A rare liver disease has been successfully treated with a transplant from a donor who was born with the condition.
Harry Maceachen, from Shrewsbury, was born with a rare liver disease and had the life-saving transplant on Thursday.
His father Simon donated part of his liver after no suitable match was

The grandmother of a four-year-old boy who received part of his father's liver has said all is going "according to plan" following the operation.

Article: Millions of spermatogonia produce a constant supply of sperm in the testes.
But the University of Oxford study showed mutant spermatogonia gain a "tumour-like" competitive edge, leading to a greater proportion of sperm becoming defective.
Experts said couples should consider having children earlier in life.
A range of diseases including autism and schizophrenia are more likely with older dads due to mutations in their sperm.
And the risk of very serious health problems goes from around four in every 200 births to five in every 200 once the father passes the age of 50.
The study, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, analysed 14 testes from men aged between 39 and 90.
The sexual organs were considered healthy, but were removed for other conditions such as a hernia causing swelling in the groin.
The researchers explored the "massive tangle of spaghetti" inside the testes to find the areas producing diseased sperm.
The analysis of the DNA - the instructions for life - in those defective zones showed mutations linked to a range of bodily processes.
They were linked to malformations and a predisposition to cancer, but they also had a role in growth and reproduction in the testes.
The same mutations that were ultimately damaging to children were encouraging the defective spermatogonia to spread - leading to a greater proportion of sperm being defective.
Prof Andrew Wilkie, one of the researchers, told the BBC: "This is why we call it selfish selection.
"These mutations within the testes get an advantage over their normal neighbours, but if that sperm fertilises an egg then that [mutation] carries a disadvantage to that person and causes disease.
"It's the first time anyone has been able to look at a piece of testis and say that's where this is happening."
That "selfish" growth is more commonly seen in cancer.
The researchers were able to find the mutations because their impact is so severe.
It is still unclear what the study means for the sections of DNA that increase the risk of disorders...

Summary: Mutant sperm-factories spread in men's testicles as they age to increase the risk of children with genetic diseases, researchers have shown.
###
Article: Sales in November at stores open for more than a year fell 0.4% from the same month in 2014.
The BRC/KPMG survey found shoppers held back in the hope of big discounts on Black Friday, 28 November.
But in the event, many retailers did not make the discounts that shoppers had been hoping for.
David McCorquodale, head of retail at KPMG, said: "November's relatively flat sales figures are a reality check for the retail sector with consumers holding off for a Black Friday bargain pitted against retailers determined to hold onto their hard-earned margins.
"Despite the hype around Black Friday, there was minimal loosening of the family purse strings compared to last year."
Total sales across all stores increased by just 0.7%, compared with a rise of 2.2% last year.
However, online sales of non-food item outperformed, up 11.8% on last year.
Black Friday produced the expected spike in sales, with trading up 25% compared with the beginning of the month. Sales in furniture, and large and small electrical appliances, were higher than last year.
However, the BRC said an increase in "omni-channel" shopping, with consumers using a mix of online and in-store purchases. made it hard to know how and when people would spend their money in the crucial Christmas shopping period.
Helen Dickinson, BRC chief executive, said: "As consumers and retailers continue to adapt to the changing patterns of omni-channel shopping, where the lines between channels become less and less relevant, this build-up to Christmas is one of the hardest to read in years.
"The conversion of people's higher disposable income into retail sales shouldn't be taken for granted."

Summary: November's Black Friday sales failed to boost turnover at UK stores according to the British Retail Consortium (BRC) and accountants KPMG.
###
Article: Harry Maceachen, from Shrewsbury, was born with a rare disease and had the life-saving transplant on Thursday.
His father Simon donated part of his liver after no suitable match was found from the organ donor register.
Grandmother Alison Price, a former theatre sister, said: "The consultants are very happy with their progress."
She said it had been a "very, very difficult 12 months", adding: "The operations were satisfactory. Everything is going on according to plan....the consultants are very happy with their progress."
Harry was born with biliary atresia, which meant he had blocked bile ducts.
He had a transplant before his first birthday but that liver had begun to fail, so a second one was required.
Harry underwent the operation on Thursday at Birmingham Children's Hospital and Mr Maceachen was operated on at Queen Elizabeth Hospital in the city.
His grandmother said: "I used to look after him (Harry) three days a week when his mother went back to teaching and he got to know me very well.
"I think we've got a special bond. He was born on my 63rd birthday."
She said Harry's two-year-old brother, Sam, has been "impeccably behaved".
"It's hard for him. It's the first time he's been away from his mother for as long as this and he obviously misses Harry, as we all do."
She added: "It's brilliant with the support (the family have) had and the support we've had as grandparents.
"The whole family's pulled together and they have a wonderful lot of friends."

Summary:


The US government has asked tech firms to share more data with law enforcement agencies.
Article: The US government has asked tech firms to share more data with law enforcement agencies.
Summary: The US government has asked tech firms to share more data with law enforcement agencies.
Article: The US government has asked tech firms

Cinemas in the US are scheduling extra screenings of 12 Years a Slave after it won the best picture Oscar.

Article: Six cats which went missing in the Croydon and Norwood areas in south London were later found dismembered.
It was initially thought the animals had been killed by foxes.
But animal rescue workers have now urged owners to keep their pets indoors "where possible", saying it had become clear that "something sinister" was going on.
Boudicca Rising of South Norwood Animal Rescue and Liberty (SNARL) said her organisation had received a "deluge" of further concerns from local residents.
The animals had suffered "gruesome" injuries which appeared to have been made by a blade, she told BBC Radio 5 Live.
She urged anyone who comes across an injured animal in the area to contact her group.
A spokeswoman for the RSPCA said: "We will be surveying any evidence we are given to see if there is deliberate cruelty involved here."
"Thankfully acts of deliberate violence against dead cats are rare and thorough research has shown that these kind of injuries can be caused by wildlife after death."
She added the police were leading on the investigation but said the RSPCA will provide any support as needed.
The Met confirmed it had received reports of animals being harmed and was working with Surrey Police.
Sgt Ross Spanton, of Surrey Police said:  "I would like to reassure the local community that active enquiries are under way to identify those responsible and I would urge anyone with any information to contact the police."

Summary: Animal welfare workers believe the same person may be responsible for a string of "gruesome" cat killings.
###
Article: Alex Stamos pressed NSA director Adm Mike Rogers on whether the access to encrypted data requested by the US authorities should also be granted to the Russian and Chinese governments.
Adm Rogers insisted an agreement could be reached "within a framework".
The tense exchange came after many top tech figures refused to attend a White House cybersecurity summit this month.
"If we're going to build defects, backdoors or golden master keys for the US government, do you believe we should do so... for the Chinese government, the Russian government, the Saudi Arabian government, the Israeli government, the French government?" asked Mr Stamos, Yahoo's chief information security officer.
After initially dodging the question, Adm Rogers - who took over as director of the NSA last year - responded: "I think that we're lying that this isn't technically feasible.
"Now, it needs to be done within a framework. I'm the first to acknowledge that."
According to a transcript provided by the Just Security website, he argued that he did not want the FBI and NSA to unilaterally decide what access they should have, but insisted an agreement was achievable.
Pressed on whether he thought that access should also be granted to other nations' governments, Adm Rogers said: "I think we can work our way through this."
Mr Stamos responded: "I'm sure the Chinese and Russians are going to have the same opinion."
The exchange took place before delegates at a cybersecurity conference hosted by the New America Foundation on Monday.
There has been an increasingly tense relationship between the US authorities and Silicon Valley since information was leaked by NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden.
Encryption of user data has subsequently become increasingly popular and, in some cases, the companies hand over the keys to users, making it difficult to break.
But the White House has asked tech firms to share more data with law enforcement agencies. And the US authorities want them to build in vulnerabilities that they would be able to exploit.
The rift was...

Summary: A Yahoo executive has publicly challenged the National Security Agency (NSA) over encryption "backdoors".
###
Article: Steve McQueen's drama will play at more than 1,000 locations in the US and Canada from Friday, up from 411 last weekend, according to Variety.
The memoir on which the film is based has seen a similar boost, jumping more than 300 places in Amazon.com's chart.
Solomon Northup's book is now in 16th place, having previously been ranked in 326th place before Sunday's ceremony.
The title charts even higher on this side of the Atlantic, currently occupying third place in the Amazon.co.uk bestsellers' countdown.
12 Years a Slave was named best picture at this year's Oscars and won additional honours for supporting actress Lupita Nyong'o and screenwriter John Ridley.
The film has made more than $50 million (Â£27 million) in North America, according to the Box Office Mojo site, and has just been released on DVD and Blu-ray.
McQueen's film tells of how a free-born black man, played by British actor Chiwetel Ejiofor, is kidnapped and forced into slavery before finally winning his freedom 12 years later.
Interest in Northup's 19th Century memoir has been revived following the success of the film, with many public high schools adding it to their curricula and reading lists.
According to Screen Daily, film distributor Lionsgate is also planning to increase the number of screens that Dallas Buyers Club is playing on in the US and Canada.
The film, about an HIV positive rodeo cowboy who uses illicit means to obtain unlicensed Aids medication, also received three Oscars on Sunday.
Stars Matthew McConaughey and Jared Leto were named best actor and best supporting actor respectively, while the film received an additional accolade for its make-up and hair styling.
Meanwhile, the Walt Disney studio has announced that Frozen - winner of this year's best animated feature Oscar - has now made more than $1 billion at the worldwide box office.
It says the film is now the biggest non-sequel animated film ever released and the second biggest animated film of all time globally, after Toy Story 3.

Summary:

Article: {{document}}

Summary: ||| {{target}}


The ACT test is one of two entrance exams available to international and domestic students wanting to go to a US college.
The other is the SAT.
The ACT test is due to be held at 56 test centres in both South Korea and Hong Kong on Saturday morning.
The Associated Press said teachers at some of Seoul

An examination for students in South Korea and Hong Kong hoping to study at US colleges has been cancelled after "credible evidence" emerged that it had been leaked in advance.

Article: The singer gave the record player as a wedding gift to Ellen Marschhauser in Germany in 1959, where he was stationed during his Army service.
She and husband Jim Jenkins retired to Cornwall, where she died in 2010.
The Perpetuum Ebner Musical 5v Luxus was expected to fetch £2,000, but sold for £4,400 to an overseas bidder at Penzance Auction House.
Proprietor David Lay said he had never come across anything that had created so much interest.
Mr Jenkins said the record player had also been a "thank you" from Elvis to his wife for doing some translation work for the singer's father, Vernon.
He said he and his wife had used the record player at parties, but it had been put away in the loft when the needle broke.
As well as playing records on it, it is believed that Elvis also used the player as an amplifier for his guitar.

Summary: A record player that once belonged to Elvis Presley has sold for double its estimated price at auction.
###
Article: The latest figures show 756 animals were killed in Dorset, 432 in Gloucestershire and 279 in Somerset as part of efforts to eradicate bovine TB.
The government said more than half of England was expected to be free of the disease by 2019.
However, campaigners said there was no evidence killing badgers was reducing the level of the disease in cattle.
It was the first year of culling in Dorset but the third for the other two counties as part of the government trial.
The minimum target numbers for Gloucestershire and Somerset for 2015 were less than those for 2014.
Environment Secretary Liz Truss told the House of Commons: "Our strategy to eradicate bovine TB is working.
"I'm pleased to report to the House today that the three badger control areas - Somerset, Gloucestershire and Dorset - all hit their targets this year.
"The chief vet is clear: this is delivering disease control benefits and it'll help us eradicate this terrible disease."
Ms Truss also said she was considering extending the badger cull programme.
"I'm pleased to say more than half of the country is on track to be officially free of the disease by the end of this parliament thanks to the strategy we put in place.
"And the chief veterinary officer is clear that licensing of future areas is needed to realise these disease control benefits, and I'm determined to follow through on that."
Dominic Dyer from the Badger Trust said: "Despite claiming all the cull contractors have met their targets for 2015, there is no evidence the killing of badgers is reducing the level of bovine TB in cattle.
"The claims by the NFU and pro-cull politicians that badger culling is delivering a significant reduction in bovine TB are looking increasingly bogus, and the exact opposite of the truth.
"Twenty million pounds of taxpayers' money has been spent killing thousands of badgers and yet cattle TB in Somerset is on the rise."
Culling took place from 31 August to 12 October in Somerset and Dorset and from 2 September to 14 October in Gloucestershire.
The number of...

Summary: Nearly 1,500 badgers were killed this year as part of the government's badger cull, Defra has announced.
###
Article: Administrators of the ACT test took the decision just hours before some 5,500 students were due to sit it.
The ACT is one of two entrance exams available to international and domestic students wanting to go to a US college.
This is not the first cheating scandal to hit the tests in East Asia.
The other entrance exam - the SAT - was cancelled in South Korea in 2013 because some of the questions were leaked.
The ACT test was due to be held at 56 test centres in both South Korea and Hong Kong on Saturday morning.
The Associated Press said teachers at some of Seoul's private "cram schools" said they were not notified until about an hour before the students were due to sit the test.
ACT Inc, an Iowa-based non-profit organisation that was operating the test, said it took the decision after receiving "credible evidence that test materials intended for administration in these regions have been compromised".
The organisation said in a statement that all students would get a refund but would only be able to resit when the tests are held again in September.

Summary:


A new study has found that the tiny bacteria that live in the gut of polar bears are able to detect light and move towards it.
The findings, published in the journal eLife, could help scientists understand how polar bears sense the environment and how they can survive in the cold.
The bacteria, called Syne

YouTube has warned it will clamp down on users who buy 'fake views' to make their videos look more popular than they really are.

Article: Polar bear cubs were last born in the UK almost 25 years ago.
The Royal Zoological Society of Scotland (RZSS) has begun preparations to pair up two bears at its Highland Wildlife Park near Aviemore.
A crate has been placed in the male bears' enclosure which will be used to transport Arktos to where the female, Victoria, is kept.
RZSS said captive breeding formed an important part of conserving polar bears, which are classified as "vulnerable" on the International Union Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species.
But animal welfare organisations OneKind Scotland and Born Free Foundation said tackling climate change to better protect wild bears should be the focus of conservation efforts rather than captive breeding.
Arktos shares an enclosure with a younger male bear called Walker.
The older bear has been selected for breeding because he is considered to be a genetically more important male, according to RZSS. Walker's genes are already well represented within the captive population.
Victoria, who was brought to Scotland from Aalborg Zoo in Denmark last year and is kept in an enclosure about a mile away from the males, previously raised cubs in 2008.
Over the course of about a month, park staff hope Arktos will become accustomed to the 3m (9ft 10in) by 1.5m (4ft 11in) by 1.8m (5ft 10in) crate to a point where he can be safely locked inside and moved to the Victoria's enclosure.
Arktos will later be moved back to his own enclosure. RZSS said the areas where it keeps polar bears were larger than those of any other zoological institution in the world.
Douglas Richardson, head of living collections at the park, said: "When we first take Arktos to Victoria, he will live in a separate enclosure adjacent to hers.
"The two bears will be able to communicate and interact through a secure large fence to start with. We fully expect to see them showing an interest in each other right away.
"As with any introduction of large predators, the process must be approached slowly and carefully, paying close attention...

Summary: An attempt to breed polar bears in Scotland looks set to go ahead this year.
###
Article: In a single-celled pond slime, they observed how incoming rays are bent by the bug's spherical surface and focused in a spot on the far side of the cell.
By shuffling along in the opposite direction to that bright spot, the microbe then moves towards the light.
Other scientists were surprised and impressed by this "elegant" discovery.
Despite being just three micrometres (0.003mm) in diameter, the bacteria in the study use the same physical principles as the eye of a camera or a human.
This makes them "probably the world's smallest and oldest example" of such a lens, the researchers write in the journal eLife.
Cyanobacteria, including the Synechocystis species used in the study, are an ancient and abundant lifeform. They live in water and get their energy from photosynthesis - which explains their enthusiasm for bright light.
Bug eyes
"It has a way of detecting where the light is; we know that because of the direction that it moves. But we were puzzled about this because the cells are very, very small," said study co-author Conrad Mullineaux, from Queen Mary University of London.
He told the BBC it was a chance observation through a microscope that put his team on the right track.
"We noticed it accidentally, because we had cells on a surface and we were shining light from one side, in order to watch the movement towards the light.
"We suddenly saw these focused bright spots and we thought, 'bloody hell!'. Immediately, it was pretty obvious what was going on."
After more than three centuries of scientists eyeballing bugs under microscopes, Prof Mullineaux said it was remarkable that nobody had picked up on this before.
"It seemed really, really obvious afterwards."
To confirm and describe this single-cell "vision", he worked with colleagues in the UK, Germany and Portugal on a series of experiments.
As well as studying the bacteria's focusing ability with different types of microscope, they used a laser beam to probe exactly how such focused light affected the bugs' behaviour.
With the laser beam trained...

Summary: Biologists say they have solved the riddle of how a tiny bacterium senses light and moves towards it: the entire organism acts like an eyeball.
###
Article: With 100 hours of video added to the site every minutes it can be hard to get noticed, so some people buy fake views.
There are many companies that will sell YouTube views, likes or comments for a fee.
Most videos have genuine views but the website wants to crack down on the small number that don't.

Summary:


The CQC has rated Stafford Hospital as "requires improvement" in its latest inspection.
The CQC said it recognised "that the leadership of the new trust has had the significant task of bringing together two organisations at a challenging time. We have seen that progress has been made but there is still more to be

A new NHS trust set up to run Stafford's hospital requires improvement, inspectors have said.

Article: Despite the win, party members were left in shock when the council's Tory leader Robert Gould lost his seat to the Liberal Democrats.
UKIP was left without a seat while the Liberal Democrats won 11 seats, the Green Party won two and the Labour Cooperative retained one seat.
The ruling Conservative group will meet next week to elect a new leader.
The authority previously had 45 councillors, but now has one more following a boundary review.
In 2013, the Conservatives had 27 seats, Liberal Democrats 12, while Labour took three and its "sister party" Labour and Cooperative won two. UKIP gained one seat.
Election 2017: Full results from across England
Mr Gould lost his Sherborne Town seat by 22 votes as Jon Andrews for the Liberal Democrats gained the seat with 1,493.
The local election comes amidst plans to reorganise local government in Dorset with two unitary authorities.
The authority has said it will not be revealing plans for the restructure until after the general election on 8 June but, if they go ahead, it could mean Dorset residents face another election in two years' time.
Mr Gould replaced Spencer Flower as leader in 2014.
Councillor Flower, who won Verwood for the Tories alongside his wife Toni Coombs, said overall it was a "strong performance" for the party.
"Politics is a surprise, you get occasions where you get outcomes you didn't expect. It's obviously always very disappointing when you lose a colleague but it happens and we just need to move on from there," he said.
Representing UKIP, who failed to win a seat, Robin Grey said it had been a "very bad night".
Labour's David Stokes said: "It's been a difficult night in the county as a whole but our share of the vote has increased. We're very optimistic."

Summary: The Conservative Party has retained control of Dorset County Council after winning 32 of the 46 seats.
###
Article: Media playback is not supported on this device
The only answer to that question is because both Sky and BT believe it is. The breakdown of the bidding means Sky is paying an average of £10.8m for each of the 126 Premier League games it will broadcast each season from 2016-17 until 2018-19, and BT will pay around £7.6m for each of its 42 matches.
There are three reasons why these figures are so high.
The first is competition. There was interest from Discovery, which owns Eurosport, and BeIN sports, based in Qatar, and that interest has pushed BT and Sky to bid more in order to keep the rights.
The second reason is about choice. Sky has about 10.5m subscribers, but has never revealed how many of them buy sports channels. The bidding for the Premier League rights is about much more than sport. It is about being able to attract customers to buy broadband, landline and mobile packages alongside a comprehensive TV offering.
On Wednesday, Sky's shares opened more than 4% down, with BT's shares up more than 3%.
The third reason is the product itself, the Premier League. The audience tells rights holders it is as absorbing and interesting as ever.
Stoke City chairman Peter Coates said: "It is a bit over the top to call it obscene. It is an awful lot of money but we have a responsibility to football as a whole and I am sure we will exercise that responsibility."
If the Premier League clubs, players, agents and sports car dealers are the big winners from this auction, the one potential loser is the viewer.
These huge sums of money must be covered and over the course of the next two or three years it would be a surprise if the price of TV packages do not rise to cover some of these costs.
The audiences on Sky and BT are huge. Around 1.6m watched the north London derby between Tottenham and Arsenal on BT last Saturday, with almost two million tuning in for the Merseyside derby on Monday. The money this generates for these companies cannot be underestimated.
"It's what is known as the 'prune juice effect'," Lord Alan Sugar...

Summary: After Sky and BT Sport pay a record £5.136bn for live Premier League TV rights for 2016-17, BBC Sport looks at the changing picture for TV viewers and what the record rights package could mean for consumers.
###
Article: The verdict came from the Care Quality Commission's first inspection since the University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust was created in November.
The hospital was at the centre of a Â£6m public inquiry into care failings.
But despite the CQC's overall finding being critical, the trust said it was "highly complimentary" about the standard of care in some areas.
Inspectors visited County Hospital, formerly Stafford Hospital, and Royal Stoke University Hospital, also run by the trust, in April. They carried out unannounced inspections in May.
Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust, which ran Stafford, was dissolved in November after a report concluded it was not "clinically or financially sustainable".
700,000
People served by the hospital trust
194,954
Combined A&E visits to the two hospitals (2013-14)
1,508 Beds provided across the two sites
8,848 Equivalent full-time staff employed by the trust
The NHS in Staffordshire was given almost Â£300m to create the new trust and relocate some services in the county.
The CQC said it recognised "that the leadership of the new trust has had the significant task of bringing together two organisations at a challenging time. We have seen that progress has been made but there is still more to be achieved".
The trust was rated as good overall for how caring its services were, but told it required improvement to ensure safe, effective and well-led services. It received an inadequate rating in relation to whether services were responsive.
Several initiatives within children and young people's services at Stoke were rated as outstanding in relation to whether they were caring.
Outstanding work was also seen in the specialised neurological unit at County Hospital, inspectors said.
But the trust was told it must address high waiting times in its emergency department, and inspectors noted the Royal Stoke had "consistently and frequently failed the four-hour waiting time target".
It also said the trust should review capacity and adequacy of critical care services, and...

Summary:


The city council has proposed that owners face harsher fines for dog fouling and is asking the public to take part in a consultation.
The council is also asking dog owners to sign up to a new scheme to help keep the city clean.
The proposals are part of a wider plan to tackle dog fouling in the

Tougher dog control measures could soon be implemented in Oxford.

Article: Paramedics were ruled out of strike action on Thursday evening when management declared a "major incident".
Staff were canvassed on Friday to see if they would remain on duty to respond to serious and life-threatening calls if the major incident was stood down.
Only 10% of the 41 crews said they would remain on duty.
The Ambulance Trust said in the absence of a concrete commitment from enough staff to sustain a safe service, the trust said it had been left with no option but to keep the major incident in place.
The trade union, Unison, said the decision came as no surprise to them and that there was a serious loss of good will among ambulance staff.
In a text to staff at 2340 GMT on Thursday, the Ambulance Service said: "Please be advised that a major incident has been declared due to critical levels of cover and in line with the guidance issued by your union you are expected to report for duty as normal."
Management said they had been forced to take the measure "to maintain a safe level of ambulance cover".
Unions reacted angrily accusing management of "pulling a stunt" and said the move was "provocative".
The Ambulance Service said it was "inundated" with calls saying staff would be striking.
In a statement to the media, it said it had "exhausted all alternative contingency options, and lives would be at risk if we allowed the situation to deteriorate further".
Due to previous agreements between management and unions, it meant crews were required to turn up for duty on Friday.
In a tweet, the Ambulance Service added: "Two cities and many towns without ambulance cover is the only reason NIAS declared major incident."
John McPoland of the Ambulance Service said at midnight there were seven crews available for all emergencies across Northern Ireland.
"If we hadn't have declared a major incident because the level of services had decreased so much, we would be left with a situation this morning, where rather than having to explain a major incident, I could have been in here trying to explain to some family why a...

Summary: The Ambulance Service has said it will keep a "major incident" in place for the remainder of today's strike.
###
Article: The overwhelming majority of the searches came from Northern Ireland.
The search giant also reported more searches for "what happens if we leave the EU" around midnight on 23 June and for other phrases such as "British independence day" and "Norway EU" .
One expert cautioned that the data does not reveal actual volumes of searches.
On the financial implications, Google Trends said it had recorded the highest-ever search interest in sterling.
During the early hours of the morning, the pound fell by more than 10% - to a level not seen since 1985 - before slightly rebounding.
And there was a spike in searches for "Move to Gibraltar" - from London users - after the EU referendum polls closed.
Tobias Preis, at Warwick Business School, cautioned that search data should be interpreted with special care as only relative figures are known, so spikes in some specific activity could be caused by a small number of people.
Prof Preis added that the phrase "David Cameron" vastly outperformed searches relating to Irish passports and "what happens if we leave the EU" between the hours of 04:00 and 06:00 BST.
"It could be the case, for example, that people supporting or opposing the idea of leaving the EU are trying to understand the position of the other party," he also told the BBC.
"It's pretty unlikely that all those people who are searching for answers will up sticks and move," added Jonathan Freeman, director of digital consumer insights firm i2 Media Research.
"Certainly a lot of people were pretty shocked, it was very close - people would have just been wanting to find as much information as they could," Mr Freeman - who is also a psychologist at Goldsmiths, University of London - told the BBC.
Although it might not immediately be obvious, Google Trends graphs do not track the absolute volume of searches over time.
Instead, they give an indication of relative search popularity.
"To do this, each data point is divided by the total searches of the geography and time range it represents, to compare relative popularity,"...

Summary: Google has said there was a dramatic spike in searches for Irish passport applications as news of the UK's decision to leave the EU broke.
###
Article: The city council has proposed that owners face harsher fines for dog fouling and is asking the public to take part in a consultation.
Dogs could be banned from play areas in parks and owners set limits on the number of dogs they take for walks in public.
Authorised officers would also have the power to request dogs be put on a lead.
Councillor John Tanner, board member for the Cleaner Greener Oxford campaign, said: "There is nothing more annoying than getting dog mess on your shoe or in the wheels of the pushchair.
"Oxford City Council wants to get tough with irresponsible dog owners."
The consultation runs until 31 January and a report is presented to the city's executive board in March.
If approved, the new dog control orders would come into effect on 1 April.

Summary:


A Welsh care watchdog has found that a social worker was not doing enough to protect vulnerable people from harm.
Article: A Welsh care watchdog has found that a social worker was not doing enough to protect vulnerable people from harm.
Summary: A Welsh care watchdog has found that a social worker was not doing enough to protect

A social worker who failed to make regular visits to convicted criminals with mental health problems has been struck off.

Article: But 130 mile (209km) away its lesser-known namesake, Downing Street in Newport, has no such claim to fame.
While one has been home to prime ministers for almost three centuries, the other has some residents who have never seen the inside of a polling station.
One is lined with armed police officers, the other with wheelie bins.
And according to Zoopla, there is a Â£1.72m difference in average property prices.
Homes that share a postcode with London's 10 Downing Street are worth on average Â£1.8m. But if you share a postcode with 10 Downing Street in Newport, your property will be worth on average less than Â£80,000.
The street falls in the constituency of Newport East where Labour's Jessica Morden is seeking re-election. The Independents, Conservatives, Liberal Democrats, UKIP and Plaid Cymru are also fielding candidates.
Emma Lewis, 32, who lives on Downing Street, in the Newport suburb of Lliswerry, has never voted.
"It doesn't make any difference never mind who's elected, they're all just the same," she said.
And she believes politicians are self serving: "They're all out for themselves. It never changes anything for the better. The poor person always ends up out of pocket."
Across the road, Graham Jones, 70, does not have much love for a lot of politicians either.
"[The elections is] a chance to get rid of this stinking government that we've got," he said.
"The best thing that this country's got is the National Health Service. To see this Conservative government trying to privatise it so that their cronies can make more money is not on."
Mr Jones is a Labour supporter and has displayed a campaign leaflet in his front window.
He said when the snap election was called he felt "out of this world" and "totally elated".
"The National Health Service would be safe with a Labour government under Jeremy Corbyn," he said.
"Hopefully he'll add his weight and nationalise the industries from private ownership back into public hands such as the railways, our electric, gas, you name it. The quicker we get them...

Summary: Downing Street in London is home to one of the most photographed front doors in Britain.
###
Article: About 30,000 local students received their 2016 exam results on Thursday.
Overall, the number of entries awarded A* to C grades in Northern Ireland increased by 0.4% to 79.1%.
That is much higher than the overall performance of students across the UK, where 66.9% of all entries achieved A* to C grades.
Northern Ireland entries achieving A* and A grades also improved on 2015, up by 0.5% to 29.1% and 9.3% of entries received the top A* grade, up from 9% in 2015.
There were also improvements in GCSE English results, but the Maths results worsened.
Girls continue to outperform boys across the UK, with the gap widening by 0.5% since 2015.x
While 75.3% of entries from boys achieved A* to C grades, slightly up from last year, 82.9% of entries from girls attracted those grades.
In 2016 the proportion of entries in STEM subjects (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) grew again, meaning they now make up almost a third of all GCSEs taken.
There were also more students taking GCSEs in biology, chemistry and computing.
However, entries for most languages fell again in 2016, with declines in the number taking French, Spanish and Irish at GCSE.
Many of those getting their results will go on to further study in their schools or in FE colleges.
However a significant number of pupils, especially from disadvantaged areas, will leave school with few qualifications.

Summary: Pupils in Northern Ireland have outperformed those in the rest of the UK in terms of A*-C grades at GCSE.
###
Article: Kerri Imelda Doherty was supposed to see four offenders at least once a month, a Care Council for Wales (CCW) hearing in Cardiff was told.
The men needed regular visits because they could suffer a relapse which could put the public at risk.
Ms Doherty denied any wrongdoing but three allegations were found proven.
A fourth charge of acting "dishonestly" was found not proven.
The hearing was told Ms Doherty worked for Vale of Glamorgan council as a senior social worker and had years of experience.
Part of her job was to make sure people who had committed "significant crimes" but were living in the community, complied with Crown Court orders issued under the Mental Health Act.
Ms Doherty said visits had happened every six weeks but council mental health services manager Andrew Cole, giving evidence on the first of a two-day hearing, said the visits were less frequent.
"[This led] to a potential increased risk of somebody's mental health deteriorating and an escalation in their behaviour - which is more likely to go undetected," he said.
Mr Cole also said the minimum four-week frequency of visits was set by doctors and would have been "clearly marked" on official documents.
In her evidence, Ms Doherty told the panel she often had an excessive work-load, inadequate management support and often felt "left out on a limb".
The hearing was also told that bereavement had caused her to "burn out" and that her life had become "chaotic" as a result.
Ms Doherty, who had been subject to a suspension order since the allegations came to light in 2014, told the hearing she was not seeking to return to social care.
A report by the care watchdog said: "The committee finds that only a Removal Order will be adequate in this case given the seriousness of the impairment."

Summary:


The Russian government has announced plans to introduce a new law that will require bloggers to register with the state media regulator, Roskomnadzor, and conform to the regulations that govern the country's larger media outlets.
The law, which is expected to be approved by parliament in the coming weeks, will require

A new law imposing restrictions on users of social media has come into effect in Russia.

Article: Brig Gen Mohammed Suleiman was shot by a sniper while at a beach resort near the Mediterranean port of Tartous.
Israel has never commented publicly on suspicions that it was involved.
But a document leaked to The Intercept website by American whistleblower Edward Snowden says Israeli naval commandos were behind the shooting.
Former US intelligence officers said its classification markings indicated the National Security Agency (NSA), for whom Mr Snowden worked as a contractor, had made the discovery through monitoring Israeli communications.
Arab media reported at the time of Suleiman's killing said he was shot in the head and neck by a sniper on board a yacht on the night of 1 August 2008 while he was having dinner at his beachfront home.
Some sources said Suleiman was President Bashar al-Assad top security aide; others that he served as Syria's "liaison" with the militant Lebanese Shia movement, Hezbollah.
A 2007 cable from the US embassy in Damascus, published by Wikileaks in 2010, described him as "special presidential adviser for arms procurement and strategic weapons".
Another cable, sent after Suleiman's assassination, said the officer enjoyed a reputation as having "special status and proximity to Bashar". He was believed to have "managed special projects for Assad, some of which may have been unknown to the broader Syrian military leadership", it added.
The cable also said "the most obvious suspects are the Israelis".
[Syrian government] security services are well aware that the coastal city of Tartous would offer easier access to Israeli operatives than would more inland locations such as Damascus," it explained.
On Wednesday evening, The Intercept published a top-secret entry in the NSA's internal version of Wikipedia, called Intellipedia, which appeared to confirm the embassy's suspicions.
"The assassination of Syrian Brigadier General Mohammed Suleiman by Israeli naval commandos near Tartous, Syria, was the first known instance of Israel targeting a legitimate government official," it states.
The...

Summary: Israeli special forces were responsible for the assassination of a Syrian military official in 2008, a leaked US intelligence file says.
###
Article: The £155,000 Bike2Go scheme was launched in Dumfries in 2010 in a bid to boost cycling in the town - but it failed to win popular support.
When council officers quietly withdrew the cycles last autumn, they promised to re-launch the scheme this spring.
Now Dumfries and Galloway Council has admitted more funding is needed before the bikes can return to the streets.
A spokeswoman said it hoped to help a local voluntary group support the scheme.
Bike2Go was the first scheme of its kind in Scotland and it was based on similar models in London, Paris, Barcelona and Stockholm.
It provided bicycles free of charge to subscribers at 11 locations across the town.
However uptake was low and, three years after it launched, it emerged that the town's 42 bikes had been hired just 2,270 times.
It worked out at more than £60 per rental.
When the bikes were removed from their stands last October, a council spokeswoman said they hoped to re-launch the project in conjunction with ScotRail's Bike and Go scheme in spring this year.
However, the cycles have not returned to their stands and a spokeswoman for the council admitted: "The bikes are currently being stored following refurbishment."
She added: "Bike2Go was a Scottish government-funded scheme with a time-limited budget from the government.
"The council is aiming to submit a funding bid to support a voluntary sector partner to provide future support for the bikes, as well as local employment.
"We are also seeking discussions with ScotRail on the anticipated timescale for implementation of their cycle hire scheme"
Transport Scotland confirmed that the Bike2Go scheme was funded as part of a sustainable transport pilot which ran in Dumfries from 2008 to 2012.
A spokeswoman for ScotRail said: "We would welcome the opportunity to meet with Dumfries and Galloway Council to discuss integrated cycling plans."

Summary: Scotland's first government-backed public bike hire scheme has been mothballed, BBC Scotland has learned.
###
Article: It means bloggers with more than 3,000 daily readers must register with the mass media regulator, Roskomnadzor, and conform to the regulations that govern the country's larger media outlets.
Internet companies will also be required to allow Russian authorities access to users' information.
One human rights group called the move "draconian".
The law was approved by Russia's upper house of parliament in April.
It includes measures to ensure that bloggers cannot remain anonymous, and states that social networks must maintain six months of data on its users.
The information must be stored on servers based in Russian territory, so that government authorities can gain access.
Critics see it as the latest in a series of recent moves to curb internet freedom.
Hugh Williamson, of New York-based Human Rights Watch, has called the law "another milestone in Russia's relentless crackdown on free expression".
"The internet is the last island of free expression in Russia and these draconian regulations are clearly aimed at putting it under government control," he added.
Opposition figures have used the internet to air their views, with some gaining millions of followers.
Commentators opposing Vladimir Putin often face restrictions in broadcast outlets and newspapers.
Analysis: Famil Ismailov, news editor, BBCRussian.com
Russian bloggers are bracing themselves for the moment when Russia's new "information security law" comes into force on 1 August. Some already share advice on how to use proxy servers in order to access social media sites that, in their view, are under threat of being closed.
It is hard to see how the law will be enforced. The servers for most of the popular social media platforms that many Russians use are based outside Russia.
Many popular bloggers are already looking for, and apparently finding, ways to "cheat" the feature that counts page visits and keep their daily unique visitor numbers just under 3000, or to make sure that the statistics are hidden altogether.
Anton Nossik, who is considered Russia's...

Summary:


The BBC has been accused of bias after it reported that the UK's biggest bank, HSBC, was planning to move its headquarters to Hong Kong.
The BBC's economics editor, John Simpson, said HSBC was planning to move its headquarters to Hong Kong.
He said: "HSBC is planning to move its headquarters

Scotland gets ready to welcome the new year with Hogmanay celebrations.

Article: "The four instalments for the IMF in June are €1.6bn, this money will not be given and is not there to be given," Nikos Voutsis told Greek TV.
Greece has to come to a deal with the IMF and EU to secure the final tranche of its bailout from the institutions.
The finance minister meanwhile told the BBC that progress was being made.
Yanis Varoufakis said Greece had worked hard to meet its end of the deal with its lenders, and that now it was up to the international institutions to reciprocate.
"Greece has made enormous strides at reaching a deal," he told the Andrew Marr Show.
"It is now up to institutions to do their bit. We have met them three-quarters of the way, they need to meet us one-quarter of the way."
Analysis: Joe Lynam, BBC business correspondent
The Greek interior minister Nikos Voutsis is "of the far left" in a hard left-wing Syriza party but should not be disregarded as on the fringe, or irrelevant, within the government.
He is one of a number of different voices around the cabinet table with varying degrees of influence. So his comments that Greece cannot and will not pay the IMF €1.6bn next month should not be fully discounted.
There is a theory that the Prime minister Alexis Tsipras allows his ministers to let off steam in interviews in order to give him leverage when negotiating with creditors in Brussels or Berlin.
It is also true that the Greek Finance Minister Varoufakis has been sidelined by Athens.  All areas of discussion with the troika (EC, ECB and IMF), must be agreed by Mr Tsipras personally.
The Greek government, EU and IMF have been locked in negotiations for four months over economic reforms the IMF and EU say must be implemented before more money is made available.
Greece's last cash injection from its international creditors was in August and the final €7.2bn instalment from its two €240bn EU-IMF bailouts is now seen as vital.
But first it has to meet the 5 June repayment deadline. If it fails to come to a deal with its partners, there is a fear it could default on its...

Summary: Greece cannot make a repayment to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) due on 5 June as it does not have the money, the interior minister says.
###
Article: Radio Beca had planned to broadcast mainly in Welsh to Ceredigion, Carmarthenshire and north Pembrokeshire.
But it delayed its proposed launch date in April 2014.
Euros Lewis, from Radio Beca, said it had taken three years for the station to be able to "stand on its own to feet".
Ofcom told Newyddion 9 the station was given two extensions before the decision to withdraw its licence was taken.
Elinor Williams, from Ofcom, said: "We issued the licence in May 2012 and they had two years to come on air from that specific date."
The station has failed to obtain Welsh government grant funding and there was uncertainty about a permanent home for it.
There was also concern Radio Beca had only managed to raise Â£20,000 when it was required to raise Â£320,000, although the station has submitted a bid for Â£100,000 in grant funding from the Big Lottery Fund.
Mr Lewis said: "Unfortunately, it's only during the past few months that Radio Beca has been able to raise money through sponsorship and adverts.
"What's disappointing is that it's only now that we have been able to put forward a prospectus that shows that Radio Beca can stand on its own two feet."

Summary: Media regulator Ofcom has revoked a community licence given to a new radio station.
###
Article: Thousands of people gather in Edinburgh, in Scotland, every year for a big parade, food and fireworks.
They are celebrating Hogmanay - which is a Scottish word that means 'new year'.
Hogmanay celebrations take place all over Scotland and lasts for three days, beginning at the end of December and ending on January 2nd.
There are lots of different stores as to how Hogmanay began, but many people think that some of the traditional Hogmanay celebrations were brought to Scotland by the Vikings in the 8th and 9th Centauries.
Fires were lit to ward off 'evil spirits' and celebrate the arrival of Winter Solstice.
The first written mentions of "Hogmanay" come from 1604, although many of the traditions come from before that.
Around 450 years ago, there were many arguments about the Christian religion in a period called the 'Reformation'.
Celebrating Christmas was discouraged, and as a result celebrations around the New Year became more popular in Scotland.
Despite the fact that celebrating Christmas became popular in Scotland again, many people continued to celebrate Hogmanay as well.
There are lots of traditions which people take part in to celebrate Hogmanay.
One of the first is to clean the house and remove any old ashes in the fire - this is to symbolise clearing out the old year to welcome in the new one.
'First-footing' is also a tradition celebrated at Hogmanay.
To bring good luck to their homes, the first person through the door on Hogmanay should bring things like coal, shortbread or cake.
Fire and fireworks are a big part of Hogmanay celebrations, which link back to the idea of warding off 'evil spirits'.
A huge fiery parade usually takes place to mark the start of Hogmanay, where some people dress up in Viking clothing.
When the clock strikes midnight on New Year's eve it is tradition for people to hold hands and sing 'Auld Lang Syne', the words to which were written by famous Scottish poet Robert Burns.

Summary:


The AA has said it will look at its fees if the tax increases again.
Article: The AA has said it will look at its fees if the tax increases again.
Summary: The AA has said it will look at its fees if the tax increases again.
Article: The AA has said it will look

The AA has warned that it may have to raise its prices because the government has doubled the tax rate on insurance policies in less than two years.

Article: HMP Northumberland in Acklington, which houses more than 1,300 male prisoners, will be managed by Sodexo Justice Services from December.
The company said it had begun talks with union officials about reducing the site's current workforce of 580.
The Prison Officer's Association (POA) accused the firm of "putting profit before public safety".
Sodexo, which already operates one prison in Scotland and three in England, was awarded a 15-year contract worth about £250m to manage HMP Northumberland earlier this year.
The National Offender Management Service said Sodexo had produced a "compelling bid" to run the prison, formed after the merger of Castington and Acklington jails.
In a statement, the company said: "We are currently in consultation with the Ministry of Justice and the recognised unions regarding employment arrangements at HMP Northumberland.
"We have shared our proposed reduction in staffing numbers. We aim to achieve this reduction by voluntary means if possible.
"Formal consultation with employees will commence after 1 December 2013 when HMP Northumberland employees transfer to Sodexo Justice Services."
A spokesman for the POA said: "The announcement that 200 jobs will go at HMP Northumberland will place private profit before public safety.
"We insist that Sodexo now provide safe systems of work, risk assessments and staff profiles to ensure that HMP Northumberland is safe, secure and decent for staff, prisoners and the public.
"The POA will not tolerate unsafe working practices and unsupervised prisoners.
"The warehousing of prisoners will not provide the promised rehabilitation revolution."
Sodexo Justice Services is part of the French multinational Sodexo Group, which provides services including catering, cleaning and security.
HMP Northumberland was criticised in 2012 after inspectors found a third of inmates spent days in their cells "doing nothing".

Summary: Up to 200 jobs are to go at a Northumberland prison which is about to be privatised.
###
Article: The city council said the new two-week October half-term, to begin in 2017, would help families spend time together without children missing school.
It said the break, from 14 to 29 October, had been designed to give families more flexibility to go away outside the peak summer holiday period.
It follows consultation with parents and carers earlier this year.
Brighton and Hove City Council said it was also responding to national guidelines to head teachers, introduced in 2013, which did not allow them to grant any absence by pupils during term time without "exceptional circumstances".
Councillor Tom Bewick said: "Modern families come in all shapes and sizes and the reduction in the discretion available to head teachers is damaging.
"The introduction of a new week's holiday in term time is a positive step and I hope addresses the behaviour of travel companies who whack up prices."
The changes in school holidays have been made by adjusting the start and finish dates of the three main terms at all primary and secondary schools which come under the authority.
The council, which sets academic year dates for community, voluntary-controlled and community special schools, said it did not reduce the number of teaching days to achieve the change.
The new term dates will be reviewed after a two-year trial period.

Summary: Schools in Brighton and Hove are set to have a new two-week break to allow parents to buy cheaper holidays.
###
Article: The breakdown service, which also reported a rise in personal memberships of 0.4% to 3,335,000 in the six months to the end of January, said it had so far absorbed the price rise.
Insurance premium tax (IPT) was 6% in 2015, but is going up to 12% from June.
The AA said it would look at its fees if the tax increased again.
"We have managed to protect our members," the AA explained. "But this is an industry-wide challenge and we will need to review our pricing policy in the context of any future increase in IPT."
The increase in memberships - an "important milestone", according to the company - halted a long-standing drop in figures.
It came after the AA signed up more members, with a 19% rise in new business year-on-year, and kept more existing customers, with its retention rate improving to 82%.
It added that there was a 5% rise in the number of breakdown call-outs in the 12 months to the end of January, again reversing a trend of gradual decline, which it described as "unhelpful for costs in the short term".
However, the company explained that this did increase the chances of people renewing their membership.
The AA has been investing in technology, with more than a fifth of its members (22%) using its app in breakdowns, while its newly-launched in-house underwriter recorded 115,000 car insurance policies in its first year, more than expected.

Summary:


A new report has found that the UK's immigration system is failing to meet the needs of the country's most vulnerable people.
The report, by the Migration Advisory Committee, found that the UK's immigration system is failing to meet the needs of the country's most vulnerable people.
The report found that the UK's

A man jailed for manslaughter has won his battle against deportation after judges ruled he was being discriminated against because his parents were unmarried.

Article: Maureen Watt made the pledge as MSPs unanimously backed the general principles of the Burial and Cremation (Scotland) Bill on Thursday.
The bill was brought forward in response to the scandal at the Mortonhall crematorium in Edinburgh.
Staff at the crematorium had secretly buried the ashes of babies for decades.
The parents of the infants had been told there were no ashes left when young babies were cremated.
Concerns were later raised about other crematoriums across Scotland.
The new legislation follows on from the recommendations of Lord Bonomy's Infant Cremation Commission.
Ms Watt set out plans to bring forward a series of amendments in response to calls from Holyrood's Health and Sport Committee to strengthen its provisions.
Committee convener Duncan McNeil said MSPs had heard moving evidence of the "long-lasting and devastating" impact of the ashes scandal.
He said: "The bereaved parents who shared their views with the committee sent a very clear message - this bill must ensure that the poor practice of the past should never happen again."
Ms Watt said the bill would make "valuable and much needed" improvements to burial and cremation laws which were more than 100-years-old.
She said there were a number of problems with the current system, including an overly-complicated process that can be "difficult to understand at the best of times, let alone when dealing with the loss of a loved one."
Ms Watt added: "There can also be a lack of clear information given to the person who is making the funeral arrangements.
"Lord Bonomy's Infant Cremation Commission identified all too clearly the potential impact of these problems.
"The steps taken in this bill will help ensure that such failings can never occur again."
The minister confirmed amendments to ensure that women experiencing a pregnancy loss were put at the centre of decision-making over any remains, to improve the process following a post 24-week termination and to strengthen what crematoriums and funeral director could do with ashes.
Labour MSP Jenny...

Summary: New legislation on cremations will ensure that Scotland's baby ashes scandal will never be repeated, the public health minister has said.
###
Article: When Donald Trump wakes up in the White House for the first time, he'll be facing the first major protest of his administration.
And a global group of loose-knit activists want to make sure that when he looks out at the Women's March on Washington, he sees thousands of bright pink "pussyhats".
The brightly coloured wool hats - complete with cat ears - aren't just going to keep ears warm.
The name - pussyhats - references Donald Trump's controversial 2005 comments, when he said "you can do anything" to women - including "grab them by the pussy".
The pussyhat project launched in November, with the goal of knitting a hat for every single marcher in Saturday's protest - one at a time.
"Knitting circles are sometimes scoffed at as frivolous 'gossiping circles' when really, these circles are powerful gatherings," the founders - Krista Suh and Jayna Zweiman - wrote in their mission statement.
Knitting and handicrafts have a long history in protesting, but the pussyhat project has already been particularly successful.
They've received thousands of hats from all over the globe - from as far away as Britain, Austria, and Japan. Many are learning to knit for the first time, just to take part.
The project has caught the imagination of people all over the world - but "craftivism" isn't a new idea.
In Canada, there's the Revolutionary Knitting Circle, which first made headlines for their protest at the 2002 G8 summit. Australia has the Knitting Nannas, who protest about environmental issues by holding "knit-ins".
In the UK, activists from Wool Against Weapons knitted a seven-mile-long pink "peace scarf" to protest against the country's Trident nuclear weapon programme. Then, a year later, they repurposed it into thousands of blankets for those in need in warzones and developing nations.
But down in Chile, it's the hombres tejedores (knitting men) who break down stereotypes and teach other men to embrace the creative hobby.
And in cities across the world, "yarn bombing" reclaims urban spaces with a pair of needles, covering...

Summary: Donald Trump is causing a yarn shortage in the United States, where many Americans just can't get their hands on worsted fuschia pink - because many of the world's knitters are using it to protest against the incoming president.
###
Article: Born to a Jamaican mother and British father, Eric Johnson, 31, moved to the UK from the Caribbean aged four.
The Home Office had been seeking to deport him as a "foreign criminal".
The Supreme Court ruled this was discriminatory, saying he would not be removed if his parents had married.
The deportation case came down to "an accident of birth" was the view of the five Supreme Court justices on Wednesday.
Lady Hale, who headed the panel, said in a written ruling: "In this case, what needs to be justified is the current liability of the appellant to be deported when they would not be so liable had their parents been married to one another at any time after their birth.
"That is a present distinction which is based solely on the accident of birth outside wedlock, for which the appellant is not responsible."
Johnson began his fight with the Home Office in 2011, after being jailed for nine years in 2008.
The justices pointed out that new immigration rules that came in to effect in 2006 gave people in Johnson's position automatic British citizenship at birth, but that the changes had not been applied retrospectively.
The law is quite complex around the definition of a British citizen, but here are the guidelines from the Home Office:

Summary:


The Scottish Government has announced that it will introduce a new code of practice for police officers to help them carry out stop and search operations.
The code, which will be introduced in the coming weeks, will be the first of its kind in the UK.
It will be drawn up by an advisory group led by John

A new code of practice on police stop-and-search powers has come into force.

Article: The group - chaired by anti-Brexit Labour MP Chuka Umunna - warns in a report that anti-immigrant rhetoric is making it harder for new arrivals.
It calls for government action to encourage "meaningful social mixing".
Leave Means Leave said there was nothing poisonous about wanting to take back control of Britain's borders.
In its report, the cross-party group on social integration, says migrants should be treated as Britons-in-waiting who can eventually gain citizenship instead of being viewed as security threats.
Mr Umunna said: "The demonisation of immigrants, exacerbated by the poisonous tone of the debate during the EU referendum campaign and after, shames us all and is a huge obstacle to creating a socially integrated nation.
"We must act now to safeguard our diverse communities from the pedlars of hatred and division while addressing valid concerns about the impact of immigration on public services, some of which can contribute to local tensions."
The group calls for local authorities to be given a legal duty to promote integration and for new arrivals to be put on the path to citizenship straight away.
It also proposes that businesses employing large numbers of immigrants should pay a levy that could be used to help ease the strains of migration on communities.
And the group repeats a call it made last year to allow different parts of the UK to set their own immigration policy, an idea rejected by the Home Office.
Critics have accused the group of trying to keep EU freedom of movement through the back door.
Richard Tice, co-chairman of pro-Brexit campaign Leave Means Leave, said: "This is typical of Chuka Umunna - a member of the metropolitan liberal elite who is completely oblivious to the concerns of millions of hard-working British families across the country.
"There is nothing 'poisonous' about wanting to take back control over Britain's borders, in fact he should be ashamed to suggest there is."
He claimed Mr Umunna was "in complete denial about the referendum result and is trying to retain a form...

Summary: The poisonous tone of last year's Brexit campaign has led to the demonisation of immigrants, the head of a group of MPs has said.
###
Article: Speaking at a meeting in Marrakech, Mr Kerry said he believed that US commitments would not be reversed.
President-elect Donald Trump has vowed to pull the US out of the Paris Climate Agreement once in office.
Mr Kerry said that market forces, rather than policy, would ensure a transition to a low carbon world.
He played an important role in building agreement with China on how the two leading economies could reduce their emissions. He was one of the architects of the Paris Climate Agreement last December.
Speaking in his last climate conference as Secretary of State, Mr Kerry delivered a passionate and emotive defence of the global effort to tackle climate change.
Massive progress was being made, he said. Investments in renewables were booming and the trend to decarbonise the world's energy supplies was irreversible.
Analysis - David Shukman, Science Editor
There was a catch in John Kerry's throat as he recalled taking his granddaughter to the signing of the Paris Agreement earlier this year.
It was the only hint of the pain that must accompany the US Secretary of State's final months in office. He has toiled towards the goal of an international deal on climate change. I recall his jovial determination in an interview a decade ago in the Polish city of Poznan. His message back then was one of optimism that the world could act together.
And, sure enough, a very long journey later, Mr Kerry was there at the tumultuous moment when the Paris Agreement was reached last December. Now one can only guess at his sense of uncertainty, and maybe loss as well, as Donald Trump approaches the White House.
His tone, though, was upbeat: the world has come too far, he argued, for any reversal now. But the coming months will show what's in store for a legacy that took so much effort to achieve.
Americans, he said, believed in the reality of a warming planet - and they would stand behind the carbon-cutting promises the country had made in the Paris deal.
"No-one... no-one should doubt the overwhelming majority of the citizens...

Summary: The US secretary of state John Kerry says that the overwhelming majority of US citizens support the US taking action on climate change.
###
Article: The code received widespread support during consultation and was unanimously approved by the Scottish Parliament.
It was introduced following concerns over the number of people being searched without a legal basis.
The code says statutory searches must be "necessary, proportionate and in accordance with the law". There is also specific guidance on dealing with children and vulnerable adults.
Non-statutory or "consensual" stop-and-searches are now banned entirely.
The new code was drawn up by an advisory group led by John Scott QC.
Justice Secretary Michael Matheson said: "The ability of police to stop and search individuals can be an intrusion into liberty and privacy, but remains a valuable tool in combating crime.
"I have spent some time with police officers using the new code on our streets and am in no doubt that such searches will be carried out with fairness, integrity and respect.
"The views expressed during the consultation period were absolutely key to shaping the new code."
The code states that stopping and searching must be done for a good reason and be both "necessary and proportionate".
This means that officers must have a "reasonable suspicion" based on "facts, information and/or intelligence" that the person being searched is likely to be carrying an illegal item.
Police Scotland Assistant Chief Constable Mark Williams said: "Police Scotland welcomes the introduction of the code and has worked closely with the Scottish government to support its development.
"It provides clear guidance to all our officers and places the rights of the individuals at the centre of any decision to carry out a search.
"In preparation for the introduction of the code, all frontline officers have received training and we will continue to work closely with partners, particularly children and young people, to monitor its impact."

Summary:


ScotRail said it has reached an in-principle agreement with the RMT union to bring to an end a dispute over driver-only operated trains.

Article: It also announced that it wants assembly elections to be held every five years instead of four.
However, separate proposals to re-draw the boundaries of assembly constituencies have been dropped.
Welsh Secretary David Jones said the Westminster coalition wanted a "fairer and more transparent" political system.
Of the 60 AMs, 40 represent constituency seats and 20 are elected from five regional lists.
Since the 2007 elections, a ban on so-called dual candidacy has barred candidates from standing in both contests at the same election.
The dual candidacy ban was strongly opposed by other parties when it was introduced by the last UK Labour government.
When he introduced the ban, then Welsh Secretary Peter Hain said it was an "abuse" of the system to allow candidates to get elected on regional lists when they had lost first-past-the-post contests in constituency elections.
The ban has resulted in some assembly members losing their seats without being able to rely on the insurance policy of standing in both categories.
After consulting on changes to the assembly's voting system, the UK government said it would scrap the ban "to avoid a disproportionate impact on smaller political parties".
In other changes, politicians will be prevented from sitting simultaneously as MPs and AMs, and the period between assembly elections will be permanently extended to five years.
The next assembly election has already been postponed until 2016, extending the current term to five years, to avoid a clash with the next UK general election.
The changes follow a consultation on a green paper, launched by the UK government in May last year.
The Wales Office confirmed that a proposal in the green paper to re-draw constituency boundaries has been abandoned.
It follows a vote in the House of Commons in January to block a review of parliamentary boundaries before 2015.
Since the outset of devolution, assembly seats have shared the same boundaries as Welsh parliamentary constituencies.
Mr Jones said: "Since coming to power in 2010, the...

Summary: A ban on Welsh assembly candidates standing for election in constituencies and on their parties' regional lists will be lifted, the UK government says.
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Article: Lord Ramsbotham said 30% of prisoners, some 25,000 inmates, could be freed.
And Bob Neill, Conservative chairman of the Justice Select Committee, said prisoner numbers in England and Wales needed to be cut straight away.
Justice Secretary Michael Gove has said he will not artificially "manage down" the prison population.
And the Conservative former Justice Secretary Ken Clarke said reforms would not fully succeed until the prison population was reduced.
Plans for prisons are expected to feature in the Queen's Speech next week, setting out the government's planned legislation for the year ahead.
Asked whether prisoners needed to be released before any of Justice Secretary Michael Gove's reforms were put in place, Lord Ramsbotham told BBC Radio 4's Today programme: "Absolutely. He can't possibly do it with the numbers as they are now."
The cross-bench peer said some prisoners on indeterminate sentences for public protection and those who are mentally ill should be let out, adding that he estimated 30% of inmates did not need to be in prison.
He said he supported the aims of the government's planned reforms, first spelt out by the prime minister earlier this year.
Ken Clarke, justice secretary between 2010 and 2012, said: "The reforms will not fully succeed until you reduce the prison population. You can do things if you have more sensible sentencing for people who aren't hardened criminals."
And Mr Neill said he strongly supported the government's reform proposals but added: "I think we should be looking to start reducing the prison population straight away."
But a fellow Conservative on the committee - Philip Davies - said a "ridiculously low" percentage of criminals were jailed. He asked: "Are we going to have rapists, murderers, burglars out of prison?"
Mr Gove has said he will not artificially "manage down" the prison population, believing his reforms will mean less reoffending and lower numbers over time. However, he has said "we should make changes within the current population".
In a speech on prison...

Summary: Government prison reforms will fail unless inmate numbers are reduced before they are put in place, a former chief inspector of prisons has said.
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Article: The company said the agreement included a guarantee that a conductor would be retained as the second member of staff on board new trains being rolled out next year.
The dispute led to several days of strikes over the summer.
Further industrial action was suspended earlier this month for more talks.
ScotRail said the RMT would now present the proposal to its members in a company-wide vote.
The company said discussions had also taken place with Aslef, the train drivers' union, and a similar in-principle agreement reached.
The RMT said it would make its position clear once the proposed deal has been discussed by its national executive on Tuesday.
ScotRail Alliance managing director Phil Verster said: "I am pleased that we have reached an in-principle agreement with the RMT and Aslef unions that, if formally agreed, will bring this dispute to an end.
"This will end the uncertainty for our people and our customers, and will allow us to concentrate on delivering the best possible service for Scotland, every single day.
"What we have put forward in our proposal will make our service more efficient and more effective while maintaining and enhancing the service we provide to our customers.
"It means that the new faster, longer, greener trains that will arrive in autumn next year really will be a revolution in how we deliver our service."
An RMT spokesman said: "After long hard hours at the negotiating table, and a sustained period of determined and solid industrial action involving our members, RMT's team will be reporting back to the unions executive tomorrow where the details will be considered in full.
"A further statement will be issued by the union after that executive meeting."

Summary:


The International Space Station (ISS) is set to be the first space station to be equipped with a new generation of solar panels.
The panels, which are being developed by the European Space Agency (ESA), will be able to generate more power than the current generation of panels.
The new panels will be able to

Astronomers have identified the most distant object yet in the Solar System.

Article: "Inevitably there comes a time when all shows should end and Downton is no exception," said the programme's executive producer Gareth Neame.
Created by Julian Fellowes, the show follows an aristocratic family's fortunes from 1912 to the mid-1920s.
Hugh Bonneville and Elizabeth McGovern have played the Earl and Countess of Grantham since the show began in 2010.
The drama has won a string of awards since its inception, including two Baftas, three Golden Globes and 11 Primetime Emmys.
Its success both at home and abroad was recently demonstrated when the Duchess of Cambridge went to see it being filmed at Ealing Studios in west London
"The Downton journey has been amazing for everyone aboard," said Lord Fellowes, whose next project will be The Gilded Age, a period drama set in New York.
"People ask if we knew what was going to happen when we started to make the first series and the answer is that, of course we had no idea.
"Exactly why the series had such an impact and reached so many people around the world, all nationalities, all ages, all types, I cannot begin to explain."
"But I do know how grateful we are to have been allowed this unique experience."
Michelle Dockery, Jim Carter and Dame Maggie Smith are among other regulars on the show, which has seen both the masters and the servants at the titular stately home - actually Highclere Castle in Hampshire - deal with numerous tribulations.
One of its most controversial storylines involved the rape of Joanne Froggatt's character Anna, while the sudden demise of Matthew Crawley (Dan Stevens) was greeted with dismay by the show's many fans.
More recently viewers have seen Bonneville's character bid farewell to his beloved dog Isis and both Anna and her husband (Brendan Coyle) face prison for the murder of her attacker.
The show has also had a glitzy array of guest stars, among them Shirley MacLaine, Paul Giamatti, Richard E Grant and Nigel Havers.
"We wanted to close the doors of Downton Abbey when it felt right and natural for the storylines to come together...

Summary: The next season of ITV's period drama Downton Abbey will be its last, its makers have announced.
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Article: With nearly three-quarters of the 150 constituencies having reported results, the governing Patriotic Front (PF) candidate, Edgar Lungu, was on 48.8%.
Hakainde Hichilema of the opposition United Party for National Development was on 46.8%.
Final results are expected to be released later on Friday.
The vote was caused by the death in office of Zambia's then president, Michael Sata, last October.
The winner will serve the remainder of Mr Sata's term, leading up to elections in 2016.
Both main parties requested a meeting on Friday morning with the electoral commission to discuss the vote.
Those talks have taken place but there has been no public comment so far by those involved.

Summary: The two leading candidates in Zambia's presidential election are in a tight race, according to partial results from the election commission.
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Article: Observations with Japan's Subaru telescope reveal the likely icy body to be some 15.5 billion km from the Sun - about three times further away than even far-flung Pluto.
Scientists say their initial studies suggest that the object - catalogued as  V774104 - is some 500-1,000km across.
It will need to be tracked over time to learn the shape and extent of its orbit through the Solar System.
The discovery was announced at the 47th annual meeting of the American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences, taking place in National Harbor near Washington DC.
The team behind the find is led by Scott Sheppard, from the Carnegie Institution for Science, and Chad Trujillo, from the Gemini Observatory in Hawaii.
They specialise in detecting Solar System outliers.
The previously recognised most distant object is the dwarf planet Eris.
This body, which has a moon, Dysnomia, moves between 5.7 billion km and 14.6 billion km from the Sun.
To put some of these numbers in context: Earth is 149 million km from the Sun, and even the most distant major planet - Neptune - seems close at 4.5 billion km, by these standards.
That said, the Voyager 1 probe is further away - just. The epic robotic explorer has now ventured 20 billion km from home.
The big question is whether V774104 sweeps inwards from its present location, like Eris, or outwards, like the objects known as 2012 VP113 and Sedna.
These bodies are currently slightly closer in than Eris, but investigations of their orbits show they will reach far deeper into space, out to 66 billion km and 140 billion km, respectively.
Models for Solar System formation suggest that such objects were probably not created in these weird, eccentric orbits.
One explanation is that they have been perturbed gravitationally and pulled on to their strange trajectories by a passing planet - perhaps one that was expelled from our Solar System early in its history.
Some scientists even speculate that such objects could have been stolen from a star that formed from the same "nursery" of...

Summary:


A new study has found that the UK's universities are not doing enough to protect their students' data.
The study, carried out by the University of Cambridge, found that the majority of universities do not have a formal data protection policy.
It also found that only a third of universities have a formal data breach response

Lethal Weapon will be the latest film to be remade for the small screen after the Fox network decided to turn it into a TV show.

Article: Launched in December, the satellite has now taken up its observing station some 1.5 million km from Earth.
Engineers are currently commissioning Gaia's two telescopes and its three instruments, getting them ready to begin mapping the precise positions and motions of one-thousand-million stars.
As part of that process, an image has been produced of a small star cluster.
This grouping is sited in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), a companion galaxy to our own Milky Way, some 160,000 light-years in the distance.
If the picture just released by the European Space Agency looks somewhat underwhelming, that is not really surprising - taking pretty vistas of the sky is not what this mission is about.
Rather, Gaia's job when operational will be to track and characterise points of light moving across its big camera detector - be those stars, asteroids, comets or the flashes generated by exploding objects such as supernovae - to work out how far away they are and how they are moving in relation to everything else.
Prof Gerry Gilmore, the UK Gaia principal investigator from Cambridge University, told BBC News: "This image tells us that they've turned on the electronics, that they've turned on the computer, and that they've turned on Gaia's incredible British-built camera - and it's all working.
Gaia - The discovery machine
"Gaia was not designed to take Hubble-like pictures; this is not its operating mode at all. What it will eventually do is draw little boxes around each of the stars you see in this picture and send just that information to the ground."
The satellite has been given an initial mission duration of five years to make its 3D map of the sky.
By repeatedly viewing its targets, it should get to know the brightest stars' coordinates down to an error of just seven micro-arcseconds - an angle equivalent to a euro coin on the Moon being observed from Earth.
One of the benefits of such study will be to refine the distance "ladder" used to measure scale in the Universe.
This ladder describes a number of techniques...

Summary: Europe's billion-star surveyor, Gaia, is on track to begin operations in the next two or three months.
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Article: Bournemouth University, which boasts a cybersecurity centre, has been hit 21 times in the last 12 months.
Twenty-eight NHS Trusts said they had been affected.
Ransomware is a form of computer malware which encrypts files and then demands a ransom for their release.
It can travel via email or hide in downloadable files and programmes from corrupted sites and applications, and the ransom is usually payable in bitcoins.
Cybersecurity firm SentinelOne contacted 71 UK universities. Of the 58 which replied, 23 said they had been attacked in the last year.
None of them said it had paid a ransom but the largest sum demanded was five bitcoins (about $2,900 or Â£2,200), the firm said.
Only one university had contacted the police.
According to the report, two of the institutions said they did not use anti-virus software. Both have been contacted for comment.
Bournemouth University confirmed the attacks but said: "It is not uncommon for universities to be the target of cybersecurity attacks; there are security processes in place at Bournemouth University to deal with these types of incident."
It added that there had been "no impact" on its activity as a result of the attacks.
In a separate study, security firm NCC Group asked every NHS Trust in England whether it had been a victim of ransomware.
Of the 60 responses, 28 said they had experienced an attack, one said it had not and 31 declined to comment on the grounds of patient confidentiality.
"Paying the ransom - which isn't something we would advise - can cost significant sums of money, yet losing patient data would be a nightmare scenario for an NHS Trust," said Ollie Whitehouse, technical director at NCC Group.
According to the US government, ransomware attacks in America have increased in frequency by 300% year on year in 2016, with 4,000 incidents a day now being reported.
It advises that "prevention is the best defence" and suggests the use of spam filters, firewalls, anti-virus programs and employee training for businesses - as well as regular data back-ups.
If a...

Summary: Universities and NHS trusts in England have been hit hard by ransomware in the last year, according to Freedom of Information requests carried out by two cybersecurity firms.
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Article: The first Lethal Weapon film, which came out in 1987, starred Danny Glover as a veteran police officer and Mel Gibson as his volatile new partner.
It was a hit and went on to spawn three sequels over the subsequent 11 years.
Lethal Weapon joins films like Rush Hour, Uncle Buck, Training Day and Minority Report in being remade for TV.
According to reports, Fox has signed up to make a "put pilot" of Lethal Weapon - the industry term for a pilot episode that is seen as being virtually guaranteed to become a full series.
It will follow a similar storyline to the film, although Gibson and Glover will not reprise their original roles.
The show will be written by Matt Miller, whose previous credits include Forever and Chuck.

Summary:


The Electoral Commission has said it is investigating a "serious error" in the registration of voters in Barnet.
The authority said it was "aware of a serious error" in the registration of voters in the borough.
It said it was "aware of a serious error" in the registration of voters in the borough

The chief executive of Barnet Council has left his role after a blunder led to some voters being turned away from polling stations on Thursday.

Article: Mr Sanders remains a dogged pursuer but Mrs Clinton has 1,691 of the 2,383 delegates needed to win, AP reports.
He is still attracting tens of thousands to his rallies, on Friday calling for a "political revolution".
Mrs Clinton pointed out she has "2.6 million more votes" than Mr Sanders.
Saturday's voting is just for the Democratic nomination.
Mr Sanders has spent the week on the west coast, rallying support among liberals and the left-wing.
Late on Friday in Seattle's Safeco baseball stadium, he repeated key elements of his policy platform, urging economic equality and universal health care.
He said: "Real change historically always takes place from the bottom on up when millions of people come together. We need a political revolution!"
Mr Sanders is trying to build on overwhelming victories in Tuesday's caucuses in Idaho and Utah.
However, he also suffered defeat in Arizona, and although his delegate haul from the three states was 20 higher than Mrs Clinton, he has failed to make major inroads into her lead.
Mrs Clinton has also been campaigning in Washington state. She told supporters in Everett: "We are on the path to the nomination, and I want Washington to be part of how we get there."
She also focused on this week's deadly attacks in Brussels, condemning Republican rivals Donald Trump and Ted Cruz for their "reckless" foreign policies.
Opinion polls are scarce and tricky in caucus elections - a series of meetings in which voters give their support for candidates with an open show of hands.
However, Mr Sanders has used his appeal with grassroots activists to benefit from the voting system in the past. He has done particularly well among young voters.
Washington is the biggest prize, with 101 pledged delegates available. Hawaii has 25 delegates at stake and Alaska 16.
Whatever happens on Saturday, the battle will be won and lost in far bigger states still to come. In RealClearPolitics poll averages, Mrs Clinton has the lead over Mr Sanders by nine percentage points in California, 34 points in New York...

Summary: Bernie Sanders will try to claw back Hillary Clinton's lead in the race for the Democratic nomination for the US presidency on Saturday in caucus votes in Washington state, Hawaii and Alaska.
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Article: The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) said both "directly pressured" young players to pay subscriptions.
It said Moshi Monsters told children that members would be "super popular", while Bin Weevils' options to pay subscriptions were phrased as commands.
The publishers said they were cooperating with the ASA.
"Although it was possible to play the games without spending real money or sharing the game, certain activities required participation in a paid-membership system, which entitled members to additional benefits," the ASA said.
"Both games contained language and prominent calls to action that put pressure on young players to purchase a subscription to take part in additional gameplay. We considered that text, including "Become a Member", "JOIN NOW", directly exhorted children to purchase membership subscriptions as well as in-game 'currency'."
It said that phrases used in Moshi Monsters - such as "The Super Moshis need YOU" - put pressure on children. In Bin Weevils' case, it said that it used imperative phrases, such as "DOSH Top Up" that could be read by children as orders to pay.
It said that putting such pressure on children was prohibited by its advertising code and ordered that the ads should not appear again in those forms.
The ASA added that it would remind publishers to take care with in-game purchase mechanisms aimed at children.
Mind Candy, which publishes Moshi Monsters, said it took its "responsibilities very seriously with regards to how we communicate with all of our fans, especially children".
In a statement, it said: "We have been working with the ASA to ensure that we adhere to best practice and have made changes to the Moshi Monsters game accordingly.  We will continue to work with the ASA in any way possible."
The Bin Weevils publisher, 55pixels, said: "As soon as [we] were made aware of the complaint made to the ASA about a potential breach, and once we had understood the area for concern, we changed all our membership pages to comply with their recommendations.
"They subsequently...

Summary: The UK advertising watchdog has ruled against online games Moshi Monsters and Bin Weevils in a crackdown on adverts pressuring children to spend money.
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Article: Andrew Travers left the authority by "mutual agreement" after the error, officials said.
Voters were initially turned away from all 155 polling stations in the borough because their names were missing from the poll list.
An independent investigation has been launched, the council said.
In a statement issued through the council, Mr Travers said: "I have enjoyed my time at Barnet and I believe the changes we have put in place and the continued programme of growth and transformation will enable the borough to continue to thrive."
A council spokesperson said Mr Travers had "made a valuable contribution to the council during his three and half years as chief executive."
Deputy chief executive John Hooton will take over temporarily while longer term arrangements are put in place, the council said.
On election day, staff at one station said just three of the first 30 voters to show up were on the register. The rest were told to come back later.
Barnet Council apologised for the problems and later offered emergency proxy votes to residents who had been affected.
But voters in the area questioned how the result could be "fair" when not everyone was able to have their say at the ballot box.
A statement released by Mr Travers on Thursday blamed electoral registration lists for the problems.
The council's review will conclude by the end of May and the findings will be presented publicly to the General Functions Committee.
It will look at the "appropriateness" of arrangements in place for the EU Referendum in June.
A spokesman said it was currently in discussions to establish who would lead the investigation.

Summary:


The council is considering a number of options to save money and improve services.
The council's head of environment, Richard Brown, said: "We have to do the best we can and look at future change."
The report before the policy scrutiny committee outlined the challenges faced by the council's waste service as a result

Black bin bags could be collected every three weeks in Pembrokeshire as the council looks to meet "severe budget cuts" and performance targets.

Article: Sir John Sawers warned the crisis was no longer about just Ukraine, saying it was "much bigger and more dangerous".
Any attempt by Western countries to arm Ukraine could lead to an escalation on the ground and even cyber attacks by Russia against the West, he warned.
Fighting between Ukrainian forces and pro-Russian rebels has continued, more than a day after a ceasefire was due.
Sanctions have already been imposed on Russia, and EU leaders have threatened Moscow with further measures if the planned ceasefire is not respected.
US President Barack Obama has said the US is studying the option of supplying lethal defensive arms to Ukraine - if diplomacy fails to end the crisis in the east of the country.
However, giving a speech at King's College London, Sir John, who left MI6 in November, warned any attempt by the West to arm the Ukrainian government could lead to an escalation of tensions with Russia.
"Sanctions on Russia are imposing costs. But the Ukraine crisis is no longer just about Ukraine. It's now a much bigger, more dangerous crisis, between Russia and Western countries, about values and order in Europe," he said.
Western countries could "take on Moscow" by providing weapons to Ukraine so it can defend itself and introducing more stringent sanctions, he said.
But Sir John warned Russian President Vladimir Putin was likely to respond.
"As long as Mr Putin sees the issue in terms of Russia's own security he will be prepared to go further than us.  So he would respond with further escalation on the ground.  Perhaps cyber attacks against us.
"We have thousands of deaths in Ukraine. We could start to get tens of thousands, then what?"
The crisis might end up with a "new debilitating frozen conflict in Ukraine, for well into the future," he warned.
"That is a wretched outcome for Ukrainians. But it may be the least bad attainable outcome."
Sir John, who also served as ambassador to the UN and as a foreign policy adviser to former Prime Minister Tony Blair, said that recent interventions in Afghanistan and...

Summary: The conflict in Ukraine is now part of a much bigger crisis between Russia and the West, MI6's former head has said.
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Article: The ivory from their horns can be sold for lots of money in countries like like China and Vietnam and so poachers often risk their lives to hunt the animals.
Official figures show more than 1200 were killed last year for their horns and 750 have been targeted so far this year.
South Africa is home to more than 70 percent of African rhinos, which are an endangered species.
Improved security patrols and dogs are being used to protect the places where they live.
There are five different species of rhino - black, white, greater one-horned, Sumatran and Javan.
The black and white rhinos live in Africa, while the other three are native to Asia.
White rhinos are the largest species of rhino and one of the biggest animals on earth -  they only eat grass but they can produce up to 20 kilograms of dung per day!

Summary: Wildlife experts have warned that the number of rhinos in South Africa is dropping sharply and more needs to be done to stop people targeting them for their horns.
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Article: The move is just one of several waste and recycling options considered by the council on Thursday.
Black bags are currently collected fortnightly.
The council's head of environment, Richard Brown said there will be "high public interest" whatever they come up with.
A report before the policy scrutiny committee outlined the challenges faced by the council's waste service as a result of funding pressures.
It said Â£1.2m needed to be saved over the next four years. This is in addition to potential fines for missing statutory performance targets.
Five options were presented to the committee. They looked at what was being collected, how often and by what means.
Options for black bin bag collection were weekly, fortnightly and three-weekly, while limiting the number of customer-provided sacks to two or three.
Pembrokeshire council  stopped supplying residents with free black bags in 2016.
The report also outlined an opportunity to save money by working with Ceredigion council, which faces "many of the same challenges".
The committee's comments will be reported to Pembrokeshire council's cabinet before a decision is made.
Mr Brown said waste services "was the one service we all have a vested interest in" and that they have to "do the best they can" and "look at future change".

Summary: