 help if the adjustment to dietary needs
of your body does not help and a medical problem continues to trouble you. What is offered is the needed
knowledge for disease prevention and cure of dehydration diseases. At the end of the book, when the relationship of chronic dehydration and disease emergence has become clear to
the reader, information will be provided on the needed adjustments to daily water intake, and the complementary
diet to prevent "dehydration diseases," o r even cure them, if a totally irreversible situation has not developed. THE BASICS
When the human body developed from the species that wer e given life in water, the same dependence on the life-
giving properties of water were inherited. The role of water itself in the body of living species, mankind included, has
not changed since the first creation of life from salt water and its subsequent adaptation to fresh water. When life on land became an objective for advancement beyond the immediate vicinity of water supply (even
beyond amphibian life)—the stressful adventure beyon d the known boundaries—a gradually refined body water-
preservation system had to be created for further species development. This process of temporary adaptation to
transient dehydration also became inherited as a well-established mechanism in the human body and is now th e
infrastructure to all operative systems within the body of modern humans. For the earlier water-dwelling species, adventure beyond their known boundaries would constitute great stress,
because they would dry up. This "stress " would establish a domin ant physiology for crisis management of water. In
the now "stressed " humans, exactly the same translation and the physiology of crisis m anagement of water
becomes established. The process primarily involves a strict rationing of the water "reserves" of the body. It is
assumed that water supply for the immediate needs of the body will be limited. Management of the available
reserves of water in the body becomes the responsibility of a complex sy stem. This complex m ulti-level water rationing and distribution process remains in operation until the body re ceives
unmistakable signals t hat it has g ained access to adequ ate water  supply. Since every function of  the body is
monitored and pegged to the flow of water, "water  managem ent" is the only way of making sure that a dequa te
amounts of water and its transported nutrients first reach the more vital organs that will have to confront and deal
with any new "stress." This mechanism became more and more established for survival against natural enemies
and predators. It is the ultimate operative system for survival In fight or flight situations. It is still the operative
mechanism in the competitive environment of modern life in the socie ty. One of the unavoidable processes in the body water rationing phase is the com plete cruelty with which some
functions are monitored so that one structure does not receive more than its predetermined share of water. This is
true for all organs of the body. Within these systems of water rationing, the brain function takes absolute priority
over all the other systems—th e brain is l/50th of the total body weight, but it receives 18-20 percent of blood
circulation. When the "ration masters" in charge of body water reserve regulation and distribution become more and
more active, they also give their own alarm signals to show that the area in question is sh ort of water, very much like
the radiator of a car giving out steam whe n the cooling system is not adequate for the uphill drive of the car. In advanced societies, thinking that tea, coffee, alcohol, and manufactured beverages are desirable substitutes for
the purely natural water needs of the daily "stressed" body is an elementary but catastrophic mistake. It is true that
these beverages contain water, but what else they contain are dehydrating agents. They get rid of the water they are
dissolved in plus so me more water from the reserves of the body! Today, m odem life-style makes people
dependent on all sorts of beverages that are commercially manufactured. Children are not educated to drink water;
they become dependent on sodas and juices. This is a  self-imposed restriction on the water needs of the body. It is
not generally possible to drink manufactured beverages in full replacement of the water needs of the body. At the
same time, a cultivated preference for the taste of these sodas will  automatically reduce the free urge to drink water
when sodas are not available. Currently, practitioners of medicine are unawar e of the many chemical roles of water in the body. Beca use
dehydration eventually causes loss of some functions, the various sophisticated signals given by operators of the
body's water rationing program during severe and lasting dehydration have been translated as indicators of
unknown disease conditions of the body. This is the most basic mistake that has deviated clinical medicine. It has
prevented medical practitioners from being able to advise preventive measures or offer simple physiologic cures for
some major diseases in humans. With the appearance of these signals, the body should be provided with water for these rationing systems to
distribute. However, medical practitioners have been taught to silence these signals with chemical products. Of
course they have zero understanding of the significance of this most gross error. The various signals produced by
these water distributors are indicators of regional thirst and drought of the body. At the onset, they can be relieved
by an increased intake of water itself, yet they are improperly dealt with by the use of commercial chemical products
until pathology is established and diseases a re born. It is unfortunate that this mistake is continued until the use of
more and more chemicals to treat the other developing symptoms and complications of dehydration becomes
unavoidable, and then the patient dies. The irony? They say th e patient died of a disease. What a clearance for their
conscience! The error in silencing the different signals of water shortages of the body with chemical products is immediatelydetrimental to the cells of the body of the person being treated. The established signal-producing chronic
dehydration also has a permanently damaging impact on subsequent descendants of the person. I take pleasure in bringing to your attention a breakthrough knowledge in medicine that can benefit every person
who may fall ill, and especially the elderly. In short, my paradigm change in basic human applied science will
establish a physiology-based approach to future human research and simplify the practice of medicine all over the
world. The immediate outcome of this paradigm shift will be to the health advantage of the public. It will expose the
newly understood signs of dehydration in the human body. It will also decrease the costs of falling ill. THE PARADIGM  THA T NEEDS TO BE CHANGED
What is a paradigm and how does it change? A paradigm (para-di me) is the most basic unde rstanding on which
new knowledge is generated. As a n example, the earlier understanding was t hat the Earth is flat. The new
understanding is that the Earth is round. The roundness of the Earth is the basic p aradigm to the design of all maps,
globes, recognition of stars in the sky, a nd calculations for space travel. Thus, the earlier paradigm for holding the
Earth to be flat was inaccurate. It is the correct understanding of the Earth as a sphere that has made advancement
in many fields of sc ience possible. This change in paradigm is basic t o our progress in  many fields of science. The
shift in that paradigm and the transformation it brought about did not occur easily. Ad option of a fundamentally
significan t new paradigm in the science of medicine is more difficult even if the outcome is highly desirable and
desperately needed by the society. THE SOURCE OF ERROR I N MEDICI NE
The human body is composed of 25 percent solid matter (the solute) and 75 percent water (the solvent). Brain
tissue is said to consist of 85 percent wat er. When the phase of inquiry into the workings of the body began,
because the scientific p arameters and a very broad knowledge of chemistry had already become well-established, it
automatically became the assumption that the same understandings that wer e developed within the discipline of
chemistry applied to the body's so lute composition. It was therefore assumed that the solute composition is the reactive regulator of all functions of the body. At the very
onset of research into the human body, the water content of the body was a ssumed to act only as a solvent, a space
filler, and a means of transport—the same views that were generated from the test-tube experiments in chemistry. No other functional properties were attributed to the solvent material. The basic understanding in today's "scientific"
medicine—which has been inherited from an educational programs established at the dawn of systematic learning
—also regards solutes as regulators and water as only a solvent and a means of material transport in the body. Th e
human body is even now re garded as a large "test tube" full of solids of different nature and the water in the body as
a chemically insignificant "packing material." In science, it has been assumed that it is the solutes (su bstances that are dissolved or carried in the blood and
serum in the body) that regulate all the activities of the body. This includes the regulation of its wat er (the solvent)
intake, which is assumed to be well-regulated. It is presumed, because water is freely available and one does not
have to pay for it, that the body has no business in falling short of something that is available! Under this erroneous assumption, all the human applied research has been directed toward identification of one
"particular" sub -Stance that can be held responsible for causing a disease. Therefore, all the suspected possib le
fluctuations and variation of elemental changes have been tested


ag ers, is also great for grown-ups, because
the scnsJtion is dt'tinitcly sexuJl. The annpits, the undersides of
the knet·s, the soles of the feet, the nape of tht· neck, the sides of the torso, and thl.· inner thighs arc n1ost sensitive to tickling. An
infallible erotic prelude is friendly wrestling. Since this playful
tussle requires neither a rdl.·rt-c nor rules, a handcuf f hold by the
stronger partner n1ay easily lead to more interesting activities. A prclin1inary \Vith great physical poten tial is the pillow fight. This bedroor n garnc rnay dissipate any latent sexual hostility and
at the san1e tirnc bring partners to enjoy erotic play fulnes s. Down
pillows \Vith no buttons or other hardware attached arc the ideal
weapons. l)nc can hit the opponen t at various strategic spots with
great gusto, without causing any real injury, as long as no heavy
blows reach the face, breasts, or genitals of either partner. As a
vigorous pillow fight rnay result in a n1ess of flying feathers, one
might \vant to consider pillows with synthetic or rag stuffing. As for clothing. a coup le rnay start their love -play dressed,
partly dressed, or undressed, according to their personal taste and
the whirn of the n1on1ent. Disrobing oneself rapidly bespeaks
either great urgency or lack of finesse. Sometimes partners' un
dressing each other can be a potent source of erotic arousal, se
ductive and titillating. This can be done slowly, in for example a
gan1e of strip poker, in which the loser of each round must divest
one or more articles of clothing. PRE SSING ON AT LovE -PLAY
Whether the prelude lasts the wink of an eye or an hour, or even
days, the unmistakably sexual love-play that follows often evokes
all the senses of both partners. This phase of lovemaking consists
mainly of kissing, hugging, and caressing. These act ivities can
be enjoyed with endless variations. They involve the entire body,
and eventually focus on the genital area. Kissing is an effective and essential part of love-play. The
mouth, lined with soft, pliable tissues including keen tactile and
taste sensors, is an erotic organ. It is extremely responsive to sex
ual stin1ulation. The sensitive nerve endings on the lips and tongue
and elsewhere inside the mouth can react erotically to the touch of
a lover's lips, tongue, and in moments of passion, teeth. The tac
tile sensation varies with the arnount of suction used. Since the
olfactory nerve cells in the nose arc ncar the mouth, the scent of a
partner's breath, n1outh, and the surrou nding skin is highly ar ous-Tire Alrlu·rny t�( Des ire
193 ANC IENT SE CR ETS FOR MODERN LOVERS
194 ing, especially when combined with the very personal taste of lips
and tongue. In erotic mouth-to-mouth kissing, one touches, tastes,
and smells a member of the opposite sex; this intimacy is analo
gous to coitus. The erotic kiss may be as light and fickle as a flitting butterfly,
or as deep and enduring as the celebrated French kiss, indulged in
by the young people of Pays de Mont in Brittany, in which lovers
use their tongues to penetrate and explore one another's mouth,
sometimes for hours on end. Deep kissing is usually the first undeniably erotic act between
lovers. Dependi ng on the degree of intimacy and the mood of the
moment, it often leads to other forms of touching, namely caress
ing. Experienced lovers who want to arouse and pleasure their
mates have quite a store of information on this: modern sex
ologists have enun1erated erogenous zones, and ancient Taoists
mapped various love points on the body. Any part of the body,
actually, could be an erogenous zone. Stroking the nape of the
neck lightly, kissing the sides of the neck, probing the ear open
ing with a stiff tongue, nibbling the earlobe might bring a partner
to a high pitch. Other erogenous zones are the armpits; inside the
elbows, thighs, and knees; at the lower spine; and of course, in the
genital areas. Some of the love points identified by the ancient
Taoists coincide with the erogenous zone s, while others do not. Love points are discussed further in chapter 1 5. The sensitivity of the commonly accepted erogenous zones
differs among individuals; some people, in fact, are completely
without sensitivity in certain areas. Sotne women's breasts are so
sensitive that when caressed the won1an n1ay reach an orgastn;
other won1en n1ay be unarousablc when so caressed. In zones
generally less sensitiv e than the breast, the reaction is even tnore
unpredictable. But n1ost people's erogenous zones arc erotically
sensitive. A careful lover first explores and expcritncnts on these
areas in love-play to tind the n1ost effective way to arouse and
pleasure the partner. Sensitivity to t'rotic caresses usually increases
frotn the extren1ities of lin1bs to the torso, and fron1 the periph
eral parts of the torso to its tniddlc. Caressing a partner in the
peripheral areas and progressing to tnore sensitive areas tends to
create a crescendo of desire. Kissin� naturally nlt'rgt's with caressing in lovt'-pby. With
sotne exceptions, a good lover docs not zero in on the partner's genitals in the beginning, son1etin1es not even on the breasts. An
inexperienced or inconsiderate lover, usually the nule, is often
guilty of heavy-handed love-play. A rough squeeze or two of a
won1an's breasts, a firn1 grab of her buttocks, and he is ready for
penetration and dischargt'. Such a crude style turns n1any won1en
off What turns then1 on, at least in the beginning, arc gentle and
tender caresses. Energetic, vigorous love-play is effective when
the partner has been highly stitnulated already. Even nuny tncn
are aroused n1orc by love-play that titillates and tantalizes. And
it should be rcrnctnbcrcd that the sight, sound, and scent of an..__
aroused 1natc arc often potent aphrodisiacs. Most won1cn arc highly stimulated by having their breasts ca
ressed and kissed. There is an in1portant nerve link between a
woman's lips and her breasts, and another between her breasts and
her genitals; thus n1outh-to-mouth kissing often makes her nip
ples become erect, and stin1ulation of her breasts by a lover often
causes her clitoris to become erect and her sexual juices to flow. A good kiss is, therefore, the start of a delightful "downhill"
JOUrney. In some passionate women mere psychological reactions may
make their nipples erect. But most are aroused by a combination
of psychological factors and the physical love-play at their breasts. A good lover therefore, after kissing and caressing his partner's
face, neck, and shoulders, will go on to her breasts. When done
with tender passion, this will greatly arouse his partner. Most women enjoy having their breasts cupped and hefted
with the palms, lightly stroked around the nipples, rhythmically
and gently squeezed. They love having their breasts kissed, and
their nipples sucked and playfully licked with the tip of the tongue. The tongue's underside is smooth, like the lips, and its top is rough. By using the smooth and rough sides alternately, a man can give
varying sensations to a woman. Only after such exquisitely stim
ulating preliminaries should he go on to lower areas-buttocks,
groin, perineum, vulva, clitoris. GENITAL CARE SSING-A ND BEYOND
Love-play progresses naturally to the genital area. Caressing a lov
er's genitals-with the hand, the Jnouth, or another part of the Tile Alclu·my l!f Dt·sire
1�5 ·' N l. I F N T S F C R 1: T S I 0 R M I l I> I� � N I I ) V E H S
body- is the n1ost passion ate and intimate form of noncoital erotic
conu nun ication betw een lovers. It may end right there, to be re
peated some other time; it n1ay result in orgasm; it may lead di
rectly to coitus. Genital caressing may involve any of a number of tech niq ues :
stroking, pressing, rubbing, vibrating, tickling, thrusting, kiss
ing, nibbling, licking, sucking-all carried out with varying pres
sure, speed, and rhythm. Some people delight in continuous,
relent


	over	it	as	it	races	from	thought	to	thought. Mind	activity,	stress,	depression	and	anxiety	are	nothing	more	than	the
absence	of	control. How	much	control	do	you	have	over	your	mind? For	how
long	can	you	choose	to	stop	thinking? A	quiet	mind	is	one	that	you	have	control	over. Quite	simply,	you	can	choose
to	think	or	not	to	think. You	don’t	get	lost	in	trains	of	useless	thinking. Most
of	the	time,	you	know	what	is	taking	place. Without	control	over	our	minds,
we	have	nothing. It	is	the	one	part	of	us	that	determines	our	quality	of	life	on
earth,	yet	it	receives	little	attention	from	our	educational,	religious	and
medical	institutions. How	insane	is	that? If	only	you	had	a	chance	to	look	inside	people’s	minds,	you	would	see	the
same	turmoil	that	goes	on	in	your	own	head. Hidden	behind	the	nice	white
smile	is	fear	of	the	future	and	regrets	from	the	past. A	racing	and	repetitive
mind	is	just	below	the	surface. It	might	not	have	reached	the	depths	that
someone	in	depression	has	reached,	but	at	the	same	time,	you	will	see
common	traits. In	fact,	all	of	us	are	just	a	few	stressful	events	away	frommental	problems. Cumulative	stressful	events	take	their	toll	on	everybody
unless,	of	course,	we	have	some	understanding	of	thought	processes	and	can
better	oxygenate	our	brain. In	our	sophisticated	Western	world	with	its	emphasis	on	intelligence	and	the
stigma	on	mental	problems,	normal	healthy	people	who	go	through	periods	of
being	down	or	depressed	have	few	outlets	through	which	to	seek	help. Addressing	this	deficit	early	on	is	the	key	to	reversing	it. My	interest	in	this	area	stems	from	having	both	asthma	and	a	racing	mind	for
many	years. By	using	the	Buteyko	Method	to	reverse	my	asthma	and	by
improving	my	awareness,	I	also	addressed	my	racing	mind. Thousands	have
attended	my	courses	in	Ireland	and	abroad	for	asthma	and	other	conditions. Those	who	have	attended	for	panic	attacks,	depression,	stress	and	anxiety
have	reported	very	good	feedback;	hence,	this	book. This	book	can	be	read	by	someone	with	poor	concentration,	or	a	clouded	and
depressed	mind. It	contains	nothing	complicated	and	through	constant
repetition,	the	reader	can	apply	the	guidance	provided.Chapter	1

	What	determines	your	happiness? “Thinking	is	the	unhealthy
thinking	in	the	word,	and	people
die	of	it	just	as	they	die	of
any	other	disease
Oscar	WildeP
sychologists	estimate	that	we	have	sixty	thousand	thoughts	each	day. Moreover,	95%	of	these	thoughts	are	repetitive	and	useless. Not	knowing	the
content	of	our	own	mind,	we	are	literally	at	its	mercy	and	unconsciously
follow	its	instruction	to	the	letter. The	habit	of	excessive	thought	and,	more	importantly,	lack	of	awareness	are
the	results	of	the	inherited	human	mind. Its	individual	content	is	created	from
our	past	experiences	and	from	influences	from	societal,	educational	and	social
environments,	and	is	kept	alive	through	repetition. In	the	Western	world,	thinking	is	viewed	as	good	and	not	thinking	is	viewed
as	a	reflection	of	laziness	or	dullness. We	often	hear	about	the	“brilliant
thinkers”	who	make	profound	discoveries	or	realizations. Truth	be	told,
eureka	moments	are	made	not	during	thought	but	during	a	cessation	of
thought. Our	educational	system	teaches	us	how	to	think. Through	school	and
university,	your	mind	is	developed	and	molded	into	a	superb	analytical	tool. Thinking	is	seen	as	the	solution	to	any	of	life	situations. If	we	have	a	problem,
we	believe	that	the	more	we	think	about	it	the	greater	the	chances	of	it	being
solved. As	a	child,	we	did	not	think. Thinking	is	a	learned	habit	developed
over	time. If	you	feel	that	it	is	good	to	think	a	lot,	take	a	look	at	the	stress	of	people	in
the	constant	grip	and	torture	of	their	minds. Often,	I	pass	by	a	man	on	Shop
Street	in	Galway. He	is	so	tormented	that	he	openly	voices	the	contents	of	his
mind	in	the	street. His	mind	has	completely	taken	him	over. He	is	pressed
down	with	thought. He	is	depressed. Many	of	us	are	similar	to	the	man	on	the	street,	except	that	we	don’t	talk	out
loud. Instead,	we	have	internal	mental	chatter. We	think	about	the	same	thing
day	in	and	day	out,	with	little	resolve	or	reduction	in	thinking. Watch	your
thoughts	and	you	will	have	no	doubt	that	the	Western	human	mind	is	truly
mad. Thinking	for	practical	purposes	is	fine,	as	it	serves	a	function. However,	most
of	our	thinking	is	not	for	practical	purposes. Most	thinking	is	spent	on	insane
repetitive	worry	and	anxiety. If	you	could	eliminate	your	repetitive	thought	activity	by	50%,	you	would	be
very	happy	indeed. If	you	could	eliminate	all	repetitive	and	useless	thinking,
you	would	live	a	life	of	bliss. Thinking	makes	you	unhappy. Less	thought	activity	makes	you	happy. Thinking	is	a	disease.Control	your	mind	or	allow	your	mind	to	control	you

H
uman	thinking	began	tens	of	thousands	of	years	ago. It	is	the	single	most
important	function	that	differentiates	our	ability	from	animals. Thinking	is	very	useful	for	practical	situations. We	need	to	remember	how	to
drive	a	car,	decide	what	choice	to	take,	determine	a	strategy,	plan	an	event,
deal	with	a	specific	situation. You	might	want	to	go	to	the	shop-	you	think
about	what	foods	are	not	in	the	cupboard. You	organize	flights-	you	think
about	best	dates,	price	and	destination. You	write	a	letter-	you	think	about
what	you	need	to	say. You	go	to	petrol	pumps	to	fill	your	car-	you	decide	on
what	pump,	how	much	money	to	spend. You	contact	a	supplier	you	think
about	what	you	need,	what	quantities,	what	price	and	when	it	will	be
delivered. Somebody	might	have	overcharged	you	decide	on	what	you	are
going	to	say	and	you	say	it	to	them. Thinking	when	used	in	this	instance	for
practical	purposes	is	fine. It	is	necessary	and	is	productive. However,	95%	of	our	thinking	is	not	used	to	deal	with	a	practical	situation. Most	thinking	is	unnecessary	and	repetitive. You	will	realize	this	as	you
observe	the	activity	of	your	mind. You	are	walking	in	a	beautiful	quiet	park	and	instead	of	experiencing	the	sun
at	the	back	of	your	head,	the	beautiful	sight	of	flowers	around	you	and	the
wonderful	sounds	of	children	at	play,	your	attention	is	wrapped	up	giving	out
about	your	neighbor	who	gave	you	a	lecture	yesterday,	or	your	boss	who	was
unhappy	with	your	work,	or	the	other	driver	who	blew	the	horn	at	you,	or	that
you	need	to	pay	your	mortgage	at	the	end	of	the	month. This	kind	of	thinking
is	torture. It	does	nothing	to	help	your	situation.


	such	complex,	multifaceted	systems	that	establishing	proof
for	any	one	factor	and	any	one	disease	is	nearly	impossible,	even	if	you	had
the	perfect	set	of	subjects,	unlimited	time	and	unlimited	financial	resources. Because	of	these	difficulties,	we	do	research	using	many	different
strategies. In	some	cases,	we	assess	whether	a	hypothetical	cause	produces	a
hypothetical	effect	by
observing
	and	measuring	the	differences	that	already
exist	between	different	groups	of	people. We	might
observe
	and	compare
societies	who	consume	different	amounts	of	fat,	then
observe
	whether	these
differences	correspond	to	similar	differences	in	the	rates	of	breast	cancer	or
osteoporosis	or	some	other	disease	condition. We	might
observe
	and	compare
the	dietary	characteristics	of	people	who	already	have	the	disease	with	a
comparable	group	of	people	who	don’t	have	the	disease. We	might
observe
and	compare	disease	rates	in	1950
with	disease	rates	in	1990,	then
observe
whether	any	changes	in	disease	rates	correspond	to	dietary	changes. In	addition	to
observing
	what	already	exists,	we	might	do	an	experiment
and	intentionally
intervene
	with	a	hypothetical	treatment	to	see	what	happens. We	intervene,	for	example,	when	testing	lor	the	safety	and	efficacy	of	drugs. One	group	of	people	is	given	the	drug	and	a	second	group	a	placebo	(an
inactive	look-alike	substance	to	please	the	patient). Intervening
	with	diet,
however,	is	far	more	difficult,	especially	if	people	aren’t	confined	to	a	clinical
setting,	because	then	we	must	rely	on	everyone	to	faithfully	use	the	specifieddiets. As	we	do
observational	and	interventional
	research,	we	begin	to	amass
the	findings	and	weigh	the	evidence	for	or	against	a	certain	hypothesis. When
the	weight	of	the	evidence	favors	an	idea	so	strongly	that	it	can	no	longer	be
plausibly	denied,	we	advance	the	idea	as	a	likely	truth. It	is	in	this	way	that	I
am	advancing	an	argument	for	a	whole	foods,	plant-based	diet. As	you
continue	reading,	realize	that	those	seeking	absolute	proof	of	optimal	nutrition
in	one	or	two	studies	will	be	disappointed	and	confused. However,	I	am
confident	that	those	seeking	the	truth	regarding	diet	and	health	by	surveying
the	weight	of	the	evidence	from	the	variety	of	available	studies	will	be
amazed	and	enlightened. There	are	several	ideas	to	keep	in	mind	when
determining	the	weight	of	the	evidence,	including	the	following	ideas.CORRELATION	VERSUS	CAUSATION
In	many	studies,	you	will	find	that	the	words	correlation	and	association	are
used	to	describe	a	relationship	between	two	factors,	perhaps	even	indicating	a
cause-and-effect	relationship. This	idea	is	featured	prominently	in	the	China
Study. We	observed	whether	there	were	patterns	of	associations	for	different
dietary,	lifestyle	and	disease	characteristics	within	the	survey	of	65	counties,
130	villages	and	6,500	adults	and	their	families. If	protein	consumption,	for
example,	is	higher	among	populations	that	have	a
high
	incidence	of	liver
cancer,	we	can	say	that	protein	is
positively
	correlated	or	associated	with	liver
cancer	incidence;	as	one	goes	up,	the	other	goes	up. If	protein	intake	is	higher
among	populations	that	have	a
low
	incidence	of	liver	cancer,	we	can	say	that
protein	is
inversely
	associated	with	liver	cancer	incidence. In	other	words,	the
two	factors	go	in	the	opposite	direction;	as	one	goes	up,	the	other	goes	down. In	our	hypothetical	example,	if	protein	is	correlated	with	liver	cancer
incidence,	this	does	not	prove	that	protein	causes	or	prevents	liver
cancer. A
classic	illustration	of	this	difficulty	is	that	countries	with	more	telephone
poles	often	have	a	higher	incidence	of	heart	disease,	and	many	other	diseases. Therefore,	telephone	poles	and	heart	disease	are	positively	correlated. But	this
does	not	prove	that	telephone	poles	cause	heart	disease. In	effect,	correlation
does	not	equal	causation. This	does	not	mean	that	correlations	are	useless. When	they	are	properly
interpreted,	correlations	can	be	effectively	used	to	study	nutrition	and	health
relationships. The	China	Study,	for	example,	has	over	8,000	statistically
significant	correlations,	and	this	is	of	immense	value. When	so	many
correlations	like	this	are	available,	researchers	can	begin	to	identify	patterns
of	relationships	between	diet,	lifestyle	and	disease. These	patterns,	in	turn,	are
representative	of	how	diet	and	health	processes,	which	are	unusually
complex,	truly	operate. However,	if	someone	wants	proof	that	a	single	factor
causes	a	single	outcome,	a	correlation	is	not	good	enough.STATISTICAL	SIGNIFICANCE
You	might	think	that	deciding	whether	or	not	two	factors	are	correlated	is
obvious—either	they	are	or	they	aren’t. But	that	isn’t	the	case. When	you	are
looking	at	a	large	quantity	of	data,	you	have	to	undertake	a	statistical	analysis
to	determine	if	two	factors	are	correlated. The	answer	isn’t	yes	or	no. It’s	a
probability,	which	we	call
statistical	significance. Statistical	significance	is	a
measure	of	whether	an	observed	experimental	effect	is	truly	reliable	or
whether	it	is	merely	due	to	the	play	of	chance. If	you	flip	a	coin	three	times
and	it	lands	on	heads	each	time,	it’s	probably	chance. If	you	flip	it	a	hundred
times	and	it	lands	on	heads	each	time,	you	can	be	pretty	sure	the	coin	has
heads	on	both	sides. That’s	the	concept	behind
statistical	significance
—it’s
the	odds	that	the	correlation	(or	other	finding)	is	real,	that	it	isn’t	just	random
chance. A	finding	is	said	to	be	statistically	significant	when	there	is	less	than	5%
probability	that	it	is	due	to	chance. This	means,	for	example,	that	there	is	a
95%	chance	that	we	will	get	the	same	result	if	the	study	is	repeated. This	95%
cutoff	point	is	arbitrary,	but	it	is	the	standard,	nonetheless. Another	arbitrary
cutoff	point	is	99%. In	this	case,	when	the	result	meets	this	test,	it	is	said	to	be
highly	statistically	significant. In	the	discussions	of	diet	and	disease	research
in	this	book,	statistical	significance	pops	up	from	time	to	time,	and	it	can	be
used	to	help	judge	the	reliability,	or	“weight,”	of	the	evidence.MECHANISMS	OF	ACTION
Oftentimes	correlations	are	considered	more	reliable	if	other	research	shows
that	two	correlated	factors	are	biologically	related. For	example,	telephone
poles	and	heart	disease	are	positively	correlated,	but	there	is	no	research	that
shows	how	telephone	poles	are	biologically	related	to	heart	disease. However,
there	is	research	that	shows	the	processes	by	which	protein	intake	and	liver
cancer	might	be	biologically	and	causally	related	(as	you	will	see	in	chapter
three). Knowing	the	process	by	which	something	works	in	the	body	means
know


food	is	substituted	for	another,	then	the	adverse	health	effects	of	both	foods,
when	compared	to	plant-based	food,	are	easily	missed. To	make	matters
worse,	these	studies	often	focus	on	the	consumption	of	just	one	nutrient,	such
as	fat. Because	of	these	very	serious	flaws,	these	studies	have	been	a	virtual
disaster	for	discovering	the	really	significant	effects	of	diet	on	these	diseases.CHART	14.6:	PERCENT	CORRELATIONS	OF	TOTAL	FAT	AND
ANIMAL	PROTEIN	CONSUMPTION
THE	$100(+)	MILLION	RESULTS
So	now	that	you	know	how	I	interpret	the	Nurses’	Health	Study	and	its	flaws,
we	should	take	a	look	at	its	conclusions. After	more	than	$100	million	and
decades	of	work,	there	is	no	shortage	of	results. So	what	are	they? The	logical
place	to	start	is,	of	course,	the	question	of	whether	fat	intake	really	is	linked	to
breast	cancer. Here	are	some	of	the	findings,	cited	verbatim:
“these	data	provide	evidence	against	both	an	adverse	influence	of	fat
intake	and	a	protective	effect	of	fiber	consumption	by	middle-aged
women	on	breast	cancer	incidence	over	eight	years”
23
Translation:	The
	Nurses’
Health	Study	did	not	detect	a	relationship
between	dietary	fat	and	fiber	and	breast	cancer	risk. “we	found	no	evidence	that	lower	intake	of	total	fat	or	specific	major
types	of	fat	was	associated	with	decreased	risk	of	breast	cancer”
10
Translation:	The	Nurses’	Health	Study	did	not	detect	a	relationship
between	reducing	fat,	whether	it	be	total	fat	or	certain	kinds	of	fat,	and
breast	cancer	risk. “existing	data,	however,	provide	little	support	for	the	hypothesis	that
reduction	in	dietary	fat	composition,	even	to	20%	of	energy	during
adulthood,	will	lead	to	a	substantial	reduction	in	breast	cancer	in	Western
cultures”
24
Translation:	The	Nurses’	Health	Study	did	not	detect	a	breast	cancer
association	with	fat	even	when	women	reduced	their	fat	consumption	all
the	way	down	to	20%	of	calories. “relative	risks	for	…	monounsaturated	and	polyunsaturated	fat	…	were
close	to	unity”
25
Translation:	The
	Nurses’
Health	Study	did	not	detect	a	relationship
between	these	“good”	fats	and	breast	cancer	risk. “we	found	no	significant	associations	between	intake	of	meat	and	dairy
products	and	risk	of	breast	cancer”
26
Translation:	The	Nurses’	Heath	Study	did	not	detect	a	relationship
between	meat	and	dairy	consumption	and	breast	cancer	risk.“our	findings	do	not	support	a	link	between	physical	activity,	in	late
adolescence	or	in	the	recent	past,	and	breast	cancer	risk	among	young
adult	women”
27
Translation:	The	Nurses’	Health	Study	did	not	detect	a	relationship
between	exercise	and	breast	cancer	risk. “these	data	are	suggestive	of	only	a	weak	positive	association	with
substitution	of	saturated	fat	for	carbohydrate	consumption;	none	of	the
other	types	of	fat	examined	was	significantly	associated	with	breast
cancer	risk	relative	to	an	equivalent	reduction	in	carbohydrate
consumption”
28
Translation:	The	Nurses’	Health	Study	detected	little	or	no	effect	on
breast	cancer	when	women	substituted	fat	for	carbohydrates. “selenium	intake	later	in	life	is	not	likely	to	be	an	important	factor	in	the
etiology	of	breast	cancer”
29
Translation:	The	Nurses’	Health	Study	did	not	detect	a	protective	effect
of	selenium	on	breast	cancer	risk. “these	results	suggest	that	fruit	and	vegetable	consumption	during
adulthood	is	not	significantly	associated	with	reduced	breast	cancer
risk”
30
Translation:	The	Nurses’	Health	Study	did	not	detect	a	relationship
between	fruits	and	vegetables	and	breast	cancer	risk. So	there	it	is,	readers. Breast	cancer	risk	does	not	rise	with	increased
intakes	of	fat,	meat,	dairy	or	saturated	fat. Breast	cancer	is	not	prevented
by
increased	intakes	of	fruits	and	vegetables,	or	reduced	by	exercise	(either
during	the	teenage	years	or	during	adulthood),	dietary	fiber,	monounsaturated
fats	or	polyunsaturated	fats. Also,	the	mineral	selenium,	long	considered	to	be
protective	of	certain	cancers,	has	no	effect	on	breast	cancer. In	other	words,
we	might	as	well	conclude	that	diet	is	completely	unrelated	to	breast	cancer. I	can	understand	the	frustration	of	Professor	Meir	Stampfer,	one	of	the
leading	researchers	in	this	group,	when	he	was	quoted	as	saying,	“This	has
been	our	greatest	failure	and	disappointment—that	we	have	not	learned	more
about	what	people	can	do	to	lower	their	risk.”
6
	He	was	making	his	comment
in	response	to	an	opinion	that	“the	single	biggest	challenge	for	the	future	[is]
sorting	out	the	mess	of	contradictory	findings	and	lack	of	information	onbreast	cancer.”
6
	I	applaud	Professor	Stampfer	for	his	candor,	but	it’s
unfortunate	that	so	much	money	has	been	spent	to	learn	so	little. Perhaps	the
most	rewarding	finding,	ironically,	was	the	demonstration	that	tinkering	with
one	nutrient	at	a	time,	while	maintaining	the	same	overall	dietary	patterns,
does	not	lead	to	better	health	or	to	better	health	information. Yet	Harvard	researchers	have	been	steadily	cranking	out	their	findings,
despite	these	challenges. From	their	slew	of	studies,	here	are	some	findings
that	I	would	consider	as	very	troubling	contradictions	when	comparing
disease	risks	for	men	versus	women:
Men	who	consume	alcohol	three	or	four	times	a	week	have	a	lower	heart
attack	risk. 31
Men	with	Type	2	diabetes	who	consume	a	moderate	amount	of	alcohol
have	a	lower	risk	of	coronary	heart	disease. 32
And	yet…
Alcohol	consumption	increases	breast	cancer	incidence	by	41%	for
women	consuming	30–60	g/day	of	alcohol	compared	to	non-drinking
women. 33
Apparently	alcohol	is	good	for	heart	disease	and	bad	for	breast	cancer. The
husband	can	have	a	drink	with	dinner	but	should	never	share	it	with	his	wife. Is	this	a	difference	between	men	and	women,	or	is	this	a	difference	in
response	between	heart	disease	and	cancer? Do	you	feel	more	informed	or
more	confused? Then	there	are	those	wonderful	omega-3	fatty	acids. Some	types	of	fish
contain	relatively	large	amounts	of	these	fats	and	have	been	getting
their	share
of	positive	press	these	days. If	you’ve	heard	anything	about	omega-3	fatty
acids,	it’s	that	you	need	more	of	them	to	be	healthy. Again,	more	Harvard
findings:
“…	contrary	to	the	predominant	hypothesis,	we	found	an	increased	risk
of	breast	cancer	associated	with	omega-3	fat	from	fish”	(This	increased
risk	was	statistically	significant	and	was	associated	with	an	increase	of
only	0.1%	of	the	total	dietary	energy.) 10
“our	findings	suggest	that	eating	fish	once	per	month	or	more	can	reduce
the	r


 which may be used for human consumption are:
marigolds, lavetera flowers, hollyhock flowers, pansies,
nasturtium flowers, oxalis flower panicles, dandelion flowers,
chrysanthemums, gillyflowers, altheas, rose of China flowers, forget-me-nots, water lilies, double zinnias, sweet pea
flowers, alfalfa flowers, verbenas, sweet alyssum, and the
flowers of certain bean plants such as the scarlet runner,
hyacinth bean, and Chinese wistaria. These flowers may be
chopped up or used whole in salads, or they may be eaten
alone just as you would eat any ordinary vegetable. H
ERBAL  TEAS
   In addition to the use of cold beverages, such as milk and
fruit and vegetable juices, there are many beverages which
are used in their warm state, and these may also contribute to
healthful nutrition. Of the one hundred and more beverages of
this type which are available for human use, civilized man
selected only a few, and each of these contain caffeine, tannic acid, or other poisons. The great number of herbal teas and
other healthful beverages have been almost completely
ignored. Some of these beverages supply valuable nutrients,
and a number are considered more delicious than the
conventional tea and coffee used in civilization. Rose hips, for instance, contain upwards of thirty times as much vitamin
C as do oranges, and rose hip tea is a valuable source of this
vitamin. Peppermint tea is perhaps the most popular, in terms of flavor, of all herb teas, with strawberry leaf, papaya leaf,
alfalfa, fenugreek, sassafras, nettle, shave grass, squaw tea,
juniper berry, and many other kinds also offering pleasing
flavors. SEASONINGS
   The fact that salt and most of our common spices have been
proven to be quite irritating to the human body does not mean
that all forms of seasoning are objectionable in this respect. Here, as with so many other foods, we note that civilized man
has confined his use of seasonings chiefly to those which are
known for their irritating qualities. There has been a peculiar
avoidance of a large number of herb seasonings which are not
only healthful when used in moderate amounts, but also   possess delightful flavors even surpassing those of the
harmful group of condiments. The dried herbs which are suitable in good nutrition include
bay leaf, garlic, dill, onion, chives, parsley, sage, mint, sorrel,
sassafras, thyme, caraway, fennel, basil, and chervil. Some of
these may be home-grown in any window flower pot, and then dried in the sun. They may also be purchased from
commercial sources. The herbs can be used to add flavor to
uncooked soups, meats, salads, and other foods. Dehydrated
vegetable flakes, made from a single vegetable species, or
from a variety of vegetables, may be employed for the same
purpose. As a substitute for salt, dehydrated vegetable broth powder
is best used. This food is actually rich in mineral nutrients,
and it has no irritating qualities whatsoever. The pure
vegetable broth powder is simply a combination of
dehydrated vegetables, ground into powder form. It may
serve much the same purpose as dried herbs and dehydrated vegetable flakes, being used in raw meats, soups, etc. It may
also be sprinkled on other foods, in much the same manner
that ordinary salt would be used, and added to salad dressing
ingredients to impart extra flavor. The use of even the best seasonings can be overdone. With
the use of devitalized foods, as have lost most of their flavor
in refining, processing, and cooking, an extensive use of seasonings is to be expected in order to replace the lost
flavor. However, raw foods possess distinctive flavors of
their own, and nothing is to be gained if these are to be
completely disguised by seasonings. Let us then use natural
seasonings in moderation, to add a little extra tang to certain foods, but not to completely replace the original flavor of
foods. V
EGETABLE OILS
   The use of various kinds of oil extracted from plant
substances is important in improving the human dietary. A
number of laboratory and clinical experiments conducted over a period of many years have shown that most unrefined
vegetable oils contain substances which help to reduce the
cholesterol content of the blood. When these substances are
not present, the excess of plasma cholesterol is unstable and
not properly emulsified. The cholesterol thus tends to collect along the walls of the arteries, producing hardening of the
arteries and coronary heart di sease. Lecithin and certain
unsaturated fatt
y acids, found in unrefined ve getable oils, tend to act as an emulsifying agent for cholesterol and
prevent it from caking along the walls of the arteries. Keston
and Silbowitz, in experiments with rabbits, showed that the
lecithin of soy bean oil kept cholesterol from collecting in the blood and prevented hardening of the arteries. Drs. Pottenger
and Krohn found that the administration of soy bean lecithin
to patients on high-cholesterol diets produced a 79 per cent
reduction in blood cholesterol. Other experiments have
shown that the unsaturated fatty acids in sunflower seed oil, safflower seed oil, and certain other vegetable oils also
tended to cause a dramatic reduction of the blood cholesterol level. Six years of experiments with 300 men, women, and
children have shown that unrefined wheat germ oil is of
exceptional value in increasing physical endurance and
improving heart response. Drs. Cureton and Pohndorf, studying middle-aged men of a university faculty, observed
improved endurance, better response in electrocardiograph,
blood pressure, and pulse 'wave tests, together with quicker
speed reactions to light and sound, when a supplement of
unrefined wheat germ oil was administered each day. Dr. Counsilman, of Cortland State Teachers College in New
York, reported experiments in which track athletes were
given a teaspoon of wheat germ oil each day, achieving
thereby marked improvements in endurance and the capacity
of the heart to do work. Among boys seven to fourteen years old, marked improvements in the endurance have been
registered when wheat germ oil was administered. Evidence
has also been recorded showing that wheat germ oil is valuable in treating certain types of muscular dystrophy and
in improving the efficiency of reproduction. Similar
advantages have been reported upon the administration of
wheat germ oil to laboratory animals. In the face of all such
evidence, there need be no doubt but what wheat germ oil, as well as other forms of unrefined vegetable oil, deserve an
important place in the uncooked diet. The ordinary salad oils and cooking oils which are used in
conventional cookery are of little or no value in supplying the
vitamin E and other vital nutrients  which we expect to receive
from the best natural vegetable oils. It is important to buy
vegetable oils in their crude non-filtered state in order to achieve the fullest benefit. Such oils are darker in color than
refined oils, and they still possess some odor and flavor. Most
good vegetable oils are cold-pressed, although solvent-
extracted oils are also acceptable if they are prepared at low
temperatures. Among the vegetable oils which may be used in good nutrition are: olive oil, soy bean oil, corn oil,
sunflower seed oil
, wheat germ oil, rice bran oil, sesame seed oil, peanut oil, and safflower seed oil. These oils may be used
in salad dressing recipes, and for all other culinary purposes
in which oils are necessary. They may also be taken alone for
medicinal purposes whenever a specific need for extra
vitamin E, lecithin, unsaturated fatty acids, etc., exists. GRAIN PRODUCTS
   All raw grains are usually considered non-edible, but this
belief is not warranted by facts. Fresh wheat is soft and succulent prior to ripening and may be eaten in its natural state. After ripening, the softer varieties may still be used in
the diet. When chewed and mixed with saliva, the grains
gradually soften into a succulent mass. Certain types of raw grains may be soaked overnight in water or milk and served
in the same liquid with honey or fruits as a cereal the next
morning. One can also use raw whole grain flour wheat germ,
and rice bran in the diet. These may be sprinkled on salads
and mixed with milk and other ingredients and made into unleavened bread dough, which may be pressed into flat
pieces and kept under refrigerati on. No baking is required for
grain products of this type, and uncooked bread may form an
important part of the diet. Another excellent way of utilizing raw grains is to permit
them to sprout. When grains sprout, many chemical changes take place, enhancing the original value of the seed. The starch is converted into sugar, thereby rendering the food
more easily digestible. More amino acids are developed, and
there is a marked increase in values for niacin, biotin,
pantothenic acid, inositol, folic acid, and pyridoxine. Vitamin
A is also manufactured during the sprouting process, as is vitamin C, the latter often


 or culture experience the benefits of proper bowel function. Too few people live in a manner that enables t hem
to maintain the  natural balance of the body. Therefore, if we are going to live unnaturally, it would be wise to learn what is
necessary to counteract some of the maladies that we create in our personal environment. Sometimes I wonder if a person can e ver
be truly happy or healthy while living in a city where natural processes are so disturbed, and often absent altogether. Are we trying
to keep people well against all odds? The medical arts today spend much time and money patching up the effects of an
environment that is actually toxic and hazardous to health. Most of today’s doctors are treating people for ailments that are direct
results of “civilized” living. These “environmental ailments” are ‘ reaching epidemic proportions, and rather than eliminate the
cause of the d isturbance, it is a case of keeping people going while they continue to addictively tear themselves down. True, lasting
and abiding health is the result of conscious discipline in cleanliness of body, mind and spirit. All else is a compromise. When the bo dy becomes polluted with toxic substances, those forces that maintain health and vitality diminish in proportion to the
extent of the invasion. As they diminish, the morbid (disease producing) substances flourish. Such is the case with intestina l flora. Intestinal flora are those micro organisms which live in the bowels of man. There is a great variety of these microscopic life forms
and they play a very important role in health and disease. Where health and vitality are found, we invariably find the friend ly and
beneficial microbes. Where there is decay and disease we find the organisms that perform this function. There is no aspect of
earthly life in which these life forms do not have an important role to play. They are everywhere; we literally live in an ocean of
them. They work unceasingly to bring about the transformations that they are designed to produce. To a large extent the flora  in
the bowel determines the state of health in an individual. The large bowel is in fact a mobile compost heap, constantl y giving up
finished compost and taking on new materials for treatment. As everyone knows, a compost heap is a very special thing. Here i s
where the waste products of living things, both animal and vegetable, | are collected for the purpose of promoting a process of
decay and breakdown. When the process is completed, we have the finest beginnings for new life to get started. Out of the old  and
dead, comes the new and alive. What is at the interface of this paradoxical phenomenon? Bacterial and micro life fo rms. They are the recyclers, the transformers. They are nature’s labor force, accomplishing some of the most complex chemical reactions known to man. We are constantly
trying to copy or somehow utilize the processes they are capable of producing. Some of t he deadliest substances in existence are
produced as metabolites of these bacteria. All life upon the planet is affected by their presence. It has been determined tha t the
colon contains not only 400 to 500 varieties of bacteria, fungi, yeast and virus, bu t that the populations vary from the center of the
colon to those living in the mucous lining; from those inhabiting the right side to those that inhabit the left side of the b owel. Research has found evidence which indicates that the mucus secreted by th e intestine very much determines the kind of bacteria
that will grow there. In addition, it has been found that it takes more than a year on the average for a new diet to produce any
noticeable change in the flora. Of those things that greatly alter the ba cterial life in the colon, drugs are the most powerful. In
particular are the “broad spectrum” antibiotics. It has been found that antibiotic -treated animals have higher blood cholesterol
levels. Those bacteria which help control cholesterol levels are kil led off by the drug. These drugs can also cause inflammation of
the intestinal wall. Antibiotics will, as a rule, wreak havoc in the intestinal ecology, and should, if possible, be avoided. In
addition, there is an immunity reaction that can occur in which  the body develops an inability to utilize the drug, therefore putting
the beneficial qualities of it out of reach. Overuse develops this syndrome and makes it ineffective in many cases. Penicilli n is one
in particular that has seen much abuse and in a tim e of great need, may prove to be powerless in many people. WHAT CONSTITUTES POOR INTESTINAL FLORA? Those things which man loathes most, morbid substances, are the same things provided by bacteria that can and do live in man’ s
intestines. I believe the pre ponderance of unfriendly bacteria in the average American bowel would reach as high as 85%.<|eot_id|><|begin_of_text|>Summarize the following text section accurately and concisely. Maintain specific details and numerical information, and use anti-repetition mechanisms:

        The cellular metabolism becomes
sluggish, repair and growth are delayed and the ability to elimina te waste materials is lowered. The cells, instead of being alive and
active, become dead and inactive. This process results in a decline in tissue and organ functional ability. Dr. Alexis Carrell, at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, took sm all pieces of heart tissue from a chicken embyro to
produce one of the most remarkable experiments in medical history. He attempted to demonstrate that under suitable conditions,
the living cell could live a very long time, perhaps indefinitely. The heart tissue was immersed in a nutrient solution from which it
obtained its food. Likewise, waste material was secreted by the heart tissue into this same solution. Everyday the solution w as
changed, taking away waste substances and providing fresh nutrients. It  is amazing to report that this chicken heart tissue lived for
29 years in this fashion. It died one day when the assistant forgot to change the metabolized polluted fluid. In other words,
autointoxication claimed this great masterpiece of experimental sci entific investigation. Said Carrell of this experience, “The cell is
immortal. It is merely the fluid in which it floats which degenerates. Renew this fluid at intervals, give the cell something  upon
which to feed and, so far as we know, the pulsation of l ife may go on forever. ”

The primary causes of constipation can be summarized as follows: faulty nutrition, ignoring the call to eliminate, lack of ph ysical
activity, emotional and mental distress, extrinsic poisons and medications and lack of adequate amo unts of water. Faulty nutrition,
as we have already seen, is a major underlying factor in constipation. Processed, devitalized foods low in fiber or bulk are not
suitable substances to promote health and well -being. Ignoring the call to eliminate feces or urine contribute greatly to cellular
congestion, autointoxication and eliminative organ distress. The lack of physical exercise makes weak and flaccid muscle tone
incapable of holding up under the demands of poor diets and extra eliminative duty. Emotional  and mental strain and tension
produce unfavorable conditions in the digestive and eliminative organs, causing them to become tense and underactive. These a lso
cause chemical imbalances and abnormal secretions to occur, generally upsetting the whole organi sm. Extrinsic poisons, such as
tobacco, coffee, alcohol, chocolate and sugar, have unfavorable effects upon digestion and elimination by upsetting gastric
secretions and nerve responses. Medications have a very upsetting effect upon these life -giving funct ions. They cause many
afflictions in the bowel. Antibiotics, such as penicillin and sulfa, can completely eliminate the favorable intestinal flora,  leaving the
opportunity for reinfestation by harmful bacteria and virus. Laxatives are irritating to the bow el and are dangerous if used
frequently. Most people also do not drink enough water; they are chronically dehydrated. This causes all body tissues and fluids to becom e
thicker and more viscid. The mucous lining in the colon changes in consistency, failin g to provide a slick lubrication for the
movement of feces. Poor living habits contribute a great deal to poor bowel function. Not following a good program denies the
body regularity and consistency. It never knows what’s coming next and can’t depend upon a regular routine. It is always on the
defensive. This situation results in a depletion of vital nerve force and undermines the body’s ability to set periods of res t and
activity. Today, there are more than 45,000 laxative and cathartic remedies being manu factured and used by Americans alone. Even when used sparingly and in an emergency, these substances should be used with great caution, if at all. The mechanism of
elimination is very delicate and easily upset. Once disturbed, it will often require weeks, maybe months, before it becomes
regular again. These substances, in order to evacuate the colon, are essentially poisons and irritants. They contribute nothi ng to
restore normal or natural processes of defecation. The poisoned colon tries to evacuate the offending substance as quickly as
possible, and pushes everything out including the compacted feces. Oftentimes, these harsh poisonous substances are absorbed
through the lymph and blood vessels and find their way to all parts of the body. This situation c ontributes to addiction and
overuse of these substances. Dependency upon laxative compounds will in time, permanently destroy the normal ability of the
bowel to eliminate naturally on its own accord. Laxatives tire out the bowel muscle by keeping it consta ntly working. Without rest,


 read the story, make it fit the pattern of self. Know that your con -
sciousness is the only reality. Then know what you want to be. Then as -
sume the feeling of being that which you want to be, and remain faithful
to your assumption, living and acting on your conviction. Always make it
fit that pattern. *****
Our third interpretation is the story of Isaac and his two sons: Esau and
Jacob. The picture is drawn of a blind man being deceived by his second
son into giving him the blessing which belonged to his first son. The story
stressed the point that the deception was accomplished through the sense
of touch. “And Isaac said unto Jacob, come near, I pray thee that I may feel thee,
my son, whether thou be my very son Esau or not. And Jacob went near
unto Isaac his father; and he felt him. And it came to pass, as soon as
Isaac had made an end of blessing Jacob, and Jacob was yet scarce gone
out from the presence of Isaac his father, that Esau his brother came in
from his hunting.” (Gen 27:21). This story can be very helpful if you will re-enact it now. Again bear in
mind that all the characters of the Bible are personifications of abstract
More Free Books Law of Attraction Havenideas and must be fulfilled in the individual man. You are the blind father
and both sons. Isaac is old and blind, and sensing the approach of death, calls his first
son Esau a rough hairy boy, and sends him into the woods that he may
bring in some venison. The second son, Jacob, a smooth skinned boy, overheard the request of
his father. Desiring the birthright of his brother, Jacob, the smooth
skinned son, slaughtered one of his father's flock and skinned it. Then,
dressed in the hairy skins of the kid he had slaughtered, he came through
subtlety and betrayed his father into believing that he was Esau. The father said, “Come close my son that I may feel you. I cannot see,
but come that I may feel.” Note the stress that is placed upon feeling in
this story. He came close and the father said to him, “The voice is Jacob's voice, but
the hands are the hands of Esau.” and Feeling the roughness, the reality
of the son Esau, he pronounced the blessing and gave it to Jacob. You are told in the story that as Isaac pronounced the blessing and Jacob
had scarcely gone out from his presence, that his brother Esau came in
from his hunting. This is an important verse. Do not become distressed in our practical ap -
proach to it, for as you sit here you, too, are Isaac. This room in which
you are seated is your present Esau. This is the rough or sensibly known
world, known by the reason of your bodily organs. All of your senses bear
witness to the fact that you are here in this room. Everything tells you
that you are here, but perhaps you do not want to be here. You can apply this toward any objective. The room in which you are seat -
ed at any time – the environment in which you are placed, this is your
rough or sensibly known world or son which is personified in the story as
Esau. What you would like in place of what you have or are is your
smooth skinned state or Jacob, the supplanter. You do not send your visible world hunting, as so many people do, by de -
nial. By saying it does not exist you make it all the more real. Instead,
you simply remove your attention from the region of sensation which at
this moment is the room round about you, and you concentrate your at -
tention on that which you want to put in its place, that which you want to
make real. In concentrating on your objective, the secret is to bring it here. You must
make elsewhere here and then now. Imagine that you objective is so
More Free Books Law of Attraction Havenclose that you can feel it. Suppose at this very moment I want a piano here in this room. To see a
piano in my mind's eye existing elsewhere does not do it. But to visualize
it in this room as though it were here and to put my mental hand upon
the piano and to feel it solidly real, is to take that subjective state person -
ified as my second son Jacob and bring it so close that I can feel it. Isaac is called a blind man. You are blind because you do not see your ob -
jective with your bodily organs, you cannot see it with your objective
senses. You only perceive it with your mind, but you bring it so close that
you can feel it as though it were solidly real now. When this is done and
you lose yourself in its reality and feel it to be real, open your eyes. When you open your eyes what happens? The room that you had shut out
but a moment ago returns from the hunt. You no sooner gave the blessing
– felt the imaginary state to be real – then the objective world, which
seemingly was unreal, returns. It does not speak to you with words as
recorded of Esau, but the very room round about you tells you by its
presence that you have been self-deceived. It tells you that when you lost yourself in contemplation, feeling that you
were now what you wanted to be, feeling that you now possess what you
desire to possess, that you were simply deceiving self. Look at this room. It denies that you are elsewhere. If you know the law, you now say: “Even though your brother came
through subtlety and betrayed me and took your birthright, I gave him
your blessing and I cannot retract.”
In other words, you remain faithful to this subjective reality and you do
not take back from it the power of birth. You gave it the right of birth and
it is going to become objective within this world of yours. There is no
room in this limited space of yours for two things to occupy the same
space at the same time. By making the subjective real it resurrects itself
within your world. Take the idea that you want to embody, and assume that you are already
it. Lose yourself in feeling this assumption is solidly real. As you give it
this sense of reality, you have given it the blessing which belongs to the
objective world, and you do not have to aid its birth any more than you
have to aid the birth of a child or a seed you plant in the ground. The
seed you plant grows unaided by a man, for it contains within itself all the
power and all the plans necessary for self-expression. You can this night re-enact the drama of Isaac blessing his second son
and see what happens in the immediate future in your world. Your present
More Free Books Law of Attraction Havenenvironment vanishes, all the circumstances of life change and make way
for the coming of that to which you have given your life. As you walk,
knowing that you are what you wanted to be, you objectify it without the
assistance of another. *****
The fourth story for tonight is taken from the last of the books attributed
to Moses. If you need proof that Moses did not write it, read the story
carefully. It is found in the 34th chapter of the book of Deuteronomy. Ask
any priest or rabbi, 'who is the author of this book? ', and they will tell you
that Moses wrote it. In the 34th chapter of Deuteronomy you will read of a man writing his own
obituary, that is, Moses wrote this chapter. A man may sit down and write
what he would like to have placed upon his tombstone, but here is a man
who writes his own obituary. And then he dies and so completely rubs
himself out that he defies posterity to find where he has buried himself. “So Moses the servant of the Lord died there in the land of Moab, accord -
ing to the word of the Lord. And he buried him in the valley in the land of
Moab, over against Beth-poer: but no man knoweth of his sepulchre until
this day. And Moses was a hundred and twenty years old when he died;
his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated.” (Deut. 34:5, 6, 7). You must this night – not tomorrow – learn the technique of writing your
own obituary and so completely die to what you are that no man in this
world can tell you whore you buried the old man. If you are now ill and
you become well, and I know you by reason of the fact that you are ill,
where can you point and tell me you buried the sick one? If you are impoverished and borrow from every friend you have, and then
suddenly you roll in wealth, where did you bury the poor man? You so
completely rub out poverty in your mind's eye that there is nothing in this
world you can point to and claim, that is where I left it. A complete trans -
formation of consciousness rubs out all evidence that anything other than
this ever existed in the world. The most beautiful technique for the realizing of man's objective is given
in the first verse of the 34th chapter of Deuteronomy:
“And Moses went up from the Plains of Moab unto the mountain of Nebo,
to the top of Pisgah


 at eight to fourteen
per cent, depending upon states, so, except for frankly advertised
ice cream substitutes, all ice cream could be depended upon to
contain some cream, which was always pasteurized and homogen-
ized. Refined sugar was the primary ingredient and often ex-
ceeded the cream in quantity. The chemical anti-freeze ingredi- ICE CREAM
ent, diethyl glucol, was used in place of eggs as an emulsifier in
much ice cream. Other ingredients included artificial flavoring
extracts, artificial coloring extracts, pure starch, gum arabic,
canned milk, and powdered milk. In some cases slaughter house
wastes and tallow were also added. Carboxymethyl was often
employed as a stabilizer in ice cream, and the anti-oxidant, di-
hydroguaiaretic acid, was commonly used to prevent spoilage. The new requirements for ice cream, set by the Food and Drug
Administration in 1958, provide for a limited improvement in
ice cream quality. Some of the chemical additives, including cer-
tain acid emulsifiers that break down the barrier between fat
and water, are now forbidden. Such stabilizers as gelatin, locust-
bean, gum sodium alginate, guar-seed gum, and extract of Irish
peat moss may continue in use. Artificial flavors and colors are
still permitted for ice cream, although real fruit flavors are re-
quired for sherbets and water ices. All ice cream must now include
at least lo per cent milk fat and 20 per cent milk solids. The
ice cream must weigh a minimum of four and a half pounds per
gallon, to hold down the quantity of air that is whipped into the
product. A minimum of one and six-tenths pounds of solid
substance per gallon is now required to assure a better balance
between water and cream. These are improvements, it is true, but they do not assure a
healthful product. There is still not a single completely whole-
some ingredient in ordinary commercial ice cream. All of the
cream remains pasteurized; refined sugar is still the primary ingre-
dient, and artificial flavors and colors remain in use. It is true -
all ingredients are "pure:' but this very purity can be a serious
disadvantage. T11e "pure" white sugar used, for instance, is cer-
tainly less desirable than natural sweetening agents which still
contain such "impurities" as minerals and vitamins. These statements do not constitute a criticism of real ice
cream, made from raw cream and milk, eggs, honey, and fresh
fruit or juice for flavoring. You can have ice cream and you can
have good health, providing you obtain the genuine product DANGERS IN MODERN FOODS
rather than the adulterated mixture of commerce. For the pres-
ent, this brings ice cream making back to the home. With a
standard hand-operated ice cream freezer, or the extra convenient
electric freezer, you can make a real health food, suitable for
child and adult alike, which will surpass commercial ice cream
in flavor as well as nutritional value. XVII. The Practical Application
A BSTINENCE FROM THE DANGEROUS
highly-processed foods of civilization is a foremost requirement
on the road to good health. But it is not the only requirement. We may live upon unrefined foods, free from all chemical addi-
tives, but if these are grown upon depleted soils and largely
devitalized through extensive heat-processing, health may still
be impaired to some degree. There is a fundamental need for
unsprayed foods grown upon fertile soils in good nutrition. There
is an equally important need for the heat-labile nutrients which
can be obtained only through adequate intake of raw foods. For a
balanced healthy life, we also need pure air, regular exercise,
exposure to sunlight, sufficient rest, mental tranquility, and all
of the other normal hygienic requirements of life. Here we have
covered an important part of the nutritional phase of healthful
living, which, while not offering a complete answer to all health
problems, does provide us with one of the most important keys
for physical improvement in modern life. The concluding picture of good nutrition is an optimistic one. When the dangerous foods of civilization are omitted from the
diet, not only will human health improve, but there will be
much greater pleasure from eating. The alteration, treatment, and
processing of food has proved very costly, not only in terms of
human health, but perhaps equally so with respect to our enjoy-
ment of foods. Unusual as it may seem, popular opinion has
decreed that a food must be either healthful or palatable; we DANGERS IN MODERN FOODS THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION
have assumed that foods are nutritious in proportion to their
lack of flavor and harmful in proportion to their delicious flavors. Actually, this is far from the case, as any brief consideration will
indicate. What are some of the choices in food now before us? Fresh
fruits from the tree and bush, or the canned products of com-
merce; succulent, tender greens in their raw state, or soggy
vegetables from the boiling pan; the fragrant and delicious forms
of honey, or white sugar; raw, crisp, brown nuts fresh from their
shells, or fumigated nut-meats and salt and oil-soaked nut prepa-
rations; the crisp meat of the mature coconut and the fine
custard of the jelly coconut, or colored oil and sugared shreds;
real whole grain products, or tasteless starch; sun-dried fruit-
honey-nut confections, or artificially flavored and colored
mixtures of refined ingredients; delicious natural cheeses, or
processed cheeses; fresh meat cuts from healthy animals, or
hormonized meats and tinned and processed meats; pure vege-
table broth powder, or common salt; delicate herbal seasonings,
or irritating condiments; fresh raw milk, or pasteurized, con-
densed, evaporated, boiled, and dried milk; fresh fruit and vege-
table juices, or soft drinks, delicious herbal teas, or caffeine-
containing beverages; pure spring water, or chemically treated
water. It is apparent that healthful eating does not involve a single
sacrifice in terms of our enjoyment of foods. On the contrary, a
return to natural foodstuffs will allow the development of a true
Epicuran art which may greatly increase the pleasure of eating. Man today is sacrificing the fully-developed and complete flavors
of real foods and is living instead largely upon products which
are either tasteless or rendered edible with artificial flavoring. The
fact that he is still able to enjoy his food at all only shows how
adaptable the sense of taste can be. The total significance of the changes civilization has brought
about in dietary habits can hardly be underestimated. Certainly
the modern phobia for processing foods in every known fashion I has had and will continue to have a great effect upon the standard
1
1 of public health. Today many physicians recognize that the
"deficiency" diseases result from defective diet, but analysis of
modern foods and their effects clearly shows that most of the
I infectious and degenerative diseases may also have a nutritional
basis. The individual and national destiny is clearly dependent to
I a great extent upon the future alteration and use of foods. BIBLIOGRAPHY
BAUER & FREYBURG, Vitamin D Intoxication with Metastic
Calcification. American Medical Association, 130, 1208, April
27, 1946. BECKS, H., Dangerous Effects of Vitamin D Overdosage on
Dental And Paradental Structures. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 29,
l947. BECKS, H. and JENSON, A., Dental Caries Prevention Service. J. of Dent. Res., 27, 6, 737, Dec., 1948. CARQUE, O., Rational Diet. Los Angeles, Times-Mirror Press,
1923. CARQUE, O., Vital Facts About Foods. Glendale, Natural
Brands, Inc., 1933. Chemicals in our Food. Modern Nutrition, 11, 3, 11 & 19, Mar. 1958. CUMMINGS, R. O., The American and His Food. Chicago,
University of Chicago Press, 1940. DELANEY, J. J., Peril On Your Food Shelf. American Mag.,
July, 1951. DRUMMOND, J. C., The Place of Bread in the National Diet. J. Roy. Inst. Pub. Health Hyg., 2, 441-450, 1939. Food and Life, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Yearbook, Washing-
ton, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1939. FORMAN, J., Fluorine on Tap: the Case Against It. The Land,
127 1, 9-44, 1953. FURNAS, C. C., The Next Hundred Years. New York, World
Publishing Co., 1942. FURNAS, C. C. and FURNAS, S. M., Man, Bread and Des-
tiny. New York, Reynal & Hitchcock, Inc., 1937. HEISER, V., You're The Doctor. New York, Norton, 1939. JAMES, A. G., Case of Dental Caries Vers


more on the vast area of the mountain sides than is needed for the relatively small population. The
forests have been jealously guarded because they are so greatly needed to prevent slides of snow
and rocks which might engulf and destroy the villages. The valley has a fine educational system of alternate didactic and practical work. All children are
required to attend school six months of the year and to spend the other six months helping with the
farming and dairying industry in which young and old of both sexes must work. The school system
is under the direct supervision of the Catholic Church, and the work is well done. The girls are also
taught weaving, dyeing and garment making. The manufacture of wool and clothing is the chief
homework for the women in the winter. No trucks nor even horses and wagons, let alone tractors, are available to bear the burdens up
and down the mountain sides. This is all done on human backs for which the hearts of the people
have been made especially strong.7/29/13 Nutrition and Physical Degeneration
gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200251h.html#toc 22/250    We are primarily concerned here with the quality of the teeth and the development of the faces
that are associated with such splendid hearts and unusual physiques. I made studies of both adults
and growing boys and girls, during the summer of 1931, and arranged to have samples of food,
particularly dairy products, sent to me about twice a month, summer and winter. These products
have been tested for their mineral and vitamin contents, particularly the fat-soluble activators. The
samples were found to be high in vitamins and much higher than the average samples of
commercial dairy products in America and Europe, and in the lower areas of Switzerland. Hay is cut for winter feeding of the cattle, and this hay grows rapidly. The hay proved, on
chemical analysis made at my laboratory, to be far above the average in quality for pasturage and
storage grasses. Almost every household has goats or cows or both. In the summer the cattle seek
the higher pasturage lands and follow the retreating snow which leaves the lower valley free for the
harvesting of the hay and rye. The turning of the soil is done by hand, since there are neither plows
nor draft animals to drag the plows, in preparation for the next year's rye crop. A limited amount of
garden stuff is grown, chiefly green foods for summer use. While the cows spend the warm
summer on the verdant knolls and wooded slopes near the glaciers and fields of perpetual snow,
they have a period of high and rich productivity of milk. The milk constitutes an important part of
the summer's harvesting. While the men and boys gather in the hay and rye, the women and
children go in large numbers with the cattle to collect the milk and make and store cheese for the
following winter's use. This cheese contains the natural butter fat and minerals of the splendid milk
and is a virtual storehouse of life for the coming winter. From Dr. Siegen, I learned much about the life and customs of these people. He told me that
they recognize the presence of Divinity in the life-giving qualities of the butter made in June when
the cows have arrived for pasturage near the glaciers. He gathers the people together to thank the
kind Father for the evidence of his Being in the life-giving qualities of butter and cheese made when
the cows eat the grass near the snow line. This worshipful program includes the lighting of a wick in
a bowl of the first butter made after the cows have reached the luscious summer pasturage. This
wick is permitted to burn in a special sanctuary built for the purpose. The natives of the valley are
able to recognize the superior quality of their June butter, and, without knowing exactly why, pay it
due homage. The nutrition of the people of the Loetschental Valley, particularly that of the growing boys and
girls, consists largely of a slice of whole rye bread and a piece of the summer-made cheese (about
as large as the slice of bread), which are eaten with fresh milk of goats or cows. Meat is eaten
about once a week. In the light of our newer knowledge of activating substances, including
vitamins, and the relative values of food for supplying minerals for body building, it is clear why
they have healthy bodies and sound teeth. The average total fat-soluble activator and mineral
intake of calcium and phosphorus of these children would far exceed that of the daily intake of the
average American child. The sturdiness of the child life permits children to play and frolic
bareheaded and barefooted even in water running down from the glacier in the late evening's chilly
breezes, in weather that made us wear our overcoats and gloves and button our collars. Of all the
children in the valley still using the primitive diet of whole rye bread and dairy products the average
number of cavities per person was 0.3. On an average it was necessary to examine three persons
to find one defective deciduous or permanent tooth. The children examined were between seven
and sixteen years of age. If one is fortunate enough to be in the valley in early August and witness the earnestness with
which the people celebrate their national holiday, he will be privileged to see a sight long to be
remembered. These celebrations close with the gathering together of the mountaineers on various
crags and prominences where great bonfires are lighted from fuel that has been accumulated and
built into an enormous mound to make a huge torchlight. These bonfires are lighted at a given hour
from end to end of the valley throughout its expanse. Every mountaineer on a distant crag seeing
the lights knows that the others are signalling to him that they, too, are making their sacred
consecration in song which says one for all and all for one." This motive has been crystallized into
action and has become a part of the very souls of the people. One understands why doors do not7/29/13 Nutrition and Physical Degeneration
gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200251h.html#toc 23/250need to be bolted in the Loetschental Valley. How different the level of life and horizon of such souls from those in many places in the so-
called civilized world in which people have degraded themselves until life has no interest in values
that cannot be expressed in gold or pelf, which they would obtain even though the life of the
person being cheated or robbed would thereby be crippled or blotted out. One immediately wonders if there is not something in the life-giving vitamins and minerals of the
food that builds not only great physical structures within which their souls reside, but builds minds
and hearts capable of a higher type of manhood in which the material values of life are made
secondary to individual character. In succeeding chapters we will see evidence that this is the case. Our quest has been for information relative to the health of the body, the perfection of the teeth,
and the normality of development of faces and dental arches, in order that we might through an
analysis of the foods learn the secret of such splendid body building and learn from the people of
the valley how the nutrition of all groups of people may be reinforced, so that they, too, may be
free from mankind's most universal disease, tooth decay and its sequelae. These studies included
not only the making of a physical examination of the teeth, the photographing of subjects, the
recording of voluminous data, the obtaining of samples of food for chemical analysis, the collecting
of detailed information regarding daily menus; but also the collecting of samples of saliva for
chemical analysis. The chemical analysis of saliva was used to test out my newly developed
procedure for estimating the level of immunity to dental caries for a given person at a given time. This procedure is outlined in following chapters. The samples of saliva were preserved by an
addition of formalin equivalent in amount to one per cent of the sample of saliva. These children will, it is hoped, be reexamined in succeeding years in order to make
comparative studies of the effect of the changes in the local nutritional programs. Some of these
changes are already in progress. There is now a modern bakery dispensing white bread and many
white-flour products which was in full operation in 1932. I inquired of many persons regarding the most favorable districts in which to make further
studies of groups of people living in protected isolation because of their physical environment, and
decided to study some special high Alpine valleys between the Rhone Valley and Italy, which I
included in 1932. The Canton of Wallis is bordered by French-speaking people on the west, by
Italian-speaking people on the south, and by German-speaking people on the east and north. I had
as guides and interpreters in Wallis, Dr. Alfred Gysi and also Dr. Adolf Roos through part of the
territory. Our first expedition was into the valley of the Visp which is a great gorge extending southward
from the Rhone River, dividing into two gorges, one going to the Saas Fee country, and the other
to the vicinity of the Matterhorn with its almost spirelike pinnacle lifting itself above the surrounding
snow-capped mountains and visible from eminences in all directions as one of the mightiest and
most sublime spectacles in the world. It was one of the last mountains of Europe to be scaled by
man. One has not seen the full majesty of the Alps if he has not seen the Matterhorn. We left the mountain railroad, which makes many of the


. Electric fields in physics are not only widely accepted, but
technologie s based upon them have been extraordinarily pro
ductive. In non-living matter, fields are definable in terms of
forces between charges. They are, in part, a measure of the re
lationships between entities. In living systems, therefore, since
the entities of which they are composed are the same entities as
are to be found in non-living matter, the same forces between
the units may be presumed. The basic difference between the two
lies in the enormously increased complexity of the necessary re
latednesses in living organisms. It would seem reasonable to assume, therefore, that the rela
tionship of entities in living organisms may be measured by field
properties just as successfully as in atoms or between atoms. It should be noted that the electro-static fields do not exist
in the absence of charges nor charges in the absence of fields. They are both fundamental properties of matter. In living
organisms it can be said that chemical components, wherever they
possess charges, cannot exist without fields nor can fields be
found except in the presence of charges. It is equally dear that the business of living is not a static
affair; it is a moving, dynamic process. For this energy is required
and it is the chemistry of biological systems which provides it. But energy is a scalar property and is. itself, indifferent to the
direction in which it flows. In general, it is the second law of
thermodynamics which directs the flow in such a manner as to
increase the entropy of the system. It seems from our observations that this direction is also
characterized by electrical gradien ts, much as though the second
law was augmented by electrical signposts. Moreover, these
electrical signs have an astonishing constancy in spite of the
67 THE UBI QU ITOUS FIELD
enormously complex chemical flux. Such constancy of directional
control, in fact, is one of the s triking attributes of the developing
organism. Quas i-electro- static fields, although changing slowly,
persist in time and can, perhaps to some approximation, be con
ceived as providing the necessary direction. The experiments reported by us in collaboration with Dr. Mauro provide additional evidence of the validity of the original
assumption. 4
Pursuing our exploration of fields in widely-differen t living
forms, we made a study of the voltage-gradients in the marine
animal, Obelia, a polyp. These experiments were carried out
through the courtesy of the late Dr. F.<|eot_id|><|begin_of_text|>
Q: What is the advantage of using silver chloride electrodes in physiological solutions?,
A: The silver chloride electrode is more reproducible and can be used in the same solution as the living system, avoiding liquid junction potentials.
Q: What is the purpose of the experiment involving a rabbit and a salt-filled chamber?,
A: The experiment aimed to study the electrical properties of the ovarian tissue and confirm the findings in humans.
Q: What is the main focus of the study on salamanders?,
A: The study explores the electro-metric correlates of the growth and development of salamanders, as well as the electro-metric properties of the embryo.
Q: What is the significance of the study on cucurbit fruits?,
A: The study aims to investigate the relationship between the electrical patterns and the morphological pattern of the fruit development, which is crucial for understanding plant morphogenesis.
Q: What is the purpose of the experiment on mice?,
A: The experiment is designed to explore the electro-metric correlates of the growth and development of the nervous system, which is essential for understanding the growth and development of the organism.<|eot_id|><|begin_of_text|>If the electrical patterns have any significance, the electrical
correla tes of these differences should be manifest. A statistical
analysis shows that the mean potential measured between the
attached end of the corn kernel and its opposite pole gave highly
significant results. Aside from the generally different mean, however, the most
striking finding was a very great difference between the mean of
the single gene mutant and the parent stock. It is remarkable that
the change of a single gEne in the parent stock should produce
such profound and significant change in the over-all pattern of
the voltage difference. The conclusion seems to be inescapable
that there is a very close relationship between the genetic con
stitution and the electrical pa ttern. If further studies should
confirm this conclusion, it seems very probable that one of the
ways the chromosomes impart design to protoplasm is through
the medium of an electro-dynamic field. In these studies of voltage gradients in maize kernels, the
longitudinal gradient between the germinal end and the micro
polar end of the seed was used as a test measurement. Under the
couditions of the experiment there appeared to be, first of all, an
immediate potential, which was called the prime potential. Moments after this prime potential was determined, the voltage
gradient nearly always dropped to a much lower value and re
mained remarkably stable for the minutes during which the
observations were made. The prime potentials apparently show a high correlation
with the seeds' viability, but have no particular reference to
plant growth. The equilibrium potential, on the other hand, is
not correlated with seed viability but rather with the inherent
genetic constitution of a plant, since by use of the potentiometer
and equilibrium potential determinations, one can segregate from
a given population those seeds with superior growth characteris
tics. Further, these poten tial differences hetween seeds have been
highly correlated with the growth of progeny for one generation
removed. For these reasons the potentiometer may prove to be
a useful tool for the plant breeder. 71 THE UBIQUITOUS FIELD
Electro-metric data from maize seeds show remarkable cor
relation with growth potentials in the corn kernel, as well as a
significant relationship to genetic constitution. These fin dings
raise the old question of which is more important, the genetic
constitution of a living system, or the environment in which it
lives? 6
As a contribution to this problem, a study was made of the
reactions to a stimulus of the sensitive plant, Mimosa. It is well
known, of course, that a branch will collapse when touched. Its
electrical correlates, therefore, at the collapse of the branch pro
vide a clue as to the importance of the changing physical en
vironment of a living system and its electrical correlates. It is well known, too, that in all biological systems there
exists a multiplicity of phase boundaries. The existence of a
potential difference across the phase boundaries is generally
accepted. It is commonly held that the membrane potential at a
phase boundary is a consequence of a difference in concentrations
of electrolytes on opposite sides of the boundary. In the non-living
system this potential approaches zero as ionic equilibrium is
reached. It has been more or less logically concluded, therefore,
that the existence and variation of potential difference can be
explained by the known initial differences in concentrations with
consequent movement of ions across the boundary. The living system, on the other hand, differs somewhat from
the physical chemical situation in that the potential differences,
instead of approaching zero with time, are maintained at an
astonishin gly stable level. The maintenance of this level of poten
tial difference presupposes constant recruitment and it is natural
to assume that this recruitment comes in large measure from
chemical activity. Moreover, it is not at all impossible that one of
the mechanisms regulating and controlling chemical activity is
resident in the potential difference. In other words, if this problem is looked at from a slightly
different angle, it is legitimate to make the assumption that in
72 THE UBIQU ITOUS FIELD
a living system the total energy intake appears, in part, in the
chemical flux of metabolism and,in part, in stored energy in
potential differences. If this assumption is true, it follows, then,
that by studying potential differences during rest and during ac
tivity a record could be made of a general level of immediately
available energy, as represented by algcbraicIy-summated bound
ary potentials. In the face of the demand for activity this reservoir of poten
tial energy could be tapped. When the biological system is at rest,
the potentials could be recorded as DC potentials, but when
protoplasm is thrown into any kind of activity, such as neural
transmission, muscle contraction and similar events, the first sign
of that activity would lie in the sudden withdrawal from the
reservoir of electrical energy. In other words, a drop in potential
differences. Then, mobilization of chemical properties might
be expected to re-establish the original level of the potential
difference. Through studies of both DC and AC phenomena in the living
system, it should be possible, therefore, to obtain straightforward
records of fundamental biological activity. Since in a complex
animal organization this is exceedingly difficult, not much pro
gress has been made. In plants, which presumably are much
simpler, the problem can be attacked more readily. For this
reason, therefore, the studies of the electrical response associated
with a stimulus to the sensitive plant, Mimosa, were made. The most striking thing about the results is the very great
similarity between the electrical response of the stimulus reaction
in Mimosa to the electrical records of propagated electrical re
sponse of the action current in vertebrate neurones. The magni
tude of the response is, of course, very much greater,