path.join(base_dir, "pid_splits.json")))[split] + problems = json.load(open(os.path.join(base_dir, "problems.json"))) + + split_problems = build_prompt_chatbot( + problems, split_indices, prompt_format, + use_caption=False, is_test=False) + + writer = open(os.path.join(base_dir, f"scienceqa_{split}_{prompt_format}.jsonl"), "w") + for prob_id, (input, output) in split_problems.items(): + if input.startswith('Question: '): + input = input.replace('Question: ', '') + if output.startswith('Answer: '): + output = output.replace('Answer: ', '') + + raw_prob_data = problems[prob_id] + if raw_prob_data['image'] is None: + data = { + "id": prob_id, + "instruction": f"{input}", + "output": f"{output}", + } + + else: + data = { + "id": prob_id, + "image": os.path.join(prob_id, raw_prob_data['image']), + "instruction": f"{input}\n", + "output": f"{output}", + } + writer.write(json.dumps(data) + '\n') + writer.close() + + +def main(task, **kwargs): + globals()[task](**kwargs) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + fire.Fire(main) diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_vizwiz_for_submission.py b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_vizwiz_for_submission.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7836d19f573d30e4224f2f89a53104acf03efb91 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_vizwiz_for_submission.py @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +import os +import argparse +import json + +from llava.eval.m4c_evaluator import EvalAIAnswerProcessor + + +def parse_args(): + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument('--annotation-file', type=str, required=True) + parser.add_argument('--result-file', type=str, required=True) + parser.add_argument('--result-upload-file', type=str, required=True) + return parser.parse_args() + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + + args = parse_args() + + os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(args.result_upload_file), exist_ok=True) + + results = [] + error_line = 0 + for line_idx, line in enumerate(open(args.result_file)): + try: + results.append(json.loads(line)) + except: + error_line += 1 + results = {x['question_id']: x['text'] for x in results} + test_split = [json.loads(line) for line in open(args.annotation_file)] + split_ids = set([x['question_id'] for x in test_split]) + + print(f'total results: {len(results)}, total split: {len(test_split)}, error_line: {error_line}') + + all_answers = [] + + answer_processor = EvalAIAnswerProcessor() + + for x in test_split: + assert x['question_id'] in results + all_answers.append({ + 'image': x['image'], + 'answer': answer_processor(results[x['question_id']]) + }) + + with open(args.result_upload_file, 'w') as f: + json.dump(all_answers, f) diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_vqav2_for_submission.py b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_vqav2_for_submission.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..05f67b33a73e17c683dbf9c09f84bacd10f285f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/convert_vqav2_for_submission.py @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +import os +import argparse +import json + +from llava.eval.m4c_evaluator import EvalAIAnswerProcessor + + +def parse_args(): + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument('--dir', type=str, default="./playground/data/eval/vqav2") + parser.add_argument('--ckpt', type=str, required=True) + parser.add_argument('--split', type=str, required=True) + return parser.parse_args() + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + + args = parse_args() + + src = os.path.join(args.dir, 'answers', args.split, args.ckpt, 'merge.jsonl') + test_split = os.path.join(args.dir, 'llava_vqav2_mscoco_test2015.jsonl') + dst = os.path.join(args.dir, 'answers_upload', args.split, f'{args.ckpt}.json') + os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(dst), exist_ok=True) + + results = [] + error_line = 0 + for line_idx, line in enumerate(open(src)): + try: + results.append(json.loads(line)) + except: + error_line += 1 + + results = {x['question_id']: x['text'] for x in results} + test_split = [json.loads(line) for line in open(test_split)] + split_ids = set([x['question_id'] for x in test_split]) + + print(f'total results: {len(results)}, total split: {len(test_split)}, error_line: {error_line}') + + all_answers = [] + + answer_processor = EvalAIAnswerProcessor() + + for x in test_split: + if x['question_id'] not in results: + all_answers.append({ + 'question_id': x['question_id'], + 'answer': '' + }) + else: + all_answers.append({ + 'question_id': x['question_id'], + 'answer': answer_processor(results[x['question_id']]) + }) + + with open(dst, 'w') as f: + json.dump(all_answers, open(dst, 'w')) diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/finetune.sh b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/finetune.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c14f770b481a548c978daca4b42fc0f74aeebe13 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/finetune.sh @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +# IMPORTANT: this is the training script for the original LLaVA, NOT FOR LLaVA V1.5! + +# Uncomment and set the following variables correspondingly to run this script: + +################## VICUNA ################## +# PROMPT_VERSION=v1 +# MODEL_VERSION="vicuna-v1-3-7b" +################## VICUNA ################## + +################## LLaMA-2 ################## +# PROMPT_VERSION="llava_llama_2" +# MODEL_VERSION="llama-2-7b-chat" +################## LLaMA-2 ################## + +deepspeed llava/train/train_mem.py \ + --deepspeed ./scripts/zero2.json \ + --model_name_or_path ./checkpoints/$MODEL_VERSION \ + --version $PROMPT_VERSION \ + --data_path ./playground/data/llava_instruct_80k.json \ + --image_folder /path/to/coco/train2017 \ + --vision_tower openai/clip-vit-large-patch14 \ + --pretrain_mm_mlp_adapter ./checkpoints/llava-$MODEL_VERSION-pretrain/mm_projector.bin \ + --mm_vision_select_layer -2 \ + --mm_use_im_start_end False \ + --mm_use_im_patch_token False \ + --bf16 True \ + --output_dir ./checkpoints/llava-$MODEL_VERSION-finetune \ + --num_train_epochs 1 \ + --per_device_train_batch_size 16 \ + --per_device_eval_batch_size 4 \ + --gradient_accumulation_steps 1 \ + --evaluation_strategy "no" \ + --save_strategy "steps" \ + --save_steps 50000 \ + --save_total_limit 1 \ + --learning_rate 2e-5 \ + --weight_decay 0. \ + --warmup_ratio 0.03 \ + --lr_scheduler_type "cosine" \ + --logging_steps 1 \ + --tf32 True \ + --model_max_length 2048 \ + --gradient_checkpointing True \ + --dataloader_num_workers 4 \ + --lazy_preprocess True \ + --report_to wandb diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/merge_lora_weights.py b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/merge_lora_weights.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b39cc7beb12301379af7daebbb5553fa92093ea --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/merge_lora_weights.py @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +import argparse +from llava.model.builder import load_pretrained_model +from llava.mm_utils import get_model_name_from_path + + +def merge_lora(args): + model_name = get_model_name_from_path(args.model_path) + tokenizer, model, image_processor, context_len = load_pretrained_model(args.model_path, args.model_base, model_name, device_map='cpu') + + model.save_pretrained(args.save_model_path) + tokenizer.save_pretrained(args.save_model_path) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument("--model-path", type=str, required=True) + parser.add_argument("--model-base", type=str, required=True) + parser.add_argument("--save-model-path", type=str, required=True) + + args = parser.parse_args() + + merge_lora(args) diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/v1_5/eval/gqa.sh b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/v1_5/eval/gqa.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5c3c2c31fc35377a926739e8e4bfd4c23fb39e7f --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/v1_5/eval/gqa.sh @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +gpu_list="${CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES:-0}" +IFS=',' read -ra GPULIST <<< "$gpu_list" + +CHUNKS=${#GPULIST[@]} + +CKPT="llava-v1.5-13b" +SPLIT="llava_gqa_testdev_balanced" +GQADIR="./playground/data/eval/gqa/data" + +for IDX in $(seq 0 $((CHUNKS-1))); do + CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=${GPULIST[$IDX]} python -m llava.eval.model_vqa_loader \ + --model-path liuhaotian/llava-v1.5-13b \ + --question-file ./playground/data/eval/gqa/$SPLIT.jsonl \ + --image-folder ./playground/data/eval/gqa/data/images \ + --answers-file ./playground/data/eval/gqa/answers/$SPLIT/$CKPT/${CHUNKS}_${IDX}.jsonl \ + --num-chunks $CHUNKS \ + --chunk-idx $IDX \ + --temperature 0 \ + --conv-mode vicuna_v1 & +done + +wait + +output_file=./playground/data/eval/gqa/answers/$SPLIT/$CKPT/merge.jsonl + +# Clear out the output file if it exists. +> "$output_file" + +# Loop through the indices and concatenate each file. +for IDX in $(seq 0 $((CHUNKS-1))); do + cat ./playground/data/eval/gqa/answers/$SPLIT/$CKPT/${CHUNKS}_${IDX}.jsonl >> "$output_file" +done + +python scripts/convert_gqa_for_eval.py --src $output_file --dst $GQADIR/testdev_balanced_predictions.json + +cd $GQADIR +python eval/eval.py --tier testdev_balanced diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/zero3_offload.json b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/zero3_offload.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e0a54c2c2bc10f76458c42a43de0970a9251759f --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/LLaVA/scripts/zero3_offload.json @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +{ + "fp16": { + "enabled": "auto", + "loss_scale": 0, + "loss_scale_window": 1000, + "initial_scale_power": 16, + "hysteresis": 2, + "min_loss_scale": 1 + }, + "bf16": { + "enabled": "auto" + }, + "optimizer": { + "type": "AdamW", + "params": { + "lr": "auto", + "betas": "auto", + "eps": "auto", + "weight_decay": "auto" + } + }, + "scheduler": { + "type": "WarmupLR", + "params": { + "warmup_min_lr": "auto", + "warmup_max_lr": "auto", + "warmup_num_steps": "auto" + } + }, + "zero_optimization": { + "stage": 3, + "offload_optimizer": { + "device": "cpu", + "pin_memory": true + }, + "offload_param": { + "device": "cpu", + "pin_memory": true + }, + "overlap_comm": true, + "contiguous_gradients": true, + "sub_group_size": 1e9, + "reduce_bucket_size": "auto", + "stage3_prefetch_bucket_size": "auto", + "stage3_param_persistence_threshold": "auto", + "stage3_max_live_parameters": 1e9, + "stage3_max_reuse_distance": 1e9, + "gather_16bit_weights_on_model_save": true + }, + "gradient_accumulation_steps": "auto", + "gradient_clipping": "auto", + "train_batch_size": "auto", + "train_micro_batch_size_per_gpu": "auto", + "steps_per_print": 1e5, + "wall_clock_breakdown": false +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5508d3bc8dc7ab7d1a2db75a9817c1017ff34295 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/bailingmm.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/bailingmm.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..14dd2afa0ffd90dd76eb5271486fbf1c6a0296ae Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/bailingmm.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/base.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/base.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e7f453b7225bb08fef76528b924501544608d537 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/base.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/base.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/base.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..30efeb5a80f07ed27045f95f36a4e5c54777e6be Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/base.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/base.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/base.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b598664d439385bab7b518f199f50e4a1337c04b Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/base.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/bluelm_api.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/bluelm_api.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..655d30e42a07783ce60521580e274892c3cc02e7 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/bluelm_api.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/bluelm_api.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/bluelm_api.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d608db9f93cfde7939eb68907ce72a9cf95e0da Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/bluelm_api.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/bluelm_api.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/bluelm_api.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40afbba7bc26e379fa97b9d5655df5bedfa6ed1b Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/bluelm_api.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/claude.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/claude.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..64a185ce11c3338f66599e8fefadfeed4106c2ce Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/claude.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/claude.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/claude.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..02bd64cde36e2e4673dc3f139d91effa901152ea Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/claude.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/claude.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/claude.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb85ece4238bc816bbf91a64d0fdd7a5c3da0bba Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/claude.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/cloudwalk.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/cloudwalk.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..584818dbbf6e6b400614f6f54d74d1c72ee7f0f7 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/cloudwalk.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/cloudwalk.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/cloudwalk.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..65efa4cd7a52f6e0c86db5e01b791bb056c0872a Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/cloudwalk.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/cloudwalk.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/cloudwalk.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b8cc9123d06e3117b2d5559e138bea06d4cb0826 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/cloudwalk.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/doubao_vl_api.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/doubao_vl_api.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7039df3564178ff4cb8250a6be8d0964771035bf Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/doubao_vl_api.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/doubao_vl_api.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/doubao_vl_api.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84bd68c3dd05e173e56a5f2a74a629cc5fd20de5 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/doubao_vl_api.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/doubao_vl_api.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/doubao_vl_api.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f1c347b9de783c5f3657cddca4c71e50140b8da0 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/doubao_vl_api.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/gemini.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/gemini.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b0d83a526e3148ce2ec230c3adf45712e6a8a1a Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/gemini.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/gemini.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/gemini.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d572fa8cfaeb52c380ce186731cf87800847585c Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/gemini.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/gemini.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/gemini.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f92782afb4a9ce32dc7899df6e2eabbd7ed880b Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/gemini.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/glm_vision.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/glm_vision.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c695154cf1836b5dffdb767c8b82bcf2ff14e3de Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/glm_vision.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/glm_vision.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/glm_vision.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28f32a574d641e9a44e7e6a5156be93b7d88e5b9 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/glm_vision.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/glm_vision.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/glm_vision.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bf3695a7e0269bda5a3ceade6f8cbb050e2c849a Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/glm_vision.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/gpt.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/gpt.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5dda5193d18d6e5944e0617a0937d6b8db60352a Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/gpt.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/gpt.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/gpt.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3ce7ffa58d2edee7b2fad95a9ca9100171bf5b54 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/gpt.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/gpt.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/gpt.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8be0c6b0df3a6c16f6aab0419678f5a0aa32e4b Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/gpt.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/hf_chat_model.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/hf_chat_model.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b9497aa8389286f573074aad952fac4dbfd6cd5c Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/hf_chat_model.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/hf_chat_model.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/hf_chat_model.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fcb85e09ea0f9a78b4ee38aa4415d8e299771f99 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/hf_chat_model.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/hf_chat_model.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/hf_chat_model.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..405284eeed853811762ca7abe52a44c822ff68e4 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/hf_chat_model.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/hunyuan.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/hunyuan.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85860be788d52d505c52da87f5c3b834e8255e86 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/hunyuan.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/hunyuan.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/hunyuan.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..34d9a4beff5a84beb81b14bbaa1b94af1fbc31c6 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/hunyuan.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/hunyuan.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/hunyuan.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d17ccb2b48442a2b7c0c62ec64db4eacca146ea8 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/hunyuan.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/jt_vl_chat.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/jt_vl_chat.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01685ddbeedccba9119b8600bf40e4e4e3c24253 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/jt_vl_chat.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/jt_vl_chat.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/jt_vl_chat.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a25a97b7d3c3dc2db23249e57d947b9a372c5eb6 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/jt_vl_chat.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/jt_vl_chat.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/jt_vl_chat.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1df831aa5064dd7d94e628fd87ab7c650ddd7db Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/jt_vl_chat.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/kimivl_api.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/kimivl_api.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b35530b4a374f1a751a2d18c2f15bf053cbc8a13 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/kimivl_api.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/kimivl_api.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/kimivl_api.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0169786960fe26f0f37f99e7e715a8e05957b622 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/kimivl_api.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/kimivl_api.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/kimivl_api.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..58d8dc21e224e1d5d36807708b782aa1d882fb44 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/kimivl_api.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/lmdeploy.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/lmdeploy.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ecda8ef59e7ce910308664766f374e94e959721a Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/lmdeploy.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/lmdeploy.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/lmdeploy.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd26fca219902aba0f2844fcd21073ecfb9b1805 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/lmdeploy.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/lmdeploy.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/lmdeploy.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..48cc3163f9ff47b2ab2e0bdf1bad726629cbce6f Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/lmdeploy.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/mug_u.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/mug_u.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8dcda721de2c07476dba0d18c9016878f2adee77 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/mug_u.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/mug_u.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/mug_u.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..923c8d1e2cd2d97da1ea20f64ef43b164a5a54c6 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/mug_u.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/mug_u.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/mug_u.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..810a989a04b35c070e01bbefb5d96bded14d3489 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/mug_u.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/qwen_api.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/qwen_api.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0224024cdaa638d3f2f7aeb7242d723bb1e46e61 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/qwen_api.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/qwen_api.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/qwen_api.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c71e71fa6641e0dbb10694f7597c92f21b0e252 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/qwen_api.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/qwen_api.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/qwen_api.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3471515f57bf4a6cce9d951b8c39bd46c39f4e38 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/qwen_api.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/qwen_vl_api.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/qwen_vl_api.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db867b000e34388876782409da051b9605ad4ad8 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/qwen_vl_api.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/qwen_vl_api.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/qwen_vl_api.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc2af71feac6cecf8fb055d7fa38b5de07ca25b5 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/qwen_vl_api.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/qwen_vl_api.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/qwen_vl_api.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e179045f2ba6bfdb353ab10a8af45b8792201b0e Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/qwen_vl_api.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/reka.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/reka.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6bfc33f11c758fc12fec50119c1fc6eaaf66c9d Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/reka.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/reka.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/reka.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69fc45e6afdb7846afc45ab8c479399d693cc8c3 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/reka.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/reka.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/reka.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf53c6176ece53e8569546b5559d94f532b2cf43 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/reka.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/sensechat_vision.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/sensechat_vision.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d0dbbd72811d2672da206d4db408775ad83a33d Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/sensechat_vision.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/sensechat_vision.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/sensechat_vision.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dc01194aef03d0c3d70d349604af39291fe24d06 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/sensechat_vision.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/sensechat_vision.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/sensechat_vision.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b77f94ab63105d68ec711440e8050c155901a34a Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/sensechat_vision.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/siliconflow.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/siliconflow.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..461c3fe4ab3d147fbc4ff9f5ec66b2256e9819a7 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/siliconflow.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/siliconflow.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/siliconflow.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c632ed04c66351a3079b70b28f87a5cb28c81d28 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/siliconflow.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/siliconflow.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/siliconflow.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5d3fa835e257dc0eb565b2498c12c06f6bb7b19 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/siliconflow.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/taichu.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/taichu.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..63f9f3f37de3938cb5c2a94ce01c0aa648cdc15c Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/taichu.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/taichu.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/taichu.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..714efcc748c2bd403bb6acf58d39bb1cf4222869 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/taichu.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/taichu.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/taichu.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57dd3d48517ed119e899dbb26ad364a2f7066cab Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/taichu.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/taiyi.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/taiyi.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d348e3d23bb1dab55d0ba0c66fc0a3b850146ba Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/taiyi.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/taiyi.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/taiyi.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..34e216b1d2b519c175dfb2411d52229298a40504 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/taiyi.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/taiyi.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/taiyi.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e960569721a50786b6633d664dad45522e4b878 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/__pycache__/taiyi.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/bailingmm.py b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/bailingmm.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..304b833dfd5e8ddaa674a0762b5a622bfc864f8f --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/bailingmm.py @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +import base64 +from vlmeval.smp import * +from vlmeval.api.base import BaseAPI +from vlmeval.dataset import DATASET_TYPE +from vlmeval.smp.vlm import encode_image_file_to_base64 +import time + + +class bailingMMWrapper(BaseAPI): + + is_api: bool = True + + def __init__(self, + model: str, + retry: int = 5, + key: str = None, + verbose: bool = True, + system_prompt: str = None, + max_tokens: int = 1024, + proxy: str = None, + **kwargs): + + self.model = model + self.fail_msg = 'Failed to obtain answer via bailingMM API.' + if key is None: + key = os.environ.get('BAILINGMM_API_KEY', None) + assert key is not None, ('Please set the API Key for bailingMM.') + self.key = key + self.headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"} + super().__init__(retry=retry, system_prompt=system_prompt, verbose=verbose, **kwargs) + + def image_to_base64(self, image_path): + with open(image_path, 'rb') as image_file: + encoded_string = str(base64.b64encode(image_file.read()), 'utf-8') + return encoded_string + + def prepare_inputs(self, inputs): + msgs = cp.deepcopy(inputs) + content = [] + for i, msg in enumerate(msgs): + if msg['type'] == 'text': + pass + else: + try: + image_data = self.image_to_base64(msg['value']) + except Exception as e: + if self.verbose: + self.logger.error(e) + image_data = '' + msg['value'] = image_data + content.append(msg) + return content + + def generate_inner(self, inputs, **kwargs) -> str: + assert isinstance(inputs, str) or isinstance(inputs, list) + start = time.time() + inputs = [inputs] if isinstance(inputs, str) else inputs + + messages = self.prepare_inputs(inputs) + + service_url = "https://bailingchat.alipay.com/api/proxy/eval/antgmm/completions" + + payload = { + "structInput": json.dumps([{"role":"user","content":messages}]), + "sk": self.key, + "model": self.model, + "timeout": 180000 + } + response = requests.post(service_url, headers=self.headers, json=payload) + if self.verbose: + self.logger.info('Time for requesting is:') + self.logger.info(time.time() - start) + try: + assert response.status_code == 200 + output = json.loads(response.text) + answer = output['preds']['pred'] + if self.verbose: + self.logger.info(f'inputs: {inputs}\nanswer: {answer}') + return 0, answer, 'Succeeded! ' + except Exception as e: + if self.verbose: + self.logger.error(e) + self.logger.error(f'The input messages are {inputs}.') + return -1, self.fail_msg, '' + + +class bailingMMAPI(bailingMMWrapper): + + def generate(self, message, dataset=None): + return super(bailingMMAPI, self).generate(message, dataset=dataset) diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/bluelm_api.py b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/bluelm_api.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eea6ca6222c4f0bb240b655d55c2360852e433d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/bluelm_api.py @@ -0,0 +1,234 @@ +from vlmeval.smp import * +from vlmeval.api.base import BaseAPI +from typing import Iterable, List +import os +import re +import json + + +def split_think(text: str) -> str: + """ + 提取think后的内容 + """ + if "" in text: + answer = text.split("")[1] + else: + if "" in text: + return 'Thinking mode too long to extract answer' + return text + return answer + + +def remove_boxed(s:str): + left = '\\boxed{' + try: + assert s[:len(left)] == left + assert s[-1] == '}' + return s[len(left):-1] + except Exception: + return None + + +def last_boxed_only_string(string:str): + idx = string.rfind('\\boxed') + if idx < 0: + idx = string.rfind('\\fbox') + if idx < 0: + return None + + i = idx + right_brace_idx = None + num_left_braces_open = 0 + while i < len(string): + if string[i] == '{': + num_left_braces_open += 1 + if string[i] == '}': + num_left_braces_open -= 1 + if num_left_braces_open == 0: + right_brace_idx = i + break + i += 1 + + if right_brace_idx is None: + retval = None + else: + retval = string[idx:right_brace_idx + 1] + + return retval + + +def extract_boxed(pred_str:str, strip_double_curly_brace=False): + boxed_str = last_boxed_only_string(pred_str) + if boxed_str is None: + return pred_str # 返回原始字符串 + answer = remove_boxed(boxed_str) + if answer is None: + return pred_str # 返回原始字符串 + if strip_double_curly_brace: + match = re.match('^\{(.*)\}$', answer) # noqa: W605 + if match: + answer = match.group(1) + return answer + + +def extract_boxed_answer(pred_str:str): + if pred_str.rfind('\\boxed') < 0 and pred_str.rfind('\\fbox') < 0: + return pred_str + return extract_boxed(pred_str, strip_double_curly_brace=True) + + +def get_streaming_response(response: requests.Response): + for chunk in response.iter_lines(chunk_size=4096, + decode_unicode=False): + if chunk: + data = json.loads(chunk.decode("utf-8")) + output = data.get("result") + yield output + + +def multimodal(images, text, url, key, temperature=0.6, max_tokens=32768, top_k=20, top_p=0.95, stream=True, history=[], timeout=60): # noqa: E501 + if images: + pics = [] + for image in images: + with open(image, 'rb') as f: + pic = base64.b64encode(f.read()).decode('utf-8') + pics.append(pic) + data = { + 'images': pics, 'text': text, 'key': key, 'temperature': temperature, + 'max_tokens': max_tokens, 'top_k': top_k, 'top_p': top_p, 'stream': stream + } + else: + data = { + 'text': text, 'key': key, 'temperature': temperature, + 'max_tokens': max_tokens, 'top_k': top_k, 'top_p': top_p, 'stream': stream + } + response = requests.post(url, json=data, headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"}, timeout=timeout) + if stream: + final_text = '' + for h in get_streaming_response(response): + final_text = h + else: + response_data = response.json() + final_text = response_data.get("result", "") + return final_text + + +class BlueLMWrapper(BaseAPI): + is_api: bool = True + + def __init__(self, + model: str = 'BlueLM-2.5-3B', + retry: int = 5, + verbose: bool = True, + temperature: float = 0.6, + system_prompt: str = None, + max_tokens: int = 32768, + top_k: int = 20, + top_p: float = 0.95, + timeout: int = 60, + key: str = None, + url: str = 'http://api-ai.vivo.com.cn/multimodal', + **kwargs): + + self.model = model + self.fail_msg = 'Failed to obtain answer BlueLM API. ' + self.max_tokens = max_tokens + self.temperature = temperature + self.top_k = top_k + self.top_p = top_p + self.url = url + self.key = key + self.timeout = timeout + + if self.key is None: + self.key = os.environ.get('BLUELM_API_KEY', None) + assert self.key is not None, ( + 'Please set the API Key (obtain it here: ' + 'contact by email : shuai.ren@vivo.com' + ) + + super().__init__(retry=retry, system_prompt=system_prompt, verbose=verbose, **kwargs) + + def message_to_promptimg(self, message, dataset=None): + + num_images = len([x for x in message if x['type'] == 'image']) + if num_images == 0: + prompt = '\n'.join([x['value'] for x in message if x['type'] == 'text']) + image = None + elif num_images == 1: + prompt = '\n'.join([x['value'] for x in message if x['type'] == 'text']) + image = [x['value'] for x in message if x['type'] == 'image'] + else: + prompt = '\n'.join([x['value'] if x['type'] == 'text' else '' for x in message]) + if dataset == 'BLINK': + image = concat_images_vlmeval( + [x['value'] for x in message if x['type'] == 'image'], + target_size=512) + else: + image = [x['value'] for x in message if x['type'] == 'image'] + + if dataset in ['MMBench_DEV_EN_V11', 'MMBench_DEV_CN_V11', 'MMBench_TEST_EN_V11', 'MMBench_TEST_CN_V11', + 'AI2D_TEST', 'AI2D_TEST_TO_MASK', 'MMMU_DEV_VAL', 'MMStar']: + prompt = prompt.replace('Please select the correct answer from the options above.', + 'Answer with the option’s letter from the given choices directly.') + prompt = prompt.replace('Question: Hint: Please answer the question and provide the correct option letter, e.g., A, B, C, D, at the end.\n','') # noqa: E501 + elif dataset in ['ChartQA_TEST']: + prompt = prompt.replace('Answer the question using a single word or phrase.', + 'Answer the question using a single number or phrase.') + elif dataset in ['DocVQA_VAL', 'DocVQA_TEST', ]: + prompt = prompt.replace('Answer the question using a single word or phrase.', + 'Give the short answer directly.') + elif dataset in ['TextVQA_VAL']: + prompt = prompt.replace('Answer the question using a single word or phrase.', + 'When the provided information is insufficient, respond with ’Unanswerable’.' + 'Answer the question using a single word or phrase.') + elif dataset in ['MTVQA_TEST']: + prompt = prompt.replace( + '\nAnswer the question using a word or phrase in the language of the question.', '') + elif dataset in ['MathVista_MINI']: + if 'Choices:' in prompt: + prompt = prompt.replace('Choices:', 'Options:').replace('Hint:', 'Context:') + for i in range(1, 7): # replace A ~ F + prompt = prompt.replace(f'({chr(64 + i)})', f'{chr(64 + i)}.') + prompt += '\nAnswer with the option’s letter from the given choices directly.' + else: + prompt += '\nAnswer the question using a single word or phrase.' + elif dataset in ['HallusionBench']: + prompt = prompt + " Please answer yes or no." + return prompt, image + + def generate_inner(self, inputs, **kwargs) -> str: + + assert isinstance(inputs, str) or isinstance(inputs, list) + pure_text = np.all([x['type'] == 'text' for x in inputs]) + assert not pure_text + + prompt, image_path = self.message_to_promptimg(inputs, kwargs['dataset']) + + try: + response = multimodal( + images=image_path, text=prompt, url=self.url, key=self.key, temperature=self.temperature, + max_tokens=self.max_tokens, top_k=self.top_k, top_p=self.top_p, timeout=self.timeout) + if kwargs['dataset'] in [ + 'MMBench_DEV_EN_V11', 'MMBench_DEV_CN_V11', 'MMBench_TEST_EN_V11', 'MMBench_TEST_CN_V11', + 'AI2D_TEST', 'AI2D_TEST_TO_MASK', 'MMMU_DEV_VAL', 'MMStar', + 'OCRBench', 'MMVet', 'MathVista_MINI', 'HallusionBench' + ]: + + answer = split_think(response[0]) + answer = extract_boxed_answer(answer) + else: + answer = split_think(response[0]) + self.logger.info(f'answer : {answer}') + return 0, answer, 'Succeeded! ' + except Exception as err: + if self.verbose: + self.logger.error(f'{type(err)}: {err}') + self.logger.error(f'The input messages are {inputs}.') + return -1, '', '' + + +class BlueLM_API(BlueLMWrapper): + + def generate(self, message, dataset=None): + return super(BlueLM_API, self).generate(message, dataset=dataset) diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/doubao_vl_api.py b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/doubao_vl_api.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..130cc52773def26b0dc03e9b83614476d0e45c45 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/doubao_vl_api.py @@ -0,0 +1,210 @@ +from vlmeval.smp import * +import os +import sys +from vlmeval.api.base import BaseAPI +import math +from vlmeval.dataset import DATASET_TYPE +from vlmeval.dataset import img_root_map +from io import BytesIO +import pandas as pd +import requests +import json +import base64 +import time +from openai import OpenAI + + +class DoubaoVLWrapper(BaseAPI): + + is_api: bool = True + + def __init__(self, + model: str = '', + retry: int = 5, + verbose: bool = True, + system_prompt: str = None, + temperature: float = 0, + timeout: int = 60, + max_tokens: int = 4096, + api_base: str = 'https://ark.cn-beijing.volces.com/api/v3', # 使用系统推荐的服务区域地址 + **kwargs): + + self.model = model # This variable is unused + self.cur_idx = 0 + self.fail_msg = 'Failed to obtain answer via API. ' + self.temperature = temperature + self.max_tokens = max_tokens + + assert 'DOUBAO_VL_KEY' in os.environ, 'You may need to set the env variable DOUBAO_VL_KEY to use DOUBAO_VL.' + + key = os.environ.get('DOUBAO_VL_KEY', None) + assert key is not None, 'Please set the environment variable DOUBAO_VL_KEY. ' + self.key = key + + assert api_base is not None, 'Please set the variable API_BASE. ' + self.api_base = api_base + self.timeout = timeout + + super().__init__(retry=retry, system_prompt=system_prompt, verbose=verbose, **kwargs) + + # Models that require an EP + # assert self.model in ['Doubao-1.5-vision-pro', 'doubao-1-5-thinking-vision-pro-250428'] + EP_KEY = 'DOUBAO_VL_ENDPOINT' + '_' + self.model.replace('.', '_').replace('-', '_').upper() + endpoint = os.getenv(EP_KEY, None) + + if endpoint is not None: + self.endpoint = endpoint + else: + self.logger.warning( + f'Endpoint for model {model} is not set (can be set w. environment var {EP_KEY}. ' + f'By default, we will use the model name {model} as the EP if not set. ' + ) + self.endpoint = model + + self.client = OpenAI( + api_key=self.key, + base_url=self.api_base, + timeout=self.timeout + ) + + self.logger.info(f'Using API Base: {self.api_base}; End Point: {self.endpoint}; API Key: {self.key}') + + def dump_image(self, line, dataset): + """Dump the image(s) of the input line to the corresponding dataset folder. + + Args: + line (line of pd.DataFrame): The raw input line. + dataset (str): The name of the dataset. + + Returns: + str | list[str]: The paths of the dumped images. + """ + ROOT = LMUDataRoot() + assert isinstance(dataset, str) + + img_root = os.path.join(ROOT, 'images', img_root_map(dataset) if dataset in img_root_map(dataset) else dataset) + os.makedirs(img_root, exist_ok=True) + if 'image' in line: + if isinstance(line['image'], list): + tgt_path = [] + assert 'image_path' in line + for img, im_name in zip(line['image'], line['image_path']): + path = osp.join(img_root, im_name) + if not read_ok(path): + decode_base64_to_image_file(img, path) + tgt_path.append(path) + else: + tgt_path = osp.join(img_root, f"{line['index']}.jpg") + if not read_ok(tgt_path): + decode_base64_to_image_file(line['image'], tgt_path) + tgt_path = [tgt_path] + else: + assert 'image_path' in line + tgt_path = toliststr(line['image_path']) + + return tgt_path + + def use_custom_prompt(self, dataset_name): + if dataset_name == 'MathVerse_MINI_Vision_Only': + return True + else: + return False + + def build_prompt(self, line, dataset: str) -> list[dict[str, str]]: + + if dataset in {'MathVerse_MINI_Vision_Only'}: + return self. _build_mathVerse_mini_vision_only_prompt(line, dataset) + raise ValueError(f'Unsupported dataset: {dataset}') + + def _build_mathVerse_mini_vision_only_prompt(self, line, dataset=None): + assert self.use_custom_prompt(dataset) + assert dataset is None or isinstance(dataset, str) + + tgt_path = self.dump_image(line, dataset) + + question = line['question'] + + # remove 'directly' from the prompt, so the model will answer the question in Chain-of-Thought (CoT) manner + prompt = question.replace('directly','',1) + + msgs = [] + if isinstance(tgt_path, list): + msgs.extend([dict(type='image', value=p) for p in tgt_path]) + else: + msgs = [dict(type='image', value=tgt_path)] + msgs.append(dict(type='text', value=prompt)) + return msgs + + # inputs can be a lvl-2 nested list: [content1, content2, content3, ...] + # content can be a string or a list of image & text + def prepare_itlist(self, inputs): + assert np.all([isinstance(x, dict) for x in inputs]) + has_images = np.sum([x['type'] == 'image' for x in inputs]) + if has_images: + content_list = [] + for msg in inputs: + if msg['type'] == 'text': + content_list.append(dict(type='text', text=msg['value'])) + elif msg['type'] == 'image': + from PIL import Image + img = Image.open(msg['value']) + b64 = encode_image_to_base64(img) + img_struct = dict(url=f'data:image/jpeg;base64,{b64}') + content_list.append(dict(type='image_url', image_url=img_struct)) + else: + assert all([x['type'] == 'text' for x in inputs]) + text = '\n'.join([x['value'] for x in inputs]) + content_list = [dict(type='text', text=text)] + return content_list + + def prepare_inputs(self, inputs): + input_msgs = [] + if self.system_prompt is not None: + input_msgs.append(dict(role='system', content=self.system_prompt)) + assert isinstance(inputs, list) and isinstance(inputs[0], dict) + assert np.all(['type' in x for x in inputs]) or np.all(['role' in x for x in inputs]), inputs + if 'role' in inputs[0]: + assert inputs[-1]['role'] == 'user', inputs[-1] + for item in inputs: + input_msgs.append(dict(role=item['role'], content=self.prepare_itlist(item['content']))) + else: + input_msgs.append(dict(role='user', content=self.prepare_itlist(inputs))) + return input_msgs + + def generate_inner(self, inputs, **kwargs) -> str: + + input_msgs = self.prepare_inputs(inputs) + temperature = kwargs.pop('temperature', self.temperature) + max_tokens = kwargs.pop('max_tokens', self.max_tokens) + + ret_code = -1 + answer = self.fail_msg + response = None + payload = dict(model=self.endpoint, messages=input_msgs, max_tokens=max_tokens, temperature=temperature) + try: + response = self.client.chat.completions.create(**payload) + answer = response.choices[0].message.content.strip() + ret_code = 0 + except Exception as err: + self.logger.error(f'{type(err)}: {err}') + self.logger.error(response.text if hasattr(response, 'text') else response) + + return ret_code, answer, response + + +class DoubaoVL(DoubaoVLWrapper): + + def generate(self, message, dataset=None): + return super(DoubaoVL, self).generate(message) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + # export DOUBAO_VL_KEY='' + # export DOUBAO_VL_ENDPOINT='' + model = DoubaoVLWrapper(verbose=True) + inputs = [ + {'type': 'image', 'value': './assets/apple.jpg'}, + {'type': 'text', 'value': '请详细描述一下这张图片。'}, + ] + code, answer, resp = model.generate_inner(inputs) + print(code, answer, resp) diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/glm_vision.py b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/glm_vision.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c373afac437ea1a36caa795921f72e93b1632624 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/glm_vision.py @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +import requests +requests.packages.urllib3.disable_warnings() + +from vlmeval.smp import * +from vlmeval.api.base import BaseAPI +from vlmeval.dataset import DATASET_TYPE +from vlmeval.smp.vlm import encode_image_file_to_base64 + + +class GLMVisionWrapper(BaseAPI): + + is_api: bool = True + + def __init__(self, + model: str, + retry: int = 5, + key: str = None, + verbose: bool = True, + system_prompt: str = None, + max_tokens: int = 4096, + proxy: str = None, + **kwargs): + + from zhipuai import ZhipuAI + self.model = model + self.fail_msg = 'Failed to obtain answer via API. ' + if key is None: + key = os.environ.get('GLMV_API_KEY', None) + assert key is not None, ( + 'Please set the API Key (obtain it here: ' + 'https://bigmodel.cn)' + ) + self.client = ZhipuAI(api_key=key) + super().__init__(retry=retry, system_prompt=system_prompt, verbose=verbose, **kwargs) + + def build_msgs(self, msgs_raw, system_prompt=None, dataset=None): + msgs = cp.deepcopy(msgs_raw) + content = [] + for i, msg in enumerate(msgs): + if msg['type'] == 'text': + content.append(dict(type='text', text=msg['value'])) + elif msg['type'] == 'image': + content.append(dict(type='image_url', image_url=dict(url=encode_image_file_to_base64(msg['value'])))) + if dataset in {'HallusionBench', 'POPE'}: + content.append(dict(type="text", text="Please answer yes or no.")) + ret = [dict(role='user', content=content)] + return ret + + def generate_inner(self, inputs, **kwargs) -> str: + assert isinstance(inputs, str) or isinstance(inputs, list) + inputs = [inputs] if isinstance(inputs, str) else inputs + + messages = self.build_msgs(msgs_raw=inputs, dataset=kwargs.get('dataset', None)) + + response = self.client.chat.completions.create( + model=self.model, + messages=messages, + do_sample=False, + max_tokens=2048 + ) + try: + answer = response.choices[0].message.content.strip() + if self.verbose: + self.logger.info(f'inputs: {inputs}\nanswer: {answer}') + return 0, answer, 'Succeeded!' + except Exception as err: + if self.verbose: + self.logger.error(f'{type(err)}: {err}') + self.logger.error(f'The input messages are {inputs}.') + return -1, self.fail_msg, '' + + +class GLMVisionAPI(GLMVisionWrapper): + + def generate(self, message, dataset=None): + return super(GLMVisionAPI, self).generate(message, dataset=dataset) diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/hf_chat_model.py b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/hf_chat_model.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f575c07cfa71fb70eeba6c92afb602bf2fd0971f --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/hf_chat_model.py @@ -0,0 +1,261 @@ +import os +import sys +import os.path as osp +import torch +from ..smp import * + + +def get_gpu_num(model_name): + model_name = model_name.lower() + kws = { + 8: ['65b', '70b'], + 4: ['30b', '33b', '35b', '40b'], + 2: ['13b', '14b', '20b', '8b'], + 1: ['6b', '7b', 'moss'], + } + for k in [8, 4, 2, 1]: + for keyword in kws[k]: + if keyword in model_name: + return k + return 8 + + +validated_llms = [ + 'internlm/internlm-chat-7b', 'internlm/internlm-chat-7b-8k', 'internlm/internlm-chat-20b', + 'Qwen/Qwen-7B-Chat', 'Qwen/Qwen-14B-Chat', + 'THUDM/chatglm2-6b', 'THUDM/chatglm2-6b-32k', 'THUDM/chatglm3-6b', 'THUDM/chatglm3-6b-32k', + 'baichuan-inc/Baichuan2-7B-Chat', 'baichuan-inc/Baichuan2-13B-Chat', + 'lmsys/vicuna-7b-v1.5', 'lmsys/vicuna-13b-v1.5', + 'meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf', + 'meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct' +] +Auto_model = ['chatglm'] + + +class HFChatModel: + + def _get_context_length(self, model, model_path): + # By default, we use model.config.seq_length + model_path = model_path.lower() + if 'baichuan' in model_path: + context_window = model.config.model_max_length + elif 'internlm' in model_path or 'llama' in model_path: + context_window = model.config.max_position_embeddings + elif 'vicuna' in model_path: + context_window = model.generation_config.max_length + else: + # chatglm & qwen + context_window = model.config.seq_length + return context_window + + def _get_context_length_robust(self, model, model_path): + try: + context_window = self._get_context_length(model, model_path) + return context_window + except Exception as err: + self.logger.critical(f'{type(err)}: {err}') + self.logger.critical( + 'Failed to extract context_window information from config / generation_config. ' + 'Please read the above code and check if the logic works for you model path' + ) + raise NotImplementedError + + def __init__(self, + model_path, + system_prompt: str = None, + **kwargs): + + self.logger = get_logger('HFChatModel') + if 'vicuna' in model_path.lower() or 'llama' in model_path.lower(): + try: + from fastchat.model import get_conversation_template + except Exception as err: + self.logger.critical('Please install fastchat first to use vicuna. ') + raise err + + self.explicit_device = kwargs.pop('device', None) + if self.explicit_device is None: + # If CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES is not properly set + if 'CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES' not in os.environ or os.environ['CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES'] == '0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7': + num_gpu = get_gpu_num(model_path) + gpu_offset = kwargs.pop('gpu_offset', 0) + cuda_visible_devices = ','.join([str(i) for i in range(gpu_offset, gpu_offset + num_gpu)]) + os.environ['CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES'] = cuda_visible_devices + + from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoModel + + if model_path not in validated_llms: + self.logger.warning(f'{model_path} not in validated LLMs, may have inference troubles. ') + + self.model_path = model_path + if listinstr(Auto_model, model_path): + LoadModel = AutoModel + else: + LoadModel = AutoModelForCausalLM + assert osp.exists(model_path) or len(model_path.split('/')) == 2 + + device = self.explicit_device if self.explicit_device else 'auto' + + precision = {} + if 'internlm-chat-7b' in model_path: + precision = {'torch_dtype': torch.float16} + elif 'internlm-chat-20b' in model_path: + precision = {'torch_dtype': torch.bfloat16} + + self.tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_path, trust_remote_code=True) + cuda_devices = os.environ.get('CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES', '0') + if ',' in cuda_devices: + device_ids = [int(x) for x in cuda_devices.split(',')] + _ = {i: i for i in range(len(device_ids))} + else: + _ = {'': 0} + + if 'llama' in self.model_path.lower(): + from lmdeploy import pipeline, GenerationConfig, TurbomindEngineConfig + print(f"Loading model {model_path} with {num_gpu} GPUs") + backend_config = TurbomindEngineConfig(tp=num_gpu) + self.gen_config = GenerationConfig(max_new_tokens=256) + model = pipeline(model_path, backend_config=backend_config) + else: + model = LoadModel.from_pretrained(model_path, trust_remote_code=True, device_map='cpu', **precision) + model = model.eval() + + if device != 'cpu': + model = model.to(f'cuda:{device}' if isinstance(device, int) else 'cuda') + try: + from transformers.generation import GenerationConfig + model.generation_config = GenerationConfig.from_pretrained( + model_path, trust_remote_code=True, device_map=device) + except Exception as err: + self.logger.warning(f'{type(err)}: {err}') + + self.context_length = self._get_context_length_robust(model=model, model_path=model_path) + + torch.cuda.empty_cache() + self.model = model + self.answer_buffer = 192 + self.system_prompt = system_prompt + for k, v in kwargs.items(): + self.logger.info(f'Following args will be used for generation (If not set specifically), {k}: {v}. ') + self.kwargs = kwargs + + def generate_str(self, input, **kwargs): + if 'baichuan' in self.model_path.lower(): + messages = [] + messages.append({'role': 'user', 'content': input}) + resp = self.model.chat(self.tokenizer, messages, **kwargs) + elif 'vicuna' in self.model_path.lower(): + from fastchat.model import get_conversation_template + conv = get_conversation_template('vicuna') + conv.append_message(conv.roles[0], input) + conv.append_message(conv.roles[1], None) + prompt = conv.get_prompt() + inputs = self.tokenizer([prompt], return_tensors='pt') + if torch.cuda.is_available(): + for k in inputs: + inputs[k] = inputs[k].cuda() + + params = dict(do_sample=True, temperature=0.7, repetition_penalty=1.0, max_new_tokens=512) + params.update(self.kwargs) + params.update(kwargs) + outputs = self.model.generate(**inputs, **params) + resp = self.tokenizer.decode( + outputs[0][len(inputs['input_ids'][0]):], + skip_special_tokens=True, + spaces_between_special_tokens=False) + elif 'llama' in self.model_path.lower(): + prompt = [{'role': 'system', 'content': self.system_prompt}, {'role': 'user', 'content': input}] + resp = self.model(prompt, gen_config=self.gen_config).text + else: + params = self.kwargs + params.update(kwargs) + resp, _ = self.model.chat(self.tokenizer, input, history=[], **params) + + return resp + + def length_ok(self, inputs): + tot = len(self.tokenizer.encode(self.system_prompt)) if self.system_prompt is not None else 0 + for s in inputs: + tot += len(self.tokenizer.encode(s)) + return tot + self.answer_buffer < self.context_length + + def generate_list(self, full_inputs, offset=0, **kwargs): + assert isinstance(full_inputs, list) + inputs = full_inputs[offset:] + if not self.length_ok(inputs): + return self.chat(full_inputs, offset + 1) + + model_path = self.model_path.lower() + + if sum([x in model_path for x in ['baichuan']]): + input_msgs = [] + if self.system_prompt is not None: + input_msgs.append(dict(role='user', content=self.system_prompt)) + if len(inputs): + assert isinstance(inputs, list) and isinstance(inputs[0], str) + roles = ['user', 'assistant'] if len(inputs) % 2 == 1 else ['assistant', 'user'] + roles = roles * len(inputs) + for role, msg in zip(roles, inputs): + input_msgs.append(dict(role=role, content=msg)) + response = self.model.chat(self.tokenizer, input_msgs) + elif sum([x in model_path for x in ['vicuna']]): + from fastchat.model import get_conversation_template + conv = get_conversation_template('vicuna') + assert isinstance(inputs, list) and isinstance(inputs[0], str) + if len(inputs) % 2 == 1: + if self.system_prompt is not None: + conv.append_message(conv.roles[0], self.system_prompt) + for i in range(len(inputs) // 2): + conv.append_message(conv.roles[0], inputs[2 * i]) + conv.append_message(conv.roles[1], inputs[2 * i + 1]) + else: + assert self.system_prompt is not None + conv.append_message(conv.roles[0], self.system_prompt) + conv.append_message(conv.roles[1], inputs[0]) + for i in range(len(inputs) // 2 - 1): + conv.append_message(conv.roles[0], inputs[2 * i + 1]) + conv.append_message(conv.roles[1], inputs[2 * i + 2]) + conv.append_message(conv.roles[0], inputs[-1]) + conv.append_message(conv.roles[1], None) + prompt = conv.get_prompt() + inputs = self.tokenizer([prompt], return_tensors='pt') + if torch.cuda.is_available(): + for k in inputs: + inputs[k] = inputs[k].cuda() + + params = dict(do_sample=True, temperature=0.7, repetition_penalty=1.0, max_new_tokens=512) + params.update(self.kwargs) + params.update(kwargs) + + outputs = self.model.generate(**inputs, **params) + response = self.tokenizer.decode( + outputs[0][len(inputs['input_ids'][0]):], + skip_special_tokens=True, + spaces_between_special_tokens=False) + response = response.lstrip('\n') + else: + # The default option, support internlm, chatglm, qwen + history, msg = [], None + if len(inputs) % 2 == 1: + if self.system_prompt is not None: + history = [(self.system_prompt, '')] + for i in range(len(inputs) // 2): + history.append((inputs[2 * i], inputs[2 * i + 1])) + else: + assert self.system_prompt is not None + history = [(self.system_prompt, inputs[0])] + for i in range(len(inputs) // 2 - 1): + history.append((inputs[2 * i + 1], inputs[2 * i + 2])) + msg = inputs[-1] + + params = self.kwargs + params.update(kwargs) + response, _ = self.model.chat(self.tokenizer, msg, history=history, **params) + + return response, offset + + def generate(self, inputs, **kwargs): + if isinstance(inputs, str): + return self.generate_str(inputs, **kwargs) + elif isinstance(inputs, list): + return self.generate_list(inputs, **kwargs) diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/lmdeploy.py b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/lmdeploy.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..32fd969c13c2c466993fe0ddd0ab533644ac2e78 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/lmdeploy.py @@ -0,0 +1,332 @@ +# from http import HTTPStatus +import os +import requests +from ..dataset import DATASET_TYPE, DATASET_MODALITY +from vlmeval.api.base import BaseAPI +from vlmeval.smp import * + + +class InternVL2_PromptUtil: + + def __init__(self, use_mpo_prompt=False): + self.use_mpo_prompt = use_mpo_prompt + + def dump_image(self, line, dataset): + return self.dump_image_func(line) + + def use_custom_prompt(self, dataset): + assert dataset is not None + assert DATASET_MODALITY(dataset) != 'VIDEO', 'not supported' + if dataset in [ + 'atomic_dataset', 'electro_dataset', 'mechanics_dataset', + 'optics_dataset', 'quantum_dataset', 'statistics_dataset' + ]: + return False + if listinstr(['MMDU', 'MME-RealWorld', 'MME-RealWorld-CN', 'WeMath_COT', 'MMAlignBench'], dataset): + # For Multi-Turn we don't have custom prompt + return False + if DATASET_MODALITY(dataset) == 'VIDEO': + # For Video benchmarks we don't have custom prompt at here + return False + else: + return True + + def build_prompt(self, line, dataset=None): + use_cot = (os.getenv('USE_COT') == '1') + use_mpo_prompt = self.use_mpo_prompt and (use_cot or dataset in ['MMStar', 'HallusionBench', 'OCRBench']) + + assert self.use_custom_prompt(dataset) + assert dataset is None or isinstance(dataset, str) + from ..vlm.internvl.utils import (build_multi_choice_prompt, + build_mcq_cot_prompt, + build_qa_cot_prompt, + build_mpo_prompt, + reorganize_prompt) + + tgt_path = self.dump_image(line, dataset) + max_num = self.get_max_num(dataset) + if dataset is not None and DATASET_TYPE(dataset) == 'Y/N': + question = line['question'] + if listinstr(['MME'], dataset): + prompt = question + ' Answer the question using a single word or phrase.' + elif listinstr(['HallusionBench', 'AMBER'], dataset): + prompt = question + ' Please answer yes or no. Answer the question using a single word or phrase.' + else: + prompt = question + elif dataset is not None and DATASET_TYPE(dataset) == 'MCQ': + prompt = build_multi_choice_prompt(line, dataset) + if os.getenv('USE_COT') == '1': + prompt = build_mcq_cot_prompt(line, prompt) + elif dataset is not None and DATASET_TYPE(dataset) == 'VQA': + question = line['question'] + if listinstr(['LLaVABench', 'WildVision'], dataset): + prompt = question + '\nAnswer this question in detail.' + elif listinstr(['OCRVQA', 'TextVQA', 'ChartQA', 'DocVQA', 'InfoVQA', 'OCRBench', + 'DUDE', 'SLIDEVQA', 'GQA', 'MMLongBench_DOC'], dataset): + prompt = question + '\nAnswer the question using a single word or phrase.' + elif listinstr(['MathVista', 'MathVision', 'VCR', 'MTVQA', 'MMVet', 'MathVerse', + 'MMDU', 'CRPE', 'MIA-Bench', 'MM-Math', 'DynaMath', + 'QSpatial', 'WeMath', 'LogicVista'], dataset): + prompt = question + if os.getenv('USE_COT') == '1': + prompt = build_qa_cot_prompt(line, prompt) + else: + prompt = question + '\nAnswer the question using a single word or phrase.' + else: + # VQA_ex_prompt: OlympiadBench, VizWiz + prompt = line['question'] + if os.getenv('USE_COT') == '1': + prompt = build_qa_cot_prompt(line, prompt) + + message = [dict(type='text', value=prompt)] + image_num = len(tgt_path) + max_num = max(1, min(max_num, 64 // image_num)) + # TODO：support upscale_flag + message.extend([dict(type='image', value=s, max_dynamic_patch=max_num) for s in tgt_path]) + + if use_mpo_prompt: + message = build_mpo_prompt(message, line, dataset) + + # reorganize_prompt + prompt = reorganize_prompt(message, image_num, dataset=dataset) + prompt.replace('', '') + message[0] = dict(type='text', value=prompt) + return message + + def get_max_num(self, dataset): + self.total_max_num = 64 + if dataset is None: + self.max_num = 6 + return None + res_1_datasets = ['MMBench-Video', 'Video-MME', 'MVBench', 'Video', 'WorldSense'] # noqa: F841 + res_12_datasets = ['ChartQA_TEST', 'MMMU_DEV_VAL', 'MMMU_TEST', 'MME-RealWorld', + 'VCR_EN', 'VCR_ZH', 'OCRVQA', 'BMMR'] + res_18_datasets = ['DocVQA_VAL', 'DocVQA_TEST', 'DUDE', 'MMLongBench_DOC', 'SLIDEVQA'] + res_24_datasets = ['InfoVQA_VAL', 'InfoVQA_TEST', 'OCRBench', 'HRBench4K', 'HRBench8K'] + if DATASET_MODALITY(dataset) == 'VIDEO': + self.max_num = 1 + elif listinstr(res_12_datasets, dataset): + return 12 + elif listinstr(res_18_datasets, dataset): + return 18 + elif listinstr(res_24_datasets, dataset): + return 24 + else: + return 6 + + +class CogVLM2_PromptUtil: + + def dump_image(self, line, dataset): + return self.dump_image_func(line) + + def use_custom_prompt(self, dataset): + assert dataset is not None + if DATASET_TYPE(dataset) in 'MCQ': + return True + return False + + def build_prompt(self, line, dataset=None): + assert dataset is None or isinstance(dataset, str) + assert self.use_custom_prompt(dataset) + tgt_path = self.dump_image(line, dataset) + + if dataset is not None and DATASET_TYPE(dataset) == 'MCQ': + question = line['question'] + hint = line['hint'] if ('hint' in line and not pd.isna(line['hint'])) else None + if hint is not None: + question = hint + '\n' + question + + option_candidate = string.ascii_uppercase + options = { + cand: line[cand] + for cand in option_candidate + if cand in line and not pd.isna(line[cand]) + } + for key, item in options.items(): + question += f'\n{key}. {item}' + prompt = question + + if not cn_string(prompt): + prompt = prompt + '\n' + "Answer with the option's letter from the given choices directly." + else: + prompt = prompt + '\n' + '请直接回答选项字母。' + else: + prompt = line['question'] + message = [dict(type='text', value=prompt)] + message.extend([dict(type='image', value=p) for p in tgt_path]) + return message + + +class LMDeployWrapper(BaseAPI): + + is_api: bool = True + + custom_prompt: str = None + prompt_map = { + 'cogvlm2': CogVLM2_PromptUtil(), + 'internvl2': InternVL2_PromptUtil(), + 'internvl2-mpo-cot': InternVL2_PromptUtil(use_mpo_prompt=True), + } + + def __init__(self, + model: str = None, + retry: int = 5, + key: str = 'sk-123456', + verbose: bool = True, + temperature: float = 0.0, + timeout: int = 60, + api_base: str = None, + system_prompt: str = None, + max_tokens: int = 1024, + **kwargs): + self.fail_msg = 'Failed to obtain answer via API. ' + self.max_tokens = max_tokens + self.timeout = timeout + + key = os.environ.get('LMDEPLOY_API_KEY', key) + api_base = os.environ.get('LMDEPLOY_API_BASE', api_base) + assert key is not None, 'Please set the environment variable LMDEPLOY_API_KEY.' + assert api_base is not None, 'Please set the environment variable LMDEPLOY_API_BASE.' + self.key = key + self.api_base = api_base + super().__init__(retry=retry, system_prompt=system_prompt, verbose=verbose, **kwargs) + + model_url = ''.join([api_base.split('v1')[0], 'v1/models']) + resp = requests.get(model_url) + model_id_list = [str(data['id']) for data in resp.json()['data']] + self.model = model if model in model_id_list else model_id_list[0] + self.logger.info(f'lmdeploy evaluate model: {self.model}') + self.set_prompt_pattern(self.model) + if hasattr(self, 'custom_prompt'): + self.logger.info(f'using custom prompt {self.custom_prompt}') + self.temperature = temperature + self.logger.info(f'Init temperature: {self.temperature}') + + def set_dump_image(self, dump_image_func): + if self.custom_prompt in self.prompt_map: + self.prompt_map[self.custom_prompt].dump_image_func = dump_image_func + self.dump_image_func = dump_image_func + + def use_custom_prompt(self, dataset): + if self.custom_prompt in self.prompt_map: + return self.prompt_map[self.custom_prompt].use_custom_prompt(dataset) + return False + + def build_prompt(self, line, dataset=None): + if self.custom_prompt in self.prompt_map: + return self.prompt_map[self.custom_prompt].build_prompt(line, dataset) + raise NotImplementedError + + def set_prompt_pattern(self, model_name): + if 'Phi-3.5-Vision'.lower() in model_name.lower(): + self.max_tokens = 1000 + self.temperature = 0.0 + if 'cogvlm2-llama3-chat-19B'.lower() in model_name.lower(): + self.max_tokens = 2048 + self.temperature = 0.0 + self.custom_prompt = 'cogvlm2' + if 'internvl2' in model_name.lower() or 'internvl3' in model_name.lower(): + self.max_tokens = 1024 + self.temperature = 0.0 + if 'mpo' in model_name.lower(): + self.max_tokens = 4096 + self.logger.info('Use custom prompt internvl2-mpo-cot') + self.custom_prompt = 'internvl2-mpo-cot' + else: + self.logger.info('Use custom prompt internvl2') + self.custom_prompt = 'internvl2' + if 'internvl2-8b-mpo-cot'.lower() in model_name.lower(): + self.use_mpo_prompt = True + self.max_tokens = 1024 + self.temperature = 0.0 + self.logger.info('Use custom prompt internvl2-mpo-cot') + self.custom_prompt = 'internvl2-mpo-cot' + if 'qvq'.lower() in model_name.lower(): + self.max_tokens = 4096 + self.temperature = 0.0 + self.logger.info('QVQ model detected, do not use custom prompt') + + def prepare_itlist(self, inputs): + assert np.all([isinstance(x, dict) for x in inputs]) + has_images = np.sum([x['type'] == 'image' for x in inputs]) + if has_images: + content_list = [] + for msg in inputs: + if msg['type'] == 'text': + content_list.append(dict(type='text', text=msg['value'])) + elif msg['type'] == 'image': + from PIL import Image + img = Image.open(msg['value']) + b64 = encode_image_to_base64(img) + extra_args = msg.copy() + extra_args.pop('type') + extra_args.pop('value') + img_struct = dict(url=f'data:image/jpeg;base64,{b64}', **extra_args) + content_list.append(dict(type='image_url', image_url=img_struct)) + else: + assert all([x['type'] == 'text' for x in inputs]) + text = '\n'.join([x['value'] for x in inputs]) + content_list = [dict(type='text', text=text)] + return content_list + + def prepare_inputs(self, inputs): + input_msgs = [] + if self.system_prompt is not None: + input_msgs.append(dict(role='system', content=self.system_prompt)) + assert isinstance(inputs, list) and isinstance(inputs[0], dict) + assert np.all(['type' in x for x in inputs]) or np.all(['role' in x for x in inputs]), inputs + if 'role' in inputs[0]: + assert inputs[-1]['role'] == 'user', inputs[-1] + for item in inputs: + input_msgs.append(dict(role=item['role'], content=self.prepare_itlist(item['content']))) + else: + input_msgs.append(dict(role='user', content=self.prepare_itlist(inputs))) + return input_msgs + + def generate_inner(self, inputs, **kwargs) -> str: + input_msgs = self.prepare_inputs(inputs) + + temperature = kwargs.pop('temperature', self.temperature) + self.logger.info(f'Generate temperature: {temperature}') + max_tokens = kwargs.pop('max_tokens', self.max_tokens) + dataset = kwargs.pop('dataset', None) + if dataset is not None and listinstr(['BMMR'], dataset): + # BMMR dataset has a very long prompt, so we need to increase max_tokens + max_tokens = 8196 + self.logger.info('BMMR dataset detected, set max_tokens to 8196') + + headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Authorization': f'Bearer {self.key}'} + payload = dict( + model=self.model, + messages=input_msgs, + max_tokens=max_tokens, + n=1, + temperature=temperature, + **kwargs) + response = requests.post( + self.api_base, + headers=headers, data=json.dumps(payload), timeout=self.timeout * 1.1) + ret_code = response.status_code + ret_code = 0 if (200 <= int(ret_code) < 300) else ret_code + answer = self.fail_msg + try: + resp_struct = json.loads(response.text) + answer = resp_struct['choices'][0]['message']['content'].strip() + + # for internvl2-8b-mpo-cot + if getattr(self, 'use_mpo_prompt', False): + from ..vlm.internvl.utils import mpo_post_processing + answer = mpo_post_processing(answer, kwargs.get('dataset')) + except: + pass + return ret_code, answer, response + + +class LMDeployAPI(LMDeployWrapper): + + def __init__(self, **kwargs): + super().__init__(**kwargs) + + def generate(self, message, dataset=None): + return super(LMDeployAPI, self).generate(message, dataset=dataset) diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/mug_u.py b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/mug_u.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc5e8a8f871c3b118f568ea917f060ba83443bb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/mug_u.py @@ -0,0 +1,210 @@ +# from http import HTTPStatus +import os +import requests +from ..dataset import DATASET_TYPE, DATASET_MODALITY +from vlmeval.api.base import BaseAPI +from vlmeval.smp import * + + +class MUGUWrapper(BaseAPI): + + is_api: bool = True + + def __init__(self, + model: str, + retry: int = 5, + key: str = None, + verbose: bool = True, + temperature: float = 0.0, + timeout: int = 60, + api_base: str = None, + system_prompt: str = None, + max_tokens: int = 4096, + use_mpo_prompt: bool = False, + **kwargs): + self.fail_msg = 'Failed to obtain answer via API. ' + self.max_tokens = max_tokens + self.timeout = timeout + + api_base = 'https://shopee.sg/api/v1/compassllvm/v1/chat/completions' + assert api_base is not None, 'Please set the environment variable LMDEPLOY_API_BASE.' + self.api_base = api_base + super().__init__(retry=retry, system_prompt=system_prompt, verbose=verbose, **kwargs) + + model_url = ''.join([api_base.split('v1')[0], 'v1/models']) + _ = requests.get(model_url) + self.model = model + if hasattr(self, 'custom_prompt'): + self.logger.info(f'using custom prompt {self.custom_prompt}') + self.temperature = temperature + self.logger.info(f'Init temperature: {self.temperature}') + self.use_mpo_prompt = use_mpo_prompt + + self.temperature = 0.0 + + def use_custom_prompt(self, dataset): + assert dataset is not None + assert DATASET_MODALITY(dataset) != 'VIDEO', 'not supported' + if listinstr(['MMDU', 'MME-RealWorld', 'MME-RealWorld-CN'], dataset): + # For Multi-Turn we don't have custom prompt + return False + if DATASET_MODALITY(dataset) == 'VIDEO': + # For Video benchmarks we don't have custom prompt at here + return False + else: + return True + + def get_max_num(self, dataset): + assert dataset is not None + res_1_datasets = ['MMBench-Video', 'Video-MME', 'MVBench', 'Video', 'WorldSense'] + res_12_datasets = ['ChartQA_TEST', 'MMMU_DEV_VAL', 'MMMU_TEST', 'MME-RealWorld', + 'VCR_EN', 'VCR_ZH', 'OCRVQA'] + res_18_datasets = ['DocVQA_VAL', 'DocVQA_TEST', 'DUDE', 'MMLongBench_DOC', 'SLIDEVQA'] + res_24_datasets = ['InfoVQA_VAL', 'InfoVQA_TEST', 'OCRBench', 'HRBench4K', 'HRBench8K'] + if listinstr(res_1_datasets, dataset): + return 1 + elif listinstr(res_12_datasets, dataset): + return 12 + elif listinstr(res_18_datasets, dataset): + return 18 + elif listinstr(res_24_datasets, dataset): + return 24 + else: + return 6 + + def build_prompt(self, line, dataset=None): + assert self.use_custom_prompt(dataset) + assert dataset is None or isinstance(dataset, str) + from ..vlm.internvl.utils import (build_multi_choice_prompt, + build_mcq_cot_prompt, + build_qa_cot_prompt, + build_mpo_prompt, + reorganize_prompt) + + tgt_path = self.dump_image(line, dataset) + max_num = self.get_max_num(dataset) + if dataset is not None and DATASET_TYPE(dataset) == 'Y/N': + question = line['question'] + if listinstr(['MME'], dataset): + prompt = question + ' Answer the question using a single word or phrase.' + elif listinstr(['HallusionBench', 'AMBER'], dataset): + prompt = question + ' Please answer yes or no. Answer the question using a single word or phrase.' + else: + prompt = question + elif dataset is not None and DATASET_TYPE(dataset) == 'MCQ': + prompt = build_multi_choice_prompt(line, dataset) + if os.getenv('USE_COT') == '1': + prompt = build_mcq_cot_prompt(line, prompt) + elif dataset is not None and DATASET_TYPE(dataset) == 'VQA': + question = line['question'] + if listinstr(['LLaVABench', 'WildVision'], dataset): + prompt = question + '\nAnswer this question in detail.' + elif listinstr(['OCRVQA', 'TextVQA', 'ChartQA', 'DocVQA', 'InfoVQA', 'OCRBench', + 'DUDE', 'SLIDEVQA', 'GQA', 'MMLongBench_DOC'], dataset): + prompt = question + '\nAnswer the question using a single word or phrase.' + elif listinstr(['MathVista', 'MathVision', 'VCR', 'MTVQA', 'MMVet', 'MathVerse', + 'MMDU', 'CRPE', 'MIA-Bench', 'MM-Math', 'DynaMath', + 'QSpatial', 'WeMath', 'LogicVista'], dataset): + prompt = question + if os.getenv('USE_COT') == '1': + prompt = build_qa_cot_prompt(line, prompt) + else: + prompt = question + '\nAnswer the question using a single word or phrase.' + else: + # VQA_ex_prompt: OlympiadBench, VizWiz + prompt = line['question'] + if os.getenv('USE_COT') == '1': + prompt = build_qa_cot_prompt(line, prompt) + + message = [dict(type='text', value=prompt)] + image_num = len(tgt_path) + max_num = max(1, min(max_num, 64 // image_num)) + # TODO：support upscale_flag + message.extend([dict(type='image', value=s, max_dynamic_patch=max_num) for s in tgt_path]) + + if self.use_mpo_prompt: + message = build_mpo_prompt(message, line, dataset) + + # reorganize_prompt + prompt = reorganize_prompt(message, image_num, dataset=dataset) + prompt.replace('', '') + message[0] = dict(type='text', value=prompt) + return message + + def prepare_itlist(self, inputs): + assert np.all([isinstance(x, dict) for x in inputs]) + has_images = np.sum([x['type'] == 'image' for x in inputs]) + if has_images: + content_list = [] + for msg in inputs: + if msg['type'] == 'text': + content_list.append(dict(type='text', text=msg['value'])) + elif msg['type'] == 'image': + from PIL import Image + img = Image.open(msg['value']) + b64 = encode_image_to_base64(img) + extra_args = msg.copy() + extra_args.pop('type') + extra_args.pop('value') + img_struct = dict(url=f'data:image/jpeg;base64,{b64}', **extra_args) + content_list.append(dict(type='image_url', image_url=img_struct)) + else: + assert all([x['type'] == 'text' for x in inputs]) + text = '\n'.join([x['value'] for x in inputs]) + content_list = [dict(type='text', text=text)] + return content_list + + def prepare_inputs(self, inputs): + input_msgs = [] + if self.system_prompt is not None: + input_msgs.append(dict(role='system', content=self.system_prompt)) + assert isinstance(inputs, list) and isinstance(inputs[0], dict) + assert np.all(['type' in x for x in inputs]) or np.all(['role' in x for x in inputs]), inputs + if 'role' in inputs[0]: + assert inputs[-1]['role'] == 'user', inputs[-1] + for item in inputs: + input_msgs.append(dict(role=item['role'], content=self.prepare_itlist(item['content']))) + else: + input_msgs.append(dict(role='user', content=self.prepare_itlist(inputs))) + return input_msgs + + def generate_inner(self, inputs, **kwargs) -> str: + input_msgs = self.prepare_inputs(inputs) + + temperature = kwargs.pop('temperature', self.temperature) + self.logger.info(f'Generate temperature: {temperature}') + max_tokens = kwargs.pop('max_tokens', self.max_tokens) + + headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'} + payload = dict( + model=self.model, + messages=input_msgs, + max_tokens=max_tokens, + n=1, + top_k=1, + temperature=temperature, + stream=False, + **kwargs) + + response = requests.post( + self.api_base, + headers=headers, data=json.dumps(payload), timeout=self.timeout * 1.1) + ret_code = response.status_code + ret_code = 0 if (200 <= int(ret_code) < 300) else ret_code + answer = self.fail_msg + try: + resp_struct = json.loads(response.text) + answer = resp_struct['choices'][0]['message']['content'].strip() + + # for internvl2-8b-mpo-cot + if getattr(self, 'use_mpo_prompt', False): + from ..vlm.internvl.utils import mpo_post_processing + answer = mpo_post_processing(answer, kwargs.get('dataset')) + except: + pass + return ret_code, answer, response + + +class MUGUAPI(MUGUWrapper): + def generate(self, message, dataset=None): + return super(MUGUAPI, self).generate(message, dataset=dataset) diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/siliconflow.py b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/siliconflow.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7bd165a97b82336c3c8ade3be1885b03002d1cd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/siliconflow.py @@ -0,0 +1,277 @@ +import math +from vlmeval.smp import * +from vlmeval.api.base import BaseAPI +from vlmeval.dataset import img_root_map + +API_BASE = "https://api.siliconflow.cn/v1/chat/completions" + + +def resize_image(image: Image.Image, max_height: int, max_width: int) -> Image.Image: + width, height = image.size + if min(width, height) < 50: + scale = 50 / min(width, height) + image = image.resize((int(width * scale), int(height * scale))) + current_pixels = width * height + + if current_pixels <= max_height * max_width: + return image + + scale = math.sqrt(max_height * max_width / current_pixels) + new_width = int(width * scale) + new_height = int(height * scale) + + return image.resize((new_width, new_height), Image.Resampling.LANCZOS) + + +def encode_image(path: str, max_height: int = 1024, max_width: int = 1024) -> str: + image = Image.open(path).convert("RGB") + image = resize_image(image, max_height, max_width) + width, height = image.size + if min(height, width) < 50: + scale = 50 / min(width, height) + image = image.resize((int(width * scale), int(height * scale))) + buffered = io.BytesIO() + image.save(buffered, format="PNG") + img_bytes = buffered.getvalue() + img_base64 = base64.b64encode(img_bytes).decode("utf-8") + return img_base64 + + +class SiliconFlowAPI(BaseAPI): + + is_api: bool = True + + def __init__( + self, + model: str = "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V2.5", + retry: int = 5, + key: str = None, + api_base: str = API_BASE, + verbose: bool = True, + system_prompt: str = None, + timeout: int = 60, + reasoning: bool = False, # If set, will return results in the format of {'content': '...', 'reasoning': '...'} + **kwargs, + ): + + self.model = model + self.api_base = api_base + self.reasoning = reasoning + self.timeout = timeout + + default_kwargs = { + "stream": False, + "temperature": 0, + "n": 1, + "max_tokens": 1280, + } + for k, v in default_kwargs.items(): + if k not in kwargs: + kwargs[k] = default_kwargs[k] + if key is not None: + self.key = key + else: + self.key = os.environ.get("SiliconFlow_API_KEY", "") + headers = {"Authorization": "Bearer {}", "Content-Type": "application/json"} + headers["Authorization"] = headers["Authorization"].format(self.key) + self.headers = headers + super().__init__( + retry=retry, + system_prompt=system_prompt, + verbose=verbose, + **kwargs, + ) + + @staticmethod + def build_msgs(msgs_raw): + messages = [] + message = {"role": "user", "content": []} + image_b64 = None + for msg in msgs_raw: + if msg["type"] == "image" and not image_b64: + image_b64 = encode_image(msg["value"]) + message["content"].append({ + "image_url": { + "url": f"data:image/png;base64,{image_b64}" + }, + "type": "image_url" + }) + elif msg["type"] == "text": + message["content"].append({"text": msg["value"], "type": "text"}) + + messages.append(message) + return messages + + def generate_inner(self, inputs, **kwargs) -> str: + default_kwargs = self.default_kwargs + default_kwargs.update(kwargs) + + payload = dict( + model=self.model, + messages=self.build_msgs(msgs_raw=inputs), + **default_kwargs, + ) + + response = requests.post( + self.api_base, headers=self.headers, data=json.dumps(payload), timeout=self.timeout * 1.1 + ) + ret_code = response.status_code + ret_code = 0 if (200 <= int(ret_code) < 300) else ret_code + + answer = self.fail_msg + try: + resp_struct = json.loads(response.text) + msg = resp_struct["choices"][0]["message"] + if self.reasoning and 'reasoning_content' in msg: + answer = {'content': msg['content'], 'reasoning': msg['reasoning_content']} + else: + answer = resp_struct["choices"][0]["message"]["content"].strip() + except: + pass + return ret_code, answer, response + + +class TeleMMAPI(SiliconFlowAPI): + + is_api: bool = True + + def __init__( + self, + model: str = "TeleAI/TeleMM", + key: str = None, + max_height: int = 1280, + max_width: int = 784, + **kwargs, + ): + super().__init__(model=model, key=key, **kwargs) + self.max_height = max_height + self.max_width = max_width + + def dump_image(self, line, dataset): + """Dump the image(s) of the input line to the corresponding dataset folder. + + Args: + line (line of pd.DataFrame): The raw input line. + dataset (str): The name of the dataset. + + Returns: + str | list[str]: The paths of the dumped images. + """ + ROOT = LMUDataRoot() + assert isinstance(dataset, str) + # img_root = osp.join(ROOT, 'images', img_root_map[dataset] if dataset in img_root_map else dataset) + img_root = osp.join(ROOT, "images", img_root_map(dataset)) + os.makedirs(img_root, exist_ok=True) + if "image" in line: + if isinstance(line["image"], list): + tgt_path = [] + assert "image_path" in line + for img, im_name in zip(line["image"], line["image_path"]): + path = osp.join(img_root, im_name) + if not read_ok(path): + decode_base64_to_image_file(img, path) + tgt_path.append(path) + else: + tgt_path = osp.join(img_root, f"{line['index']}.jpg") + if not read_ok(tgt_path): + decode_base64_to_image_file(line["image"], tgt_path) + tgt_path = [tgt_path] + else: + assert "image_path" in line + tgt_path = toliststr(line["image_path"]) + return tgt_path + + def _prepare_content( + self, inputs: list[dict[str, str]], dataset: str = None + ) -> list[dict[str, str]]: + """ + inputs list[dict[str, str]], each dict has keys: ['type', 'value'] + """ + content = [] + has_image = False + for s in inputs: + if s["type"] == "image": + if not has_image: + item = { + "type": "image_url", + "image_url": { + "url": encode_image( + s["value"], + max_height=self.max_height, + max_width=self.max_width, + ) + }, + } + has_image = True + else: + continue + elif s["type"] == "text": + prompt = s["value"] + if len(prompt) == 0: + continue + if dataset == "HallusionBench": + prompt += " Please answer yes or no directly, without any unnecessary explanation." + elif dataset == "OCRBench": + prompt = ( + prompt + "\nExtract the text from the image intactly and " + + "answer the question concisely and clearly if possible." + ) + + elif ( + dataset == "AI2D_TEST" + or dataset == "MMStar" + or dataset == "MMBench_TEST_EN_V11" + or dataset == "MMVet" + ): + prompt = prompt.replace( + "Please select the correct answer from the options above. \n", + "Please select the correct option from the above choices based on the " + + "input image and question. The final output should only be one option, such as 'A'", + ) + elif dataset == "MMBench_TEST_CN_V11": + prompt = prompt.replace( + "Please select the correct answer from the options above. \n", + "请根据输入图像和问题从上述选项中选择正确选项，最终的输出只有一个选项，例如'A'", + ) + item = {"type": "text", "text": prompt} + else: + raise ValueError(f"Invalid message type: {s['type']}, {s}") + content.append(item) + + return content + + def generate_inner(self, inputs, **kwargs) -> str: + default_kwargs = self.default_kwargs + default_kwargs.update(kwargs) + + messages = [] + messages.append( + { + "role": "user", + "content": self._prepare_content( + inputs, dataset=kwargs.get("dataset", None) + ), + } + ) + + payload = dict(model=self.model, messages=messages, **default_kwargs) + + response = requests.post( + self.api_base, headers=self.headers, data=json.dumps(payload) + ) + ret_code = response.status_code + ret_code = 0 if (200 <= int(ret_code) < 300) else ret_code + + answer = self.fail_msg + try: + resp_struct = json.loads(response.text) + answer = resp_struct["choices"][0]["message"]["content"].strip() + return ret_code, answer, response + except Exception as err: + import traceback + + traceback.print_exc() + if self.verbose: + self.logger.error(f"{type(err)}: {err}") + self.logger.error(f"The input messages are {inputs}.") + return -1, "", "" diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/stepai.py b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/stepai.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..30eedbc3beff8000d9d255ed98c3b8fd2d15ef0c --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/stepai.py @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +from vlmeval.smp import * +from vlmeval.api.base import BaseAPI + +url = 'https://api.stepfun.com/v1/chat/completions' +headers = { + 'Content-Type': 'application/json', + 'Authorization': 'Bearer {}', +} + + +class StepAPI_INT(BaseAPI): + + is_api: bool = True + + def __init__(self, + model: str = 'step-1v-8k', + retry: int = 10, + key: str = None, + temperature: float = 0, + max_tokens: int = 300, + verbose: bool = True, + system_prompt: str = None, + **kwargs): + self.model = model + self.fail_msg = 'Fail to obtain answer via API.' + self.headers = headers + self.temperature = temperature + self.max_tokens = max_tokens + self.system_prompt = system_prompt + if key is not None: + self.key = key + else: + self.key = os.environ.get('STEPAI_API_KEY', '') + headers['Authorization'] = headers['Authorization'].format(self.key) + + super().__init__(retry=retry, verbose=verbose, system_prompt=system_prompt, **kwargs) + + @staticmethod + def build_msgs(msgs_raw): + messages = [] + message = {'role': 'user', 'content': []} + + for msg in msgs_raw: + if msg['type'] == 'image': + image_b64 = encode_image_file_to_base64(msg['value']) + message['content'].append({ + 'image_url': {'url': 'data:image/webp;base64,%s' % (image_b64)}, + 'type': 'image_url' + }) + elif msg['type'] == 'text': + message['content'].append({ + 'text': msg['value'], + 'type': 'text' + }) + + messages.append(message) + return messages + + def generate_inner(self, inputs, **kwargs) -> str: + print(inputs, '\n') + payload = dict( + model=self.model, + max_tokens=self.max_tokens, + temperature=self.temperature, + messages=self.build_msgs(msgs_raw=inputs), + **kwargs) + response = requests.post(url, headers=headers, data=json.dumps(payload)) + ret_code = response.status_code + ret_code = 0 if (200 <= int(ret_code) < 300) else ret_code + + answer = self.fail_msg + try: + resp_struct = json.loads(response.text) + answer = resp_struct['choices'][0]['message']['content'].strip() + except Exception as err: + if self.verbose: + self.logger.error(f'{type(err)}: {err}') + self.logger.error(response.text if hasattr(response, 'text') else response) + + return ret_code, answer, response + + +class Step1V_INT(StepAPI_INT): + + def generate(self, message, dataset=None): + return super(StepAPI_INT, self).generate(message) diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/taichu.py b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/taichu.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..797c30641bdd8d7b32312ba642f6a7b03c88cee8 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/taichu.py @@ -0,0 +1,355 @@ +from vlmeval.smp import * +from vlmeval.api.base import BaseAPI +import os +import re +import json + +from PIL import Image +import base64 +from io import BytesIO +import copy + + +class ChatResponse(dict): + def __getattr__(self, name): + value = self.get(name) + if isinstance(value, dict): + return ChatResponse(value) # 如果值是字典，递归包装成 DotDict + elif isinstance(value, list): + return [ChatResponse(v) if isinstance(v, dict) else v for v in value] # 如果值是列表，处理其中的字典 + return value + + def __setattr__(self, name, value): + self[name] = value + + def __delattr__(self, name): + del self[name] + + +from ..dataset import DATASET_TYPE + + +class TaichuVLWrapper(BaseAPI): + is_api: bool = True + + def __init__(self, + model: str = 'Taichu-VL-2B', + retry: int = 5, + verbose: bool = True, + temperature: float = 0.0, + system_prompt: str = None, + max_tokens: int = 4096, + key: str = None, + url: str = None, + **kwargs): + + self.model = model + self.kwargs = kwargs + self.max_tokens = max_tokens + + self.system_prompt = '[sys]You are a helpful assistant.[/sys]' + self.hint_prompt = '||' + self.mcq_prompt = '||' + + self.datasets_use_system = ['MMVet'] + self.datasets_use_multichoice = [ + 'MathVista', 'MathVision'] + + openai_key = os.environ.get('OPENAI_API_KEY', None) + use_openai = os.environ.get('USE_OPENAI_EVAL', True) + self.use_openai_evaluate = (isinstance(openai_key, str) and openai_key.startswith('sk-') and use_openai) + + self.api_key = os.environ.get('TAICHU_API_KEY', key) + self.api_url = url + + assert self.api_key is not None, 'Please set the API Key' + + super().__init__(retry=retry, system_prompt=self.system_prompt, verbose=verbose, **kwargs) + + def use_custom_prompt(self, dataset): + if listinstr(['MCQ', 'VQA'], DATASET_TYPE(dataset)): + return True + elif dataset is not None and listinstr(['HallusionBench'], dataset): + return True + return False + + def clear_prompt(self, prompt): + prompt = re.sub(r"Hint:.*?Question:", "", prompt, flags=re.S).strip() + prompt = re.sub(r"\nChoices:\n.*", "", prompt, flags=re.S).strip() + return prompt + + def encode_image(self, pil_image): + buffer = BytesIO() + pil_image.save(buffer, format='PNG') + base64_str = base64.b64encode(buffer.getvalue()).decode("utf-8") + return base64_str + + def build_prompt(self, line, dataset=None): + if isinstance(line, int): + line = self.data.iloc[line] + + tgt_path = self.dump_image(line, dataset) + question = line['question'] + hint = None + if listinstr(self.datasets_use_system, dataset): + system_prompt = self.system_prompt + else: + system_prompt = '' + mcq = False + if DATASET_TYPE(dataset) == 'MCQ' or listinstr(self.datasets_use_multichoice, dataset): + options = { + cand: line[cand] + for cand in string.ascii_uppercase + if cand in line and not pd.isna(line[cand]) + } + if listinstr(self.datasets_use_multichoice, dataset): + options = {} + if not pd.isna(line['choices']): + for i, c in enumerate(eval(line['choices'])): + options[string.ascii_uppercase[i]] = c + question = self.clear_prompt(question) + + # support chinese + if listinstr(['_CN', '_cn'], dataset): + options_prompt = '\n选项：\n' + else: + options_prompt = '\nOPTIONS:\n' + options_prompt += '\n'.join(f"{key}:{value}" for key, value in options.items()) + hint = line['hint'] if ('hint' in line and not pd.isna(line['hint'])) else None + mcq = True if len(options) else False + if len(options): + prompt = question + options_prompt + else: + prompt = question + else: + prompt = question + + msgs = [] + if system_prompt: + msgs.append(dict(type='text', value=system_prompt)) + + if isinstance(tgt_path, list): + msgs.extend([dict(type='image', value=p) for p in tgt_path]) + else: + msgs.append(dict(type='image', value=tgt_path)) + + if hint: + prompt = 'Hint: ' + hint + '\n' + prompt + msgs.append(dict(type='text', value=prompt)) + + if mcq: + msgs.append(dict(type='text', value=self.mcq_prompt)) + return msgs + + def prompt_to_request_messages(self, inputs): + + messages = [ + {'role': 'user', 'content': []} + ] + is_mcq = False + for x in inputs: + if x['type'] == 'text': + if x['value'] == self.system_prompt: + messages = [{'role': 'system', 'content': [{"type": "text", "text": x['value']}]}] + messages + elif self.mcq_prompt == x['value']: + is_mcq = True + else: + messages[-1]['content'].append( + {"type": "text", "text": x['value']}, + ) + if x['type'] == 'image': + _url = self.encode_image(Image.open(x['value'])) + messages[-1]['content'].append( + {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{_url}"}}, + ) + else: + continue + + return messages, is_mcq + + def generate_inner(self, inputs, **kwargs) -> str: + messages, is_mcq = self.prompt_to_request_messages(inputs) + + data = { + "model": self.model, + "messages": messages, + "max_tokens": self.max_tokens, + "temperature": 0, + "top_p": 0.8, + "stream": False, + "extra_body": { + "repetition_penalty": 1 + } + } + + headers = { + 'Authorization': self.api_key, + 'Content-Type': 'application/json' + } + + try: + chat_response = requests.post(self.api_url, json=data, headers=headers) + response = ChatResponse(json.loads(chat_response.content)) + result = response.choices[0].message.content + # Extract index to exact matching when ChatGPT is unavailable. + if self.use_openai_evaluate is False and is_mcq is True: + try: + result = result[0] + except: + result = 'A' + return 0, result, 'Succeeded! ' + except Exception as err: + if self.verbose: + self.logger.error(f'{type(err)}: {err}') + self.logger.error(f'The input messages are {inputs}.') + return -1, '', '' + + +class TaichuVLAPI(TaichuVLWrapper): + + def generate(self, message, dataset=None): + return super(TaichuVLAPI, self).generate(message, dataset=dataset) + + +class TaichuVLRWrapper(BaseAPI): + is_api: bool = True + + def __init__(self, + model: str = 'taichu_vlr_3b', + retry: int = 5, + verbose: bool = True, + temperature: float = 0.0, + system_prompt: str = None, + max_tokens: int = 4096, + use_reasoning_prompt: bool = True, + post_process: bool = True, + key: str = None, + url: str = None, + **kwargs): + + self.model = model + self.kwargs = kwargs + self.max_tokens = max_tokens + self.system_prompt = system_prompt + self.use_reasoning_prompt = use_reasoning_prompt + self.post_process = post_process + self.verbose = verbose + + openai_key = os.environ.get('OPENAI_API_KEY', None) + use_openai = os.environ.get('USE_OPENAI_EVAL', True) + self.use_openai_evaluate = (isinstance(openai_key, str) and openai_key.startswith('sk-') and use_openai) + + self.api_key = os.environ.get('TAICHU_API_KEY', key) + self.api_url = url + + assert self.api_key is not None, 'Please set the API Key' + + super().__init__(retry=retry, system_prompt=self.system_prompt, verbose=verbose, **kwargs) + + def use_custom_prompt(self, dataset): + return False + + def encode_image(self, pil_image): + buffer = BytesIO() + pil_image.save(buffer, format='PNG') + base64_str = base64.b64encode(buffer.getvalue()).decode("utf-8") + return base64_str + + def post_process_func(self, response): + resp = response.split('\\boxed{')[-1] + lt = len(resp) + counter, end = 1, None + for i in range(lt): + if resp[i] == '{': + counter += 1 + elif resp[i] == '}': + counter -= 1 + if counter == 0: + end = i + break + elif i == lt - 1: + end = lt + break + if end is not None: + response = resp[:end] + return response + + def prompt_to_request_messages(self, inputs): + + messages = [ + {'role': 'user', 'content': []} + ] + for x in inputs: + if x['type'] == 'text': + messages[-1]['content'].append( + {"type": "text", "text": x['value']}, + ) + if x['type'] == 'image': + _url = self.encode_image(Image.open(x['value'])) + messages[-1]['content'].append( + {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{_url}"}}, + ) + else: + continue + + PROMPT = ( + "First thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. " + "Put your final answer within \\boxed{}. " + "The response of reasoning and answer are formatted in reasoning \\boxed{answer here} .\n" # noqa: E501 + ) + + if self.use_reasoning_prompt: + for content in messages[0]['content']: + if content['type'] == 'text': + content['text'] = PROMPT + content['text'] + break + + return messages + + def generate_inner(self, inputs, **kwargs) -> str: + messages = self.prompt_to_request_messages(inputs) + if self.verbose: + verbose_messages = copy.deepcopy(messages) + for mess in verbose_messages: + if mess['role'] == 'user': + for content in mess['content']: + if content['type'] == 'image_url': + content['image_url']['url'] = '' + print(f'\033[31m{verbose_messages}\033[0m') + + data = { + "model": self.model, + "messages": messages, + "max_tokens": self.max_tokens, + "temperature": 0, + "top_p": 0.8, + "stream": False, + "repetition_penalty": 1.0 + } + + headers = { + 'Authorization': f"Bearer {self.api_key}", + 'Content-Type': 'application/json' + } + + try: + chat_response = requests.post(self.api_url, json=data, headers=headers) + response = ChatResponse(json.loads(chat_response.content)) + result = response.choices[0].message.content + if self.post_process: + result = self.post_process_func(result) + if self.verbose: + print(f'\033[32m{result}\033[0m') + + return 0, result, 'Succeeded! ' + except Exception as err: + if self.verbose: + self.logger.error(f'{type(err)}: {err}') + self.logger.error(f'The input messages are {inputs}.') + return -1, '', '' + + +class TaichuVLRAPI(TaichuVLRWrapper): + + def generate(self, message, dataset=None): + return super(TaichuVLRAPI, self).generate(message, dataset=dataset) diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/taiyi.py b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/taiyi.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7ec77d6022213c4f06374d700353cfd713e0fd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/api/taiyi.py @@ -0,0 +1,185 @@ +from vlmeval.smp import * +from vlmeval.api.base import BaseAPI +from vlmeval.dataset import DATASET_TYPE, img_root_map + + +class TaiyiWrapper(BaseAPI): + + is_api: bool = True + + def __init__(self, + model: str = 'taiyi', + retry: int = 5, + key: str = None, + verbose: bool = False, + system_prompt: str = None, + temperature: float = 0, + timeout: int = 60, + url: str = "https://taiyi.megvii.com/v1/chat/completions", + max_tokens: int = 1024, + **kwargs): + + self.model = model + self.fail_msg = 'Failed to obtain answer via API. ' + self.max_tokens = max_tokens + self.temperature = temperature + + if key is None: + key = os.environ.get('TAIYI_API_KEY', None) + assert key is not None, ('Please set the API Key ') + self.key = key + + self.timeout = timeout + super().__init__(retry=retry, system_prompt=system_prompt, verbose=verbose, **kwargs) + assert url is not None, ('Please set the url ') + self.url = url + self.logger.info(f'Using url: {self.url}; API Key: {self.key}') + + def use_custom_prompt(self, dataset): + if DATASET_TYPE(dataset) == 'Y/N' or DATASET_TYPE(dataset) == 'MCQ' or DATASET_TYPE(dataset) == 'VQA': + return True + return False + + def prepare_inputs(self, inputs): + input_msgs = [] + if self.system_prompt is not None: + input_msgs.append(dict(role='system', content=self.system_prompt)) + has_images = np.sum([x['type'] == 'image' for x in inputs]) + if has_images: + content_list = [] + for msg in inputs: + if msg['type'] == 'text': + content_list.append(dict(type='text', text=msg['value'])) + elif msg['type'] == 'image': + imgbytes = open(msg['value'],'rb').read() + b64 = base64.b64encode(imgbytes).decode('ascii') + img_struct = dict(url=f'data:image/jpeg;base64,{b64}') + content_list.append(dict(type='image_url', image_url=img_struct)) + input_msgs.append(dict(role='user', content=content_list)) + else: + assert all([x['type'] == 'text' for x in inputs]) + text = '\n'.join([x['value'] for x in inputs]) + input_msgs.append(dict(role='user', content=text)) + return input_msgs + + def image_first(self, msgs): + nr_img = 0 + for s in msgs: + if s['type'] == 'image': + nr_img += 1 + + if nr_img == 1: + new_msgs = [] + img_msg = None + for s in msgs: + if s['type'] == 'text': + new_msgs.append(s) + else: + img_msg = s + new_msgs.insert(0, img_msg) + else: + new_msgs = msgs + + return new_msgs + + def build_multi_choice_prompt(self, line, dataset=None): + question = line['question'] + hint = line['hint'] if ('hint' in line and not pd.isna(line['hint'])) else None + if hint is not None: + question = hint + '\n' + question + + options = { + cand: line[cand] + for cand in string.ascii_uppercase + if cand in line and not pd.isna(line[cand]) + } + for key, item in options.items(): + question += f'\n{key}. {item}' + prompt = question + + if len(options): + prompt += '\n请直接回答选项字母。' if cn_string( + prompt) else "\nAnswer with the option's letter from the given choices directly." + else: + prompt += '\n请直接回答问题。' if cn_string(prompt) else '\nAnswer the question directly.' + + return prompt + + def build_yorn_prompt(self, line, dataset=None): + if listinstr(['HallusionBench'], dataset): + pre_prompt = 'Read the following question carefully, think and solve it step by step.\n\n' + else: + pre_prompt = '' + + prompt = pre_prompt + line['question'] + ' Please answer yes or no as the final answer.' + + return prompt + + def build_vqa_prompt(self, line, dataset=None): + if listinstr(['OCRBench'], dataset): + pre_prompt = 'Carefully identify the text in the image and answer the question.\n\n' + else: + pre_prompt = '' + + if listinstr(['MMVet'], dataset): + post_prompt = '\nAnswer this question in detail.' + else: + post_prompt = '' + + prompt = pre_prompt + line['question'] + post_prompt + + return prompt + + def build_prompt(self, line, dataset=None): + assert self.use_custom_prompt(dataset) + assert dataset is None or isinstance(dataset, str) + tgt_path = self.dump_image(line, dataset) + + if DATASET_TYPE(dataset) == 'MCQ': + prompt = self.build_multi_choice_prompt(line, dataset) + elif DATASET_TYPE(dataset) == 'Y/N': + prompt = self.build_yorn_prompt(line, dataset) + elif DATASET_TYPE(dataset) == 'VQA': + prompt = self.build_vqa_prompt(line, dataset) + else: + raise RuntimeError(f'Invalid dataset type: {DATASET_TYPE(dataset)}') + message = [] + message.extend([dict(type='image', value=s) for s in tgt_path]) + message.extend([dict(type='text', value=prompt)]) + + # interleave dataset + if dataset.startswith('MMMU_'): + from .. import MMMUDataset + message = MMMUDataset.split_MMMU(message) + message = self.image_first(message) + + return message + + def generate_inner(self, inputs, **kwargs) -> str: + + input_msgs = self.prepare_inputs(inputs) + temperature = kwargs.pop('temperature', self.temperature) + + headers = {'Authorization': f'Bearer {self.key}'} + payload = dict( + model=self.model, + messages=input_msgs, + n=1, + temperature=temperature, + **kwargs) + response = requests.post(self.url, headers=headers, data=json.dumps(payload), timeout=self.timeout * 1.1) + ret_code = response.status_code + ret_code = 0 if (200 <= int(ret_code) < 300) else ret_code + answer = self.fail_msg + try: + resp_struct = json.loads(response.text) + answer = resp_struct['choices'][0]['message']['content'].strip() + except: + pass + return ret_code, answer, response + + +class TaiyiAPI(TaiyiWrapper): + + def generate(self, message, dataset=None): + return super(TaiyiAPI, self).generate(message) diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__init__.py b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..49b5b44f36dcc6fbd7a165630675a56feb70b126 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..920bd8b81d5c472e1569c8a07824e3ab318a06c3 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e86ed208255696b0ba1cb1f6cde28333059fb849 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/cg_av_counting.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/cg_av_counting.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4d03e33281bbe543ac4979845280f519a372149e Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/cg_av_counting.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/cg_av_counting.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/cg_av_counting.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db2397de84a8a0573118e1afc6819f616122390a Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/cg_av_counting.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/cg_av_counting.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/cg_av_counting.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90ebb2b214884ddacfecaef5cc18c47bc7ba3180 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/cg_av_counting.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/utils.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/utils.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b2153e9fe1d04e3a1129b145230e813e272e6853 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/utils.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/utils.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/utils.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d88f8eff9f16f17fb632249be89f4303f5c83ed9 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/utils.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/utils.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/utils.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59ca79b69822b36073f04f869e29d9c58eeb6030 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/__pycache__/utils.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/cg_av_counting.py b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/cg_av_counting.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59445bb8ce9dd116684b752d2cde36352923a46d --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/cg_av_counting.py @@ -0,0 +1,404 @@ +from huggingface_hub import snapshot_download +from ...smp import * +from ..video_base import VideoBaseDataset +from ..utils import build_judge, DEBUG_MESSAGE, cgbench +from .utils import * +from ...utils import track_progress_rich + + +class CGAVCounting(VideoBaseDataset): + + dataset = "CG-AV-Counting" + + TYPE = "Video-Counting" + + MD5 = "d1cd8486353ab85178098d443264a7d0" + + SYS = "" + + def __init__( + self, + dataset="CG-AV-Counting", + use_frame_time=False, + nframe=0, + fps=-1, + ): + super().__init__(dataset=dataset, nframe=nframe, fps=fps) + self.use_frame_time = use_frame_time + self.dataset_name = dataset + self.frame_tmpl_clue = 'frame-{}.jpg' + + @classmethod + def supported_datasets(cls): + return ["CGAVCounting"] + + def frame_paths_clue(self, video,timestamp_list): + frame_root = osp.join(self.frame_root, video) + os.makedirs(frame_root, exist_ok=True) + return [osp.join(frame_root, self.frame_tmpl_clue.format(i)) for i in timestamp_list] + + def save_video_frames_clue(self, video,uid,timestamp_list): + if type(uid) is not str: + uid = str(uid) + import decord + frame_paths = self.frame_paths_clue(uid,timestamp_list) + flag = np.all([osp.exists(p) for p in frame_paths]) + if flag: + frame = Image.open(frame_paths[0]) + return frame_paths,frame.width,frame.height + vid_path = osp.join(self.data_root, video) + vid = decord.VideoReader(vid_path) + frames = [] + # 获取视频的帧率 + fps = vid.get_avg_fps() + lock_path = osp.splitext(vid_path)[0] + '.lock' + with portalocker.Lock(lock_path, 'w', timeout=30): + for timestamp_sec in timestamp_list: + # 计算视频帧对应的索引 + frame_idx = int(timestamp_sec * fps) + + # 获取对应帧 + frame = vid[frame_idx] + + # 将帧转换为PIL图像 + img = Image.fromarray(frame.asnumpy()) + frames.append(img) + for im, pth in zip(frames, frame_paths): + if not osp.exists(pth): + im.save(pth) + return frame_paths,frames[0].width,frames[0].height + + def format_time(self,t): + return f"{t:.2f}" + + def get_output_filename(self,item): + video_id = Path(item["video"]).stem + start_str = self.format_time(item["query_interval"][0]) + end_str = self.format_time(item["query_interval"][1]) + return f"{video_id}_{start_str}_{end_str}.mp4" + + def prepare_dataset(self, dataset_name="CG-AV-Counting", repo_id="CG-Bench/CG-AV-Counting"): + + def check_integrity(pth): + data_file = osp.join(pth, f"{dataset_name}.tsv") + + if not os.path.exists(data_file): + return False + + if md5(data_file) != self.MD5: + return False + data = load(data_file) + for video_pth in data["video"]: + if not osp.exists(osp.join(pth, video_pth)): + return False + return True + + cache_path = get_cache_path(repo_id) + + if cache_path is not None and check_integrity(cache_path): + dataset_path = cache_path + else: + + def generate_tsv(pth): + + tsv_file = osp.join(pth, f"{dataset_name}.tsv") + + task_modes = ["long_acc", "ref_acc", "clue_acc"] + all_data = [] + for task_mode in task_modes: + with open(osp.join(pth, "cg-av-counting.json"), "r") as f: + data_file = pd.DataFrame(json.load(f)) + + data_file = data_file.assign(index=range(len(data_file))) + data_file["video_uid"] = data_file["video"].replace(".mp4","") + data_file["video"] = data_file["video"].apply(lambda x: f"cg_videos_720p/{x}") + + data_file["ref_video_path"] = "" + data_file["ref_video_uid"] = "" + + if task_mode in ["ref_acc"]: + data_file["ref_video_path"] = data_file.apply( + lambda row: f"ref_videos/{self.get_output_filename(row)}", axis=1 + ) + data_file["ref_video_uid"] = data_file["ref_video_path"].apply( + lambda x: x.split("/")[-1].replace(".mp4", "")) + + data_file["task_mode"] = task_mode + + if task_mode == "clue_acc": + data_file["answer"] = data_file["clue"].apply(json.dumps) + + data_file = data_file[ + [ + "index", + "video_uid", + "video", + "ref_video_path", + "ref_video_uid", + "question", + "answer", + "type", + "category", + "task_mode" + ] + ] + + all_data.append(data_file) + + final_data = pd.concat(all_data, ignore_index=True) + final_data["index"] = range(len(final_data)) + final_data.to_csv(tsv_file, sep="\t", index=False) + dataset_path = cache_path + + if modelscope_flag_set(): + from modelscope import dataset_snapshot_download + + dataset_path = dataset_snapshot_download(dataset_id=repo_id) + else: + dataset_path = snapshot_download(repo_id=repo_id, repo_type="dataset") + + unzip_hf_zip(dataset_path) + + generate_tsv(dataset_path) + + tsv_file = osp.join(dataset_path, f"{dataset_name}.tsv") + + return dict(data_file=tsv_file, root=dataset_path) + + def build_prompt(self, line,video_llm): + if isinstance(line, int): + assert line < len(self) + line = self.data.iloc[line] + task_mode = line["task_mode"] + assert task_mode in ["long_acc","clue_acc","ref_acc"] + if task_mode == "long_acc": + user_prompt = "" + message = [] + video_path = line["video"] + if video_llm: + message.append(dict(type="video", value=osp.join(self.data_root, video_path))) + else: + image_paths, frame_indices, vid_fps = self.save_video_frames( + video_path, uid=line["video_uid"], num_frames=self.nframe, fps=self.fps + ) + message.extend(dict(type="image", value=im) for im in image_paths) + + if self.use_frame_time: + user_prompt += get_timestampes(frame_indices, vid_fps) + + user_prompt += ( + f"Please answer the question '{line['question']}' with a number. Just output the number itself, " + "don't output anything else." + ) + message.append(dict(type="text", value=user_prompt)) + elif task_mode == "ref_acc": + user_prompt = "" + message = [] + video_path = line["ref_video_path"] + if video_llm: + message.append(dict(type="video", value=osp.join(self.data_root, video_path))) + else: + image_paths, frame_indices, vid_fps = self.save_video_frames( + video_path, uid=line["ref_video_uid"], num_frames=self.nframe, fps=self.fps + ) + message.extend(dict(type="image", value=im) for im in image_paths) + + if self.use_frame_time: + user_prompt += get_timestampes(frame_indices, vid_fps) + user_prompt += ( + f"Please answer the question '{line['question']}' with a number. Just output the number itself, " + "don't output anything else." + ) + message.append(dict(type="text", value=user_prompt)) + elif task_mode == "clue_acc": + if line["category"] == "event": + user_prompt = "" + message = [] + video_path = line["video"] + if video_llm: + message.append(dict(type="video", value=osp.join(self.data_root, video_path))) + else: + image_paths, frame_indices, vid_fps = self.save_video_frames( + video_path, uid=line["video_uid"], num_frames=self.nframe, fps=self.fps + ) + message.extend(dict(type="image", value=im) for im in image_paths) + user_prompt += get_timestampes(frame_indices, vid_fps) + + user_prompt += ( + f"Watch the video and provide your answer to the question '{line['question']}', " + "including the start and end timestamps for each event." + "Format your answer in JSON, enclosed in and tags. " + "The output should look like this: [[\"start_time\", \"end_time\"], ...]. " + "Ensure each timestamp is in seconds (e.g., 'xx.xx')." + ) + message.append(dict(type="text", value=user_prompt)) + elif line["category"] == "object": + user_prompt = "" + message = [] + video_path = line["video"] + clue_timestamp_list = [] + for clue in json.loads(line["answer"]): + if clue["timestamp"] not in clue_timestamp_list: + clue_timestamp_list.append(clue["timestamp"]) + image_paths, width, height = self.save_video_frames_clue( + video_path, uid=line["video_uid"], timestamp_list=clue_timestamp_list + ) + message.append( + dict(type="text", value=f"There are {len(image_paths)} frames in the size of {width}x{height}")) + for idx,im in enumerate(image_paths): + message.append(dict(type="text", value=f"Frame{idx + 1}:")) + message.append(dict(type="image", value=im)) + user_prompt += ( + f"Answer the question '{line['question']}', " + "including the bounding box for the query object in the first frame " + "where it appears. For subsequent frames where the object appears, " + "do not provide the bounding box again. " + "Format your answer in JSON, enclosed within and tags. " + "The output should look like this: " + "{\"Frame1\": [[x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max]], \"Frame2\": [...],...}. " + "In the output, each frame should either contain the bounding box of the object " + "(if it appears for the first time in that frame) or an empty list `[]` " + "(if the object does not appear or it has already been labeled in a previous frame). " + "Ensure that bounding boxes are listed as [x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max]." + ) + message.append(dict(type="text", value=user_prompt)) + elif line["category"] == "attribute": + user_prompt = "" + message = [] + video_path = line["video"] + clue_timestamp_list = [] + for clue_ in json.loads(line["answer"]): + for clue in clue_: + if clue["timestamp"] not in clue_timestamp_list: + clue_timestamp_list.append(clue["timestamp"]) + image_paths,width,height = self.save_video_frames_clue( + video_path, uid=line["video_uid"],timestamp_list=clue_timestamp_list + ) + message.append(dict( + type="text", + value=f"There are {len(image_paths)} frames in the size of {width}x{height}")) + for idx,im in enumerate(image_paths): + message.append(dict(type="text", value=f"Frame{idx + 1}:")) + message.append(dict(type="image", value=im)) + user_prompt += ( + f"Answer the question '{line['question']}', clustering the objects according to the question. " + "For each unique cluster, assign a unique label and return the bounding box for each object in " + "the first frame where it appears. For subsequent frames where the object appears, " + "do not output anything. " + "Format your answer in JSON, enclosed within and tags. " + "The output should look like this: " + "{\"Frame 1\": [{\"bbox\": [x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max], 'label': \"Label 1\"}], " + "\"Frame 2\": [...], ...}. " + "In the output, each frame should either contain the bounding box and label for the object " + "(if it appears for the first time in that frame) or an empty list `[]` " + "(if the object has already been labeled or does not appear in that frame). " + "The label should correspond to a unique object cluster according to the question." + ) + message.append(dict(type="text", value=user_prompt)) + print(message) + return message + + def save_video_frames(self, video, uid, num_frames=8, fps=-1): + + if type(uid) is not str: + uid = str(uid) + import decord + vid_path = osp.join(self.data_root, video) + vid = decord.VideoReader(vid_path) + vid_fps = vid.get_avg_fps() + n_frames = len(vid) + + if num_frames > 0 and fps < 0: + step_size = len(vid) / (num_frames + 1) + indices = [int(i * step_size) for i in range(1, num_frames + 1)] + + frame_paths = self.frame_paths(uid) + elif fps > 0: + total_duration = n_frames / vid_fps + required_frames = int(total_duration * fps) + step_size = vid_fps / fps + indices = [int(i * step_size) for i in range(required_frames)] + frame_paths = self.frame_paths_fps(uid, len(indices)) + + # Save and validate frames + valid_paths = [] + valid_indices = [] + lock_path = osp.splitext(vid_path)[0] + '.lock' + with portalocker.Lock(lock_path, 'w', timeout=30): + if not np.all([osp.exists(p) for p in frame_paths]): + images = [vid[i].asnumpy() for i in indices] + for i, (img_array, path) in enumerate(zip(images, frame_paths)): + if osp.exists(path): + try: + with Image.open(path) as img: + img.verify() + valid_paths.append(path) + valid_indices.append(indices[i]) + except Exception: + continue + else: + try: + img = Image.fromarray(img_array) + img.save(path) + img.verify() + valid_paths.append(path) + valid_indices.append(indices[i]) + except Exception: + continue + else: + for i, path in enumerate(frame_paths): + try: + with Image.open(path) as img: + img.verify() + valid_paths.append(path) + valid_indices.append(indices[i]) + except Exception: + continue + + return valid_paths, valid_indices, vid_fps + + def evaluate(self, eval_file, **judge_kwargs): + + assert eval_file.endswith(".xlsx"), "data file should be an xlsx file" + + tgt_file = eval_file.replace(".xlsx", "_rating.json") + score_file = eval_file.replace(".xlsx", "_score.xlsx") + + data = load(eval_file) + + data_un = data[~pd.isna(data["prediction"])] + data_pred_na = data[pd.isna(data["prediction"])] + + data_pred_na["score"] = -1 + + scores_df = data_un.apply( + lambda row: post_process( + response=row["prediction"], + right_answer=row["answer"], + task_mode=row["task_mode"], + category=row["category"] + ), + axis=1, + result_type='expand' + ) + + data_un = pd.concat([data_un, scores_df], axis=1) + + data = pd.concat([data_pred_na, data_un]) + + rejected_count = (data["score"] == -1).sum() + + print( + f"Among {len(data)} questions, " + f"failed to obtain prediction for {len(data_pred_na)} questions, " + f"failed to obtain the score for {rejected_count - len(data_pred_na)} questions. " + f"Those questions will be counted as -1 score in ALL rating, and will not be counted in VALID rating." + ) + + dump(data, score_file) + + rating = rating_func(score_file) + + dump(rating, tgt_file) + + return rating diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/requirements.txt b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/requirements.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c5cbc61f3a46f87a82fe359c84df7822555974d --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/requirements.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +scipy +word2number diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/utils.py b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..116d0436b58dfad6ac0b6eb1850761e7831cbde9 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/CGAVCounting/utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,422 @@ +import json +import math + +from ...smp import * +import numpy as np +import re +import zipfile + +from pathlib import Path +from tqdm import tqdm +import signal + + +def rating_func(data_path): + df = load(data_path) + + task_mode_fields = { + "long_acc": ["acc", "oboa", "mae", "rmse"], + "ref_acc": ["acc", "oboa", "mae", "rmse"], + "clue_acc": ["wcs", "ifa"], + } + + rating = {} + + for task_mode, fields in task_mode_fields.items(): + sub_df = df[df["task_mode"] == task_mode] + for field in fields: + values = sub_df[field] + if field == "rmse": + # RMSE: sqrt(mean(x^2)) + rmse_val = np.sqrt(values.mean()) + rating[f"{task_mode}/rmse"] = round(rmse_val, 4) + else: + rating[f"{task_mode}/{field}"] = round(values.mean(), 4) + + return rating + + +def get_timestampes(frame_indices, fps): + seconds = list(map(lambda x: str(round(x / fps, 4)), frame_indices)) + timestamps = ", ".join(seconds) + return "A total of {frame_num} frames are sampled. Their corresponding timestamps are:\n\n{timestamps}\n\n".format( + frame_num=len(frame_indices), timestamps=timestamps + ) + + +def time_str_to_seconds(time_str: str) -> float: + time_str = time_str.strip() + if '.' in time_str: + time_main, milliseconds = time_str.split('.') + milliseconds = float(f"0.{milliseconds}") + else: + time_main = time_str + milliseconds = 0.0 + + parts = list(map(int, time_main.split(":"))) + + if len(parts) == 2: + minutes, seconds = parts + total_seconds = minutes * 60 + seconds + elif len(parts) == 3: + hours, minutes, seconds = parts + total_seconds = hours * 3600 + minutes * 60 + seconds + else: + raise ValueError(f"Invalid time format: {time_str}") + + return total_seconds + milliseconds + + +def extract_outer_json(text): + stack = [] + start_idx = None + opening = {'{': '}', '[': ']'} + closing = {'}': '{', ']': '['} + + for i, char in enumerate(text): + if char in opening: + if not stack: + start_idx = i # 最外层起点 + stack.append(char) + elif char in closing: + if stack and stack[-1] == closing[char]: + stack.pop() + if not stack and start_idx is not None: + candidate = text[start_idx:i + 1] + try: + return json.dumps(json.loads(candidate)) + except json.JSONDecodeError: + continue # 尝试下一个 JSON 块 + return None + + +def compute_tiou(t1, t2): + """Temporal IoU""" + inter_start = max(t1[0], t2[0]) + inter_end = min(t1[1], t2[1]) + inter = max(0.0, inter_end - inter_start) + union = max(t1[1], t2[1]) - min(t1[0], t2[0]) + return inter / union if union > 0 else 0.0 + + +def compute_sIoU(box1, box2): + """ + Complete IoU (sIoU) between two bounding boxes. + Args: + box1 (list or np.array): [x1, y1, x2, y2] of ground truth box + box2 (list or np.array): [x1, y1, x2, y2] of predicted box + + Returns: + IoU (float): The IoU score between the two boxes. + """ + + # Ensure the coordinates are ordered: [min_x, min_y, max_x, max_y] + box1 = np.array([min(box1[0], box1[2]), min(box1[1], box1[3]), + max(box1[0], box1[2]), max(box1[1], box1[3])]) + box2 = np.array([min(box2[0], box2[2]), min(box2[1], box2[3]), + max(box2[0], box2[2]), max(box2[1], box2[3])]) + + # Compute the intersection area + inter_x1 = max(box1[0], box2[0]) + inter_y1 = max(box1[1], box2[1]) + inter_x2 = min(box1[2], box2[2]) + inter_y2 = min(box1[3], box2[3]) + + inter_area = max(0, inter_x2 - inter_x1) * max(0, inter_y2 - inter_y1) + + # Compute areas of the individual boxes + area1 = (box1[2] - box1[0]) * (box1[3] - box1[1]) + area2 = (box2[2] - box2[0]) * (box2[3] - box2[1]) + + # Compute union area + union = area1 + area2 - inter_area + iou = inter_area / union if union > 0 else 0.0 + + return iou + + +def greedy_matching(gt_instances, pred_instances, iou_func): + """Greedy matching based on maximum IoU""" + unmatched_gt = set(range(len(gt_instances))) + unmatched_pred = set(range(len(pred_instances))) + matches = [] + + while unmatched_gt and unmatched_pred: + max_iou = -1 + best_match = None + for gt_idx in unmatched_gt: + for pred_idx in unmatched_pred: + iou = iou_func(gt_instances[gt_idx], pred_instances[pred_idx]) + if iou > max_iou: + max_iou = iou + best_match = (gt_idx, pred_idx) + + if best_match: + gt_idx, pred_idx = best_match + matches.append((gt_idx, pred_idx)) + unmatched_gt.remove(gt_idx) + unmatched_pred.remove(pred_idx) + + return matches + + +def compute_cluster_pair_wcs(gt, pred, iou_type): + if iou_type == 'tIoU': + loc_sum = 0.0 + for g in gt: + loc_sum += max([compute_tiou(g, p) for p in pred] or [0.0]) + loc_acc = loc_sum / len(gt) if gt else 0.0 + count_penalty = 1.0 - abs(len(pred) - len(gt)) / max(len(gt), 1) + # count_penalty = 1.0 + return math.sqrt(loc_acc * max(0, count_penalty)) + + elif iou_type == 'sIoU': + # group by frame index + from collections import defaultdict + gt_by_f = defaultdict(list) + pred_by_f = defaultdict(list) + for f, box in gt: + gt_by_f[f].append(box) + for f, box in pred: + pred_by_f[f].append(box) + + all_f = set(gt_by_f) | set(pred_by_f) + wcs = 0.0 + for f in all_f: + gt_f = gt_by_f.get(f, []) + pred_f = pred_by_f.get(f, []) + matches = greedy_matching(gt_f, pred_f, compute_sIoU) + loc_sum = sum([compute_sIoU(gt_f[i], pred_f[j]) for i, j in matches]) + loc_acc = loc_sum / len(gt_f) if gt_f else 0.0 + count_penalty = 1.0 - abs(len(pred_f) - len(gt_f)) / max(len(gt_f), 1) + # count_penalty = 1.0 + wcs += math.sqrt(loc_acc * max(0, count_penalty)) + return wcs / max(len(all_f), 1) + + else: + raise ValueError("Unsupported iou_type") + + +class TimeoutException(Exception): + pass + + +def timeout_handler(signum, frame): + raise TimeoutException("Function execution exceeded the time limit.") + + +def compute_wcs_unlabeled(gt_clusters, pred_clusters, iou_type='tIoU', + timeout=10): # 主要是给attribute用的，但是object和event视作一个cluster也能用 + from scipy.optimize import linear_sum_assignment + # Set the timeout signal handler + signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, timeout_handler) + signal.alarm(timeout) # Set the alarm to go off in 'timeout' seconds + + try: + # Original function logic + K = len(gt_clusters) + M = len(pred_clusters) + + # Build cost matrix (we want max score → min cost) + score_matrix = np.zeros((K, M)) + for i in range(K): + for j in range(M): + score_matrix[i, j] = compute_cluster_pair_wcs(gt_clusters[i], pred_clusters[j], iou_type) + + cost_matrix = -score_matrix # maximize score → minimize cost + + row_ind, col_ind = linear_sum_assignment(cost_matrix) + + matched_scores = [score_matrix[i, j] for i, j in zip(row_ind, col_ind)] + + # WCS = average over gt clusters (including unmatched = 0) + total_wcs = sum(matched_scores) + return total_wcs / K + + except TimeoutException: + print(gt_clusters, pred_clusters) + print("Function execution exceeded the time limit.") + return None # or you can return some default value to indicate timeout + + finally: + signal.alarm(0) # Cancel the alarm after the function completes or times out + + +def post_process(response, right_answer, task_mode, category): + from word2number import w2n + if task_mode in ["long_acc", "ref_acc"]: + result = {"acc": 0, "oboa": 0, "mae": 0, "rmse": 0} + if response: + try: + pred = w2n.word_to_num(response) + except: + pred = 0 + if abs(float(right_answer) - float(pred)) <= 1e-5: + result["acc"] = 1 + + if abs(float(right_answer) - float(pred)) <= 1: + result["oboa"] = 1 + + if abs(float(right_answer) - float(pred)) <= max(2 * float(right_answer),100): + result["mae"] = abs(float(right_answer) - float(pred)) + result["rmse"] = abs(float(right_answer) - float(pred)) ** 2 + else: + result["mae"] = abs(float(right_answer) * 2) + result["rmse"] = abs(float(right_answer) * 2) ** 2 + elif task_mode == "clue_acc": + result = {"wcs": 0, "ifa": 0} + if response: + clues = json.loads(right_answer) + content_match = re.search(r"(.*?)", response, re.DOTALL) + student_answer = content_match.group(1).strip() if content_match else response.strip() + j = None + try: + try: + j = json.loads(student_answer) + except: + j = json.loads(extract_outer_json(student_answer)) + except: + pass + if j is not None: + try: + if category == "event": + pred = [] + for e in j: + + if isinstance(e[0],str) and isinstance(e[1],str) and ":" in e[0] and ":" in e[1]: + pred.append([time_str_to_seconds(e[0]), time_str_to_seconds(e[1])]) + else: + pred.append([float(e[0].split(" ")[0]) if isinstance(e[0],str) else e[0], + float(e[1].split(" ")[0]) if isinstance(e[1],str) else e[1]]) + gt = [] + for e in clues: + gt.append([float(e['start']), float(e['end'])]) + + result["wcs"] = compute_wcs_unlabeled([gt], [pred], "tIoU") + result["ifa"] = 1 + elif category == "object": + gt = [] + clue_timestamp_list = [] + for clue in clues: + if clue["timestamp"] not in clue_timestamp_list: + clue_timestamp_list.append(clue["timestamp"]) + for clue in clues: + gt.append((clue_timestamp_list.index(clue["timestamp"]), clue['bbox'])) + pred = [] + for key in j.keys(): + if "Frame" not in key: + continue + idx = int(key.replace("Frame", "")) - 1 + if len(j[key]) == 0: + continue + if isinstance(j[key][0],list) and len(j[key][0]) == 4: + for e in j[key]: + if isinstance(e,list) and len(e) == 4: + pred.append((idx, e)) + elif isinstance(j[key][0],list) and len(j[key][0]) == 2: + for ii in range(int(len(j[key]) // 2)): + if isinstance(j[key][ii * 2],list) and len(j[key][ii * 2]) == 2 and isinstance( + j[key][ii * 2 + 1],list) and len(j[key][ii * 2 + 1]) == 2: + pred.append((idx, [j[key][ii * 2][0], j[key][ii * 2][1], j[key][ii * 2 + 1][0], + j[key][ii * 2 + 1][1]])) + result["wcs"] = compute_wcs_unlabeled([gt], [pred], "sIoU") + result["ifa"] = 1 + elif category == "attribute": + gt = [] + clue_timestamp_list = [] + for clue_ in clues: + for clue in clue_: + if clue["timestamp"] not in clue_timestamp_list: + clue_timestamp_list.append(clue["timestamp"]) + for clue_ in clues: + gt_ = [] + for clue in clue_: + gt_.append((clue_timestamp_list.index(clue["timestamp"]), clue['bbox'])) + gt.append(gt_) + pred = {} + for key in j.keys(): + if "Frame" not in key: + continue + idx = int(key.replace("Frame", "")) - 1 + for e in j[key]: + if e['label'] not in pred.keys(): + pred[e['label']] = [] + if 'bbox' in e: + if isinstance(e['bbox'],list) and len(e['bbox']) == 4: + pred[e['label']].append((idx, e['bbox'])) + if 'bbox_2d' in e: + if isinstance(e['bbox_2d'],list) and len(e['bbox_2d']) == 4: + pred[e['label']].append((idx, e['bbox_2d'])) + pred_list = [pred[key] for key in pred] + result["wcs"] = compute_wcs_unlabeled(gt, pred_list, "sIoU") + result["ifa"] = 1 + except: + pass + + return result + + +def get_chunk_number(filename): + try: + num = filename.split("chunk_")[1].split(".zip")[0] + return int(num) + except: + return float('inf') + + +def auto_merge_and_unzip_parts(target_dir, extract_dir, zip_prefix=None): + target_dir = Path(target_dir) + extract_dir = Path(extract_dir) + extract_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) + + # 匹配 zip 分卷：例如 video_chunk_001.zip.part000 + part_files = sorted(target_dir.glob("*.zip.part*")) + groups = {} + + # 分组：根据前缀提取 group 名（即 zip 文件名） + for part_file in part_files: + match = re.match(r"(.*\.zip)\.part\d+$", part_file.name) + if match: + zip_name = match.group(1) + if zip_prefix is None or Path(zip_name).stem.startswith(zip_prefix): + groups.setdefault(zip_name, []).append(part_file) + + if not groups: + print(f"No matching zip parts found with prefix: {zip_prefix}") + return + + # 合并每一组分卷 -> 解压 + for zip_name, parts in tqdm(groups.items(), desc="Merging and unzipping"): + parts = sorted(parts, key=lambda p: int(p.name.split("part")[-1])) + zip_path = target_dir / zip_name + + # 合并分卷 + with open(zip_path, 'wb') as outfile: + for part in parts: + with open(part, 'rb') as infile: + outfile.write(infile.read()) + + # 解压合并后的 zip 文件 + with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_path, 'r') as zip_ref: + zip_ref.extractall(extract_dir) + + # 删除合并后的 zip 文件（可注释） + zip_path.unlink() + + +def unzip_hf_zip(target_dir): + target_dir = Path(target_dir) + + videos_dir = target_dir / "cg_videos_720p" + ref_videos_dir = target_dir / "ref_videos" + + if videos_dir.exists() and ref_videos_dir.exists(): + print("all target dirs exist, skip.") + return + + videos_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) + + auto_merge_and_unzip_parts(target_dir,ref_videos_dir, zip_prefix="ref_videos") + auto_merge_and_unzip_parts(target_dir,videos_dir, zip_prefix="videos") + + print("sucessfully unzip all files.") diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/README.md b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..34491189580c17e4193a889e5da9c051be632c88 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +# EgoExoBench + +This is the official repository of [EgoExoBench: A +Benchmark for First- and Third-person View Video +Understanding in MLLMs]() + +## 📊 Benchmark Overview + +**EgoExoBench** is a large-scale benchmark designed to evaluate cross-view video understanding in multimodal large language models (MLLMs). It contains paired egocentric–exocentric videos and over **7,300 multiple-choice questions** across **11 subtasks**, covering three key dimensions of ego–exo reasoning: + +* **Ego-Exo Relation** +* **Ego-Exo View Transition** +* **Ego-Exo Temporal Reasoning** + +## 📝 Data Preparation + +### Video Data + +EgoExoBench builds upon six publicly available ego–exo datasets. + +* [Ego-Exo4D](https://ego-exo4d-data.org/) +* [LEMMA](https://sites.google.com/view/lemma-activity) +* [EgoExoLearn](https://huggingface.co/datasets/hyf015/EgoExoLearn) +* [TF2023](https://github.com/ziweizhao1993/PEN) +* [EgoMe](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HeqianQiu/EgoMe) +* [CVMHAT](https://github.com/RuizeHan/CVMHT) + +The script will automatically download the processed video data, **except Ego-Exo4D**, due to license restrictions. You need to manually download it from the [official website](https://ego-exo4d-data.org/) and organize it as shown below. + +If you prefer to download all datasets manually, you can simply create empty `processed_videos/` and `processed_frames/` folders and organize the datasets in the following structure: + +``` +[LMUData]/videos/EgoExoBench +├── CVMHAT/ +│ └── data/ +├── EgoExo4D/ +│ └── takes/ +├── EgoExoLearn/ +├── EgoMe/ +├── LEMMA/ +├── TF2023/ +│ └── data/ +├── processed_frames/ +└── processed_videos/ +``` +### Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) + +The script will automatically download the EgoExoBench **multiple-choice questions (MCQs)** file from this [link](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Heleun/EgoExoBench_MCQ). + +## 🚀 Model Evaluation + +Use the following commands to evaluate your VLMs on EgoExoBench: + +```shell +# For lightweight vision-language models +torchrun --nproc-per-node=1 run.py \ + --data EgoExoBench_MCQ \ + --model Qwen2.5-VL-7B-Instruct-ForVideo + +# For larger models with higher memory usage +python run.py \ + --data EgoExoBench_MCQ \ + --model Qwen2.5-VL-72B-Instruct-ForVideo +``` + +To skip evaluation on the **Ego-Exo4D** portion of the benchmark, specify the `EgoExoBench_64frame_skip_EgoExo4D` configuration with the **`--data`** argument. + +``` +# Example command to skip Ego-Exo4D +torchrun --nproc-per-node=1 run.py \ + --data EgoExoBench_64frame_skip_EgoExo4D \ + --model [Your_Model_Name] +``` + +> 💡 Note: If you encounter errors related to stacking videos with varying frame counts, try using `transformers==4.49.0` as a temporary workaround. + +## 🙏 Acknowledgements + +EgoExoBench builds upon publicly available ego–exo datasets: [Ego-Exo4D](https://ego-exo4d-data.org/), [LEMMA](https://sites.google.com/view/lemma-activity), [EgoExoLearn](https://huggingface.co/datasets/hyf015/EgoExoLearn), [TF2023](https://github.com/ziweizhao1993/PEN), [EgoMe](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HeqianQiu/EgoMe), [CVMHAT](https://github.com/RuizeHan/CVMHT). Thanks for open-sourcing! diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__init__.py b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..00ab15e060fd5923a171fc83c8ae59588e9a13e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +from .egoexobench import EgoExoBench_MCQ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f639c5ba8438cb6ac8920983563141a177ef2d34 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c83487bec2288449fd9939f115404b9d93c60c0 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1bad033f685422835b090b55584f0c09a7ee9a20 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/egoexobench.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/egoexobench.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6dbb05d777392e2fc567182756c714369543d418 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/egoexobench.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/egoexobench.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/egoexobench.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85f0a8a1e51bbffd4d3c3c9ba39c2596bd0c06b7 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/egoexobench.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/egoexobench.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/egoexobench.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61926ef800fc04b5c242742dd614ac8d89542367 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/egoexobench.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/utils.cpython-310.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/utils.cpython-310.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fbdfa9e71e6e80c03bbffb8a4b7188e4895e7a1b Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/utils.cpython-310.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/utils.cpython-311.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/utils.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..152e45bdca187f111584c9bc47048e73b7db23b1 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/utils.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/utils.cpython-313.pyc b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/utils.cpython-313.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..07a8941cde36a519fb99822f759af665cd7a65c0 Binary files /dev/null and b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/__pycache__/utils.cpython-313.pyc differ diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/cvmhat_preprocess.py b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/cvmhat_preprocess.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1bdba4e4f4840021f7f69eb2ccef8a4230acd290 --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/cvmhat_preprocess.py @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +import json +import os +import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET +import cv2 + +# replace with your actual path +ann_file = 'EgoExoBench/MCQ/Ego-Exo-Relation/person_relation.json' + + +def add_bbox(bbox_img_path): + bbox_dir = os.path.dirname(bbox_img_path) + os.makedirs(bbox_dir, exist_ok=True) + ori_img_dir = os.path.dirname(bbox_img_path).replace('bbox', 'frame_sel') + frame_idx, person_id = os.path.basename(bbox_img_path).split('.')[0].split('_') + ori_img_path = os.path.join(ori_img_dir, frame_idx + '.jpg') + xml_file = ori_img_path.replace('data', 'GT_xml').replace('frame_sel/', '').replace('.jpg', '.xml') + + tree = ET.parse(xml_file) + root = tree.getroot() + im = cv2.imread(ori_img_path) + for object in root.findall('object'): + object_name = object.find('name').text + if object_name != person_id: + continue + im_copy = im.copy() + Xmin = int(object.find('rectangle').find('xmin').text) + Ymin = int(object.find('rectangle').find('ymin').text) + Xmax = int(object.find('rectangle').find('xmax').text) + Ymax = int(object.find('rectangle').find('ymax').text) + color = (255, 0, 0) + cv2.rectangle(im_copy,(Xmin,Ymin),(Xmax,Ymax),color,3) + cv2.imwrite(bbox_img_path, im_copy) + return + + +with open(ann_file, 'r') as f: + ann_data = json.load(f) + for aitem in ann_data.values(): + image_paths = [] + image_paths.extend(aitem['query']['image_paths']) + for oitem in aitem['options']: + image_paths.extend(oitem['image_paths']) + + for image_path in image_paths: + add_bbox(image_path) diff --git a/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/egoexobench.py b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/egoexobench.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a49c20f02f8c436b0b9b170c97788da7423fe56c --- /dev/null +++ b/VLMEvalKit/vlmeval/dataset/EgoExoBench/egoexobench.py @@ -0,0 +1,300 @@ +import huggingface_hub +from huggingface_hub import snapshot_download +from ...smp import * +from ..video_base import VideoBaseDataset +from ..utils import build_judge, DEBUG_MESSAGE +import torchvision.transforms as T +from torchvision import transforms +import pandas as pd +import os +import re +from .utils import * +import torch +import shutil +import glob + +FAIL_MSG = 'Failed to obtain answer via API.' + + +class EgoExoBench_MCQ(VideoBaseDataset): + MD5 = '9c0aa8da235d766d02dd7e9a19182719' + TYPE = 'Video-MCQ' + + def __init__(self, dataset='EgoExoBench_MCQ', nframe=64, skip_EgoExo4D=False): + super().__init__(dataset=dataset, nframe=nframe) + self.frame_fps = 2 + self.skip_EgoExo4D = skip_EgoExo4D + + @classmethod + def supported_datasets(cls): + return ['EgoExoBench_MCQ'] + + def prepare_dataset(self, dataset_name='EgoExoBench_MCQ', repo_id='Heleun/EgoExoBench_MCQ', video_repo_id='onlyfaces/EgoExoBench'): # noqa: E501 + def check_integrity(pth): + data_file = osp.join(pth, f'{dataset_name}.tsv') + + if not osp.exists(data_file): + return False + + if md5(data_file) != self.MD5: + return False + + return True + cache_path = get_cache_path(repo_id) + self.video_root = os.path.join(LMUDataRoot(), 'videos', 'EgoExoBench') + os.makedirs(self.video_root, exist_ok=True) + if not osp.exists(osp.join(self.video_root, 'processed_videos')) or not osp.exists(osp.join(self.video_root, 'processed_frames')): # noqa: E501 + snapshot_download( + repo_id=video_repo_id, + repo_type='dataset', + allow_patterns=['*.tar.gz.part*'], + local_dir=self.video_root + ) + + def combine_and_extract(root_dir, prefix, remove_parts=True): + parts_pattern = osp.join(root_dir, f'{prefix}.tar.gz.part*') + combined_archive = osp.join(root_dir, f'{prefix}.tar.gz') + if not osp.exists(combined_archive): + parts = sorted(glob.glob(parts_pattern)) + with open(combined_archive, 'wb') as outfile: + for part in parts: + with open(part, 'rb') as infile: + shutil.copyfileobj(infile, outfile) + shutil.unpack_archive(combined_archive, root_dir) + if remove_parts: + for part in parts: + os.remove(part) + os.remove(combined_archive) + + combine_and_extract(self.video_root, 'processed_videos') + combine_and_extract(self.video_root, 'processed_frames') + + if cache_path is not None and check_integrity(cache_path): + dataset_path = cache_path + else: + dataset_path = snapshot_download(repo_id=repo_id, repo_type='dataset') + + data_file = osp.join(dataset_path, f'{dataset_name}.tsv') + + # transform + self.transform = T.Compose([ + Stack(), + ToTorchFormatTensor() + ]) + + return dict(root=dataset_path, data_file=data_file) + + def get_index(self, bound, fps, max_frame, first_idx=0, num_segments=16): + start, end = bound if bound else (-100000, 100000) + start_idx = max(first_idx, round(start * fps)) + end_idx = min(round(end * fps), max_frame) + seg_size = (end_idx - start_idx) / num_segments + mid_seg_size = seg_size / 2 + indices = np.arange(num_segments) + frame_indices = start_idx + mid_seg_size + np.round(seg_size * indices) + return frame_indices.astype(int) + + def load_into_video_and_process(self, media, mcq_idx): + try: + from moviepy.editor import VideoFileClip, ImageSequenceClip + except: + raise ImportError( + 'MoviePy is not installed, please install it by running "pip install moviepy==1.0.3"' + ) + video_root = self.video_root + if media['type'] in ['image']: + original_image_path = osp.join(video_root, media['image_paths'][0]) + processed_video_path = osp.join(video_root, 'processed_videos', f'{mcq_idx}.jpg') + if not os.path.exists(processed_video_path): + shutil.copy(original_image_path, processed_video_path) + return dict(type='image', value=processed_video_path) + elif media['type'] in ['frames']: + input_images = [osp.join(video_root, im) for im in media['image_paths']] + processed_video_path = osp.join(video_root, 'processed_videos', f'{mcq_idx}.mp4') + media['nframes'] = len(input_images) // 2 * 2 + if not os.path.exists(processed_video_path): + # using MoviePy to transform images into mp4 + image_files = sorted(input_images) + image_clip = ImageSequenceClip(image_files, fps=self.frame_fps) + image_clip.write_videofile(processed_video_path, codec='libx264') + image_clip.close() + elif media['type'] in ['video']: + original_video_path = osp.join(video_root, media['video_path']) + processed_video_path = osp.join(video_root, 'processed_videos', f'{mcq_idx}.mp4') + if 'video_start' in media and 'video_end' in media and media['video_start'] is not None and media['video_end'] is not None: # noqa: E501 + video_start, video_end = media['video_start'], media['video_end'] + if not os.path.exists(processed_video_path): + video_clip = VideoFileClip(original_video_path) + clip = video_clip.subclip(video_start, min(video_end, video_clip.duration)) + clip.write_videofile(processed_video_path) + clip.close() + else: + if not os.path.exists(processed_video_path): + shutil.copy(original_video_path, processed_video_path) + else: + raise ValueError(f"Unsupported media type: {media['type']}") + + return dict(type='video', value=processed_video_path, nframes=media.get('nframes', 8)) + + def save_video_into_images(self, media, mcq_idx): + bound = None + video_root = self.video_root + + if media['type'] in ['frames', 'image']: + media_paths = [osp.join(video_root, im) for im in media['image_paths']] + save_dir = osp.join(video_root, 'processed_frames', str(mcq_idx)) + os.makedirs(save_dir, exist_ok=True) + input_images = [] + for media_path in media_paths: + img_path = media_path.split('/')[-1] + save_image_path = osp.join(save_dir, img_path) + shutil.copy(media_path, save_image_path) + input_images.append(save_image_path) + return input_images + + if 'video_start' in media and 'video_end' in media and media['video_start'] is not None and media['video_end'] is not None: # noqa: E501 + bound = ( + media['video_start'], media['video_end'] + ) + video_path = os.path.join(video_root, media['video_path']) + + def read_video(video_path, bound=None, num_segments=16): + from decord import VideoReader, cpu + vr = VideoReader(video_path, ctx=cpu(0), num_threads=1) + max_frame = len(vr) - 1 + fps = float(vr.get_avg_fps()) + + images_group = list() + frame_indices = self.get_index(bound, fps, max_frame, first_idx=0, num_segments=num_segments) + save_dir = osp.join(video_root, 'processed_frames', str(mcq_idx)) + + if osp.exists(save_dir) and len(os.listdir(save_dir)) > 0: + return None, frame_indices + + for frame_index in frame_indices: + img = Image.fromarray(vr[frame_index].asnumpy()) + images_group.append(img) + torch_imgs = self.transform(images_group) + return torch_imgs, frame_indices + + def save_video_frames(imgs, video_root, frame_indices, mcq_idx): + save_dir = osp.join(video_root, 'processed_frames', str(mcq_idx)) + os.makedirs(save_dir, exist_ok=True) + frame_paths = [osp.join(save_dir, f'{fidx:07d}.jpg') for fidx in frame_indices] + + flag = np.all([osp.exists(pth) for pth in frame_paths]) + + if not flag: + block_size = imgs.size(0) // len(frame_indices) + split_tensors = torch.split(imgs, block_size) + to_pil = transforms.ToPILImage() + images = [to_pil(arr) for arr in split_tensors] + for im, pth in zip(images, frame_paths): + if not osp.exists(pth): + im.save(pth) + + return frame_paths + + torch_imgs, frame_indices = read_video(video_path, bound, media['nframes']) + img_frame_paths = save_video_frames(torch_imgs, video_root, frame_indices, mcq_idx) + return img_frame_paths + + def process_text_and_media(self, text, media_list, video_llm, mcq_idx): + + message = [] + chunks = re.split(r'(|