 signs of recently recognized water shortage in the body. We are now at the dawn of a new era in medical scie nce. 'It is chronic water shortage in the body that causes most
of the diseases of the human body." The original design of the human body is more com plete than you can Imagine. If we have not known how to maintain it until now, it is our own fault. We have not stopped to think, if the body is
mainly water, where will it get its top-up if we don't drink water on a regular basis? We now know w hen it is calling
for its urgent intake. We need to dwell on this information. Push ing water is not a personal gimmick. There is no
hidden agenda to its promotion. If you share this information with your loved ones, you are its beneficia ries. At present this book is the only sou rce of easy-to-read-and-understand information on chronic dehydration. You
need to read it a few times and understand the profoundness o f the indispensable role of water in the human body. If you do this, you will become a healer too. In this book, you will also get to learn that "fluids" and "water" are not
necessar ily the same. You will learn about the detrimental effects of diet sodas. If you find the information in this book useful, please raise your voice and cry out against the dark and ugly side of
medicine as it is practiced at present. Docto rs are supposed to be healers. Th ey have taken an oath to serve
mankind. It is true that the "business of Am erica is business," but my business-minded colleagues have no right to
obstruct the simple message of 'you are not sick, you are thirsty,"  from reaching a wider cross-section of the public. They have no business converting the pain and suffering of their fellow man into accumulative commercial practices
that we have noticed in the recent past. I most humbly acknowledge that not all doctors put their own gain before the welfare of those who seek their honest
advice. You  only need to take a look at the number of doctors in the small list of reviews of the book to see this fact. Only a very sma ll minority, unfortunately in steering positions, have shed a bad light on our sacred profession. However, "when light comes, darkness has to go." When people begin to understand that water by itself is the best
natural medicine in many "disease" conditions of the body, the black sheep in the sacred profession of medicine will
take their business elsewhere. Traditionally, doctors have been thinkers and philosophers. It is only recently that they have been forced to
memorize pre-digested information to get through the curriculum in teaching hospitals. In reality, books are created
to store information, and the brain is designed to "think." Once we get rid of the burden of having to remember so
much misinformation generated around the conditions that are complications of chronic dehydration, the new
doctors will once again become scho lars and thinkers. That is whe n their pronouncements will be truly respected
and worth their wei ght in gold, and no less th an surgeons' scale of fees. In the hope of a new era of bright lights in medicine, I wish the readers of this book luck for their indispensable part
in the transformation of the present structure of medicine. Each letter that is published in the book is but a sample of
what "water as medicine" can  do in millions who present sim ilar outward manifestations of chronic dehydration. The
arrogant and the ignorant in medical practice will label these letters as "anecdotal" and brush them aside. Infinitelygreater in number, seeing eyes co nnected to thinking brains will recognize in each one of them the new truth, 'you
are not sick,  you are thirsty," that heralds an end to the prese nt medical sting against the publi c.
This book is intended to be read as a "novel" about the love relationship of water and the human body. It is not
designed to be read for "soundbites." This is t he reason why it  does not have an index. I would like to thank my  wife Xiaopo for her loving support and help. I would like to thank Col. Robert T. Sanders for his tireless efforts in the past five years at getting my v iews on
chronic dehydration to be heard by the people he thinks might wish to help in its spread. I would also like to thank all of those who  have been exuberant supporters and have encouraged me to continue
and not get tired. Finally, I would like to thank Mrs. Dorothy Heindel for her editorship of all of my manuscrip ts and
books. F. Batmanghelidj, M.D. February 1995
Introduction
DON'T TREAT  THIRST WITH M EDICATIONS
The significant problems we have cannot be solved at the same level of thinking with which we created them." -Albert Einstein
In December of 1990, Dr. Louis Sullivan, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, reported a rise of 11 percent
in the cost of providing health care to the nation. This cost is estimated to reach $1.6 trillion by the year 2000 and to
consume 28% of the GNP b y the year 2010, if allowed to continue the present trends. The Washington Post, in one of its recent health care analyses, has estimated the 1994 health care costs w ould
reach $1,029.6 billion. Of this amount, $934.8 billion is personal health care costs incurred by the public. Th e federal
government is sa id to be responsible for only $94.8 billion of expenditure. However, this vast expenditure becomes
taxable income for the 9.5 million people employed  at present in the health care system in America. It is dear that
the government stands to gain from the rise in the health care costs o f the nation. Thus, there exists a conflict of
interest betwee n the needs of the public and the intention of the government to preserve its income base. In light of this understanding, we can see why the government would not be interested in taking steps to reduce the
health care
costs of the American people, even though they are by now aware of the basis of the problem. It becomes obvious
that the people are responsible for their own health. They have to protect themselves from commercial
considerations of the health care operators and the government that wishes to maintain health care costs at present
levels. You see, the health care crisis of America that will bankrupt the nation if permitted to continue in its present trend, is
not caused by th e way it  is operated. Nor is it entirely the result of greed-based pricing. It is caused by a most
primitive mistake in the basic premise in the science of physiology that is foundation to all medical and scientific
knowledge of the human body. It is caused because the public and the prof essionals don't yet  know when th e
human body is thirsty fo r water! This situation does not need to remain, or become as desperate as it seems. Very extensive clinical observations
on dyspeptic pain and evaluative research into the physiology of chronic pains sh ow a simple and fundamental
solution to the health care problem of the nation is available. The beauty of this solution is that it is entirely science-
based. It involves a new physiologic understanding of the human body. Th e new information about the human body,
as you must have guessed  from the title of the book, follows. WHY "MEDICI NE" DOESN'T CURE DISEASE
Medical professionals of today do not understand the vital roles of water in the human body. Medications are palliatives. They are not designed to cure the degenerative diseases of the human body. In this book, we will discuss the role of water in the body and how a brief understanding of this topic can transform
the health needs of our society. We will learn how p reventive medicine can become the main approach to health
care in any society. In this book, and in the discussions that follow, the hero is water. We will look at every
explanation with the view that water is the primary substance and the leading agent in the routine events that take
place in the human body. With the primary role of water in mind, we will look at som e disease conditions. The
missing role of water in physiological situations that will eventually become disease conditions will be discussed. In the "diseases" that will be discussed, a possible initial role of water metabolism disturbance will need to be
excluded before we assume these conditions to have been caused through other processes. This is the true
meaning of a preventive approach to health care. We should first exclude the simpler causes for disease
Emergence
in the body and then think of the more complicated. The simple truth is that dehydration can cause disease. Everyone knows that wat er is "good" for the body. Th ey seem not to know how essential it is to one's well-being. They do not know what happens to the body if it does not receive its daily need of water. After  this short book is
read, you will have a clearer understanding of this issue. The solution for prevention and treatment of dehydration-produced diseases is wat er intake on a regular basis. Th is
is what we will define in this book We will discuss why, i n a majority of case s, the conditions that will be mentionedare to be viewed  as dehydration-produced disorders. If, by the simple intake of an added amount of water every day
you can get better, you will not need to worry. You  should seek professional


ag ers, is also great for grown-ups, because
the scnsJtion is dt'tinitcly sexuJl. The annpits, the undersides of
the knet·s, the soles of the feet, the nape of tht· neck, the sides of the torso, and thl.· inner thighs arc n1ost sensitive to tickling. An
infallible erotic prelude is friendly wrestling. Since this playful
tussle requires neither a rdl.·rt-c nor rules, a handcuf f hold by the
stronger partner n1ay easily lead to more interesting activities. A prclin1inary \Vith great physical poten tial is the pillow fight. This bedroor n garnc rnay dissipate any latent sexual hostility and
at the san1e tirnc bring partners to enjoy erotic play fulnes s. Down
pillows \Vith no buttons or other hardware attached arc the ideal
weapons. l)nc can hit the opponen t at various strategic spots with
great gusto, without causing any real injury, as long as no heavy
blows reach the face, breasts, or genitals of either partner. As a
vigorous pillow fight rnay result in a n1ess of flying feathers, one
might \vant to consider pillows with synthetic or rag stuffing. As for clothing. a coup le rnay start their love -play dressed,
partly dressed, or undressed, according to their personal taste and
the whirn of the n1on1ent. Disrobing oneself rapidly bespeaks
either great urgency or lack of finesse. Sometimes partners' un
dressing each other can be a potent source of erotic arousal, se
ductive and titillating. This can be done slowly, in for example a
gan1e of strip poker, in which the loser of each round must divest
one or more articles of clothing. PRE SSING ON AT LovE -PLAY
Whether the prelude lasts the wink of an eye or an hour, or even
days, the unmistakably sexual love-play that follows often evokes
all the senses of both partners. This phase of lovemaking consists
mainly of kissing, hugging, and caressing. These act ivities can
be enjoyed with endless variations. They involve the entire body,
and eventually focus on the genital area. Kissing is an effective and essential part of love-play. The
mouth, lined with soft, pliable tissues including keen tactile and
taste sensors, is an erotic organ. It is extremely responsive to sex
ual stin1ulation. The sensitive nerve endings on the lips and tongue
and elsewhere inside the mouth can react erotically to the touch of
a lover's lips, tongue, and in moments of passion, teeth. The tac
tile sensation varies with the arnount of suction used. Since the
olfactory nerve cells in the nose arc ncar the mouth, the scent of a
partner's breath, n1outh, and the surrou nding skin is highly ar ous-Tire Alrlu·rny t�( Des ire
193 ANC IENT SE CR ETS FOR MODERN LOVERS
194 ing, especially when combined with the very personal taste of lips
and tongue. In erotic mouth-to-mouth kissing, one touches, tastes,
and smells a member of the opposite sex; this intimacy is analo
gous to coitus. The erotic kiss may be as light and fickle as a flitting butterfly,
or as deep and enduring as the celebrated French kiss, indulged in
by the young people of Pays de Mont in Brittany, in which lovers
use their tongues to penetrate and explore one another's mouth,
sometimes for hours on end. Deep kissing is usually the first undeniably erotic act between
lovers. Dependi ng on the degree of intimacy and the mood of the
moment, it often leads to other forms of touching, namely caress
ing. Experienced lovers who want to arouse and pleasure their
mates have quite a store of information on this: modern sex
ologists have enun1erated erogenous zones, and ancient Taoists
mapped various love points on the body. Any part of the body,
actually, could be an erogenous zone. Stroking the nape of the
neck lightly, kissing the sides of the neck, probing the ear open
ing with a stiff tongue, nibbling the earlobe might bring a partner
to a high pitch. Other erogenous zones are the armpits; inside the
elbows, thighs, and knees; at the lower spine; and of course, in the
genital areas. Some of the love points identified by the ancient
Taoists coincide with the erogenous zone s, while others do not. Love points are discussed further in chapter 1 5. The sensitivity of the commonly accepted erogenous zones
differs among individuals; some people, in fact, are completely
without sensitivity in certain areas. Sotne women's breasts are so
sensitive that when caressed the won1an n1ay reach an orgastn;
other won1en n1ay be unarousablc when so caressed. In zones
generally less sensitiv e than the breast, the reaction is even tnore
unpredictable. But n1ost people's erogenous zones arc erotically
sensitive. A careful lover first explores and expcritncnts on these
areas in love-play to tind the n1ost effective way to arouse and
pleasure the partner. Sensitivity to t'rotic caresses usually increases
frotn the extren1ities of lin1bs to the torso, and fron1 the periph
eral parts of the torso to its tniddlc. Caressing a partner in the
peripheral areas and progressing to tnore sensitive areas tends to
create a crescendo of desire. Kissin� naturally nlt'rgt's with caressing in lovt'-pby. With
sotne exceptions, a good lover docs not zero in on the partner's genitals in the beginning, son1etin1es not even on the breasts. An
inexperienced or inconsiderate lover, usually the nule, is often
guilty of heavy-handed love-play. A rough squeeze or two of a
won1an's breasts, a firn1 grab of her buttocks, and he is ready for
penetration and dischargt'. Such a crude style turns n1any won1en
off What turns then1 on, at least in the beginning, arc gentle and
tender caresses. Energetic, vigorous love-play is effective when
the partner has been highly stitnulated already. Even nuny tncn
are aroused n1orc by love-play that titillates and tantalizes. And
it should be rcrnctnbcrcd that the sight, sound, and scent of an..__
aroused 1natc arc often potent aphrodisiacs. Most won1cn arc highly stimulated by having their breasts ca
ressed and kissed. There is an in1portant nerve link between a
woman's lips and her breasts, and another between her breasts and
her genitals; thus n1outh-to-mouth kissing often makes her nip
ples become erect, and stin1ulation of her breasts by a lover often
causes her clitoris to become erect and her sexual juices to flow. A good kiss is, therefore, the start of a delightful "downhill"
JOUrney. In some passionate women mere psychological reactions may
make their nipples erect. But most are aroused by a combination
of psychological factors and the physical love-play at their breasts. A good lover therefore, after kissing and caressing his partner's
face, neck, and shoulders, will go on to her breasts. When done
with tender passion, this will greatly arouse his partner. Most women enjoy having their breasts cupped and hefted
with the palms, lightly stroked around the nipples, rhythmically
and gently squeezed. They love having their breasts kissed, and
their nipples sucked and playfully licked with the tip of the tongue. The tongue's underside is smooth, like the lips, and its top is rough. By using the smooth and rough sides alternately, a man can give
varying sensations to a woman. Only after such exquisitely stim
ulating preliminaries should he go on to lower areas-buttocks,
groin, perineum, vulva, clitoris. GENITAL CARE SSING-A ND BEYOND
Love-play progresses naturally to the genital area. Caressing a lov
er's genitals-with the hand, the Jnouth, or another part of the Tile Alclu·my l!f Dt·sire
1�5 ·' N l. I F N T S F C R 1: T S I 0 R M I l I> I� � N I I ) V E H S
body- is the n1ost passion ate and intimate form of noncoital erotic
conu nun ication betw een lovers. It may end right there, to be re
peated some other time; it n1ay result in orgasm; it may lead di
rectly to coitus. Genital caressing may involve any of a number of tech niq ues :
stroking, pressing, rubbing, vibrating, tickling, thrusting, kiss
ing, nibbling, licking, sucking-all carried out with varying pres
sure, speed, and rhythm. Some people delight in continuous,
relent


always be circumstantial evidence that could be exploited
to mean whatever you wanted it to mean. This was the backdrop under which I wrote The
Untethered Soul. T o the core of my being, I wanted to
communicate to others tha t they were deep inside
listening to that voice’s incessant chatter, and there was a
way the y could  be free. That was the work of my life—not
this abs urd leg al mess. I didn ’t care how threatening this
nontruth had become—I wanted to share a deep truth
that would brighten the lives of others. I committed
myself to the b ook. Karen and I had finished writing by
late 200 6, but we were still doing editing passes. I sent
an early draft to Randy because I wanted to get his
feedback. I also needed my attorney’s permission to do
just abo ut anything that might affect the case. Randy was
very concerned that the government prosecutors would
find a way to use the book against me, as they had been
doing with everything else. I told him that I was willing
to ta ke that ris k. Especially since we had no idea where
the cas e would end up, I  needed to get the book
published as soon as possible. Having discussed the
risks, Randy left the decision to me.Getting The Untethered Soul  pub lished came together
very qu ickly. I had given an e arly draft to James O’Dea, a
dear friend of mine who wa s on the Temple’s board of
trustees. As the perfection o f life would have it, James
was the director of the Institute of Noetic Sciences
(IONS) at the time, and th ey had just signed a co-
publishing arrangement with New Harbinger
Publications, the country’s foremost psychology book
publisher. They all read the b ook and loved it. Given how
everything else  in my life was being pulled toward the
abyss, it amazed me to se e these energies flow so
smoothly. The Untethered Soul  was launched in September
2007. I bypassed the cus tomary promotional book
signing tour and declined all interviews. I knew it was an
author’s respon sibility to promote their book, especially
during the launch, so I infor med New Harbinger that I
would h andle the publicity by way of the Internet. Karen
and I devised a marketing strategy, and without leaving
the woo ds of Alachua, we poured time and money into
promoting the book. The resu lts were phenomenal. New
Harbinger’s first press run of The Untethered Soul  was
supposed to last a year—we ran out of books in just three
months. The book has continued to s ell very well on its
own after the launch, including internationally. In the
midst of that intensely dark p eriod, the book managed to
manifest, sprout wings, and soar off around the globe. The feedback from everywhere was overwhelming. The
Untethered Soul  was fulfillin g its purpose—it was
helping people. In the midst of phenomenal darkness, it
was spreading light.3
3  Publisher’s note: In November 2012, The Untethered Soul  became a
number one New York Times  bestseller.5 4. T h e  C o n s t i t u t i o n  a n d  t h e  B i l l  o f  R i g h t s
T he legal battle was definitely  getting more interesting. Once w e had access to the dis closure materials, we could
prepare a defense. The first t hing Randy and the defense
team did was ask the judge to force the government to
cut the scope o f the materials down to size. They couldn’t
just hand us millions and millions of e-mail messages,
documents, and computer files, as well as years of
accounting entries, and then say somewhere in there is
what yo u did wrong. If we we re going to have a chance of
defending ourselves, the claim s of wrongdoing needed to
be m ore specific. In legal terms, this is called requesting
a “b ill of particulars.” The go vernment fought it, but the
judge issued an order forc ing prosecutors to specify
exactly which dealer acquisitions and which accounting
entries they were going to present at trial. In all these yea rs of seeing the truth manipulated until
it became unrecognizable, th is was the first time I saw
that w e had some say i n the matter. The U.S.
Department of  Justice is one of the most powerful forces
in the world. But it is not all-powerful. The judge had the
right to  overru le the DOJ. I  reminded myself that this
was not the c ase in lots of other countries. If those
governments were convinced that you did something
wrong, it was pretty much over. As long as I had to go
through this ordeal, I wanted to learn all that I could
about o ur lega l system. I ask ed Randy what exactly gave
us t he right to  make this demand of the government. I
really l oved his answer—th e Constitution. The Sixth
Amendment sa ys, “The accused shall enjoy the right…to
be informed of the nature an d cause of the accusations.”Supreme Cou rt rulings through the years have
interpreted this right to mean that if the disclosure
materials presented to you are too broad in scope, you
have the right to demand a bill of particulars. I didn’t  tell Randy at the time, but that moved me to
the core of my  being. For three years I had been sitting
quietly deep inside myself watching the powers that be
take Bobby’s lies and turn them into a seemingly
unstoppable force of destruction. Suddenly, I was
reminded that people I’d never met had possessed the
caring and foresight to make sure I had rights. If it was
going to be the United States  of America versus Michael
A. S inger, I ha d some very great people in my corner—
Thomas Jeffer son, George Mason, and James Madison,
to n ame just a  few. Over the next few years, it would
become painfu lly obvious to me that only a single piece
of paper stood between me  and the dark abyss. That
piece of paper was the U.S. Constitution. I went back and read the Constitution, beginning to
end. From the perspective of my predicament, it was so
evident that the Founding Fathers were not only creating
a go vernment,  they were pro tecting the people from it. I
had always known this intellectually, but now it was
personal, very personal. This was not a civics course—it
was my life. Un der these circumstances the Constitution
really came alive for me. Throughout 2007, the joint defense group worked on
finding all relevant documen ts regarding the items the
government ha d listed on th e bill of particulars. I went
up to Washington a few da ys each month for review
meetings and also had regular conference calls with the
legal team at Baker Botts. Ra ndy was present for almost
all t he meetings, and his par tner, Casey Cooper, and the
associate attor neys handled  much of the day-to-day
work. Each associate  had been assigned a share of the dealer
acquisitions to thoroughly reconstruct, and we wouldreview each of these transactions in painstaking detail. It
was like having a jackhamm er taken to my ego. I had
built an d run a beautiful company. We had a great
product, great employees, and great clients, and we had
been very successful. But underneath the dealer
acquisition program, there was filth. It was like looking
into a cessp ool. Bobby had been stealing, lying,
manipulating, and controlling everything in his world—
including me and the rest of  the executives. It took my
breath away to see what he h ad done. Behind it all was
the realization that these meetings were not about what
Bobby had done; they were about the fact that he had
managed to find a way to make us criminally responsible
for what he had done. It was like being in the Twilight
Zone. All I could do was keep letting go at the deepest
possible level. My mantra was: This Is Reality—Deal with
It. I just took the attitude that on my journey through
life, I was now  part of this excellent legal team that had
been pulled together to defen d this poor sap, Singer, who
had bee n framed by the evil  villain. I took a breath, let
go, and contributed positively to the topic being
discussed. We we re definitely maki ng headway. We had
discovered that the disk drive the government gave us
that held data from people’s personal computer files had
been indexed improperly by the FBI. For some reason
the agents had only index ed the files by the short
description header they had assigned to each file. The
contents of the files had not been indexed for search
purposes. This severely limited the search results of this
important sou rce of data. The defense team had a full
indexing done, and we were finding lots of interesting
historical documents. We found early drafts of
documents and letters that directly contradicted some of


sumption	of
aflatoxin,	a	mold	toxin	found	in	peanuts	and	corn,	caused	this	problem. Aflatoxin	has	been	called	one	of	the	most	potent	carcinogens	ever	discovered. For	ten	years	our	primary	goal	in	the	Philippines	was	to	improve
childhood	malnutrition	among	the	poor,	a	project	funded	by	the	U.S.	Agency
for	International	Development. Eventually,	we	established	about	110	nutrition
“self-help”	education	centers	around	the	country. The	aim	of	these	efforts	in	the	Philippines	was	simple:	make	sure	that
children	were	getting	as	much	protein	as	possible. It	was	widely	thought	that
much	of	the	childhood	malnutrition	in	the	world	was	caused	by	a	lack	of
protein,	especially	from	animal-based	foods. Universities	and	governments
around	the	world	were	working	to	alleviate	a	perceived	“protein	gap”	in	the
developing	world.In	this	project,	however,	I	uncovered	a	dark	secret. Children	who	ate	the
highest-protein	diets	were	the	ones	most	likely	to	get	liver	cancer! They	were
the	children	of	the	wealthiest	families. I	then	noticed	a	research	report	from	India	that	had	some	very	provocative,
relevant	findings. Indian	researchers	had	studied	two	groups	of	rats. In	one
group,	they	administered	the	cancer-causing	aflatoxin,	then	fed	a	diet	that	was
composed	of	20%	protein,	a	level	near	what	many	of	us	consume	in	the	West. In	the	other	group,	they	administered	the	same	amount	of	aflatoxin,	but	then
fed	a	diet	that	was	only	composed	of	5%	protein. Incredibly,	every	single
animal	that	consumed	the	20%	protein	diet	had	evidence	of	liver	cancer,	and
every	single	animal	that	consumed	a	5%	protein	diet	avoided	liver	cancer. It
was	a	100	to	0	score,	leaving	no	doubt	that	nutrition	trumped	chemical
carcinogens,	even	very	potent	carcinogens,	in	controlling	cancer. This	information	countered	everything	I	had	been	taught. It	was	heretical
to	say	that	protein	wasn’t	healthy,	let	alone	say	it	promoted	cancer. It	was	a
defining	moment	in	my	career. Investigating	such	a	provocative	question	so
early	in	my	career	was	not	a	very	wise	choice. Questioning	protein	and
animal-based	foods	in	general	ran	the	risk	of	my	being	labeled	a	heretic,	even
if	it	passed	the	test	of	“good	science.”
But	I	never	was	much	for	following	directions	just	for	the	sake	of
following	directions. When	I	first	learned	to	drive	a	team	of	horses	or	herd
cattle,	to	hunt	animals,	to	fish	our	creek	or	to	work	in	the	fields,	I	came	to
accept	that	independent	thinking	was	part	of	the	deal. It	had	to	be. Encountering	problems	in	the	held	meant	that	I	had	to	figure	out	what	to	do
next. It	was	a	great	classroom,	as	any	farm	boy	can	tell	you. That	sense	of
independence	has	stayed	with	me	until	today. So,	faced	with	a	difficult	decision,	I	decided	to	start	an	in-depth	laboratory
program	that	would	investigate	the	role	of	nutrition,	especially	protein,	in	the
development	of	cancer. My	colleagues	and	I	were	cautious	in	framing	our
hypotheses,	rigorous	in	our	methodology	and	conservative	in	interpreting	our
findings. I	chose	to	do	this	research	at	a	very	basic	science	level,	studying	the
biochemical	details	of	cancer	formation. It	was	important	to	understand	not
only
whether
	but	also
how
	protein	might	promote	cancer. It	was	the	best	of	all
worlds. By	carefully	following	the	rules	of	good	science,	I	was	able	to	study	a
provocative	topic	without	provoking	knee-jerk	responses	that	arise	with
radical	ideas. Eventually,	this	research	became	handsomely	funded	for
twenty-seven
years
	by	the	best-reviewed	and	most	competitive	funding
sources	(mostly	the	National	Institutes	of	Health	(NIH),	the	American	Cancer
Society	and	the	American	Institute	for	Cancer	Research). Then	our	results
were	reviewed	(a	second	time)	for	publication	in	many	of	the	best	scientificjournals. What	we	found	was	shocking. Low-protein	diets	inhibited	the	initiation	of
cancer	by	aflatoxin,	regardless	of	how	much	of	this	carcinogen	was
administered	to	these	animals. After	cancer	initiation	was	completed,	low-
protein	diets	also	dramatically	blocked	subsequent	cancer	growth. In	other
words,	the	cancer-producing	effects	of	this	highly	carcinogenic	chemical	were
rendered	insignificant	by	a	low-protein	diet. In	fact,	dietary	protein	proved	to
be	so	powerful	in	its	effect	that	we	could	turn	on	and	turn	off	cancer	growth
simply	by	changing	the	level	consumed. Furthermore,	the	amounts	of	protein	being	fed	were	those	that	we	humans
routinely	consume. We	didn’t	use	extraordinary	levels,	as	is	so	often	the	case
in	carcinogen	studies. But	that’s	not	all. We	found	that	not	all	proteins	had	this	effect. What
protein	consistently	and	strongly	promoted	cancer? Casein,	which	makes	up
87%	of	cow’s	milk	protein,	promoted	all	stages	of	the	cancer	process. What
type	of	protein	did	not	promote	cancer,	even	at	high	levels	of	intake? The	safe
proteins	were	from	plants,	including	wheat	and	soy. As	this	picture	came	into
view,	it	began	to	challenge	and	then	to	shatter	some	of	my	most	cherished
assumptions. These	experimental	animal	studies	didn’t	end	there. I	went	on	to	direct	the
most	comprehensive	study	of	diet,	lifestyle	and	disease	ever	done	with
humans	in	the	history	of	biomedical	research. It	was	a	massive	undertaking
jointly	arranged	through	Cornell	University	Oxford	University	and	the
Chinese	Academy	of	Preventive	Medicine. The
New	York	Times
	called	it	the
“Grand	Prix	of	Epidemiology.”	This	project	surveyed	a	vast	range	of	diseases
and	diet	and	lifestyle	factors	in	rural	China	and,	more	recently,	in	Taiwan. More	commonly	known	as	the	China	Study,	this	project	eventually	produced
more	than
8,000	statistically	significant	associations	between	various	dietary
factors	and	disease! What	made	this	project	especially	remarkable	is	that,	among	the	many
associations	that	are	relevant	to	diet	and	disease,	so	many	pointed	to	the	same
finding:	people	who	ate	the	most	animal-based	foods	got	the	most	chronic
disease. Even	relatively	small	intakes	of	animal-based	food	were	associated
with	adverse	effects. People	who	ate	the	most	plant-based	foods	were	the
healthiest	and	tended	to	avoid	chronic	disease. These	results	could	not	be
ignored. From	the	initial	experimental	animal	studies	on	animal	protein
effects	to	this	massive	human	study	on	dietary	patterns,	the	findings	proved	to
be	consistent. The	health	implications	of	consuming	either	animal	or	plant-
based	nutrients	were	remarkably	different. I	could	not,	and	did	not,	rest	on	the	findings	of	our	animal	studies	and	themassive	human	study	in	China,	however	impressive	they	may	have	been. I


among	other	things	our	amounts	of	specific	vegetables	to	help
safeguard	our	bodies	against	the	risk	of	certain	forms	of	cancer. These
vegetables	recommended	by	the	[National	Academy	of	Sciencesreport]…	are	the	ones	we	should	increase[:]	cabbages,	Brussels
sprouts,	cauliflower,	broccoli,	carrots	and	spinach…. Mom	was	right! Research	scientists	and	technicians	at	General	Nutrition	Labs,
realizing	the	importance	of	the	research,	instantly	went	to	work	to
harness	all	of	the	vegetables	and	combined	all	of	them	into	a	natural,
easy	to	take	potent	tablet. [T]he	result	is	Health	Greens	[sic],	a	new	potent	breakthrough	in
nutrition	that	millions	of	people	can	now	help	safeguard	their	well-
being	with	…	the	greens	that	the	[National	Academy	of	Sciences
Committee]	recommends	we	eat	more	of! GNC	was	advertising	an	untested	product	and	improperly	using	a
government	document	to	support	its	sensational	claims. So	the	Federal	Trade
Commission	went	to	court	to	bar	the	company	from	making	these	claims. It
was	a	battle	that	lasted	years,	a	battle	that	was	rumored	to	cost	General
Nutrition,	Inc.	about	$7	million. The	National	Academy	of	Sciences
recommended	me	as	their	expert	witness	because	of	my	co-authorship	of	the
report	in	question	and	because	of	my	harping	on	this	point	during	our
committee	deliberations. A	research	associate	in	my	group,	Dr.	Tom	O’Connor,	and	I	spent	three
intellectually	stimulating	years	working	on	this	project,	including	my	three
full	days	on	the	witness	stand. In	1988,	General	Nutrition,	Inc.,	settled	the
false	advertising	charges	relating	to	Healthy	Greens	and	other	food
supplements	by	agreeing	to	pay	$600,000,	divided	equally,	to	three	different
health	organizations. 3
	This	was	a	small	price	for	the	company	to	pay,
considering	the	ultimate	revenues	that	were	generated	by	the	exploding
nutrient	supplement	market.FOCUS	ON	FAT
The	focus	on	individual	nutrients	instead	of	whole	foods	has	become
commonplace	in	the	past	two	decades,	and	part	of	the	blame	can	be	put	on	our
1982	report. As	mentioned	before,	our	committee	organized	the	scientific
information	on	diet	and	cancer	by	nutrients,	with	a	separate	chapter	for	each
nutrient	or	class	of	nutrients. There	were	individual	chapters	for	fat,	protein,
carbohydrate,	vitamins	and	minerals. I	am	convinced	it	was	a	great	mistake
on	our	part. We	did	not	stress	enough	that	our	recommendations	were
concerned	with
whole
	foods	because
many	people	still	regarded	the	report	as
cataloging	the	specific	effects	of	individual	nutrients. The	nutrient	that	our	committee	focused	on	the	most	was	fat. The	first
guideline	in	the	report	explicitly	stated	that	high	fat	consumption	is	linked	to
cancer,	and	recommended	reducing	our	fat	intake	from	40%	to	30%	of
calories,	although	this	goal	of	30%	was	an	arbitrary	cutoff	point. The
accompanying	text	said,	“[T]he	data	could	be	used	to	justify	an	even	greater
reduction. However,	in	the	judgment	of	the	committee,	the	suggested
reduction	is	a	moderate	and	practical	target,	and	is	likely	to	be	beneficial.”
One	of	the	committee	members,	the	director	of	the	United	States	Department
of	Agriculture	(USDA)	Nutrition	Laboratory,	told	us	that	if	we	went	below
30%,	consumers	would	be	required	to	reduce	animal	food	intake	and	that
would	be	the	death	of	the	report. At	the	time	of	this	report,	all	of	the	human-based	studies	showing	fat	to	be
related	to	cancer	(mostly	breast	and	large	bowel)	were	actually	showing	that
the	populations	with	more	cancer	consumed	not	just	more	fat,	but	also	more
animal-based	foods	and	less	plant-based	foods	(see	chapter	four). This	meant
that	these	cancers	could	just	as	easily	be	caused	by	animal	protein,	dietary
cholesterol,	something	else	exclusively	found	in	animal-based	foods,	or	a	lack
of	plant-based	foods	(discussed	in	chapters	four	and	eight). But	rather	than
wagging	the	finger	at	animal-based	foods	in	these	studies,	dietary	fat	was
given	as	the	main	culprit. I	argued	against	putting	the	emphasis	on	specific
nutrients	in	the	committee	meetings,	but	only	with	modest	success. (It	was
this	point	of	view	that	landed	me	the	expert	witness	opportunity	at	the	FTC
hearings.) This	mistake	of	characterizing	whole	foods	by	the	health	effects	of
specific	nutrients	is	what	I	call	reductionism. For	example,	the	health	effect	of
a	hamburger	cannot	be	simply	attributed	to	the	effect	of	a	few	grams	of
saturated	fat	in	the	meat. Saturated	fat	is	merely	one	ingredient. Hamburgers
also	include	other	types	of	fat,	in	addition	to	cholesterol,	protein	and	very
small	amounts	of	vitamins	and	minerals. Even	if	you	change	the	level	ofsaturated	fat	in	the	meat,	all	of	the	other	nutrients	are	still	present	and	may
still	have	harmful	effects	on	health. It	is	a	case	of	the	whole	(the	hamburger)
being	greater	than	the	sum	of	its	parts	(the	saturated	fat,	the	cholesterol,	etc.). One	scientist	especially	took	note
4
	of	our	focused	critique	of	dietary	fat,
and	decided	to	test	the	hypothesis	that	fat	causes	breast	cancer	in	a	large
group	of	American	women. He	was	Dr.	Walter	Willett	of	the
Harvard	School
of	Public	Health,	and	the	study	he	used	is	the	famous	Nurses’	Health	Study. Starting	in	1976,	researchers	at	the	Harvard	School	of	Public	Health	had
enrolled	over	120,000	nurses	from	around	the	country	for	a	study	that	was
intended	to	investigate	the	relationship	between	various	diseases	and	oral
contraceptives,	post-menopausal	hormones,	cigarettes	and	other	factors,	such
as	hair	dyes. 3
	Beginning	in	1980,	Professor	Willett	added	a	dietary
questionnaire	to	the	study	and	four	years	later,	in	1984,	expanded	the	dietary
questionnaire	to	include	more	food	items. This	expanded	dietary
questionnaire	was	mailed	to	nurses	again	in	1986	and	1990. Data	now	have	been	collected	for	over	two	decades. The	Nurses’	Health
Study	is	widely	known	as	the	longest-running,	premier	study	on	women’s
health. 6
	It	has	spawned	three	satellite	studies,	all	together	costing	$4-5	million
per	year. 6
	When	I	give	lectures	to	health	conscious	audiences,	upwards	of
70%	of	the	people	have	heard	of	the	Nurses’	Health	Study. The	scientific	community	has	followed	this	study	closely. The	researchers
in	charge	of	the	study	have	produced	hundreds	of	scientific	articles	in	the	best
peer-reviewed	journals. The	design	of	the	study	makes	it	a	prospective	cohort
study,	which	means	it	follows	a	group	of	people,	a	cohort,	and	records
information	on	diets	before	disease	events	are	diagnosed,	making	the	study
“prospective.”	Many	regard	a	prospective


 OF THE PRIMATES
   In the animal world, the primates are man's closest relative
from the standpoint of comparative anatomy and physiology. Their excellent example of health and longevity while living
on raw foods in their natural habitat is of special importance
to us. According to the naturalist, Barnes, the gorillas live in
nature a "life free from molestation, famine, or disease, also
judging by the worn teeth of one animal I secured, live in my
opinion, to much greater age than man." On the authority of
the primitive Dyaks of Borneo, who are in the best position to
know, the orangutan lives in nature fully 40 to 50 years
longer than man, and it is not seen to suffer from disease
during this period. Chimpanzees, gibbons, and baboons have a shorter life span, though they live far longer in the wild
state than they do in captivity, and they are quite free from
the symptoms of senility. Indeed, explorers and hunters in Africa almost never report seeing a senile primate. The
gorilla has been seen to lose a part of pigmentation of hair in
advanced years—the hair on the back and shoulders assumes
a silver shade—though this is indication of normal senescence rather than the pathology of senility. W
HY ANIMALS ARE HEALTHY
   Philosophers of the past have referred to the health and
vigor of the wild and savage life, but, like Rousseau, they mistakingly drew the assumption that all factors of nature are
responsible for the superb animal health. It has been thought
that, to duplicate the health of the wild animal, we must
duplicate in every respect its living habits. This necessarily
  leads to a "back to nature" philosophy, opposing civilization
as such, which modern man does not accept. Animal health in nature is due to a number of different
factors. Pure air, adequate exercise, and rest, sufficient
exposure to sunlight, consumption of unsprayed foods from
fertile soils—all these are compatible with a high level of vigor and strength in animal life. They are insufficient in
themselves, however, to sustain animal health. Only when
combined with fully adequate nutrition, including the
consumption of raw foods, are they associated with freedom from pathology. Some have attributed the deterioration of modern man to
the fear and nervous tension in civilization. In wild nature these are thought to be absent, allowing the animals to live
thereby in good health. Actually, there is more reason for fear
and nervous tension on the part of the wild animal than there
is with either domestic animal s or civilized man. Carnivora,
accidents, and food scarcity represent enemies to which the captive or domestic animal need give little thought. Wild
nature is a constant battle for survival, a fact apparent to
every biologist, and this precludes any possible psychological
advantage which wild animal life would have over civilized
man. It compensates at least in part for the restraints placed
upon animal life in captivity and under domestication. The health and vigor in wild nature is, judging from the
evidence at hand, due in the main to the consumption of
completely natural foods. The exclusive raw food diet is the
norm of all wildlife. When man's interference does not place
into existence compensatory factors, it is associated with a
relatively high level of physical excellence. When an animal is placed in captivity or domestication, with the continued use
of raw foods, it continues to maintain this physical excellence
in spite of limited compensatory factors as may be present. If the animal is given heat-processed foods, it fails to maintain
its normal forms of immunity, and often fails to survive, even
though all other factors—exercise, rest, sunshine, pure air,
freedom, etc.—are most favorable. It is apparent that food exerts an important biological
influence upon animal life in general. Captive animals,
domestic animals, and farm animals fail to maintain a high immunity to disease, and their life span is materially
shortened, when cooked foods are consumed in large
amounts. Given raw foods, the respective animals live in
good health, retain strength and vitality throughout life, and
attain a normal life span. Wild animals, living exclusively u
pon raw foods, thus exem plify the o ptimum physical condition of the animal world. Their comparative freedom
from dental decay, parodontal disease, and sexual pathology,
as well as other degenerative processes, and even senility, is
the biological norm of all life in a state of nature. The existence of this fact is perh aps the most important reality
which nutrition and medicine have come to face. 6
RAW FOOD IN HUMAN
EXPERIENCE
RECOGNIZING the important chemical and physical changes
which heat produces in foods, as well as the close relationship existing between animal health and nutrition, the question
arises: Can the results of animal experience be successfully
applied to humans? Upon this question hinges the basic importance of the entire matter of food cookery. If the
application is not possible, all of the experiments and
observations that have been made on this entire subject will
seem of little importance to us. If it is possible, food will be
seen to be the most important single factor in determining the state of human health. It will offer hope to the human race
and optimism to a philosophy of medicine which up to now
has been groping in the dark in a desperate effort to control
human disease and physical degeneration. Nutritionists and biologists believe that the greater part of
animal experience in the use of foods can be applied to
humans. They point out that man is governed by the same basic biological and physiological laws that exist throughout
the animal kingdom. Man is listed as the animal species,
Homo sapiens, and as such he is a part of the animal
kingdom. Whether or not he is placed on a different mental or
spiritual level than other forms of animal life, no scientist
would attempt to place him on a different physical level. When experimental animals are given a diet similar to that
of various human racial groups, their physical condition and
rate of disease often corresponds almost exactly with that of
humans using the same foods. This was best demonstrated by Sir Robert McCarrison in India. This scientist placed groups
of white rats on diets which corresponded to those of racial
groups in India and other parts of the world. He found that
rats given the diets of the relatively healthy people of India—
Hunzas, Sikhs, and Pathans—attained the same good health the people attained. Those fed the diets of the less healthy
races failed to maintain their physical vigor and suffered from
disease at the same rate the respective people did. For
instance the rats fed a cooked and refined diet similar to that
used in the Indian province of Madrasi developed ulcers in 10 per cent of all cases, which corresponds exactly with the
percenta ge of ulcers amon g the inhabitants of the province. For those given the cooked foods of the Travancorian area the
percentage of ulcers was 25 per cent, just as it is among the
Travancorian people. Fifty per cent of the rats on the Sind
diet developed stones in the bladder, and half of the people in
the Sind province suffer from the same ailment. Such striking similarity in the reaction of man and other
animals to various foods applies in the main to the forms of
processing the food undergoes, not to the specific kind of
food itself. All animals, including man, do not react exactly
the same way to a strictly carnivorous, insectivorous,
omnivorous, herbivorous, or frugivorous diet. Each animal has certain dietary limitations, determined by physiology and
anatomical structure, which must be met. Members of the cat
family, for instance, would not get along on a diet of grass
with the same efficiency as the hoofed mammals; nor could
the latter animals secure adequate nutrition by using animal flesh exclusively. However, with each animal group,
including the higher primates, adhering to its normal dietary
customs, but having the same percentage of foods cooked and
refined, there is remarkable resemblance in the kind of
disease developed, its intensity, and the general physical
development as a whole. This does not mean that every animal experiment can be
applied, in all particulars, to man. A general application is
almost always possible, but not a complete application of
each specific point. As an animal lives in part upon cooked
foods for many generations, it develops an increased
tolerance for their deficiencies and may eventually achieve a higher survival rate than did the first generation. Man, living
largely upon cooked foods for hundreds of generations, does
not always experience the violent reactions common to the wild animal or experimental animal that is given cooked
foods for the first time. He finds that reproduction and
survival are rendered more difficult, though not impossible. He finds the bone and dental development to be impaired,
though not to the extreme degree that is observed in the cat. If only the less destructive methods of cooking are employed,
and much of the diet remains raw, he even finds that a
relatively high immunity to some diseases is obtained, as may
be seen by the experience of various primitive racial groups. Yet optimum health is not reached, and the difference is only one of degree; the ill-effects require more time to develop in
man and their total intensity is lessened in some cases. Applying the general animal experience with raw


 full of the barium meal and one taken after it is emptied. Years ago, I was very
astounded when I took a picture of the bowel. We could see that there was some of the barium meal in a little pouch or
diverticulum. A week later, another X -ray was taken of the same patient for a gall bladder scan. Upon examination of the negative
we were a ble to see the barium meal still settled in various diverticula throughout the colon. If barium meal can stay there for a
week, what happens when food stays there? There is no food that should stay in the colon constantly and over a period of a we ek’s
time. We find through the work in iridology that most diverticula have settled in the sigmoid colon. We feel that this is the logic al place
due to the fact that the patient hasn’t answered nature’s call in the past. Bowel accumulations from not only one, two but from ten
even fifteen meals have backed up because many people are that much behind in getting rid of the toxic wastes that develop fr om
the food they eat. We find that many patients are having only one bowel movement a week; some two bowel movements a  week. I
had a patient who had a bowel movement every eighteen days and was still consuming three meals a day. The driest part of any
stool is always in the sigmoid colon. Because of this condition, the sigmoid colon has to withstand the greatest amount of  pressure
in trying to get rid of this dry stool. With the toilet designed the way it is, it becomes even a greater strain on the sigmo id than on
any other part of the intestinal tract. It is here that we find the driest material working the greatest hards hip on the mucosa of the
bowel wall itself. Further we find that the kinds of foods that man is eating today are excessive in meats and the putrefacti ve
materials —the heavy additives cause greater irritation. In addition, there are the spices, especially b lack pepper, which are
considered quite an irritant to the colon and to the liver. Many of the coal tar additives develop into drug accumulations as a result of ingesting into our bodies the various nostrums that
are so readily taken from the drugstore without prescription. We find that the sigmoid colon is the greatest place in the bowel for
these things to settle. Further, we do not bring children up to realize that bowel movements are the most important thing to take
care of in the body. We get busy; we let things slide - we put things aside; we “cannot take care of it now.” The refining of
carbohydrates has removed the lecithin, oils and vitamin E from these foods. These act as a lubrication when present. The
lubrication is not sufficient in refined f oods to keep the feces moving for proper elimination. I believe that diverticulosis is a
civilized disease. It is a disease that has come about by our wrong living habits. It isn’t a matter of not having enough fib er one or
two days, it is a matter of not having it over a period of many years that can produce this diverticulitis. We find that fast living -
not chewing our foods properly; going to the quick -snack shops and eating foods that lack bran (the hull or outside coating), and
taking the skins from p otatoes, apples, pears, peaches and vegetables deprives the bowel of adequate bulk and fiber. We are
eliminating the fiber that we would naturally have to eat and which could well be the basis of giving the bowel wall all the exercise
that would be necessa ry to keep it from forming a diverticulum. People have gone from the smooth diet of pancakes, pasta and many of the other soft foods that we have today to those of extr eme
roughage and have caused many disturbances. We believe that by taking our time and slowly changing over from the soft diet to a
more rough diet, we can eventually diminish and remove the effects of the diverticula that have been built over many years of
wrong eating habits. FLATULENCE OR BOWEL GASES
Certain chemical processes in the col on produce various gases as by -products of normal bowel function. Some are odorless like
carbon dioxide, while others are very odorous such as hydrogen sulfide. Bowel gases are of no consequence in a healthy colon. This isn’t true in a diseased colon, howe ver. Excessive gas is an indication of bowel disturbances and can be very serious in its
consequences. For example, when there is a bowel stricture or obstruction due to constipation, the gaseous products may becom e
trapped, not being able to exit the anus. Extreme pressure may develop, causing pain, swelling and other symptoms to appear. Gas production does not always come from a normal metabolic process. In fact most gaseous wastes are the result of abnormal
conditions in the bowel. They are the produ cts of inferior processes at work in the body. Specifically, they are the result of
putrefactive fermentations. When undigested proteins find their way into the colon, they provide nourishment for unfavorable
bacterial growths. These undesirable bacteria a nd virus are responsible for the breaking down of organic compounds by way of a
putrefactive process. This process is undesirable specifically due to the fact that these organisms produce toxic, poisonous,  disease -
producing (morbid) by -products as a result  of their metabolic functions. The waste materials they produce are injurious to body
tissues. These organisms were not intended to inhabit the human body. Those that are beneficial and indeed necessary for good
health cannot live in an environment which i s dirty, toxic and constipated. When there are pockets, diverticula and ballooning in
the bowel, there is non -moving waste accumulating in the colon. These conditions are ripe for putrefactive fermentation to occur
and result in considerable flatulence, di scomfort and seepage of toxins into the body. A healthy colon produces little to no
flatulence. Taking care of gases in the bowel has been one of the most difficult problems to handle from a nutritional standp oint. When we start changing the diet and go in to the natural fibered foods that nature has given us, and leave off any man -handling, we
find that we have more of a gas condition. It is like the stirring up of a dirty basement and as we brush it clean, there is a lot of dust
that has formed. The one unusual thing I observed in taking care of people with a lot of gas is that they could go to town and eat the worst diet
possible and they would be free of gas. You could put them on coffee and donuts and nothing but that for 2 or 3 days and they
report no  gas whatsoever. And. when we put them on a natural fiber diet. as prescribed in our diet advice, then we have gas to
contend with. However, they began to say they were passing off the gas easier - their stools became softer; they did not have to
force the  bowel movement; they did not have to cause pressure: the feces moved easier through the bowel and they no longer were
having problems with constipation. However, the gas still persisted, but it seemed to get less and less and, over a period of  three
month s, we found that it came down to a minimal amount. Once a bowel has diverticula, it will never become totally free of gas. There are very few people who can say they have no ga s
|whatsoever. To get the gas out completely is almost an impossibility in this  day and age because we cannot live the way of life
necessary to accomplish that task, but I do think it can come down to a minimum and will cause no disturbance – no distress. THE EFFECT OF GRAVITY ON THE BOWEL
An important thing to realize is that we ha ve pressure, both mechanical and chemical, to take care of as far as the bowel is
concerned. On the chemical side, we have the effects of the acidophilus bacteria, acids and putrefactions. On the mechanical side. we have peristaltic action and the ever -present downward pull of gravity. Gravity, we must realize, brings on more problems than
most people can possibly imagine. Do you remember the historic landings of American astronauts on the moon? Were you
watching television when it showed them on the moon’s  surface, easily jumping 10 -12 feet high? When they walked, you could
see them bounce with each step. They looked like they were bouncing on a trampoline, because gravity on the moon is much less
than here on earth. Gravity on earth is very harsh on our bo dies. When we walk or stand, our body is pulled down toward the earth. We have to live with this constant tugging on our vital organs. We find that the intervertebral disks are being pressed down. I’m
sure we would have few disk problems if everyone lived on the moon. Because there wouldn’t be enough pressure from its gravity
to cause disk problems. On earth we have gravity problems, especially when we are tired. I have said before that tiredness is  the
beginning of every disease; that is when gravity has i ts greatest effect on the body. When we are tired, we begin to lose muscle
tone, so we find that internal organs are more easily pulled downward. When gravity takes its effect, our shoulders begin to droop:
we can have scoliosis or we can develop curvature  of the spine. The softest tissue in the body is the transverse colon, and it is


 fowl of the
air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping
thing that creepeth upon the earth. So God created man in his own im -
age, in the image of God created he him.” (Gen 1:26, 27). Here in the first chapter of the Bible the ancient teachers laid the founda -
tion that God and man are one, and that man has dominion over all the
earth. If God and man are one, then God can never be so far off as even
to be near, for nearness implies separation. The question arises: What is God? God is man's consciousness, his aware -
ness, his I Amness. The drama of life is a psychological one in which we
bring circumstances to pass by our attitudes rather than by our acts. The
cornerstone on which all things are based is mans concept of himself. He
acts as he does, and has the experiences that he does, because of his
concept of himself is what it is, and for no other reason. Had he a differ -
ent concept of himself, he would act differently and have different experi -
ences. Man, by assuming the feeling of his wish fulfilled, alters his future in har -
mony with his assumption, for, assumptions though false, if sustained, will
harden into fact. The undisciplined mind finds it difficult to assume a state which is denied
by the senses. But the ancient teachers discovered that sleep, or a state
akin to sleep, aided man in making his assumption. Therefore, they dra -
matized the first creative act of man as one in which man was in a pro -
found sleep. This not only sets the pattern for all future creative acts, but
shows us that man has but one substance that is truly his to use in creat -
ing his world and that is himself. “And the Lord God (man) caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam and he
slept; and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof;
and the rib, which the Lord God had taken from man, made he a woman.”
(Gen 2:21, 22). Before God fashions this woman for man he brings unto Adam the beasts
of the field, and the fowls of the air and has Adam name them. “Whatso -
ever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof.”
More Free Books Law of Attraction Havenif you will take a concordance or a Bible dictionary and look up the word
thigh as used in this story you will see that it has nothing to do with the
thigh. It is defined as the soft parts that are creative in a man, that hang
upon the thigh of a man. The ancient story-tellers used this phallic frame to reveal a great psycho -
logical truth. An angel is a messenger of God. You are God, as you have
just discovered, for your consciousness is God, and you have an idea, a
message. You are wrestling with an idea, for you do not know that you
are already that which you contemplate, neither do you believe you could
become it. You would like to, but you do not believe you could. Who wrestles with the angel? Jacob. And the word Jacob, by definition,
means the supplanter. You would like to transform yourself and become
that which reason and your senses deny. As you wrestle with your ideal,
trying to feel that you are it, this is what happens. When you actually feel
that you are it, something goes out of you. You may use the words, “Who
has touched me, for I perceive virtue has gone out of me?”
You become for a moment, after a successful meditation, incapable in the
act, as though it were a physical creative act. You are just as impotent af -
ter you have prayed successfully as you are after the physical creative
act. When satisfaction is yours, you no longer hunger for it. If the hunger
persists you did not explode the idea within you, you did not actually suc -
ceed in becoming conscious of being that which you wanted to be. There
was still that thirst when you came out of the deep. If I can feel that I am that which but a few seconds ago I knew I was not,
but desired to be, then I am no longer hungry to be it. I am no longer
thirsty because I feel satisfied in that state. Then something shrinks with -
in me, not physically but in my feeling, in my consciousness, for that is
the creativeness of man. He so shrinks in desire, he loses the desire to
continue in this meditation. He does not halt physically, he simply has no
desire to continue the meditative act. “When you pray believe that you have received, and you shall receive.”
When the physical creative act is completed, the sinew which is upon the
hollow of man's thigh shrinks, and man finds himself impotent or is halt -
ed. In like manner when a man prays successfully he believes that he is
already that which he desired to be, therefore he cannot continue desiring
to be that which he is already conscious of being. At the moment of satis -
faction, physical and psychological, something goes out which in time
bears witness to man's creative power. *****
Our next story is in the 38th chapter of the book of Genesis. Here is a King
More Free Books Law of Attraction Havenwhose name is Judah, the first three letters of whose name also beings
with JOD HE VAU. Tamar is his daughter-in-law. The word Tamar means a palm tree or the most beautiful, the most come -
ly. She is gracious and beautiful to look on and is called a palm tree. A
tall, stately palm tree blossoms even in the desert – wherever it is there
is an oasis. When you see the palm tree in the desert, there will be found
what you seek most in that parched land. There is nothing more desirable
to a man moving across a desert than the sight of a palm tree. In our case, to be practical, our objective is the palm tree. That is the
stately, beautiful one that we seek. Whatever it is that you and I want,
what we truly desire, is personified in the story as Tamar the beautiful. We are told she dresses herself in the veils of a harlot and sits in the pub -
lic place. Her father-in-law, King Judah, comes by; and he is so in love
with this one who is veiled that he offers her a kid to be intimate with her. She said, “What will you give me as a pledge that you will give me a kid?”
Looking around he said, “What do you want me to give as a pledge?”
She answered, “Give me your ring, give me your bracelets, and give me
your staff.”
Whereupon, he took from his hand the ring, and the bracelet, and gave
them to her along with his sceptre. And he went in unto her and knew
her, and she bore him a son. That is the story; now for the interpretation. Man has one gift that is truly
his to give, and that is himself. He has no other gift, as told you in the
very first creative act of Adam begetting the woman out of himself. There
was no other substance in the world but himself with which he could fash -
ion the object of his desire. In like manner Judah had but one gift that
was truly his to give – himself, as the ring, the bracelets and the the staff
symbolized, for these were the symbols of his kingship. Man offers that which is not himself, but life demands that he give the one
thing that symbolizes himself. “Give me your ring, give me your bracelet,
give me your sceptre.” There make the King. When he gives them he
gives of himself. You are the great King Judah. Before you can know your Tamar and make
her bear your likeness in the world, you must go in unto her and give of
self. Suppose I want security. I cannot get it by knowing people who have
it. I cannot get it by pulling strings. I must become conscious of being se -
cure. More Free Books Law of Attraction HavenLet us say I want to be healthy. Pills will not do it. Diet or climate will not
do it. I must become conscious of being healthy by assuming the feeling
of being healthy. Perhaps I want to be lifted up in this world. Merely looking at kings and
presidents and noble people and living in their reflection will not make me
dignified. I must become conscious of being noble and dignified and walk
as though I were that which I now want to be. When I walk in that light I give of myself to the image that haunted my
mind, and in time she bears me a child; which means I objectify a world
in harmony with that which I am conscious of being. You are King Judah and you are also Tamar. When you become conscious
of being that which you want to be you are Tamar. Then you crystallize
your desire within the world round about you. No matter what stories you read in the Bible, no matter how many char -
acters these ancient story-tellers introduced into the drama, there is one
thing you and I must always bear in mind – they all take place within the
mind of the individual man. All the characters live in the mind of the indi -
vidual man. As you


 at eight to fourteen
per cent, depending upon states, so, except for frankly advertised
ice cream substitutes, all ice cream could be depended upon to
contain some cream, which was always pasteurized and homogen-
ized. Refined sugar was the primary ingredient and often ex-
ceeded the cream in quantity. The chemical anti-freeze ingredi- ICE CREAM
ent, diethyl glucol, was used in place of eggs as an emulsifier in
much ice cream. Other ingredients included artificial flavoring
extracts, artificial coloring extracts, pure starch, gum arabic,
canned milk, and powdered milk. In some cases slaughter house
wastes and tallow were also added. Carboxymethyl was often
employed as a stabilizer in ice cream, and the anti-oxidant, di-
hydroguaiaretic acid, was commonly used to prevent spoilage. The new requirements for ice cream, set by the Food and Drug
Administration in 1958, provide for a limited improvement in
ice cream quality. Some of the chemical additives, including cer-
tain acid emulsifiers that break down the barrier between fat
and water, are now forbidden. Such stabilizers as gelatin, locust-
bean, gum sodium alginate, guar-seed gum, and extract of Irish
peat moss may continue in use. Artificial flavors and colors are
still permitted for ice cream, although real fruit flavors are re-
quired for sherbets and water ices. All ice cream must now include
at least lo per cent milk fat and 20 per cent milk solids. The
ice cream must weigh a minimum of four and a half pounds per
gallon, to hold down the quantity of air that is whipped into the
product. A minimum of one and six-tenths pounds of solid
substance per gallon is now required to assure a better balance
between water and cream. These are improvements, it is true, but they do not assure a
healthful product. There is still not a single completely whole-
some ingredient in ordinary commercial ice cream. All of the
cream remains pasteurized; refined sugar is still the primary ingre-
dient, and artificial flavors and colors remain in use. It is true -
all ingredients are "pure:' but this very purity can be a serious
disadvantage. T11e "pure" white sugar used, for instance, is cer-
tainly less desirable than natural sweetening agents which still
contain such "impurities" as minerals and vitamins. These statements do not constitute a criticism of real ice
cream, made from raw cream and milk, eggs, honey, and fresh
fruit or juice for flavoring. You can have ice cream and you can
have good health, providing you obtain the genuine product DANGERS IN MODERN FOODS
rather than the adulterated mixture of commerce. For the pres-
ent, this brings ice cream making back to the home. With a
standard hand-operated ice cream freezer, or the extra convenient
electric freezer, you can make a real health food, suitable for
child and adult alike, which will surpass commercial ice cream
in flavor as well as nutritional value. XVII. The Practical Application
A BSTINENCE FROM THE DANGEROUS
highly-processed foods of civilization is a foremost requirement
on the road to good health. But it is not the only requirement. We may live upon unrefined foods, free from all chemical addi-
tives, but if these are grown upon depleted soils and largely
devitalized through extensive heat-processing, health may still
be impaired to some degree. There is a fundamental need for
unsprayed foods grown upon fertile soils in good nutrition. There
is an equally important need for the heat-labile nutrients which
can be obtained only through adequate intake of raw foods. For a
balanced healthy life, we also need pure air, regular exercise,
exposure to sunlight, sufficient rest, mental tranquility, and all
of the other normal hygienic requirements of life. Here we have
covered an important part of the nutritional phase of healthful
living, which, while not offering a complete answer to all health
problems, does provide us with one of the most important keys
for physical improvement in modern life. The concluding picture of good nutrition is an optimistic one. When the dangerous foods of civilization are omitted from the
diet, not only will human health improve, but there will be
much greater pleasure from eating. The alteration, treatment, and
processing of food has proved very costly, not only in terms of
human health, but perhaps equally so with respect to our enjoy-
ment of foods. Unusual as it may seem, popular opinion has
decreed that a food must be either healthful or palatable; we DANGERS IN MODERN FOODS THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION
have assumed that foods are nutritious in proportion to their
lack of flavor and harmful in proportion to their delicious flavors. Actually, this is far from the case, as any brief consideration will
indicate. What are some of the choices in food now before us? Fresh
fruits from the tree and bush, or the canned products of com-
merce; succulent, tender greens in their raw state, or soggy
vegetables from the boiling pan; the fragrant and delicious forms
of honey, or white sugar; raw, crisp, brown nuts fresh from their
shells, or fumigated nut-meats and salt and oil-soaked nut prepa-
rations; the crisp meat of the mature coconut and the fine
custard of the jelly coconut, or colored oil and sugared shreds;
real whole grain products, or tasteless starch; sun-dried fruit-
honey-nut confections, or artificially flavored and colored
mixtures of refined ingredients; delicious natural cheeses, or
processed cheeses; fresh meat cuts from healthy animals, or
hormonized meats and tinned and processed meats; pure vege-
table broth powder, or common salt; delicate herbal seasonings,
or irritating condiments; fresh raw milk, or pasteurized, con-
densed, evaporated, boiled, and dried milk; fresh fruit and vege-
table juices, or soft drinks, delicious herbal teas, or caffeine-
containing beverages; pure spring water, or chemically treated
water. It is apparent that healthful eating does not involve a single
sacrifice in terms of our enjoyment of foods. On the contrary, a
return to natural foodstuffs will allow the development of a true
Epicuran art which may greatly increase the pleasure of eating. Man today is sacrificing the fully-developed and complete flavors
of real foods and is living instead largely upon products which
are either tasteless or rendered edible with artificial flavoring. The
fact that he is still able to enjoy his food at all only shows how
adaptable the sense of taste can be. The total significance of the changes civilization has brought
about in dietary habits can hardly be underestimated. Certainly
the modern phobia for processing foods in every known fashion I has had and will continue to have a great effect upon the standard
1
1 of public health. Today many physicians recognize that the
"deficiency" diseases result from defective diet, but analysis of
modern foods and their effects clearly shows that most of the
I infectious and degenerative diseases may also have a nutritional
basis. The individual and national destiny is clearly dependent to
I a great extent upon the future alteration and use of foods. BIBLIOGRAPHY
BAUER & FREYBURG, Vitamin D Intoxication with Metastic
Calcification. American Medical Association, 130, 1208, April
27, 1946. BECKS, H., Dangerous Effects of Vitamin D Overdosage on
Dental And Paradental Structures. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 29,
l947. BECKS, H. and JENSON, A., Dental Caries Prevention Service. J. of Dent. Res., 27, 6, 737, Dec., 1948. CARQUE, O., Rational Diet. Los Angeles, Times-Mirror Press,
1923. CARQUE, O., Vital Facts About Foods. Glendale, Natural
Brands, Inc., 1933. Chemicals in our Food. Modern Nutrition, 11, 3, 11 & 19, Mar. 1958. CUMMINGS, R. O., The American and His Food. Chicago,
University of Chicago Press, 1940. DELANEY, J. J., Peril On Your Food Shelf. American Mag.,
July, 1951. DRUMMOND, J. C., The Place of Bread in the National Diet. J. Roy. Inst. Pub. Health Hyg., 2, 441-450, 1939. Food and Life, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Yearbook, Washing-
ton, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1939. FORMAN, J., Fluorine on Tap: the Case Against It. The Land,
127 1, 9-44, 1953. FURNAS, C. C., The Next Hundred Years. New York, World
Publishing Co., 1942. FURNAS, C. C. and FURNAS, S. M., Man, Bread and Des-
tiny. New York, Reynal & Hitchcock, Inc., 1937. HEISER, V., You're The Doctor. New York, Norton, 1939. JAMES, A. G., Case of Dental Caries Vers


 This chocolate is one of the important products for
export and as a beverage constitutes a considerable item in the nutrition of large numbers living in
this and in other countries. It is recognized as a high source of energy, primarily because of the
sugar and chocolate which when combined with the milk greatly reduces the ratio of the minerals
to the energy factors as expressed in calories. It was formerly thought that dental caries which was so rampant in the greater portion of
Switzerland was due in part to low iodine content in the cattle feed and in other food because of
iodine deficiency in the soil. Large numbers of former generations suffered from clinical goiter and
various forms of thyroid disturbances. That this is not the cause seems clearly demonstrated by the
fact that dental caries is apparently as extensive today as ever before, if not more so, while the
iodine problem has been met through a reinforcement of the diet of growing children and others in
stress periods with iodine in suitable form. Indeed the early work done in Cleveland by Crile,
Marine, and Kimball was referred to by the medical authorities there as being the forerunner of the
control of the thyroid disorder in these communities. The officials of the Herisau community were so deeply concerned regarding the prevalence of
dental caries that they were carrying forward institutional and community programs with the hope
of checking this affliction. If dental caries were primarily the result of an inadequate amount of
vitamin D, then sunning the patients should provide an adequate reinforcement. This is one of the
principal purposes for getting the growing boys and girls of the community into sunsuits for tanning
their bodies. Another procedure to which my attention was called consisted of adding to the bread a product
high in lime, which was being obtained in the foothills of the district. This and other types of bread
were studied by chemical analyses. Clinically, tooth decay was not reduced. I made an effort to establish a clinic in a neighboring town for the purpose of demonstrating with
a group of children that dental caries can be controlled by a simple nutritional program. An
interesting incident developed in connection with the selection of the children for this experimental
group. When parents were asked to permit their children to have one meal a day reinforced,
according to a program that has proved adequate with my clinical groups in Cleveland, the
objection was made that there was no use trying to save the teeth of the girls. The girls should have
all their teeth extracted and artificial teeth provided before they were married, because if they did
not they would lose them then. It is of interest that the southern part of Switzerland including the high Alpine country is largely
granite. The hills in the northern part of Switzerland are largely limestone in origin. A great number
of people live in the plain between these two geologic formations, a plain which is largely made of
alluvial deposits which have been washed down from the upper formations. The soil is
extraordinarily fertile soil and has supported a thrifty and healthy population in the past. When I asked a government official what the principal diseases of the community were, he said
that the most serious and most universal was dental caries, and the next most important,
tuberculosis; and that both were largely modern diseases in that country. When I visited the famous advocate of heliotherapy, Dr. Rollier, in his clinic in Leysin,
Switzerland, I wondered at the remarkable results he was obtaining with heliotherapy in
nonpulmonary tuberculosis. I asked him how many patients he had under his general supervision
and he said about thirty-five hundred. I then asked him how many of them come from the isolated
Alpine valleys and he said that there was not one; but that they were practically all from the Swiss
plains, with some from other countries.7/29/13 Nutrition and Physical Degeneration
gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200251h.html#toc 32/250    I inquired of several clinicians in Switzerland what their observations were with regard to the
association of dental caries and tuberculosis among the people of Switzerland. I noted that the
reports indicated that the two diseases were generally associated. We will find a corollary to this in
many studies in other parts of the world. These studies in Switzerland, as briefly presented here, seem to demonstrate that the isolated
groups dependent on locally produced natural foods have nearly complete natural immunity to
dental caries, and that the substitution of modern dietaries for these primitive natural foods destroys
this immunity whether in ideally located elevated districts like St. Moritz or in the beautiful and
fertile plains of lower Switzerland. The question seems to answer itself in a general way, without
much laboratory data, from the results of a critical examination of the foods. The laboratory
analyses, however, identify the particular factors in the foods which are primarily responsible by
their presence for establishing immunity, and by their absence in inducing susceptibility to dental
caries. These chemical data are discussed in Chapter 15. High immunity to dental caries, freedom from deformity of the dental arches and face, and
sturdy physiques with high immunity to disease were all found associated with physical isolation,
and with forced limitation in selection of foods. This resulted in a very liberal use of dairy products
and whole-rye bread, in connection with plant foods, and with meat served about once a week. The individuals in the modernized districts were found to have widespread tooth decay. Many
had facial and dental arch deformities and much susceptibility to diseases. These conditions were
associated with the use of refined cereal flours, a high intake of sweets, canned goods, sweetened
fruits, chocolate; and a greatly reduced use of dairy products. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 4
ISOLATED AND MODERNIZED GAELICS
STORIES have long been told of the superb health of the people living in the Islands of the Outer
Hebrides. The smoke oozing through the thatched roofs of their "black houses" has added
weirdness to the description of their home life and strange environment. These stories have
included a description of their wonderfully fine teeth and their stalwart physiques and strong
characters. They, accordingly, provide an excellent setting for a study to throw light on the
problem of the cause of dental caries and modern physical degeneration. These Islands lie off the
northwest coast of Scotland, extending to a latitude nearly as far north as the southern part of
Greenland. A typical view of their thatched-roof cottages may be seen in Fig. 5.7/29/13 Nutrition and Physical Degeneration
gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200251h.html#toc 33/250FIG. 5. A typical "black house" of the Isle of Lewis derives its name
from the smoke of the peat burned for heat. The splendid physical
development of the native Gaelic fisherfolk is characterized by
excellent teeth and well formed faces and dental arches. The Isle of Lewis has a population of about twenty thousand, made up almost entirely of fisher
folk and crofters or sheep raisers. This island has so little lime in its soil that it is said that there are
no trees in the entire island except a few which have been planted. The surface of the island is
largely covered with peat, varying in thickness from a few inches to twenty feet. This is the fuel. Peat contains the rootlets of the plant life which grew many centuries ago. There is so little bacterial
growth that vegetable products undergo very slow decay. The pasturage of the island is so poor
that exceedingly few cattle are to be found, largely because they do not properly mature and
reproduce. In a few districts some highland cattle with long shaggy hair and wide spread horns are
found. Almost all of these are imported. The principal herd of cattle on the island consists of a few
dozen head on the government experimental farm. The basic foods of these islanders are fish and oat products with a little barley. Oat grain is the
one cereal which develops fairly readily, and it provides the porridge and oat cakes which in many
homes are eaten in some form regularly with each meal. The fishing about the Outer Hebrides is
specially favorable, and small sea foods, including lobsters, crabs, oysters and clams, are
abundant. An important and highly relished article of diet has been baked cod's head stuffed with
chopped cod's liver and oatmeal. The principal port of the Isle of Lewis is Stornoway with a fixed
population of about four thousand and a floating population of seamen over week-ends, of an
equal or greater number. The Sunday we spent there, 450 large fishing boats were said to be in the
port for the week-end. Large quantities of fish are packed here for foreign markets. These hardy
fisherwomen often toil from six in the morning to ten at night. The abundance of fish makes the cost
of living very low. In Fig. 5 may be seen three of these fisher-people with teeth of unusual perfection. We saw
them at the fish-cleaning benches from early morning till late at night dressed, as you see them
pictured, in their oilskin suits and rubber boots. We met them again in their Sunday attire taking
important parts in the leading church. It would be difficult to find examples of womanhood
combining a higher degree of physical perfection and more exalted ideals than these weather-
hardened toilers. Theirs is a land of frequent gales, often sleet-ridden or enshrouded in penetrating7/29/13 Nutrition and Physical Degeneration
gutenberg.net.au/ebooks


 and the
time scale in seconds rather than in milliseconds. Several seconds after a stimulus, whether a burn, a cutting or
crushing, or a shock from a 90 volt B battery, a wave of increas
ing negativity appears under the hot or peripheral electrode. This
peak arises to sixty or seventy millivolts and then subsides to
the original voltage gradient and, though not always, often
crosses it. This record is very similar to that of the spike in
the neural action current. This spike lasts, however, from two to
73 THE UBIQUI TOUS FIELD
three seconds to five or six seconds. In younger, more active
plants, the duration of the spike is apparently shorter than in
the older ones. Following the spike, there is a positive after-po ten
tial followed by an upward swing of the potential difference
which establishes a new level of negativity, lasting from a few
minutes to several hours. The whole wave form of this stimulus response is strikingly
like the wave form of a single axone response in the vertebrate
nervous system. Although the polarities differ, in all prob
ability this is caused by a difference in the geometry of the
electrode placement. Attempts were made to relate this to the
anatomy of Mimosa, as it is well known in animals that the rate
of conductivity of a nervous impulse is a function of the diameter
of the axone. In Mimosa there are continuous fluid-containing
channels which, conceivably, might be likened to a nerve process. These channels, however, are buried heneath the surface since
they are covered by many layers of cells. The electrodes, of course,
are in contact with the surface cells, not with the conduct ing
channels. The whole system, however, is obviously conductive of
electricity and it may he that the records obtained are derived
from the longitudinal channels. In Mimosa, the longitudinal channels vary in size, have thick
walls, and are arranged in quadrants. They arc centrally situated
and covered by many layers of cells. In the rachis, the channels
are more deeply placed peripherally and tend to scatter towards
the circumference as the stem is approached. There does not seem
to be any marked change in the size of the canals. In the stern
the number of conductive systems increases markedly with
a concom itant enlargement. Also, they lie nearer the surface and
there are fewer layers of cells covering them. The difference in
size of the channels may bear some significant relation to the
electrical records if it should appear that the conducting canals
are involved in the propagation of the stimulus. The study here reported suggests that with Mimosa-as in the
nervous system of animals-the rate of conduction of impulse is
a function of the diameter of the channel. But this particular
aspect of the problem needs to be investigated further. If the recorded standing -potential represents the measure of a
74 THE UBIQUITOUS FIELD
reservoir of electrical energy available for activity, then a stimu
lus such as that applied in Mimosa brings about a sudden with
drawal from that storehouse. The fact that a certain potential
gradient with the periphery positive to the central region is
necessary for the reaction, implies that unless the amount of
electrical energy stored is at a designated level, the reaction can
not go forward. If, however, the level is high enough, the
stimulus unlocks the storehouse and a wave of activity is propa
gated with a characteristic electrical correlate. It will be recalled
that these experiments with Mimosa led a distinguished East
Indian zoologist and philosopher to hold that such plants as
Mimosa and, by inference, all other plants, possess a soul, ex
emplified in particular by the reaction of the system to an ex
ternal stimulus! The interesting thing about all these results to date makes it
dear that the electrical properties of a living system are directly
to be correlated with the genetic constitution of a living system,
on the one hand, and on the other hand are modified by changes
in the physical or chemical. The alteration, however, is not in
pattern but in the magnitude of the typical response. This does
not mean that there is a profound change in the electrical field,
but only that the electrical field can be modified by an appro
priate stimulus. 7
We had started our voyage of discovery by examining the most
complex electro-dyn amic fields-those of the human organism. We had also found fields in simpler forms of life-animals, eggs,
seeds and plants. So it seemed desirable to extend our hunt for
fields to the simplest living organization, protoplasm. This was important, not only to make sure that everything
that is alive possesses a field but also because protoplasm is the
basic, formative material of animal forms. Wha tever may trigger,
too, the nervous system, a basic requirement is the energy made
available by the incredibly-complex chemical flux of protoplasm. The more, then, that we can discover about the elementary
75 THE UBIQUITOUS FIELD
properties of protoplasm, the better we will be able to under
stand how the nervous system functions. Again, at the suggestion of Professor Sinnott, an examination
was made of the electrical properties of a very simple protoplas
mic system, that of the slime mould, Physarum polycephal um. This is a common mould which grows readily in the lahoratory
and exhibits characteristic patterns of growth and of fruiting. Also, its protoplasm is in constant movement, oscillating from
one end of the system to the other. This streaming of protoplasm,
of course, is well known to botanists, and offers many oppor
tunities for investigatio n. The mould is a syncytium of proto
plasm with no cell boundaries but many included nuclei. Since
the material grows readily in quite adequate quantities, it makes
an ideal elementary protoplasmic system for a further study of
the electro-m etric properties. There were three primary objectives of this study: The first
was to determine whether or not, in the living plasmodium, in
constant movement, there exists an electrical correlate of this
movement. Secondly, after the results of the Mimosa experiment,
it was interesting to examine the possibility of an electro-m etric
response in the protoplasm to a variety of external stimuli, both
chemical and physical. Finally, a third possibility was to examine
the changes which might be found in the plasmodium when an
external field was applied to it. There is plenty of evidence in the
literature to show that changes in the electrical environment of
protoplasm do produce observable effects on the protoplasm itself. Using silver-silver chloride electrodes, a high input impedance
amplifier and a recording galvanometer, many records were taken
of the changing potential in a strand, or vein, of the plasmodium
during the movement of the protoplasmic system itself. In the
laboratory, using moving picture records and electro-metrics, the
pulsating character of the growth of the slime mould was studied. Under the microscope, it is simple to demonstrate that every
sixty or ninety seconds the protoplasm in the veins reverses the
direction of flow. The electrical pickup from the vein, comhined
with the moving picture, reveals that in the majority of instances
polar rev"rsal of the voltage occurs before there is a directional
change of the plasmic flow, but also there are many instances
76 THE UBI QUITOUS FIELD
where the change in both phenomena seem to occur simul
taneously. This, undoubtedly, needs further study. It is highly important, of course, to determine whether or not
the change in potential is the result of the protoplasmic flow or
the reverse of this. There is no evidence in the litera ture as to the
nature of the forces which bring about this change in proto
plasmic flow. Undoubtedly, this is involved in the growth of the
whole system and is concerned, apparently, in part, with the
search of the plasmodium for energy sources or food. The rate at which the protoplasm moves undoubtedly is a
function, to some extent, of temperatures in the environment. Although there are no exact records of these relationships, the
fact remains that lowering the temperature does tend to slow up
the flow of protoplasm. Certain conditions make it possible, more
over, to seek any electrical changes at times when the protoplasm
is not flowing; and there have been records made in the labora
tory which show that an electrical change in polarity in the
plasmodium vein may occur in the absence of visible protoplas
mic movement. There has not yet been observed, however, any
lack of electrical correlates when protoplasm itself is moving. That changes in the electrical environment have an effect
upon the electrical properties of protoplasm, is well known from
the studies of Lund and his associates, and more recently by
Anderson. In this laboratory, Anderson's experiments were re
peated, using the technique we have employed in our search for
more information, and show that the reversal of polari ty in the
mould, by changing the external electrical environment, mark
edly inhibits the spread of the plasmodium. The direction in
which the plasmodium grows, moreover, can be altered by,