 help if the adjustment to dietary needs
of your body does not help and a medical problem continues to trouble you. What is offered is the needed
knowledge for disease prevention and cure of dehydration diseases. At the end of the book, when the relationship of chronic dehydration and disease emergence has become clear to
the reader, information will be provided on the needed adjustments to daily water intake, and the complementary
diet to prevent "dehydration diseases," o r even cure them, if a totally irreversible situation has not developed. THE BASICS
When the human body developed from the species that wer e given life in water, the same dependence on the life-
giving properties of water were inherited. The role of water itself in the body of living species, mankind included, has
not changed since the first creation of life from salt water and its subsequent adaptation to fresh water. When life on land became an objective for advancement beyond the immediate vicinity of water supply (even
beyond amphibian life)—the stressful adventure beyon d the known boundaries—a gradually refined body water-
preservation system had to be created for further species development. This process of temporary adaptation to
transient dehydration also became inherited as a well-established mechanism in the human body and is now th e
infrastructure to all operative systems within the body of modern humans. For the earlier water-dwelling species, adventure beyond their known boundaries would constitute great stress,
because they would dry up. This "stress " would establish a domin ant physiology for crisis management of water. In
the now "stressed " humans, exactly the same translation and the physiology of crisis m anagement of water
becomes established. The process primarily involves a strict rationing of the water "reserves" of the body. It is
assumed that water supply for the immediate needs of the body will be limited. Management of the available
reserves of water in the body becomes the responsibility of a complex sy stem. This complex m ulti-level water rationing and distribution process remains in operation until the body re ceives
unmistakable signals t hat it has g ained access to adequ ate water  supply. Since every function of  the body is
monitored and pegged to the flow of water, "water  managem ent" is the only way of making sure that a dequa te
amounts of water and its transported nutrients first reach the more vital organs that will have to confront and deal
with any new "stress." This mechanism became more and more established for survival against natural enemies
and predators. It is the ultimate operative system for survival In fight or flight situations. It is still the operative
mechanism in the competitive environment of modern life in the socie ty. One of the unavoidable processes in the body water rationing phase is the com plete cruelty with which some
functions are monitored so that one structure does not receive more than its predetermined share of water. This is
true for all organs of the body. Within these systems of water rationing, the brain function takes absolute priority
over all the other systems—th e brain is l/50th of the total body weight, but it receives 18-20 percent of blood
circulation. When the "ration masters" in charge of body water reserve regulation and distribution become more and
more active, they also give their own alarm signals to show that the area in question is sh ort of water, very much like
the radiator of a car giving out steam whe n the cooling system is not adequate for the uphill drive of the car. In advanced societies, thinking that tea, coffee, alcohol, and manufactured beverages are desirable substitutes for
the purely natural water needs of the daily "stressed" body is an elementary but catastrophic mistake. It is true that
these beverages contain water, but what else they contain are dehydrating agents. They get rid of the water they are
dissolved in plus so me more water from the reserves of the body! Today, m odem life-style makes people
dependent on all sorts of beverages that are commercially manufactured. Children are not educated to drink water;
they become dependent on sodas and juices. This is a  self-imposed restriction on the water needs of the body. It is
not generally possible to drink manufactured beverages in full replacement of the water needs of the body. At the
same time, a cultivated preference for the taste of these sodas will  automatically reduce the free urge to drink water
when sodas are not available. Currently, practitioners of medicine are unawar e of the many chemical roles of water in the body. Beca use
dehydration eventually causes loss of some functions, the various sophisticated signals given by operators of the
body's water rationing program during severe and lasting dehydration have been translated as indicators of
unknown disease conditions of the body. This is the most basic mistake that has deviated clinical medicine. It has
prevented medical practitioners from being able to advise preventive measures or offer simple physiologic cures for
some major diseases in humans. With the appearance of these signals, the body should be provided with water for these rationing systems to
distribute. However, medical practitioners have been taught to silence these signals with chemical products. Of
course they have zero understanding of the significance of this most gross error. The various signals produced by
these water distributors are indicators of regional thirst and drought of the body. At the onset, they can be relieved
by an increased intake of water itself, yet they are improperly dealt with by the use of commercial chemical products
until pathology is established and diseases a re born. It is unfortunate that this mistake is continued until the use of
more and more chemicals to treat the other developing symptoms and complications of dehydration becomes
unavoidable, and then the patient dies. The irony? They say th e patient died of a disease. What a clearance for their
conscience! The error in silencing the different signals of water shortages of the body with chemical products is immediatelydetrimental to the cells of the body of the person being treated. The established signal-producing chronic
dehydration also has a permanently damaging impact on subsequent descendants of the person. I take pleasure in bringing to your attention a breakthrough knowledge in medicine that can benefit every person
who may fall ill, and especially the elderly. In short, my paradigm change in basic human applied science will
establish a physiology-based approach to future human research and simplify the practice of medicine all over the
world. The immediate outcome of this paradigm shift will be to the health advantage of the public. It will expose the
newly understood signs of dehydration in the human body. It will also decrease the costs of falling ill. THE PARADIGM  THA T NEEDS TO BE CHANGED
What is a paradigm and how does it change? A paradigm (para-di me) is the most basic unde rstanding on which
new knowledge is generated. As a n example, the earlier understanding was t hat the Earth is flat. The new
understanding is that the Earth is round. The roundness of the Earth is the basic p aradigm to the design of all maps,
globes, recognition of stars in the sky, a nd calculations for space travel. Thus, the earlier paradigm for holding the
Earth to be flat was inaccurate. It is the correct understanding of the Earth as a sphere that has made advancement
in many fields of sc ience possible. This change in paradigm is basic t o our progress in  many fields of science. The
shift in that paradigm and the transformation it brought about did not occur easily. Ad option of a fundamentally
significan t new paradigm in the science of medicine is more difficult even if the outcome is highly desirable and
desperately needed by the society. THE SOURCE OF ERROR I N MEDICI NE
The human body is composed of 25 percent solid matter (the solute) and 75 percent water (the solvent). Brain
tissue is said to consist of 85 percent wat er. When the phase of inquiry into the workings of the body began,
because the scientific p arameters and a very broad knowledge of chemistry had already become well-established, it
automatically became the assumption that the same understandings that wer e developed within the discipline of
chemistry applied to the body's so lute composition. It was therefore assumed that the solute composition is the reactive regulator of all functions of the body. At the very
onset of research into the human body, the water content of the body was a ssumed to act only as a solvent, a space
filler, and a means of transport—the same views that were generated from the test-tube experiments in chemistry. No other functional properties were attributed to the solvent material. The basic understanding in today's "scientific"
medicine—which has been inherited from an educational programs established at the dawn of systematic learning
—also regards solutes as regulators and water as only a solvent and a means of material transport in the body. Th e
human body is even now re garded as a large "test tube" full of solids of different nature and the water in the body as
a chemically insignificant "packing material." In science, it has been assumed that it is the solutes (su bstances that are dissolved or carried in the blood and
serum in the body) that regulate all the activities of the body. This includes the regulation of its wat er (the solvent)
intake, which is assumed to be well-regulated. It is presumed, because water is freely available and one does not
have to pay for it, that the body has no business in falling short of something that is available! Under this erroneous assumption, all the human applied research has been directed toward identification of one
"particular" sub -Stance that can be held responsible for causing a disease. Therefore, all the suspected possib le
fluctuations and variation of elemental changes have been tested


less caresses, while others prefer a teasing, repeated stop
and-go approach. As all these genital organs are made of tender, sensitive tissue,
genital caressing is best begun with slow, light touches; it may
then progress to more active, speedier, heavier caresses. Such a
gradual buildup prepares the participants not only emotionally
but also physically; among other things, it promotes genital lubri
cation, without which any heavy, passionate caress would be un
comfortable, even painful. Different techniques of caressing suit
different zones of the pubic area. Light strokes and soft kisses are
most arousing to the insides of the thighs and groin. The cinnabar
field and a woman's mons veneris respond favorably to the mas
saging palm. The fleshy derriere can v..'ithstand much heavier ca
resses, such as kneading, squeezing, and light smacking. Stroking
the buttocks with an occasional side excursion to the perineum is
.. qutte arousing. Oral-genital play ranges from lightly kissing a lover's genitals
to using the mouth and tongue as sexual organs in simulated cop
ulation. Some people find this thrilling, while others are repelled
by it. According to recent polls conducted by Redbook and other
magazines, a large majority of Americans in higher education and
income groups experiment with or regularly practice cunnilin
gus, fellatio, and such play. One of the most erotically sensitive zones, and often one of
the most neglected, is the perineum, the site of a cluster of sexual
nerve endings. It corresponds to the hui-yin acupoint, which stim
ulates male erection as well as female desire. Caressing the per
ineum lightly with the fingers or the tip of the tongue is very
stimulating. Many think of the anus as solely an excretory organ. Actually,
it is connected with sexual nerves, some of which are highly
aroused when the anus-washed very clean-is caressed. The French usc the tenn postillon aJ!t' to describe pressing and poking it
with a finger, andfeuillede rose (rose leaf) to describe licking it and
probing into it with the tip of the tongue. Anal caressing is a nut
ter of personal preference. GENITAL SECRETIONS
The caressing and the kissing of the genitals inevitably involve
genital secretions, nature's ingenious preparation for coitus. By lu
bricating the sexual organs, these secretions facilitate intercourse. As a pheron1one, they also act as a sexual attractant, arousing part
ners greatly. The ancient Taoists consider ed ample lubrication of
paramount importance for pleasurable sex. So do modern sexolo
gists, who suggest substitutes such as saliva or artificial lubricants
in case of emergency. As with food, natural ingredients are always
the best. From a scientific point of view, genital secretions are similar
to saliva. The gen itals, if carefully cleaned, have a lower bacterial
count than the mouth. Genital secretion from an aroused male comes as a clear, slip
pery liquid oozing fr om the mouth of the penis. It originates in
two pea-size glands just beneath the prostate, and several smaller
ones in the urethra. This secretion is not semen, although if the
man becomes highly aroused it may contain a small amount. In
the woman, a similar liquid is emitted from four vestibular glands
around the vagina opening. Under sexual excitement, the wall
of the vagina also "sweats" out a liquid, which at times can be
COpiOUS. The semen ejaculated during male orgasm comes from the
testicles and the prostate. This sticky, milky fluid becomes more
liquid soon after exposure to air. As mentioned earlier, sexolo
gists report that some women ejaculate a fluid when they have a
deep uterine orgasm. This transparent liquid serves no biological
function and is believed by some sexologists to enhance sexual
pleasure. Warning: Unless a couple has had a strictly monogamous rela
tionship for years, and each partner knows of the other's sexual
history, and has tested negative for HIV, it is not safe to indulge in
any love-play or coitus that involves the exchange of bodily fluids. Tilt· Alcllt'my �fD£•sirc
197 ANCIENT SECR ETS FOR MODERN LOVE RS
CARESSING THE MooN GROTTO
Kissing and caressing by her lover normally arc sufficient to
arouse a woman so that her moon grotto is lubricated and her
clitoris is erect. Her partner can easily ascertain this by occasional
quick forays to the vaginal area when he is fondling her thighs and
buttocks. The clitoris is very sensitive to touch. Its shaft rather
than its sensitive tip should be caressed; in some women the tip
can stand only the lightest touch, and a heavy caress could be un
comfortable. Next are the labia minora, or inner lips, of the vulva. By alternately caressing the clitoris and the vulva, fust lightly,
then moderately, a man may intensify his partner's pleasure
rapidly. By stroking along the labia minora and then around
the rin1 of the vagina opening with his middle and index fin
gers, he can induce more lubrication to flow. If he scoops up these
secretions with his fingers, he can rub the shaft of the clitoris
with them. If the woman spreads her thighs wide, the classics
indicate, she is responding favorably to the manual love-play. When her partner gets this signal, his fingers can probe deeper
into her moon grotto. He can intensify her sensations by using
one or two fingers to go deep, touch her flower heart, and stroke
it lightly. If the love-play is aimed at the woman's orgasn1, the man
can bring her to climax by stimulating her clitoris. Son1e won1en
arc capable of multiple orgasn1s through clitoral stitnulation. A few passionate women can go fron1 orgasn1 to orgastn for a
considerable tin1e. The nun can bring her to a n1uch ntore in
tense uterine orgasnt by caressing her G spot; tnany won1en,
however, appreciate a deep orgasn1 better during coitus, if the
nun knows the right positions and dynatnics. He can find the
G spot by inserting his ntiddk and index tingers about two inches
inside the opening of the grotto. With his fingL'r pads facing
the front wall of the grotto canal, he tnassagcs exploringly. He
can tell fron1 the wornan's rl\Ktion \vhether he has found the
bean-size spot, which tnay prot rude slightly upon stintulation. l)nce thl·re, he can press the spot lightly and rhythntically. By
pushing down on her n1ons veneris with the paint of the other
hand at thl' sante tinH.'. the nun can increase the pressure on the
(;spot. CARESSING THE jADE STALK
Caressing the tnalc genitals can be tricky. depl'nding on whether
the man is to ljaculate or not. If he is not, eithl'r he should be con
versant with the techniques of orgasn1ic brinknunship. or there
should be prior agreen1cnt on what signals he should give the
wotnan to stop as soon as he senses the approach of his crisis. An
experienced wontan can sensl' when the n1an is ncar the brink
even without his signaling. and beat a hasty retreat. But since a
tnan's power to hold back n1ay vary fron1 tirnc to time, it is always
safer to prearrange son1e signals. Fondling the jade stalk is best done by first lightly stroking
the perineun 1 with the fingertips. The woman's fingers then move
softly to the back, bottom, and front of the scrotum with half
tickling, half-soothing caresses. As the scrotum is the most vul
nerable part of the man's body, the woman should stroke and
tickle the testicles delicately. Pinching, squeezing, or nipping them
is not love-play; it may cause excru ciating pain, injury, or dis
ability. After fondling the man's testicles, the woman's fingers
move to his erect stalk. By gripping firmly near the tip with her
palms and fingers, and moving her grasp toward the base, she
makes its skin more taut. This exposes and tightens the engorged
glans, or crown, which she can stimulate with the fingertips of
the other hand, with short, light to-and-f ro friction. The under
side of an erect stalk is more sensitive than the upper side, and the
glans and the ridge around its base are even more sensitive. The
most sensitive part of the male stalk is the triangular knot-shaped
frenulum at the underside of the ridge. If there has been lubrication of the glans, the woman can smear
the secretion with a fingertip in a rotary motion


the lie s Bobby had told. Little by little we were
unraveling the convoluted mess he had created.Judge Blatt was our judge, an d Randy was doing really
well with him. We were having regular pretrial hearings,
and Judge Blatt was approving many, but not all, of our
motions. Rand y found him to be very fair in his rulings
and felt that t he judge was beginning to get a sense of
how far  the government had stretched its case. It had
been m ore than four years since the raid, and things
were finally beginning to look up. I couldn’t have felt
more confiden t in Randy as my lead attorney and as the
leading figure in the joint defense group. Things began to unravel in 2008. Randy informed me
on February 7 that he had gon e in for a checkup, and
they had found a tumor. I t was cancerous and they
wanted to operate immediately. They ripped open his
chest and cut out the tumor. In the midst of the battle,
the general was down. It only took three or four weeks for Randy to be back
on his feet lead ing the charge. But there was a lingering
issue. T he doctors said there was a good chance that the
tumor could return, and he should consider
chemotherapy. He decided to wait and see, hoping for
the best. In the meantime, it was back to work. That was
a good thing because the government had been
petitioning the  judge to finally set a trial date. We had
been te lling the  judge that du e to the sheer volume of the
disclosure materials, we were nowhere near ready. But in
June 2008 the judge gave us  our trial date—February 2,
2009, just seven months away. We had so much work
left to do; it really was g oing to take an army of
attorneys. Halfway to the trial date, Randy’s cancer returned. This time he was going to need eight weeks of very
intense chemo therapy and an indeterminate recovery
period. I remembered back to when Jim Mercer was
advising me about choosing an attorney.<|eot_id|><|begin_of_text|>Summarize the following text section accurately and concisely. Maintain specific details and numerical information, and use anti-repetition mechanisms:

        It was
all pretty much a disaster, and the only hope left was to
do the hard work necessary to restructure the entire
company. The task was Herculean. WebMD was the
quintessential Internet company, and the Internet
bubble had just burst. WebMD’s stock had once traded
above $100 per share. It was  at $17. 50 when we closed
the dea l, on its way to a low of $3 in August 2001. This
called for drastic measures, and that is what it got. Within a month of closing, Marty became chairman of
the board, and he and his elite management team were
running the company. I remained CEO of the Practice
Services Division and sat on t he board of directors of the
combined company, which kept the name WebMD. Marty brought  in a seasoned turnaround specialist, Marv
Rich, to be president during the massive reorganization. The company was losing hundreds of millions of dollars
a ye ar and the  bleeding had to be stopped. Marv’s job
was to work his way through all the divisions and cut
them down to core competency. All that would remain
was that which aligned with WebMD’s core vision and
could quickly begin earning its keep. The task before us was breathtaking, and it provided
tremendous growth for me, personally. I now found
myself part of a team of executives who, instead of
complaining, s imply rolled up their sleeves and tackled
this mo numental project. Eve ryone was working day and
night to do w hatever was needed to right the sinking
ship. For years I had been diligently working to free
myself o f that weak person inside who always insisted on
things b eing the way he wanted. Now, nothing was the
way anybody would have wanted. Yet everyone just took
a collec tive de ep breath and did whatever was asked ofthem. It was an amazing thing to be part of, and it taught
me a lesson of inner strength that permanently changed
me at a very deep level. Marv called me one day and  asked me to accompany
him to California where the WebMD Internet site was
being developed. If the company we had merged with
had a main asset, this was it. Marv wanted me to a ct as a
development s pecialist at meetings with the website’s
development team. Most of the company’s losses were
being generated by its Internet offerings, and this had to
be dealt with. The problem w as that, despite the losses,
the dev elopment team was making enormous demands
for salaries and benefits from the new WebMD
management. They figured they were in the driver’s seat
since th ey con trolled the development of the company’s
entire Internet offering. I couldn’t believe what I saw when we arrived. More
than eight hundred developers were working in a giant
converted warehouse in Silicon Valley. It was tiny cubicle
after tin y cubic le as far as the eye could see. I thought my
development team in Alachua had expanded
tremendously. We were aro und 250 people, but this
development team was over three times that size, and
everyone was packed in like sardines. Unfortunately, the meetings didn’t last very long. Marv
and I sat with their senior management team and
listened to their demands. They had the demands nicely
printed out in great detail on many pages. When they
were done, Marv presented what he was willing to offer,
which f it on one short page. The heads of development
met among themselves and after a very short period of
time came back to Marv with their reply—meet our
demands or we’re leaving. I had so much  to learn from  people like Marty and
Marv, and I was completely open to the process. I would
have thought that the next step was to figure out who we
couldn’t live without and bite the bullet. That is not whathappened. Marv spent a few minutes relaxing quietly, got
up from his chair, and motioned me to walk with him. He left the me eting room and called together the entire
development team right then and there in the open
cubicle area. He explained that the top tier of their
management had just resigned and anyone who wanted
to g o with them  should make that decision at this time. Those w ho wished to stay wo uld not be guaranteed a job,
but ove r the next few weeks we would work together to
see who was needed to keep the core development going. And tha t was that. Marv left a  few of his people in charge
of sorting out the exodus, and we left. The onl y thing Marv ever sa id to me about the whole
affair was that if you let peo ple hold you hostage, they
will for ce you to make terrible decisions, and you will
lose. You might as well take y our bumps up front and at
least be in control of your destiny. Who would have
believed that just a few mo nths later, one of Marty’s
senior executives would move the development of the
website to New York and relaunch it with a team of less
than fo rty developers. That new website became the
foundation for WebMD’s entire future. Again and again I was seeing that each of these
intensely chal lenging business experiences was very
beneficial for my spiritual gro wth. I just kept letting go of
whatever disc omfort got stirred up within me, and
inevitably, a stronger flow of spiritual energy took its
place. This growing strength helped prepare me for life’s
next growth experience: what happened when Marv’s
reorganization team finally got around to taking aim at
my division. Medical Mana ger Practice Services Division, as we
were known at the time, was  one of the largest divisions
in WebMD. We had grown to almost two thousand
employees, and that made us very ripe for cost cutting. With that in mind, Marv brought the reorganization
team do wn to Alachua for two  days of meetings. The firstday was devoted to presenting our business plan and
vision for the future. Fortunately, we were well prepared
to take Marv through our current products with their
highly successful revenue generation, as well as the
products and services we were working on for the future. It certa inly didn’t hurt when Sabrina was able to present
the tremendous growth of Medical Manager Network
Services from a few hundred thousand dollars a year to a
fifty-million-dollar-a-year business in just over three
years. It was during these presentations that it really hit me
what had happened. John Ka ng and I had set out to be
sure that Medical Manager was not left behind by the
enormous potential of Internet companies like
Healtheon and  WebMD. At th e same time, Sabrina and I
had bee n strug gling to find a  way to get Envoy, or some
other cl earinghouse, to evolve  enough to be able to fulfill
our vision for Network Services. Despite all the negative
issues we were facing, the am azing reality was that when


sought	out	the	findings	of	other	researchers	and	clinicians. The	findings	of
these	individuals	have	proved	to	be	some	of	the	most	exciting	findings	of	the
past	fifty	years. These	findings—the	contents	of
Part	II
	of	this	book—show	that	heart
disease,	diabetes	and	obesity	can	be	reversed	by	a	healthy	diet. Other	research
shows	that	various	cancers,	autoimmune	diseases,	bone	health,	kidney	health,
vision	and	brain	disorders	in	old	age	(like	cognitive	dysfunction	and
Alzheimer’s)	are	convincingly	influenced	by	diet. Most	importantly,	the	diet
that	has	time	and	again	been	shown	to	reverse	and/or	prevent	these	diseases	is
the	same	whole	foods,	plant-based	diet	that	I	had	found	to	promote	optimal
health	in	my	laboratory	research	and	in	the	China	Study. The	findings	are
consistent. Yet,	despite	the	power	of	this	information,	despite	the	hope	it	generates
and	despite	the	urgent	need	for	this	understanding	of	nutrition	and	health,
people	are	still	confused. I	have	friends	with	heart	disease	who	are	resigned
and	despondent	about	being	at	the	mercy	of	what	they
consider	to	be	an
inevitable	disease. I’ve	talked	with	women	who	are	so	terrified	of	breast
cancer	that	they	wish	to	have	their	own	breasts,	even	their	daughters’	breasts,
surgically	removed,	as	if	that’s	the	only	way	to	minimize	risk. So	many	of	the
people	I	have	met	have	been	led	down	a	path	of	illness,	despondence	and
confusion	about	their	health	and	what	they	can	do	to	protect	it. Americans	are	confused,	and	I	will	tell	you	why. The	answer,	discussed	in
Part	IV
,	has	to	do	with	how	health	information	is	generated	and
communicated	and	who	controls	such	activities. Because	I	have	been	behind
the	scenes	generating	health	information	for	so	long,	I	have	seen	what	really
goes	on—and	I’m	ready	to	tell	the	world	what	is	wrong	with	the	system. The
distinctions	between	government,	industry,	science	and	medicine	have
become	blurred. The	distinctions	between	making	a	profit	and	promoting
health	have	become	blurred. The	problems	with	the	system	do	not	come	in	the
form	of	Hollywood-style	corruption. The	problems	are	much	more	subtle,	and
yet	much	more	dangerous. The	result	is	massive	amounts	of	misinformation,
for	which	average	American	consumers	pay	twice. They	provide	the	tax
money	to	do	the	research,	and	then	they	provide	the	money	for	their	health
care	to	treat	their	largely	preventable	diseases. This	story,	starting	from	my	personal	background	and	culminating	in	a
new	understanding	of	nutrition	and	health,	is	the	subject	of	this	book. Six
years	ago	at	Cornell	University,	I	organized	and	taught	a	new	elective	course
called	Vegetarian	Nutrition. It	was	the	first	such	course	on	an	American
university	campus	and	has	been	far	more	successful	than	I	could	haveimagined. The	course	focuses	on	the	health	value	of	a	plant-based	diet. After
spending	my	time	at	MIT	and	Virginia	Tech,	then	coming	back	to	Cornell
thirty	years	ago,	I	was	charged	with	the	task	of	integrating	the	concepts	and
principles	of	chemistry,	biochemistry,	physiology	and	toxicology	in	an	upper-
level	course	in	nutrition. After	four	decades	of	scientific	research,	education	and	policy	making	at
the	highest	levels	in	our	society,	I	now	feel	I	can	adequately	integrate	these
disciplines	into	a	cogent	story. That’s	what	I	have	done	for	my	most	recent
course,	and	many	of	my	students	tell	me	that	their	lives	are	changed	for	the
better	by	the	end	of	the	semester. That’s	what	I	intend	to	do	for	you;	I	hope
your	life	will	be	changed	as	well.Part	I
THE	CHINA	STUDY1
Problems	We	Face,	Solutions	We	Need
“He
who	does	not	know	food,	how	can	he	understand	the	diseases	of
man?”
—Hippocrates,	the	father	of	medicine	(460-357
B.C.
) O
N	A	GOLDEN	MORNING	IN
	1946,	when	summer	was	all	tuckered	out	and	fall
wanted	to	be	let	in,	all	you	could	hear	on	my	family’s	dairy	farm	was	quiet. There	was	no	growl	from	cars	driving	by	or	airplanes	burning	trails	overhead. Just	quiet. There	were	the	songbirds,	of	course,	and	the	cows,	and	the	roosters
who	would	chime	in	once	in	a	while,	but	these	noises	merely	filled	out	the
quiet,	the	peace. Standing	on	the	second	floor	of	our	barn,	with	the	immense	brown	doors
gaping	open,	allowing	the	sun	to	soak	through,	I	was	a	happy	twelve-year-old. I	had	just	finished	a	big	country	breakfast	of	eggs,	bacon,	sausage,	fried
potatoes	and	ham	with	a	couple	of	glasses	of	whole	milk. My	mom	had
cooked	a	fantastic	meal. I	had	been	working	up	my	appetite	since	4:30
A.M.,
when	I	had	gotten	up	to	milk	the	cows	with	my	father	Tom	and	my	brother
Jack. My	father,	then	forty-five,	stood	with	me	in	the	quiet	sun. He	opened	a
fifty-pound	sack	of	alfalfa	seed,	dumped	all	the	tiny	seeds	on	the
wooden	barn
floor	in	front	of	us	and	then	opened	a	box	containing	fine	black	powder. The
powder,	he	explained,	was	bacteria	that	would	help	the	alfalfa	grow. They
would	attach	themselves	to	the	seeds	and	become	part	of	the	roots	of	the
growing	plant	throughout	its	life. Having	had	only	two	years	of	formal
education,	my	father	was	proud	of	knowing	that	the	bacteria	helped	the	alfalfaconvert	nitrogen	from	the	air	into	protein. The	protein,	he	explained,	was
good	for	the	cows	that	would	eventually	eat	it. So	our	work	that	morning	was
to	mix	the	bacteria	and	the	alfalfa	seeds	before	planting. Always	curious,	I
asked	my	dad	why	it	worked	and	how. He	was	glad	to	explain	it,	and	I	was
glad	to	hear	it. This	was	important	knowledge	for	a	farm	boy. Seventeen	years	later,	in	1963,	my	father	had	his	first	heart	attack. He	was
sixty-one. At	age	seventy,	he	died	from	a	second	massive	coronary. I	was
devastated. My	father,	who	had	stood	with	my	siblings	and	me	for	so	many
days	in	the	quiet	countryside,	teaching	us	the	things	that	I	still	hold	dear	in
life,	was	gone. Now,	after	decades	of	doing	experimental	research	on	diet	and	health,	I
know	that	the	very	disease	that	killed	my	father,	heart	disease,	can	be
prevented,	even	reversed. Vascular	(arteries	and	heart)	health	is	possible
without	life-threatening	surgery	and	without	potentially	lethal	drugs. I	have
learned	that	it	can	be	achieved	simply	by	eating	the	right	food. This	is	the	story	of	how	food	can	change	our	lives. I	have	spent	my	career
in	research	and	teaching	unraveling	the	complex	mystery	of


cohort	study	as	the	best
experimental	design	for	human	studies. The	question	of	whether	diets	high	in	fat	are	linked	to	breast	cancer	was	a
natural	outgrowth	of	the	fierce	discussion	going	on	in	the	mid-1970s	and	the
early	1980s. High-fat	diets	not	only	were	associated	with	heart	disease	(the
McGovern	dietary	goals),	but	also	with	cancer	(the
Diet,	Nutrition	and
Cancer
	report). What	better	study	to	answer	this	question	than	the	Nurses’
Health	Study? It	has	a	good	design,	massive	numbers	of	women,	top-flight
researchers	and	a	long	follow-up	period. Sounds	perfect,	right? Wrong. The	Nurses’	Health	Study	suffers	from	flaws	that	seriously	doom	its
results. It	is	the	premier	example	of	how	reductionism	in	science	can	create
massive	amounts	of	confusion	and	misinformation,	even	when	the	scientists
involved	are	honest,	well	intentioned	and	positioned	at	the	top	institutions	in
the	world. Hardly	any	study	has	done	more	damage	to	the	nutritionallandscape	than	the	Nurses’	Health	Study,	and	it	should	serve	as	a	warning	for
the	rest	of	science	for	what	not	to	do.CARNIVOROUS	NURSES
In	order	to	understand	my	rather	harsh	criticism,	it	is	necessary	to	obtain
some	perspective	on	the	American	diet	itself,	especially	when	compared	with
the	international	studies	that	gave	impetus	to	the	dietary	fat	hypothesis. 7
Americans	eat	a	lot	of	meat	and	fat	compared	to	developing	countries. We	eat
more	total	protein,	and	even	more	significantly	70%	of	our	protein	comes
from	animal	sources. The	fact	that	70%	of	our	total	protein	comes	from
animal	sources	means	only	one	thing:	we	are	consuming	very	few	fruits	and
vegetables. To	make	matters	worse,	when	we	do	eat	plant-based	foods,	we	eat
a	large	amount	of	highly	processed	products	that	often	have	more	added	fat,
sugar	and	salt. For	example,	the	United	States	Department	of	Agriculture
(USDA)	national	school	lunch	program	counts	French	fried	potatoes	as	a
vegetable! In	contrast,	people	in	rural	China	eat	very	little	animal	foods;	they	provide
only	about	10%	of	their	total	protein	intake. The	striking	difference	between
the	two	dietary	patterns	is	shown	in	two	ways	in
Chart	14.1
. 8
These	distinctions	are	typical	of	the	dietary	differences	between	Western
cultures	and	traditional	cultures. In	general,	people	in	Western	countries	are
mostly	meat	eaters,	and	people	in	traditional	countries	are	mostly	plant	eaters. So	what	about	the	women	in	the	Nurses’	Health	Study? As	you	might
guess,	virtually	all	of	these	women	consume	a	diet	very	rich	in	animal-based
foods,	even	richer	than	the	average	American. Their	average	protein	intake
(as	%	of	calories)	is	around	19%,	compared	with	a	U.S.
average	of	about	15–
16%. To	give	these	figures	some	perspective,	the	recommended	daily
allowance	(RDA)	for	protein	is	only	about	9–10%. CHART	14.1:	PROTEIN	INTAKE	IN	THE	U.S.	AND	RURAL	CHINA
8
CHART	14.2:	PERCENTAGE	OF	TOTAL	PROTEIN	THAT	COMES
FROM	ANIMAL	FOOD
But	even	more	importantly,
of	the	protein	consumed	by	the	nurses	in	this
study,	between	78%	and	86%	comes	from	animal-based	foods
,
9
	as	shown	in
Chart	14.2
. 8,	9
	Even	in	the	group	of	nurses	that	eat	the	lowest	amount	of	total
protein,	79%	of	it	comes	from	animal-based	foods. 9

In	other	words,	virtually
all	of	these	nurses	are	more	carnivorous	than	an	average	American	woman. They	consume	very	few	whole,	plant-based	foods. This	is	a	crucially	important	point. To	get	further	perspective,	I	must
return	to	the	1975	international	comparison	by	Ken	Carroll	shown	earlier	in
Charts	4.7
	to
4.9
. Chart	4.7
	is	reproduced	here	in
Chart	14.3
. This	chart	became	one	of	the	most	influential	observations	on	diet	and
chronic	disease	of	the	last	fifty	years. Like	other	studies,	it	was	a	significant
part	of	the	reason	why	the	1982
Diet,	Nutrition	and	Cancer
	report
recommended	that	Americans	cut	their	fat	intake	to	30%	of	total	caloric
intake	in	order	to	prevent	cancer. This	report	and	other	consensus	reports	that
followed	thereafter	eventually	set	the	stage	for	an	explosion	of	low-fat
products	in	the	marketplace	(“low-fat”	dairy	products,	lean	cuts	of	meat,
“low-fat”	sweets	and	snack	foods). Unfortunately,	the	emphasis	on	fat	alone	was	misguided. Carroll’s	study,
like	all	the	other	international	comparisons,	was	comparing	populations	that
mostly	ate	meat	and	dairy	to	populations	that	mostly	ate	plants. There	were
many	more	differences	between	the	diets	of	these	countries	than	just	the	fat
intake! What	Carroll’s	graph	really	shows	is
that	the	closer	a	population	gets
to	consuming	a	plant-based	diet,	the	lower	its	risk	of	breast	cancer.CHART	14.3:	FAT	INTAKE	AND	BREAST	CANCER	MORTALITY
But	because	the	women	in	the	Nurses’	Health	Study	are	so	far	from	a
plant-based	diet,
there	is	no	way	to	study	the	diet	and	breast	cancer
relationship	originally	suggested	by	the	international	studies. There	are
virtually	no	nurses	that	eat	a	diet	typical	of	the	countries	at	the	bottom	of	this
graph. Make	no	mistake	about	it:	virtually	this	entire	cohort	of	nurses	is
consuming	a	high-risk	diet. Most	people	who	look	at	the	Nurses’	Health
Study	miss	this	flaw	because,	as	Harvard	researchers	will	point	out,	there	is	a
wide	range	of	fat	intake	among	the	nurses. The	group	of	nurses	who	consume	the	least	fat	eat	20-25%	of	their	calories
as	fat,	and	the	group	of	nurses	who	consume	the	most	fat	eat	50-55%	of	their
calories	as	fat. 10
	At	a	casual	glance,	this	range	appears	to	indicate	substantial
differences	in	their	diets,	but	this	is	just	not	true,	as	almost	all	women
uniformly	eat	a	diet	very	rich	in	animal-based	foods. That	begs	the	question,
how	can	their	fat	intake	vary	dramatically	while	they	all	uniformly	consume
large	amounts	of	animal-based	foods? Ever	since	“low-fat”	became	synonymous	with	“healthy,”	technology	has
created	many	of	the	same	foods	that	you	know	and	love,	without	the	fat. You
can	now	have	all	kinds	of	low-fat	or	no-fat	dairy	products,	low-fat	processed
meats,	low-fat	dressings	and	sauces,	low-fat	crackers,	low-fat	candies	and
low-fat	“junk	food,”	like	chips	and	cookies. In	other
words,	you	can	eat
mostly	the	same	foods	as	you	did	twenty-five	years	ago,	while	substantially
reducing	your	fat	intake. But	you	still	retain	the	same	proportion	of


 food to
man, we may expect, therefore, to observe a great increase in
the average duration of life and a notable improvement in the
state of health. On the former
point we must s peculate, though with good biological foundation, as a completely raw
diet has not yet been used throughout life, under scientific
observation, by any member of the human species. In nature
an uncooked diet affords a normal life span of five to eight times the growth period for most forms of mammalian life. The same may be possible for man, though more than one
generation might be required and other hygienic factors also
enter the picture. What, one may ask, would the optimum
length of human life be under such conditions, as nutrition became adequate and all biological requirements were
successfully met? Using the coefficient given the length of animal life, it
might approximate 100 to 150 years. Haller, the great
physiologist of the eighteenth century, gave an even higher
estimate and considered man's normal span of life to be no
less than 200 years. Hufeland agreed and claimed that man's organism "is capable of living and functioning to the age of
200 years." The scientist, Elie Metchnikoff, was more
conservative, though his estimate of more than a century as
the normal limit of human life indicated a great increase over
the present-day life expectancy. After 15 years of research on the subject, the late Alexander A. Bogomolets, founder and
director of the Kief Institute of Experimental Biology in the
Soviet Ukraine, issued this viewpoint: "It may sound
paradoxical but a man of 60 or 70 is still young. He has lived
only half his natural life.... Normal longevity at the present level of human development may be scientifically determined
as being 125 to 150 years. There is no reason, however, to consider these figures as limits." On the relationship of raw food to the length of human life
we may thus arrive at an optimistic biological probability. On the relationship of raw food to the development of specific
diseases, and the treatment of specific diseases, we also can
be optimistic, though in this case we need not speculate at all,
but can cite many human experiences which afford
corroboration. Fortunately there has been very extensive human use of certain raw foods in certain areas, and there has
been much clinical work already done with exclusive raw
food diets. These show, in actual practice, exactly to what
extent the animal experiences with raw food can be applied to
humans, as pertains to physical development and the
prevalence of many common diseases. R
AW MILK VERSUS PASTEURIZED MILK
   As in the case of experimental animals, much of the
information concernin g raw food consum ption b y humans involves a study of raw versus pasteurized milk. As soon as
pasteurization came into use in various cities, striking
changes were observed in public health statistics, particularly
as applied to infants. In the three largest hospitals in Toronto, Canada, there was a sharp increase in the death rate after
pasteurized milk came into use. In Berlin, Germany,
pasteurization was adopted in 1901, and followed by a virtual
epidemic of scurvy throughout the city, though previously
this disease was uncommon. An investigation was made as to the cause of the disease; pasteurization was judged
responsible, and as the process was later discontinued the scurvy disappeared just as rapidly as it had earlier appeared. In 1917 the American scientist, Dr. F. A. Hess of Columbia
University, published the results of his extensive research on
the cause and remedy of scurvy. He indicated that scurvy
could be produced or cured at will in infants simply by altering their diet as regards the use of raw and pasteurized
milk. Infants given only pasteurized milk tended to display
evidence of scurvy within six months. Those on raw milk
were free from the disease, and when the food was added to
the diet of those already afflicted, recovery was the general rule. Subsequent investigations by Ragner Berg and other
scientists have confirmed the experience of Hess. Scurvy is
now universally recognized to be a deficiency disease which
can be prevented by the use of raw milk or other food of
adequate potency in vitamin C content. In modern nutrition fruit juices or artificial food supplements are often found
necessary to prevent scurvy when no raw milk is used in the diet. Dr. Evalyn Sprawson, of the London Hospital, studied the
rate of dental decay among children in orphan institutions and found that the percentage of decay varied in direct proportion
to the amounts of raw or pasteurized milk in the diet. Children in institutions that used only raw milk had excellent
teeth as contrasted to others. Among 750 boys in one
institution the addition of a daily ration of raw milk to the diet caused a marked reduction in the number of caries, the effects
being noticeable within two to three years after the beginning
of milk feeding. Data were collected regarding 40 children
(ages 2 to 7) who received raw milk regularly from the age of
4½ months and exhibited complete absence of caries. Another group of 58 were examined who received raw milk
regularly from the age of six years, and they showed no caries
in any tooth erupted after this period. A third group which
started taking raw milk at the age of ten years showed good
results. It was noted that all teeth that had erupted, but were not yet fully formed, came under the beneficial influence of
raw milk. Of further interest is the fact that the children
given raw milk attained improved general health over the others. Fewer of them required tonsil and adenoid operations, as
compared with other children, which suggests an
improvement in the quality of lymphoid tissue throughout the
body. Bone development among infants and children has long
been known to be dependent upon the use of raw or
pasteurized milk. The incidence of rickets rose 100 per cent
in the city of Baltimore, Maryland when pasteurized milk was
introduced as standard food for infants in the city. Raw milk
in itself affords freedom from rickets, though pasteurized milk must be balanced with certain other foods or fish liver
oil supplements if protection is to be provided. Special
pasteurized milk, to which a certain amount of vitamin D has
been added through the process of irradiation, may prevent
rickets, but it has been proven to be very detrimental to animals in other ways, and Dr. Stiner has reported that it may
also prove harmful to non-rachitic children. The prevalence of certain infectious diseases also appears to
depend to some extent upon the type of milk used in the diet. Investigators have pointed out that grippe and diphtheria
occur more frequently among infants given pasteurized milk,
especially when it forms the predominant part of the diet. Digestion, too, is more difficult when pasteurized milk is
used. Cohen and Ruelle, of the Department of Pediatrics in
the University of Brussels, have employed raw milk with
good results in the treatment of specific digestive
disturbances. In the case of diarrhea and vomiting they gave small amounts of raw milk every 1-2 hours to promote
recovery. They believe that certain ferments in milk which aid digestion are destroyed by heating. Milk tests among children in schools in Scotland have been
made which indicated that both weight and height increases among children were dependent upon the form of milk that
was used. Fisher and Bartlett have analyzed the figures
resulting from these tests. They have expressed the relative
value of pasteurized milk as a percentage of that of raw milk
as demonstrated by increases in weight and height when the latter is used. Listing the increase on raw milk as 100 per
cent, they show that on pasteurized milk the weight increase
for boys was only 66 per cent, in girls 91 per cent. For height
the increase in boys was 50 per cent and 70 per cent in girls,
the increase thus being significantly greater for both sexes, in
terms of weight and height, when raw milk was used. In New York, studies of the relative weight gains made by
infants fed
pasteurized and raw milk was made b y M. Ludd, H. W. Ewarts, and L. W. Franks. The infants were divided
into four groups. The first was given only pasteurized milk;
the second was given pasteurized milk plus orange juice; the
third was given pasteurized milk plus orange juice and cod liver oil, and the fourth was given only raw milk. An analysis
of the percentage in weight gains made by the four groups
showed that the first gained 1.7 per cent in weight; the second
group gained 1.7 per cent; the third gained 9.5 per cent, while
the fourth group, fed entirely upon raw milk, gained 14 per
cent in weight. Dr. Francis Pottenger, Jr., while best known for his animal
experiments with raw and pasteurized milk, has also tested
these foods on a clinical basis. He reports that infants fed
upon raw certified milk tend to be healthy, whereas those
given standard formulae consisting of powdered milk,
pasteurized milk, boiled milk, canned milk, etc., frequently suffer from gastric distress, asthma, respiratory infections,
bronchitis, and colds. X-rays of raw milk-fed infants revealed
dens


 the
only tissue in the body that goes completely from the right side to the left side of the body. If it was made of bone, it wou ld stay in
position; but since the colon is ma de of very soft tissue, a prolapsus or dropped transverse colon can happen as a result of
gravitational pull. There is a new disease coming: it’s called gravitosis. The symptoms are as follows. PROLAPSUS OF THE TRANSVERSE COLON
When we have prolapsus, all  the organs above the transverse colon are going to fall as well and those below it will suffer the
effects of pressure. When the transverse colon comes down, for exam pie, bladder pressure develops. The uterus can develop
flexions and retroflexions and co uld double over the bowel causing constipation. We sometimes find that there is pressure on the
fallopian tubes or the ovaries. Many times the egg from the ovary cannot pass into the uterus properly and this can cause ste rility. Still further, we find that  women have more cysts on the ovaries than on any other organ in the body. There are more hysterec -
tomies given to women than any other operation; and I believe it is because a good deal of pressure is against the tubes, pre ssure
which does not allow prope r circulation of blood or the removal of toxic material. But women are not the only ones subject to
pressure -caused troubles; a man with a prolapsus experiences prostate gland pressure. The urethra, through which urine flows from
the bladder, passes throug h the center of the prostate gland. When there is pressure on the prostate gland, urination is difficult. There will be retention of urine, which is one of the liquids we can absorb back into the body. This can mark the beginning o f
arthritis and joint tro ubles, especially as we grow older. So we find we can have prostate gland and bladder troubles, uterine and
ovarian disturbances, all because of prolapsus caused by gravity. Many doctors and gastro -intestinal specialists are making their living treating  hemorrhoids and other anal, rectal and bowel
problems caused mainly by pressure from the transverse colon and various organs involved while we are eliminating at the toil et. I
think the toilet is the most abominable device ever invented in our civilizatio n. We find that the Indians never had any rectal
troubles; they had no hemorrhoid troubles whatsoever. Why? They squatted to defecate. If you go to France, Italy or South
America, you will find that the toilet is often a hole in the floor and you have to s quat. This is the normal eliminating position, the
one in which all of our internal organs are held in the proper position. When this position is habitually used for eliminatio n, no
veins will protrude from the rectum. Now to add to the problem, we may hav e gas or we may have a hard stool. There is pressure against the rectum whenever we have
hard fecal material or excessive gas. These problems are aggravated by fatigue and by the gravitational pull. It is well that  you
know this so you can learn to overcom e these things. To overcome the problem of gravity when and if you must sit on the toilet,
one thing to remember is to keep your hands over your head. You’Il find when you push down, the force is really against the r ectal
tissues and the rectal areas, so t o overcome this keep your hands above your head. That’s the way it should be done anyway, if
you’re going to use the regular toilet seat. In fact, in our sanitarium we had a little rope above and off to the side of the  toilet to
hold when there was a bowel  movement, which kept the hands above the head. IRIDOLOGY AND THE BOWEL
In looking at the bowel from the standpoint of iridology. the first thing we have found is always a black area in that portio n of the
ins corresponding to the bowel. The condition of the transverse colon (which comes across the top of the bowel) is indicated by
signs near the top of the iris at from 10 o’clock to about 12 o’clock, within what is called the autonomic nerve wreath. We s tart
down the descending colon, represented in the i ris from 12 to 5 o’clock, then the sigmoid colon from 5 to 7 o’clock, until we come
to the rectal area about 7 o’clock. This is only one side of the body. I don’t want to give a lesson in iridology but I would  like to
take you on a little learning trip bec ause the ins has much to teach us about the condition of the bowel. In the iris of the eye,
various conditions show up as black areas, which I call “bowel pockets,” where the autonomic wreath makes a definite break. I
have found that the black area represe nts underactivity, an inherent weakness and a toxic material settlement. Over the years, I
went after these three things in my work with patients. I found that an inherent weakness in the bowel quickly leads to probl ems in
bowel function unless the body ha s all the power and energy it needs to work with. When the body is tired, an inherent weakness
in the bowel leads to hypoactivity. So, I had to take care of the energies of my patients. I had to take care of enervation. I had to get
rid of tiredness. I had  to help patients get rid of what I call “vitality wasters.” Every sick person is fatigued and rundown. They are
burned out. They want to lie down. Some of them don’t even have the energy to walk. All they want to do is to go bed. They do n’t
have enough en ergy or spirit to really do things, and I found that while taking care of these people, having them rest and change
their diets, I began to see certain healing signs come into those black areas in the irides. These correlations between bowel
condition and the appearance of the iris were confirmed repeatedly over the years. There is much cynicism among medical doctors over the value of iridology, but I believe this will change. It takes three mont hs to
demonstrate healing signs in the eye and the average  medical doctor seems to be unwilling to take the time for this kind of
systematic follow -up. I can prove what I have presented here, but it does take three months. The average doctor wants to see it
right now; he makes one test and that’s it. If it isn’t there in a week, it doesn’t exist. Iridology deals with tissue changes. When we
examine the iris, we are “reading” tissue condition. We do not directly read toxic material settlements in the bowel. When we
examine the iris, we are reading the bowel wall. W hen the healing signs appear, they are called calcium luteum lines. Improvement
in the bowel wall takes care of toxic materials in the body; it moves them along a little quicker. We may quicken elimination  of the
acids by using foods containing potassium a nd sodium. We find that magnesium relaxes the bowel for those who have tension. Of course, we often resort to using milk of magnesia for this, but we can also use the magnesium which is found in our foods,  of
which yellow cornmeal contains the most. Magnes ium is also found in all vegetables. Using the proper foods to bring about physical changes is slower than drug therapy; it is the natural way. We find no “undesi rable
side effects” here. When I first began seeing these changes come about in the irides of my patients’ eyes, I actually didn’t know I
was doing anything unusual. I was simply putting my patients on a right -living regime. But I then started to have X -rays taken,
because I wanted to confirm what I suspected was going on. I spent time at the Ba ttle Creek Sanitarium and began to see how the
X-rays verified what I was finding through iridology. When my iris reading indicated a bowel pocket at 3 o’clock, I found on th e
X-ray that there was a diverticulum in the bowel. I found there was a ballooned condition where the toxic materials were not being
eliminated as they should. At that time, I studied with Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, who was a master of taking care of the bowel. He
wrote on colon hygiene and also did a great deal of work with diet. One thi ng I learned was that we have “friendly” bacteria in the
bowel. These friendly bacteria keep the bowel clean from putrefaction and fermentation which produce excess gas and bad odors. Dr. Kellogg taught that the bowel should be about 85% acidophilus bacter ia and 15% bacillus coli, or those which produce gas. This, he stated was the right bacterial balance for a healthy bowel. I wanted to test my patients for this bacteria balance, so I sent
fecal samples from 500 of my patients to a medical laboratory to fi nd out about the relative amounts of acidophilus, bacillus
coli and acid -fast bacteria. I wanted to know the effect of the pH (acidity/alkalinity value) and to find out all I could about the
intestinal flora. The lab results averaged 85% bacillus coli, or detrimental bacteria, as compared to 15% of the acidophil


 read the story, make it fit the pattern of self. Know that your con -
sciousness is the only reality. Then know what you want to be. Then as -
sume the feeling of being that which you want to be, and remain faithful
to your assumption, living and acting on your conviction. Always make it
fit that pattern. *****
Our third interpretation is the story of Isaac and his two sons: Esau and
Jacob. The picture is drawn of a blind man being deceived by his second
son into giving him the blessing which belonged to his first son. The story
stressed the point that the deception was accomplished through the sense
of touch. “And Isaac said unto Jacob, come near, I pray thee that I may feel thee,
my son, whether thou be my very son Esau or not. And Jacob went near
unto Isaac his father; and he felt him. And it came to pass, as soon as
Isaac had made an end of blessing Jacob, and Jacob was yet scarce gone
out from the presence of Isaac his father, that Esau his brother came in
from his hunting.” (Gen 27:21). This story can be very helpful if you will re-enact it now. Again bear in
mind that all the characters of the Bible are personifications of abstract
More Free Books Law of Attraction Havenideas and must be fulfilled in the individual man. You are the blind father
and both sons. Isaac is old and blind, and sensing the approach of death, calls his first
son Esau a rough hairy boy, and sends him into the woods that he may
bring in some venison. The second son, Jacob, a smooth skinned boy, overheard the request of
his father. Desiring the birthright of his brother, Jacob, the smooth
skinned son, slaughtered one of his father's flock and skinned it. Then,
dressed in the hairy skins of the kid he had slaughtered, he came through
subtlety and betrayed his father into believing that he was Esau. The father said, “Come close my son that I may feel you. I cannot see,
but come that I may feel.” Note the stress that is placed upon feeling in
this story. He came close and the father said to him, “The voice is Jacob's voice, but
the hands are the hands of Esau.” and Feeling the roughness, the reality
of the son Esau, he pronounced the blessing and gave it to Jacob. You are told in the story that as Isaac pronounced the blessing and Jacob
had scarcely gone out from his presence, that his brother Esau came in
from his hunting. This is an important verse. Do not become distressed in our practical ap -
proach to it, for as you sit here you, too, are Isaac. This room in which
you are seated is your present Esau. This is the rough or sensibly known
world, known by the reason of your bodily organs. All of your senses bear
witness to the fact that you are here in this room. Everything tells you
that you are here, but perhaps you do not want to be here. You can apply this toward any objective. The room in which you are seat -
ed at any time – the environment in which you are placed, this is your
rough or sensibly known world or son which is personified in the story as
Esau. What you would like in place of what you have or are is your
smooth skinned state or Jacob, the supplanter. You do not send your visible world hunting, as so many people do, by de -
nial. By saying it does not exist you make it all the more real. Instead,
you simply remove your attention from the region of sensation which at
this moment is the room round about you, and you concentrate your at -
tention on that which you want to put in its place, that which you want to
make real. In concentrating on your objective, the secret is to bring it here. You must
make elsewhere here and then now. Imagine that you objective is so
More Free Books Law of Attraction Havenclose that you can feel it. Suppose at this very moment I want a piano here in this room. To see a
piano in my mind's eye existing elsewhere does not do it. But to visualize
it in this room as though it were here and to put my mental hand upon
the piano and to feel it solidly real, is to take that subjective state person -
ified as my second son Jacob and bring it so close that I can feel it. Isaac is called a blind man. You are blind because you do not see your ob -
jective with your bodily organs, you cannot see it with your objective
senses. You only perceive it with your mind, but you bring it so close that
you can feel it as though it were solidly real now. When this is done and
you lose yourself in its reality and feel it to be real, open your eyes. When you open your eyes what happens? The room that you had shut out
but a moment ago returns from the hunt. You no sooner gave the blessing
– felt the imaginary state to be real – then the objective world, which
seemingly was unreal, returns. It does not speak to you with words as
recorded of Esau, but the very room round about you tells you by its
presence that you have been self-deceived. It tells you that when you lost yourself in contemplation, feeling that you
were now what you wanted to be, feeling that you now possess what you
desire to possess, that you were simply deceiving self. Look at this room. It denies that you are elsewhere. If you know the law, you now say: “Even though your brother came
through subtlety and betrayed me and took your birthright, I gave him
your blessing and I cannot retract.”
In other words, you remain faithful to this subjective reality and you do
not take back from it the power of birth. You gave it the right of birth and
it is going to become objective within this world of yours. There is no
room in this limited space of yours for two things to occupy the same
space at the same time. By making the subjective real it resurrects itself
within your world. Take the idea that you want to embody, and assume that you are already
it. Lose yourself in feeling this assumption is solidly real. As you give it
this sense of reality, you have given it the blessing which belongs to the
objective world, and you do not have to aid its birth any more than you
have to aid the birth of a child or a seed you plant in the ground. The
seed you plant grows unaided by a man, for it contains within itself all the
power and all the plans necessary for self-expression. You can this night re-enact the drama of Isaac blessing his second son
and see what happens in the immediate future in your world. Your present
More Free Books Law of Attraction Havenenvironment vanishes, all the circumstances of life change and make way
for the coming of that to which you have given your life. As you walk,
knowing that you are what you wanted to be, you objectify it without the
assistance of another. *****
The fourth story for tonight is taken from the last of the books attributed
to Moses. If you need proof that Moses did not write it, read the story
carefully. It is found in the 34th chapter of the book of Deuteronomy. Ask
any priest or rabbi, 'who is the author of this book? ', and they will tell you
that Moses wrote it. In the 34th chapter of Deuteronomy you will read of a man writing his own
obituary, that is, Moses wrote this chapter. A man may sit down and write
what he would like to have placed upon his tombstone, but here is a man
who writes his own obituary. And then he dies and so completely rubs
himself out that he defies posterity to find where he has buried himself. “So Moses the servant of the Lord died there in the land of Moab, accord -
ing to the word of the Lord. And he buried him in the valley in the land of
Moab, over against Beth-poer: but no man knoweth of his sepulchre until
this day. And Moses was a hundred and twenty years old when he died;
his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated.” (Deut. 34:5, 6, 7). You must this night – not tomorrow – learn the technique of writing your
own obituary and so completely die to what you are that no man in this
world can tell you whore you buried the old man. If you are now ill and
you become well, and I know you by reason of the fact that you are ill,
where can you point and tell me you buried the sick one? If you are impoverished and borrow from every friend you have, and then
suddenly you roll in wealth, where did you bury the poor man? You so
completely rub out poverty in your mind's eye that there is nothing in this
world you can point to and claim, that is where I left it. A complete trans -
formation of consciousness rubs out all evidence that anything other than
this ever existed in the world. The most beautiful technique for the realizing of man's objective is given
in the first verse of the 34th chapter of Deuteronomy:
“And Moses went up from the Plains of Moab unto the mountain of Nebo,
to the top of Pisgah


us the Sugar Inter-
ests. South. Calif. State Dent. Assoc. Jour., 16, 17-25, Nov.,
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print 25B. LEE, R. and STOLZOFF, J. S., The Special Nutritional Quali-
ties of Natural Foods. Milwaukee, Lee Foundation for Nutri-
tional Research, 1942. LORAND, A., Health and Longevity Through Rational Diet. Phila., F. A. Davis Co., 1912. MARVIN, H. M., The Therapy of Dropsy. J. Am. Med. Assoc.,
1147 97 757-7637 Mar. 27 1940. McCANN, A. W., This Famishing World. New York, George
H. Doran Co., 1918. McCARRISON, R., Studies in Deficiency Disease. London,
Oxford Medical Publications, 192 1. McCARRISON, R., Nutrition and National Health. London,
Faber and Faber, 1944. McCLURE, F. J., The Destructive Action in Vitro, of Dilute
Acids and Acid Drinks and Beverages on the Rats Molar Teeth. J. of Nutrition, 26, 251-57, 1943. [631 DANGERS IN MODERN FOODS BIBLIOGRAPHY
McCOLLUM, E. V. and SIMMONDS, N., The Newer Knowl-
edge of Nutrition. New York, Macmillan, 1929. McCOLLUM, E. V. and SIMMONDS, N., Food, Nutrition
and Health. Baltimore, 1933. McGRATH, G., Lax Food Laws Can Kill You. National Police
Gazette, May, 1958. McHENRY, E. W., Observations on the Nutritive Value of
Bread. Can. Pub. Health J., 428-432, Sept., 1940. MORGAN, A. F., The Effect of Imbalance in the Filtrate Frac-
tion of the Vitamin B Complex in Dogs. Science, 261, Mar. 14,
l941. MURNEEK, A. E., Vitamins in Our Food. Science, loo, 557-
562, Dec. 22, 1944. NATENBERG, M., The Legacy of Doctor Wiley. Chicago, Re-
gent House, 1957. NORMAN, N. P., Constructive Meal Planning. Passaic, N. J.,
Phototone qress, 1946. NORMAN, N. P. and RORTY, J., Tomorrow's Food. New
York, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1947. PRICE, W. A., Control of Dental Caries and Some Associated
Degenerative Processes Through Reinforcement of the Diet
with Special Activators. J. Am. Dent. A., 19, 1339, 1932. PRICE, W. A., Nutrition and Physical Degeneration. New York,
Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1939. QUIGLEY, D. T., The National MaInu trition. Milwaukee, Lee
Found. for Nut. Res., 1943. RICHARDS, M. B., Imbalance of the Vitamin B Factors. Brit. Med. Jour., 4395, Mar. 31, 1945. ROBERTS, J. A., Vitamin C in Citrus-Juice Beverages and
Canned Grapefruit Juice. Food Research, 2, 331-337, 1937. --
RORTY, J., Hidden Dangers in White Bread. National Police
Gazette, Oct. 1954. RUPP, E., What About Trace Minerals? Missouri Ruralist, April
97 I9490
SCHLINK, F. J. and KALLET, A., ioo,ooo,ooo Guinea Pigs. New York, Vanguard Press, 1933. SCHLINK, F. J., Eat, Drink and Be Wary. New York, Grosset
& Dunlap, 1935. SCHOUR, I. and MASSLER, M., Dental Caries Experience in
Postwar Italy. (1945) I. Prevalence in Various Age Groups. J. of Am. Dent. Assoc., 35, 1, July, 1947. SHELTON, H. M., The Hygienic System. Vol. 2. San Antonio,
H. M. Shelton, 1948. SHERMAN, H. C., The Science of Nutrition. New York, Co-
lumbia University Press, 1943. Sodium Restricted Diets. Report of the Food and Nutrition
Board, Pub. 325, Washington, D. C., National Research
Council. TOVERUD, G., Decrease in Caries Frequency in Norwegian
Children During World War II. J. of Am. Dent. Assoc., 39,
1277 Aug.7 1949. WHEELER, E. O., BRIDGES, W. C. and WHITE, P. D.,
Diet Low in Salt (Sodium) in Congestive Heart Failure. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 133, 16, 1947. WICKENDEN, L., Our Daily Poison. New York, Devin-Adair,
1955-
WILEY, H. W., The History of a Crime Against the Food Law. Washington, D. C., H. W. Wiley, 1929. WRENCH, G. T., The Wheel of Health. London, C. W.
Daniel Co., 1938. [ 65 1 INDEX
....... Alcoholic beverages 45
........ Becks. Dr Herman 27........... Bright's disease 10
Caffeine................. 47
............ Canned foods 41
Cheese.................. 39
Chemicals in candy....... 55
...... Chemicals in cheese 39
........ Chemicals in meat 33
........ Chemicals in water 5l
.......... Chlorine dioxide 21
................... Cocoa 47
Coffee.................. 47
Colloidal salt............. 13
............. Condiments 43
History................ 43
....... Effect on humans 43
Experiments........... 44
Substitutes............ 44
Confections.............. 54
Dehydrated vegetable broth
powder................ l4
............. Dental caries 28
....... Diseases from sugar 3O
Drinking water........... 5l
.................. Edema lo
Effect of soft drinks on teeth 50
I............. Fish liver oil 35
........ Flour experiments l9
............. Fluoridation 52
........ Fluorine poisoning 52
Food and Drug
Administration......... 4
Gingivitis............... 29
Glucose................. 54 Graham. Sylvester......... l9
........... Healthy eating 60
History of sugar.......... 25
Home preparation of flour. 23
..... Home-made ice cream 57
Honey sweetening........ 3l
.............. Hypertension
............... Ice cream 1
Chemicals 56............. 57
Food and Drug
Administration
......... requirements 57
Ingredients in soft drinks.. 49
................ Insomnia lo
............. Jay. Dr Philip 27.......... Judd. Dr Edward 47
Ketosis in children........ 35
Kola nut 49................
......... Lithium chloride l4
Meat products........... 32
Milk.................... 37
Natural cheeses.......... 4O
....... Nitrogen trichloride 21
.... Nutrition requirements 59
Obesity................. 29
Penicillin in milk......... 37
................ Raw milk
Raw sugar cane........... 38
31.... Refined grain products 15
............ Refined sugar 25
......... Refining of sugar 26
1 67 1 DANGERS IN MODERN FOODS
......... Refining of wheat 16
........... Vitamin loss
Adulteration........... l7
......... Rice experiments 20
............ Roth and Ivy 47
..................... Salt 6
.............. Digestion
................ History 8
Needs................. 7
......... Salt. perspiration 13
........... Salt as laxative 12
Salt illnesses............. 11
......... Salt in pregnancy 12
....... Science of nutrition 3
..... Sex hormones in meat 32
........ Silbestrol injection 3
......... Sodium benzoate 42
............... Soft drinks 49............. Spring water 53
Tannin in tea............ 48
Tea..................... 47
........... Tea substitutes 48
Theobromine in cocoa..... 48
Theories of disease........ 5
...... Theories of nutrition 5
Tinned meats............ 34
Titanium dioxide......... 54


02/0200251h.html#toc 34/250cold fogs. Life is full of meaning for characters that are developed to accept as everyday routine
raging seas and piercing blizzards representing the accumulated fury of the treacherous north
Atlantic. One marvels at their gentleness, refinement and sweetness of character. The people live in these so-called black houses. These are thatched-roof dwellings containing
usually two or three rooms. The walls are built of stone and dirt, ordinarily about five feet in
thickness. There is usually a fireplace and chimney, one or two outside doors, and very few
windows in the house. The thatch of the roofs plays a very important rôle. It is replaced each
October and the old thatch is believed by the natives to have great value as a special fertilizer for
their soil because of its impregnation with chemicals that have been obtained from the peat smoke
which may be seen seeping through all parts of the roof at all seasons of the year. Peat fires are
kept burning for this explicit purpose even when the heat is not needed. This means that enormous
quantities of peat are required to maintain a continuous smudge. Some of the houses have no
chimney because it is desirable that the smoke leave the building through the thatched roof. Not
infrequently smoke is seen rolling out of an open door or open window. Fortunately the peat is so
abundant that it can be obtained easily from the almost limitless quantities nearby. The sheep that
roam the heather-covered plains are of a small black-faced breed, exhibiting great hardihood. They provide wool of specially high quality, which, incidentally, is the source of the famous Harris
Tweeds which are woven in these small black houses chiefly on the Isle of Harris. We are particularly concerned with the people of early Scotch descent who possess a physique
that rivals that found in almost any place in the world. They are descendants of the original Gaelic
stock which is their language today, and the only one which a large percentage of them can speak. This island has only one port which means that most of the shore line still provides primitive living
conditions as does the central part of the island. It was a great surprise, and indeed a very happy
one, to find such high types of manhood and womanhood as exist among the occupants of these
rustic thatched-roof homes, usually located in an expanse of heather-covered treeless plains. It
would be hard to visualize a more complete isolation for child life than many of these homes
provide, and one marvels at the refinement, intelligence, and strength of character of these rugged
people. They resent, and I think justly so, the critical and uncomplimentary references made to
their homes in attaching to them the name "black-houses." Several that we visited were artistically
decorated with clean wallpaper and improvised hangings. One would expect that in their one seaport town of Stornoway things would be gay over the
week-end, if not boisterous, with between four and five thousand fishermen and seamen on shore-
leave from Saturday until midnight Sunday. On Saturday evening the sidewalks were crowded with
happy carefree people, but no boisterousness and no drinking were to be seen. Sunday the people
went in throngs to their various churches. Before the sailors went aboard their crafts on Sunday
evening they met in bands on the street and on the piers for religious singing and prayers for safety
on their next fishing expedition. One could not buy a postage stamp, a picture card, or a
newspaper, could not hire a taxi, and could not find a place of amusement open on Sunday. Everybody has reverence for the Sabbath day on the Isle of Lewis. Every activity is made
subservient to their observance of the Sabbath day. In few places in the world are moral standards
so high. One wonders if the bleak winds which thrash the north Atlantic from our Labrador and
Greenland coasts have not tempered the souls of these people and created in them higher levels of
nobility and exalted human expression. These people are the outposts of the western fringe of the
European continent. Just as one sees in Brittany, on the west coast of France, the prehistoric druidical stone forest
marking a civilization which existed so far in the past as to be without historic records except in its
monuments; so, too, we find here the forest of granite slabs in which these sturdy prehistoric souls
worshipped their divinities before they were crowded into the sea by the westward moving hordes. When one realizes the distance that these heavy stones had to be transported, a distance of
probably twenty miles over difficult terrain, we can appreciate the task. Their size can be
calculated from the depth to which they must be buried in order to stand erect even to this day. We are concerned primarily with the physical development of the people, and particularly with7/29/13 Nutrition and Physical Degeneration
gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200251h.html#toc 35/250their freedom from dental caries or tooth decay.<|eot_id|><|begin_of_text|>Summarize the following text section accurately and concisely. Maintain specific details and numerical information, and use anti-repetition mechanisms:

        An important contribution to this phase comes directly from the experience of
primitive races and indicates that a more fundamental conditioning factor had developed in the
prenatal period. If, therefore, large groups of individuals suffer from such a prenatal conditioning
influence, new light will be thrown upon the larger problems of group deterioration. History seems
to provide records of such mass degeneration as, for example, those which culminated in the so-
called "dark ages. " That some such mass degeneration is now in progress is suggested by leading
students of human welfare. The regius professor of Greek at Oxford in his inaugural lecture in
1937 made the following observation: (20)
   In the revolution of thought through which we are living, the profoundest and most disturbing
element is the breakdown of that ethical system which, since the days of Constantine, has
imposed upon European culture at least the semblance of moral unity. In commenting on this important statement Sir Alfred Zimmern in his address on the decline of
international standards said that "Recent events should convince the dullest mind of the extent to
which international standards have deteriorated and the anarchy which threatens the repudiation of
law and order in favour of brute force. " The problem of progressive decline in individual and group ethical standards is commanding the
attention of great international organizations. In discussing this problem before the International
Rotary at its meeting in San Francisco in June, 1938, one of the leaders in mass reform, Mayor
Harold Burton of Cleveland, stressed very important phases. He stated that the American boys
"are making irrevocable choices" between good and bad citizenship which "may make or wreck
the nation. It may be on the battlefield of crime prevention that the life of democracy will be
saved. " He described great industrial cities as battlefields where "the tests of democracy are the
newest and sharpest. " (21). "For centuries," he said:. we have fought crime primarily by seeking to catch the criminal after the crime has been
committed and then through his punishment to lead or drive him and others to good citizenship. Today the greater range of operation and greater number of criminals argue that we must deal
with the flood waters of crime. We must prevent the flood by study, control and diversion of the7/29/13 Nutrition and Physical Degeneration
gutenberg. net. au/ebooks02/0200251h. html#toc 19/250waters at their respective sources. To do this we must direct the streams of growing boys in
each community away from fields of crime to those of good citizenship. If the "flood waters" that must be controlled lie farther back than the cradle, in order to
safeguard individual character and individual citizenship from prenatal conditioning factors which
have profound influence in determining the reaction of the individuals to the environment, it is
essential that programs that are to be efficient in maintaining national character reach back to those
forces which are causing the degeneration of increasing numbers of the population in succeeding
generations of our modern cultures. That the problem of mass degeneration constitutes one of the most alarming problems of our
modernized cultures is demonstrated by the urgency of appeals that are being made by students in
national and international affairs. The discussion of "An Ethical Declaration for the Times," (22) a
declaration of faith, is accompanied by a pledge. This pledge reads:
    I pledge myself to use every opportunity for action to uphold the great tradition of civilization
to protect all those who may suffer for its sake, and to pass it on to the coming generations. I
recognized no loyalty greater than that to the task of preserving truth, toleration, and justice in
the coming world order. The author emphasizes the great danger of taking for granted that the cultural progress that has
been attained will continue. There is probably no phase of this whole problem of modern
degeneration that is so brilliantly illuminated by the accumulated wisdom of primitive races as group
degeneration. They have so organized the life of the family and the individual that the nature of the
forces which established individual behavior and character are controlled. Our problem of modern degeneration involves both individual and group destiny. Our approach
to this study will, accordingly, involve first a critical examination of the forces that are responsible
for individual degeneration. In my search for the cause of degeneration of the human face and the dental organs I have been
unable to find an approach to the problem through the study of affected individuals


 again,
imposing an external electrical field on the primitive protoplasm. In every instance, the growing plasmodium could be made to turn
towards the negative side of an imposed electrical environment. In other words, in the slime mould, changing the electrical en
vironment can, under certain conditions, modify the direction in
which energy flows in the protoplasmic system. The third question-w hat is the electrical correlate of an ade
quate stimulus to the plasmodiu m-was studied using a
cathode-ray tube as recording instrument, with photographic re-
77 THE UBIQUITOUS FIELD
production. Here, again, it was demonstra ted that any change in
the physical environment of primitive protoplasm results in an
adeq uate stimulus to the protoplasm itself. For a single vein of the
slime mould, suspended between two silver-silver chloride elec
trodes, showed a remarkable electro-metric response to such a
stimulus as a tap on one of the electrodes. Unlike the nervous system, however, there seemed to be a
fairly close correlation between the strength of the tap and the
electro-metric response of the protoplasm. A weak tap produced a
relatively small change in voltage gradient, whereas a heavier
one increased the magnitude of the electrical response. There was,
however, obviously, a plateau of the response beyond which the
protoplasm showed no further increase in voltage output. This, of
course, is unlike the all-or-none phenomena to he found in neural
protoplasm. Records of this sort reinforce the concept that one of the
simpler forms of protoplasm exhibits properties very like that to
be found in the nervous system. This might be suspected, of
course, since both neurones and the slime mould are built of the
same basic stuff, protoplasm. Even the most primitive protoplasm,
in order to maintain its existence, must be capable of responding
to the changing physical and chemical environment, of transmit
ting the stimuli throughout its extent and after some kind of
correlation or coordinating or integration of all the stimuli, of
producing some kind of describable response. These basic prop
erties of protoplasm, after all, are to be found enhanced enorm
ously, specialized and increased in efficiency through the differ
entiation of the nervous system. No less important are changes in the chemical environment. For example, if a drop of 2 % procain is placed on a vein, the
immediate effect of the application of the drop-and this is true
also of water-is a stimulus response usually in the opposite
polarity to the tap stimulus. After a matter of a few minutes,
however, the tap will produce a much reduced and flattened re
sponse; the magnitude is lessened and a return to the baseline is
slow. If the: procain is washed off with a fine spray of tap water,
within another five minutes a reasonably characteristic response
78 THE UBIQUITOUS FIELD
is obtained, but much enhanced over the pre-test situation. It
should be noted that the vein hangs suspended in the air over a
moist chamber and the pro cain can be either adsorbed to the
surface of the protoplasm or pass through the phase boundary
into the protoplasm itself. The promptness of the recovery act of
washing and the enhancement uf the response would seem to in
dicate that the adsorbtion to the surface was the more probable. These experiments suggest that slime mould could become a
very valuable tool for the study of the elIect of changing chemi
cal environment on protoplasm. In general, the similarity in
electrical response of the slime mould to changes in the physical
and chemical environmen t shows a remarkable similarity to the
properties of neural tissue. * * *
With the experiments described in this chapter we had covered
a wide range of living forms and in all of them we had found
electro-dynamic fields. But our adventure was to lead us to still
further discoveries. 79 CHA PTER FIVE
The Field as a Sign post
1
We had reason to believe that the electro-dy namic field could
serve as a signpost for a variety of conditions because our ex
periments had confirmed our basic assumption. This was that
the organism possesses a field as a whole which embraces sub
sidiary or local fields, representing the organism's component
parts. We assumed, then, that variations in the subsidiary fields
would be reflected in variations in the flow of energy in the
whole system-as we had found in ovulation and malignancy. We decided, therefore, to look for further practical consequen ces
of the theory. Working with Dr. Sam uel Harvey and Dr. Max Taffe!, of
the Yale University School of Medicine, we initiated a study of
the relationship between the electro-metrics of the peripheral
nervous system and the physiological state of the system ex
amined. With the coopera tion of Dr. R. G. Grennel, we made a
special study of so-called surface potentials and peripheral nerve
injury. In the course of these experiments, it was demonstra ted that
in experimental animals and man-surface potential differences
do reflect peripheral nerve activities. These potentials are not
affected by pre-gang lionic sympathectomy and seem to be inde
pendent of vascular and sweating responses. We soon found a definite relationship between nerve and tissue
in the form of a potential difference, which can be used in quanti
tative tests of nerve function. These tests are simple enough for
routine clinical application. They show a dear-cut correlation be
tween the integrity of the peripheral somatic nervous system and
potential differences measured on the surface. 80 THE FIELD AS A SIGNPOST
Interference, pharmacological or traumatic, with normal func
tions of ulnar or sciatic nerve is reflected in an altered standing
potential between a reference electrode and a moving electrode in
contact with the area supplied by the nerve in question. The
mechanism by which this correlation is brought about is im
portant. Complicity of the vascular bed might exist but the lack
of any significant change in the pattern following sympathec
tomy makes this unlikely. However, the sympathectomies were
all pre-ganglionic and hence further work must be done in order
to clarify the matter. It has been found that rapidly shutting off the blood-flow in
the forearm and hand by means of a blood pressure cuff on the
arm, as well as a sudden return of flow on releasing the cup, does
not significantly alter the potential difference. In other words,
altering the normal functioning of the vascular bed does not
affect the standing potential. Furthermore, since the microvoltmet er is relatively unaffected
by changes in resistance in the system being measured,'skin re
sistance' and sweating, as reported by Richter and his associates,
are not involved in the potential changes. In the light of these
findings it would seem unlikely that the sympathetic nervous
system is the mediating factor. Nevertheless, the data show that
in unilateral sympathectomy there is a difference in the standing
potential on the operated and unoperated sides. These measure
ments, then, form the basis of a simple, quantitat ive test of
peripheral function, independent of sweating or of vascular re
action. These ventures into the unknown of the electro-metrics of
living organisms were often prompted by a search for answers to
practical questions. An example of this are the electro-m etrics
of wound healing. The late Dr. Samuel Harvey and Dr. Max Taffel had been
studying wound healing in experimental animals and in man;
and had called attention to the fact that the strength of a heal
ing wound is probably caused in large measure by prolifera tioilS
of fibroblast. This means, of course, that there is a great deal of
mitotic activity going on and, since an increase in the number
of cells is a vital biological propert y-and since other experiments
81 THE FIEL D AS A SIGNPOST
to be reported later show a close correlation with growth-these
studjes by Taffe! and Harvey showed an increase in tensile
strength correlated with the passage of time. This inCTcase varies, for the most part, during the first eight or
ten days following the incision. This tends to be modified in
vitamin C deficient animals. But the increase of tensile strength
must involve at least two processes : one of cell proliferation and
one of cell differentiation. In normal development, the two events
do not occur in the same cell simultaneou sly. Each cell takes
part in the generalized mitosis of a group of cells-probably
fibroblas ts-for a period of time, after which, with other cells, it
undergoes a period of differen tiation. As growth proceeds, new
cells go into mitosis and then into differentiation adding thereby
to the new structure. There are no known methods for differenti
ating these two processes except by microscopic examination. The elcctro-metric technique offers the possibility of discriminat
ing between the two. 2
It seemed advisable, therefore, to investiga te the nature of
bioelectric phenomena in wound healing and to discover any
possible relationship between bioelectrics and tensile strength and
also between bioelectrics and growth or differen tiation. The experimental animals used for the laboratory were guinea