or spokesperson? W ill a proposed policy
conspiracy theories or unsolved
business-for instance, to determine
evidence). actually solve the problem for which it is
mysteries, such as the Amelia Earhart
whether a bill or invoice is accurate. A
designed? Such practical issues can now
story, the Lindber gh kidnapping, etc. One of the most interesting applications
padded account will make any
be addressed with more certitude. T estimony before Senate hearings and
of the technique is in crimes where there
investigator's arm go weak as will
Political debates and public addresses
media reports of events are verifiable in a
are no witnesses, and it is the word of the
inferior quality or workmanship. Fraudcan be analyzed for factuality, and
matter of seconds. By use of this
accuser against that of the accused. The
and bogus imitations are easily
proposed legislation can be assessed
technique, for instance, it will be rash of allegations of sexual crimes
detectable; the technique can quickly
from a clearer perspective. Programs that
discovered that a major sports figure who
against prominent people is an obvious
dif ferentiate a bad check from a good
are worthwhile can be definitely
recently served a prison term is innocent,
example. Public figures are easy tar gets
one, a false diamond from a true gem. identified, and inef fective programs can
and his accuser was lying. In another
for politically motivated character
be dropped. 47
48
Science and Researchencountered were of hysterical origin,
technique can be profoundly spiritual. acumen of some of these "gurus" can be
The level of truth of any scientific paper,
and he finally stopped believing them. W e may, for instance, test the contrasting
dazzling, and their capacity to mimic a
experiment or theory is easily Kinesiologic testing can be used to back
statements: "I am a body," and "I have a
convincing sincerity is amazing; they
determinable, a great potential asset to
up clinical judgments as well as
body." Appropriate questions proceeding
often take in even sophisticated spiritual
the scientific community and the public
scientifically controlled investigation,
from this point can resolve one's most
seekers. This is spiritual seduction. A
at lar ge. The benefits to be derived from
because it can transcend the built-in
basic fears. Alt limiting self-definitions
mixture of truth and falsehood blended ina given direction of investigation can be
design limitation of double-blind
create fear because they create a slick package, the teachings sound
ascertained in advance, as can the value
research, which can of itself create the
vulnerability. Our perceptions are valid if one cannot see that their truth
has of alternate avenues of research. very error it is supposed to prevent. essentially distorted by our own self-
been distorted by a false context. Examination of the economics of Statistics are no substitute for truth and
in definition, which in turn is qualified by
Such spiritual exploitation is routinely
research projects and the capabilities of
the complexity of bio-behavioral
identifying with cur limitations. Error
exposed in India where these media-
investigators and equipment is also of
phenomena, proximal antecedents can
occurs when we cling to the belief that I
hungry frauds are held in low regard and
practical value. too easily become classified as ostensible
am "that." T ruth is unveiled when we seeoften confined to their quarters by the
that one has ``that," or does "that,"
Critical factor analysis can detect the
causes. The real "cause" may well be the
government should they return home. instead of is "that." point in a system at which the least ef fort
pull of the future through a hidden
Such "teachers" can inflict terrible
is capable of producing the greatest
attractor field. There is great freedom in the realization
suf fering and tragedy. The most
result. Computer simulation, with all its
that I "have" a body and a mind, rather
catastrophic depressions in clinical
Education
complex and uncertain variables, is the
than I "am" my mind or body. Once the
practice occur in people who have
present state-of-the-art technique for A profoundly telling exercise may
be fear of death is transcended, life becomesdiscovered that they have been spiritually
predicting developments and exploring
performed by evaluating the books in
a transformed experience because that
deceived. Such disillusionment and pain
alternative proposals. The built-in (100)
one's library. Simply hold them over the
particular fear underlies all others. Few
is far more severe than that which results
limitations of logic circuits, however, can
solar plexus and have somebody test year
people know what it is to live without
from other losses in life, and recovery
be transcended by the kinesiologic use of
muscle strength. As you do this, your
fear. But beyond fear lies joy, as the
has not always been possible. the world's most advanced computer, the
books will end up in two piles; reflection
meaning and purpose of existence The charm of all false prophets is
human nervous system. Quantum non-
on the dif ferences between the two canbecome transparent. Once this realization
persuasiveness. But use of the testing
locality guarantees that the answers to
produce a revelation - (101) many testers
occurs, life becomes ef fortless and the
method herein described provides a
every question are everywhere present,
have found it one of the most valuable
sources of suf fering dissolve; suf fering is
foolproof safeguard against such
but this in itself can be confusing to a
experiences of their lives. (Some left the
only the price we pay for our deception. It is informative to watch TV
conventional computer. two piles there for a period of time to let
attachments. evangelists with the sound turned of f and
the lesson sink in.) (102)
Empirical issues, however, are have somebody test you. False gurus also
Clinical Fork
It is equally informative to try the sameinvolved even in spiritual quests. In the
make everyone go weak in a dramatic
In medicine, the accuracy of diagnoses as
procedure with one's music collection. matter of spiritual teachers, Americans
fashion. It is as though the universe
well as the ef ficacy of a prescribed
The negative group will include violent,
are extremely naive, partly because
considers spiritual rape a specially grave
treatment can be tested. The technique is
sexist rap music and heavy metal rack. spiritual pursuit does not have a long
error. also valuable in psychological issues
The positive pile will contain classical
tradition here as it does in older cultures. What of a true teacher? In the first place,
where the etiology of a disorder can be
music, classic rock (the Beatles
That the world abounds with false gurus
a universal hallmark is that the truequickly ascertained. One currently included), much Country W estern
is well known in India, but such cynicism
teacher never controls anyone's life (103) in
controversial subject of investigation that
(surprisingly, it calibrates generally at
does not come readily to Americans. any way, instead merely explaining how
obviously suggests itself is the area of so-
520-the problems of the heart), Reggae,
Fakes repeatedly come out of India with
to advance consciousness. If we do test,
called repressed childhood memories of
popular ballads, etc,
impressive presentations and hoodwink
though, we will find, for instance, that
alleged sexual abuse. Facts can be
naive W estern spiritual aspirants who, in
Mother T eresa, recognized by the world
quickly dif ferentiated from false Spirituality
childlike trust, leave home and hearth,
through the Nobel Prize, calibrates at"memories" elicited in response to Though this chapter has dealt
primarily sell their belongings, and follow the
300, as does the acknowledged Indian
suggestion. Freud concluded that most
with secular uses of this tool, it should be
charismatic spiritual con man down a
spiritual saint, Ramana Maharshi, who
reports of childhood incest he pointed out that applications of the
path to eventual disillusionment. The
died in 1956. (He went into a state of
49
50
Science and Research
encountered were of hysterical origin,
technique can be profoundly spiritual. acumen of some of these "gurus" can be
The level of truth of any scientific paper,
and he finally stopped believing them. W e may, for instance, test the contrasting
dazzling, and their capacity to mimic a
experiment or theory is easily Kinesiologic testing can be used to back
statements: "I am a body," and "I have a
convincing sincerity is amazing; theydeterminable, a great potential asset to
up clinical judgments as well as
body." Appropriate questions proceeding
often take in even sophisticated spiritual
the scientific community and the public
scientifically controlled investigation,
from this point can resolve one's most
seekers. This is spiritual seduction. A
at lar ge.<|eot_id|><|begin_of_text|>Summarize the following text section accurately and concisely. Maintain specific details and numerical information, and use anti-repetition mechanisms:

        spiritual experiences of profound import
points in a lifetime is, of course, a


 of the acid may flow into the esophagus when the person is lying down and produce a
type of pain that is often called heartburn. In som e, the laxity of the "valve" in the diaphragm may be such that a portion of the stomach may pass th rough it
into the chest and achieve the title of hiatus hernia. When the valves reverse their mode of operation for the normal
flow of the stomach content, in effect they are preparing for another eventual and unavoidable outcome: the
evacuation of the stomach content through the mouth. If the stomach content cannot go into the intestine and it
cannot indefinitely remain in the stomach, there is only one other way out—through the mouth. For this action to
take place, the intestinal tract is ca pable of reversing the direction of its contractions. The reversal of the
contractions is called "anti-peristalsis." One of the most misunderstood and upsetting conditions that is a complication of sev ere dehydration is bulimia. People who  suffer from bulimia—the most notable of them is Pri ncess Diana, who has been devastated with this
problem and who se marriage to Prince Charles was destroyed because of this antisocial problem—suff er from
constant "hunger." When they eat, they cannot retain the food and have an instant uncontrollable urge to vomit—
thus, their antisocial life-style. In these people, their sensation of "hunger" is, in fact, an indicator of thirst, and their
urge to vomit is the protection mechanism that is explained above. If bulimics begin to rehydrate their body well and
drink water before their food, this problem will disappear. In my opinion, because of the repeated corrosive effect of the regurgitating acid on the unprotected esophageal
tissue, there is a strong relationship between heartburn of early life and eventual cancer of the lower end of the
esophagus. Dyspeptic pain, no matter what other pathological label is attached to it, should be treated by regular intake of water. The current treatment practice and the use of antacids and histamine-blocking agents is not to the benefit of a
chronically dehydrated person whose body has resorted to crying for water. A.B. is herself engaged in the promotion of alternative medicine. She is very strongly into chelation therapy. Sh e has
compiled other people's information and written a popular book on chelation. However, she had herself suffered for
many years from excruciating pains from her hiatus hernia. Her husband, himself a most delightful author, tells me
that A.B. co uld hardly sit through a meal and not suffer from such severe pains as to be able to complete her food
and enjoy sitting down for a chat. At times, they would have to leave the restaurant because the pain would not
allow her even a short respite to finish her meal. A.B. tells me she hardly drank any water. Only after H.B. had by chance come across my book and read it, did they
finally understand A.B.'s problem. She began drinking water. As she increased her water intake, she noticed her
pain was less severe. In a matter of days it disappeared completely, never to come back. The husband and wife
now enjoy going out to eat. My wife and I ate with them a few times. It appears her hiatal hernia and its pain are
ancient history. It is interesting to note that even chelation, her pet treatment procedure for so many conditions,
could not help her. It should become clear that the hidden merits of che lation therapy in most cases is in its required
high-volume water intake during the actual treatment procedure. However in the past, increased water intake was
not a routine recommendation for in-betwee n the treatment sessions. But, as a result of my talks and reviews of my
book in their favorite Journal of Townse nd Letter for Doctors, most practitioners of "Alte rnative M edicine" are now
recommending increased water intake by their patients. Chelation therapy is most effective in extracting toxic m etals
out of the body. In Summary: Dyspeptic pain is a thirst signal associated with chronic or severe dehydration in the human body. It
could also exist in conjunction with other thirst pains of the body. Take a look at Mr. Liguori's letter on page 92. As
you can see, Mr. Liguori had both the pain of hiatal hernia and also anginal pain. With increased water intake, one
pain has disappeared and the other has diminished significantly in only one week of increased water intake. At the
time of the final writing of this page, his pain seems to have completely cleared up. "The worst sin towar d our fellow creatures is not to hate them, but to be indifferent to them: that's the essence of
inhumanity." George Bernard Show, 1897
RHEUM ATOID ART HRITIS PAINS
About 50 million Americans suffer from some form of arthritis, 30 million people suffer from low back pain, millions
suffer from arthritic neck pains, and 200,000 children are affected by the juvenile form of arthritis. On ce any of these
conditions establishes in an individual, it becomes a sentence for suffering during the rest of the individual's life—
unless the simplicity of the root-cause of the problem is ful ly understood. Initially, rheumatoid arthritic joints and their pain are to be viewed  as indicators of water deficiency in the affected
joint cartilage surfaces. Arthritis pain is another of the regional thirst signals of the body. In some arthritis pains, salt
shortage may be a contributing facto r.
The cartilage surfaces of bones in a joint contain much water. The lubricating property of this "held water" is utilizedin the cartilage allowing the two opposing surface s to freely glide over one another during joint movement. Whereas the bone cells are immersed in calcium deposits, the cartilage cells are immersed in a matrix co ntaining
much water. As the cartilage surface s glide over one another, som e exposed cells die and peel away. Ne w cells take their place
from the growing ends that are attached to the bone surfaces on the two sides. In a well-hydrated cartilage, the rate
of friction damage is minimal. In a dehydrated cartilage, the rate of "abrasive" damage is increased. The ratio
betwee n the rate of regeneration of cartilage cells to their "abrasive peel" is t he index of joint efficiency. Actively growing blood cells in the bone marrow take priority over the cartilage for the available water that goes
through the bone structure. In the process of dilating the blood vessels to bring more circu lation to the area, it is
possible that the branch that goes through a tight hole in the bone cannot expand adequately enough to cope; the
cells that depend on these vessels for  an increased water and nutrient supply are under a physically imposed
rationing control. Under such circumsta nces, and unless th ere is blood dilution to carry more water, the "serum"
requirements of the cartilage will have to be satisfied from the blood vessels that feed the capsule of the joint. The
nerve regulated shunting mechanisms (to all the joints) also produce signals of pain. Initially, this pain is an indication that the joint is not fully prepared to endure pressure until it is ful ly hydrated. This
type of pain has to be treated with a regular increase in water intake to produce som e dilution of blood that is
circulating to the area until the cartilage is fully hydrated and repaired from its base attachment to the bone—the
normal bone route of serum diffusion to the cartilage. A look at Figures 6 and 7 will help make the points clear. It is my assumption that the swelling and pain in the capsule of the joint is an indication there is dilation and edema
from the vessels that furnish circulation to the capsule of the joint. Joint surfaces h ave nerve endings that regulate
all functions. When they place a demand for more blood circulation to the area to pick up water from the serum, the
compensatory vascular expansion in the capsule is supposed to make up for the inefficiency of circu lation from the
bone route of sup ply. Because dehydration in the joint surface s will eventually cause severe damage—to the point of making the bone
surfaces bare and exposed until osteoarthritis becomes established—the tissue damage will trigger a mechanism
for remodeling of the joint There are hormone-secre ting cells in the capsule of the joint. When there is damage (also
from dehydration), injured tissue has to be repaired. These "local remodeling hormones" take over and restructure
the joint surfaces. It seems that they cat er to the lines of force and pressure that the joints have to endure. Unfortunately, the repair process seems to produce a deviation of the joints. To avoid such disfigurement, one
should take the very initial pain seriously and begin a strict attention to daily intake of water. Initially, this pain should
be recognized as a sign of local dehydration. If it does not disappear after a few d ays of water intake and repeated
gentle bending of the joints to bring more circulation to the area, one should then consult a professional practitioner
of medicine. You have nothing to lose and everything to gain by recognizing the pain and the non-infecti ous inflammation of a
rheumatoid joint as a thirst signal in your body. You are probably showing other signals for water shortage in your
body, but this particular site is indicating predisposition to a more severe local damage. If we understand the body to have difficulty in recognizing its thirst sta te, it is poss


ust investigate an even n1orl' basic aspect of
lovcnuking-physical con1patibility. COI TAL FIT
Sorne cou ples arc unaware that n1crc genital incompatibility, es
pecially discrepancy in size, n1ay be the reason for their sexual
problcn1s. Anthropologists tell us that human beings have the
largest brains and genitals a1nong the primates. The average length
of an erect hun1an penis is 6 inches, or 15 centimeters. The aver
age depth of the human vagina is 4 inches, or 1 o centimeters. This
difference is not a problen1 in itself, as the vagina is clastic and in
intercourse the degree of penetration varies. Difficulties arise, however, when there is a marked discre
pancy of genital size betw een partners. Unless care is used, for in
stance, too long a penis or too shallow a vagina could mean pain
and injury to a woman in the heat of passion. On the other hand, a
small penis may give pleasure to neither partner. In extreme cases,
violent penetration by a long penis may lacerate the vaginal vault
and induce life-threatening internal bleeding. Unless a woman
has a loose vagina, literally speaking, too long a penis is a curse
rather than a blessing for her. Writers of crude pornography the world over extol enormous
penises, as if a woman's sexual pleasure were in direct proportion
to the length of her partner's organ. If so, a donkey would be a
better lover than any hu1nan n1alc. In more sophisticated erotic lit
erature, genital size is scldon1 a matter tor concern. And in prac
tice, in fact, there arc "remedies" for disproportion. To prevent
injury to partners, Frcnchn1en with undesirably long organs usc
bourn·lcts, small thick cushions with a hole in the center which arc
tied with ribbons to the hip s. Perhaps partly because of their char -ANC IENT SECRE TS FO R MODEI �N LOVEHS
acteristic slenderness, the Chinese consider a very long penis a
disadvantage, and a large clitoris repulsive. The ancient Taoist
sexologists valued skill over equipment, and art over skill. As the
n1agician says, it is not the size of the wand, but the magic in it. Coital fit can be in1proved to a large extent by choosing an
appropriate position for copulation, as shown later in this chapter. Furthermor e, size should not be the focus. It is not phallic size
but phallic performance, proven through the durability of the
erection, and orgasmic brinkmanship that arc essential for sexual
pleasure. ORGASMIC BRINK MANSHIP
Talk of sexual pleasure is much ado about nothing, if in coitus a
n1an ejaculates soon after insertion. Here, as we have seen, the an
cient Chinese techniques of male delaying or withholding are of
in1mense value. First a quick look at the physiology of orgasm. During love
play and coitus, if physical and psychological stimulation con
tinue and intensify, the sexual tension in either or both partners
mounts until it is suddenly discharged. This sexual release is or
gasn1, also known as clin1ax or coming. It norn1ally lasts only a
few seconds, during which an individual undergoes involuntary
n1uscular contractions, experiences ecstatic pleasure, and becomes
oblivious to external surroundings. The French have an apt nan1e
for this sexual lightning: Ia petite mort (the little death). Male and female orgastns arc not exactly the san1e. In a n1an,
orgasn1 is genitally oriented, explosive, and altnost ahvays acconl
panied by an cjandation of sen 1e11. In a \VOnlan, it is a n1ore dif
fuse. cerebral event, usu�11ly without t:iaculation. Ma ny \VOnlcn,
however. etnit a fluid front the urethra when they are deeply stitn
ulated. The nun's t�jarulation nonnally detnolishcs his erection
and thus tentporarily pn..'Vt'nts continued copulation. His crt·ction
will return tninutes l.lttT if he is young and potent, but hours or
�:vcn days later if he is older or kss potent. A won tan. with the
rapacity t"llr ntultiplc orgasnts within a short tinte, usually has no
such worry. Herein lies.1 potential probkn1 t"l)r a couplt·. And it
was this very problent that inspired ancient Taoists, who prided
thcntsdves in pleasing \\'onten sexually, to devise the trick of
org astni c brink nunsh ip. The 111cchanisn1 of rnall' L:iaculat ion is quite complex. When a
rnan reacht•s orgasrn, invo luntary rnuscks of the prostate, serninal
ducts, and St'rninal reservoirs begin a series of contractions, torc
ing tht' fluids they contain into the urethra. The man has reached
a stage that Mast ers and Johnson call '\jaculatory inevitabi lity":
at this point t:iaculation cannot he stopped. Contractions in the
urethra and prostate now tl. )rce the sen1en out of the penis. The ancient Taoist s consider ed this proce ss not always inevi
table, and beca use they belie ved that rnost if not all bodily pro
cesses were aftl.·cted by the n1ind, they set out to find a way to stop
or delay it. They devised a nun1bcr of n1ind-body techn iques to
arrest the ejaculation of scn1en, just before the point of "inevita
bility" was reached. Since orgasn1 and ejaculation involve mostly
the autonornic nervous systern and involuntary muscles, a man
n1t1st deliberately usc his n1ind to train his nervous system to in
fluence his body. When he has mastered the technique, a man can
delay ejaculation during sexual intercourse or, if he wants to, avoid
ejaculation altogether. Mentally, the technique of orgasmic brinkmanship involves a
relaxed approach, deliberate distraction from sexual sensations,
and willpower not to ejaculate. Physically, it requires unhurried,
shallow thrustings; deep breathing; a slowdown, pause, or com
plete withdrawal when sensations mount; and possibly "braking"
with pressure on certain acupoints. Knowing exactly when and
how to apply these measures is not sirnple. It is not always clear
how close one is to the brink. Practice, self-discipline, and pref
erably, a cooperat ive partner arc crucial for rnastering orgasn1ic
brinkmanship. The Taoist or Zen attitude is advised for men here. Unwind
fully, and enjoy yourself Do not grit your teeth or tense your
muscles; tension is the surest way to premature ejaculation. If you
lose control at first, as will happen with beginners, it is no disas
tcr;just try again. Even a n1aster of brinkn1anship may fall off the
cliff if he is with a new partner. It takes a nun1ber of sessions for
partners to adjust to one another. When coitus begins, if you, the rnale, and your partner have
enjoyed sufficient love-play and are in a romantic n1ood, the moon
grotto should be well lubricated and the jade stalk quite rigid. Do
not try to penetrate irnmcdiatcly. Instead, usc the tip of the jade
stalk to tease the shaft of the clitoris and the vestibule of the grotto
217 ;\ N < · 1 F N T S 1: C R f T S •= < l R M < l I l E I� N I. < ) V J: I� S
between the inner lips. This will further arouse your partner and
increase lubrication, which reduces friction and makes brin k
manship easier. If your partner wants immediate insertion, resist
and withdraw; then tease her again. This will help build your self
confidence. Advance the jade stalk tentatively and gradually. One Taoist
school teaches fifteen deep breaths for the man for each inch he
inserts. You need not follow this rigid rule, but you get the idea. For the manipulation of chi here, deep diaphragm breathing is of
supreme importance. When insertion is complete, remain in with
out thrusting or letting your partner move. When your sensation
quiets down, make shallow, leisurely thrusts. When thrusting,
contract your cinnabar field and anus, and breathe deeply the en
tire time. Avoid deep thrusting during this initial stage. If any acute sen sation develops, slow or stop your movement. If necessary, withdraw completely for about 10 seconds; then rein
sert. Your partner may be highly aroused while you try to keep
your


 and half years, and how fair he had
been, the prospect of a new judge at the eleventh hour
was disheartening. In the midst of the most dangerous
situation of my life, the two  forces in this world I had
come to have the most con fidence in to protect me,
Randy and Judge Blatt, were both taken away. This
amazing sequence of events was so completely out of my
control that I h ad no choice but to surrender at an even
deeper level. It seemed like li fe was finally unfolding in a
way that would assure the de mise of whatever was left of
my personal self—just what I had asked it to do so many
years ago. No one knew w hat was going to happen next. The trial
date would almost certainly h ave to be reset, but no one
had any idea of a new date or who the judge would be. All
we could do was continue to make sure we were ready,
just in case. The chief distric t judge, Judge Norton, took
charge of finding a federal judge who could handle a
four-month-long trial on short notice. In the meantime,
Judge Blatt continued to hold pretrial hearings, and we
continued to do very well with our motions in limine. Finally, unabl e to find a replacement judge, JudgeNorton decided  to take the case himself. At a hearing in
July, we were given the new trial date of January 18,
2010, w hich was five months away. So now t he chief U. S. district judge of South Carolina was going to hear the
case. Everything just kept getting bigger and bigger. 4
Judge N orton took over the pretrial hearings around
August 2009. By then Randy was fully back in the
saddle, and he found Judge  Norton to be very bright,
knowledgeable, and impartial. It turned out that Judge
Norton’s rulings were very similar to Judge Blatt’s. We
continued to tear down the government’s case in pretrial
motions throughout the months leading up to trial. It
certainly appea red that the n ew judge, like the old, saw
the weakness of the case being brought against us. By O ctober, we were three months from trial, and the
time had come to reserve housing in Charleston. Years
earlier I  had asked Randy wh at the probability was of the
government catching on that I didn’t do anything wrong
and just dropping the charges. He told me that he
expected the government to drop charges against
everyone except me, John Kang, and John Sessions—the
CEO, the president, and th e chief operations officer. Randy would have included  the chief financial officer,
but he had previously died of cancer. I wanted to be sure of my odds, so I pushed Randy by
asking i f it would literally take divine intervention for me
to a void a tria l and just walk free. He pondered for a
moment and said, “Yes, it w ould take an act of divine
intervention. ” With that in mind, Donna and I headed to
Charleston to rent a place to  live for four months. We
made it an adv enture. We had both lived at the Temple
for mor e than thirty-five years. We had never been away
for muc h more  than a few weeks at a time. This trial is
what it would take to force us to relocate for such an
extended perio d. There was, of course, the possibility
that my departure would be much longer. As we approached the trial date, things unfolded in
accordance to  Randy’s predictions. The government
called in the second tier of indicted executives one by one
and tried to get something useful before dropping
charges. Of course, there was nothing to get, and we were
all g lad to see  our colleagues taken out of harm’s way. That left the three senior exe cutives headed for trial on
January 18, 2010. I received a call from Randy mid-December. He had
gotten an indication thro ugh back channels that
suddenly the government was interested in discussing a
settlement. After checking it out, Randy said it seemed
prosecutors had had enough, and they wanted me out of
the case. We were feeling pretty confident about my
position given the successes we had in the pretrial
hearings. I told Randy that I wanted the charges dropped
with no thing on my record. If  they wanted a statement of
facts, I would state that I had always believed that
everything was  being done in  accordance with standard
accounting principles, but I now saw that Bobby had
been doing some things improperly. In other words, I
would tell the truth and nothing else. Somehow, just four weeks before trial, and six years
since t he rai d, light was dispelling darkness. The
government insisted that I voluntarily give up a portion
of a twelve-ye ar-old stock sale, just in case the share
price had been affected by Bobby’s accounting
inaccuracies. I doubted that the share price would have
been af fected, but if it had been, that was money I didn’t
want or need. Then, as suddenly as the whole nightmare
had begun—it was over. The government agreed to drop
all charges against me. I didn’t feel joy, and I didn’t feel relief. What I felt was
a d eep sense of appreciation that in the end, truth
triumphed. It may have taken divine intervention, but
the truth won. Tempering this feeling, however, was the
fact tha t John Kang and John Sessions were still headedfor trial. I had been exposed to all the documents in the
case, and the o nly things I ever saw being done willfully
wrong w ere the actions of Bo bby Davids and his group. I
knew th at John Kang and John Sessions had both just
done their jobs to the best of  their ability. I worked with
Randy s o that he and his team  could do all they could to
provide support during the trial. They couldn’t
participate directly, but they were present and wrote up
most of  the summaries, mot ions, and other documents
needed during and after the proceedings. The trial went extremely well. John Kang’s attorney
turned out to be an excelle nt litigator, and he pretty
much handled all the cross-examination of the
government witnesses, including Bobby and his
paramour from  the accounting department, Caroline. By
the time the government rested its case, the defense
attorneys felt that almost every government witness had
been turned into a favorable witness for the defense. That being the case, the defe nse also rested. Given what
had taken place in that cour troom over the past month
and a half, no one coul d possibly feel that the
government h ad proven its case beyond a reasonable
doubt. With both sides havin g rested, the case went to
the jury. The jurors did not deliberate  very long. After only five
or s ix hours, t hey announce d that they had reached a
unanimous verdict. Given what had transpired during
the trial, that seemed like a reasonable amount of
deliberation. On March 1, 2010, the jury gathered back in
the courtroom and read the verdict: guilty as charged. The defense was stunned. The judge dropped his head
into h is hands. What had happened. Post-trial
interviews with the jurors showed that the case was
pretty much over after opening arguments. The
government had presented such a simplistic,
overwhelming view of what had been done wrong in the
company that most jurors had  made their minds up rightthen. Just hearing the govern ment tell its story had been
enough for most of the jurors. It was very sad. Our legal
system had not worked. The truth had not been
uncovered, and John Kang and John Sessions awaited
sentencing. Only one glimmer of hope was still burning. The
defense had filed a motion for dismissal based on the
statute of limitations, and the judge had not yet ruled on
that motion. On May 27, 2010, almost three months after
trial, Judge Norton issued his ruling and dismissed the
entire case against John Kang and John Sessions. In that
ruling, the judge took the opportunity to again and again
chastise the government for what had happened in this
case. Among his other comp laints, he questioned why
the government would kee p so many people under
indictment for five years and then drop all charges just
before trial. Judge Norton pointed out that this had
helped drive the pretrial defense cost of the case to more
than $190 million. I wa s p leased t hat John Kang and John Sessions were
free with nothing on their rec ords. I was also encouraged
that at least so meone had noticed the absurdity of what
had taken place. But it wasn’t necessarily over: the
government had the right to appeal the judge’s dismissal. In c ase that ha ppened, the defense had filed a motion for
retrial. This motion was based  on the bold argument that
the jury had been mistaken—the weight of the evidence
presented at trial did not support the verdict. On
January 19, 2011, almost a year after trial, the whole
truth and nothing but the tru th finally broke through. On
that day, when Judge


	have	meat	on	his	or	her	table,	just	as	we	aspire	to	have
bigger	houses	and	faster	cars. Voit	figured	you	can’t	get	too	much	of	a	good
thing. Voit	went	on	to	mentor	several	well-known	nutrition	researchers	of	the
early	1900s,	including	Max	Rubner	(1854-1932)	and	W.O. Atwater	(1844-
1907). Both	students	closely	followed	the	advice	of	their	teacher. Rubner
stated	that	protein	intake,	meaning	meat,	was	a	symbol	of	civilization	itself:
“a	large	protein	allowance	is	the	right	of	civilized	man.”	Atwater	went	on	to
organize	the	first	nutrition	laboratory	at	the	United	States	Department	of
Agriculture	(USDA). As	director	of	the	USDA,	he
recommended	125	grams
per	day	(only	about	fifty-five	grams	per	day	is	now	recommended). Later,	we
will	see	how	important	this	early	precedent	was	to	this	government	agency. A	cultural	bias	had	become	firmly	entrenched. If	you	were	civilized,	youate	plenty	of	protein. If	you	were	rich,	you	ate	meat,	and	if	you	were	poor,
you	ate	staple	plant	foods,	like	potatoes	and	bread. The	lower	classes	were
considered	by	some	to	be	lazy	and	inept	as	a	result	of	not	eating	enough	meat,
or	protein. Elitism	and	arrogance	dominated	much	of	the	burgeoning	held	of
nutrition	in	the	nineteenth	century. The	entire	concept	that	bigger	is	better,
more	civilized	and	perhaps	even	more	spiritual	permeated	every	thought
about	protein. Major	McCay	a	prominent	English	physician	in	the	early	twentieth
century,	provided	one	of	the	more	entertaining,	but	most	unfortunate,
moments	in	this	history. Physician	McCay	was	stationed	in	the	English
colony	of	India	in	1912	in	order	to	identify	good	fighting	men	in	the	Indian
tribes. Among	other	things,	he	said	that	people	who	consumed	less	protein
were	of	a	“poor	physique,	and	a	cringing	effeminate	disposition	is	all	that	can
be	expected.”PRESSING	FOR	QUALITY
Protein,	fat,	carbohydrate	and	alcohol	provide	virtually	all	of	the	calories	that
we	consume. Fat,	carbohydrate	and	protein,	as
macro
nutrients,	make	up
almost	all	the	weight	of	food,	aside	from	water,	with	the	remaining	small
amount	being	the	vitamin	and	mineral
micro
nutrients. The	amounts	of	these
latter
micro
nutrients	needed	for	optimum	health	are	tiny	(milligrams	to
micrograms). Protein,	the	most	sacred	of	all	nutrients,	is	a	vital	component	of	our	bodies
and	there	are	hundreds	of	thousands	of	different	kinds. They	function	as
enzymes,	hormones,	structural	tissue	and	transport	molecules,	all	of	which
make	life	possible. Proteins	are	constructed	as	long	chains	of	hundreds	or
thousands	of	amino	acids,	of	which	there	are	fifteen	to	twenty	different	kinds,
depending	on	how	they	are	counted. Proteins	wear	out	on	a	regular	basis	and
must	be	replaced. This	is	accomplished	by	consuming	foods	that	contain
protein. When	digested,	these	proteins	give	us	a	whole	new	supply	of	amino
acid	building	blocks	to	use	in	making	new	protein	replacements	for	those	that
wore	out. Various	food	proteins	are	said	to	be	of	different	quality,	depending
on	how	well	they	provide	the	needed	amino	acids	used	to	replace	our	body
proteins. This	process	of	disassembling	and	reassembling	the	amino	acids	of
proteins	is	like	someone	giving	us	a	multicolored	string	of	beads	to	replace	an
old	string	of	beads	that	we	lost. However,	the	colored	beads	on	the	string
given	to	us	are	not	in	the	same	order	as	the	string	we	lost. So,	we	break	the
string	and	collect	its	beads. Then,	we	reconstruct	our	new	string	so	that	the
colored	beads	are	in	the	same	order	as	our	lost	string. But	if	we	are	short	of
blue	beads,	for	example,	making	our	new	string	is	going	to	be	slowed	down
or	stopped	until	we	get	more	blue	beads. This	is	the	same	concept	as	in
making	new	tissue	proteins	to	match	our	old	worn	out	proteins. About	eight	amino	acids	(“colored	beads”)	that	are	needed	for	making	our
tissue	proteins	must	be	provided	by	the	food	we	eat. They	are	called
“essential”	because	our	bodies	cannot	make	them. If,	like	our	string	of	beads,
our	food	protein	lacks	enough	of	even	one	of	these	eight	“essential”	amino
acids,	then	the	synthesis	of	the	new	proteins	will	be	slowed	down	or	stopped. This	is	where	the	idea	of	protein	quality	comes	into	play. Food	proteins	of	the
highest	quality	are,	very	simply,	those	that	provide,	upon	digestion,	the	right
kinds	and	amounts	of	amino	acids	needed	to	efficiently	synthesize	our	new
tissue	proteins. This	is	what	that	word	“quality”	really	means:	it	is	the	ability
of	food	proteins	to	provide	the	right	kinds	and	amounts	of	amino	acids	to
make	our	new	proteins.Can	you	guess	what	food	we	might	eat	to	most	efficiently	provide	the
building	blocks	for	our	replacement	proteins? The	answer	is	human	flesh. Its
protein	has	just	the	right	amount	of	the	needed	amino	acids. But	while	our
fellow	men	and	women	are	not	for	dinner,	we	do	get	the	next	“best”	protein
by	eating	other	animals. The	proteins	of	other	animals	are	very	similar	to	our
proteins	because	they	mostly	have	the	right	amounts	of	each	of	the	needed
amino	acids. These	proteins	can	be	used	very	efficiently	and	therefore	are
called	“high	quality.”	Among	animal	foods,	the	proteins	of	milk	and	eggs
represent	the	best	amino	acid	matches	for	our	proteins,	and	thus	are
considered	the	highest	quality. While	the	“lower	quality”	plant	proteins	may
be	lacking	in	one	or	more	of	the	essential	amino	acids,	as	a	group	they
do
contain	all	of	them. The	concept	of	quality	really	means	the	efficiency	with	which	food
proteins	are	used	to	promote	growth. This	would	be	well	and	good	if	the
greatest	efficiency	equaled	the	greatest	health,	but	it	doesn’t,	and	that’s	why
the	terms	efficiency	and	quality	are	misleading. In	fact,	to	give	you	a	taste	of
what’s	to	come,	there	is	a	mountain	of	compelling	research
showing	that
“low-quality”	plant	protein,	which	allows	for	slow	but	steady	synthesis	of
new	proteins,	is	the	healthiest	type	of	protein. Slow	but	steady	wins	the	race. The	quality	of	protein	found	in	a	specific	food	is	determined	by	seeing	how
fast	animals	would	grow	while	consuming	it. Some	foods,	namely	those	from
animals,	emerge	with	a	very	high	protein	efficiency	ratio	and	value. 1
This	focus	on	efficiency	of	body	growth,	as	if	it	were	good	health,
encourages	the


shocked	to	see	what	was	emerging. Although	I	had	no	particular	predilection
toward	any	one	type	of	diet	at	the	time,	I	knew	that	the	landmark	diet,
nutrition	and	cancer	panel	that	I	was	on	at	the	National	Academy	of	Sciences
would	likely	recommend	something	similar	to	McGovern’s	goals,	this	time
citing	cancer	research	instead	of	heart	disease	research. The	scientific	results
with	which	I	was	familiar	very	clearly	seemed	to	justify	the	moderate
recommendations	made	by	McGovern’s	dietary	goals	committee. Sitting	next	to	me	at	our	first	meeting	was	Alf	Harper,	whom	I	had	held	in
high	esteem	since	our	days	at	MIT	where	he	was	the	General	Foods	Professor
of	Nutritional	Sciences. Early	in	the	meeting,	when	this	handwritten	proposed
news	release	was	passed	out	to	the	committee	members,	I	leaned	over	to
Harper	and	pointed	to	the	place	where	it	listed	McGovern’s	dietary	goals
amongst	other	common	scams	and	whispered	incredulously,	“Do	you	see
this. ”
Harper	could	sense	my	unease,	even	disbelief,	and	so	quickly	spoke
up. In
a	patronizing	tone,	he	said	to	the	group,	“There	are	honorable	people	in	our
society	who	may	not	necessarily	agree	with	this	list. Perhaps	we	should	put	iton	hold. ”	A	reluctant	discussion	ensued,	and	they	decided	to	forgo	the
proposed	press	release. With	the	conclusion	of	the	news	release	issue,	the	meeting	came	to	an	end. As	far	as	I	was	concerned,	it	was	a	dubious	beginning,	at	best. A	couple	of	weeks	later,	back	in	upstate	New	York,	I	turned	on	a	morning
TV	news	show	and	Tom	Brokaw	appeared	on	the	screen	and	started	talking
about	nutrition	with	Bob	Olson,	of	all	people. They	were	discussing	a	recent
report	that	Olson	and	friends	had	produced	at	the	National	Academy	of
Sciences	called	“Toward	Healthful	Diets. ”	This	report,	which	was	one	of	the
briefest,	most	superficial	reports	on	health	ever	produced	by	the	NAS,
extolled	the	virtues	of	the	high-fat,	high-meat	American	diet	and	basically
confirmed	that	all	was	well	with	how	America	was	eating. From	a	scientific	point	of	view,	the	message	was	a	doozy. I	remember	one
exchange	where	Tom	Brokaw	asked	about	fast	food,	and	Olson	confidently
stated	that	McDonald’s	hamburgers	were	fine. With	millions	of	viewers
watching	this	“expert”	praise	the	health	value	of	McDonald’s	hamburgers,	it’s
no	wonder	that	consumers	around	the	country	were	confused. Only	a	handful
of	insiders	could	possibly	know	that	his	views	did	not	even	come	close	to
reflecting	the	best	understanding	of	the	science	at	the	time. THE	SECOND	MEETING
We	were	back	for	round	two	in	Atlantic	City	at	our	annual	meeting	in	late
spring	of	1981. From	our	correspondence	over	the	past	year,	the	committee
already	had	an	informal	agenda	in	place. First,	we	were	to	establish	the
proposition	that	nutrition	scams	were	eroding	the	public’s	trust	in	the	nutrition
research	community. Second,	we	needed	to	publicize	the	idea	that	advocating
more	vegetable	and	fruit	consumption	and	less	meat	and	high-fat	foods	was,
itself,	a	scam. Third,	we	intended	to	position	our	committee	as	a	permanent,
standing	organization. Up	to	this	point,	our	group	had	only	served	in	a
temporary	capacity,	as	an	exploratory	committee. Now	it	was	time	to	get	on
with	our	job	of	becoming	the	permanent,	principle	source	of	reliable	nutrition
information	in	the	U.<|eot_id|><|begin_of_text|>
Q: What is the main challenge in transitioning to a plant-based diet?,
A: According to the passage, the main challenges are both psychological and practical. The author mentions that it's hard to figure out what to eat, and it's annoying to have to cook meals every evening. However, it's also mentioned that with time, one can find a few new habits and enjoy the food more.
Q: What was the purpose of the Public Nutrition Information Committee?,
A: The purpose of the committee was to establish a permanent organization to promote the NAS report's message, which encouraged a diet that is high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and low in animal-based foods.
Q: What was the reaction of the American Cancer Society to the AICR's report?,
A: The American Cancer Society did not take kindly to the report's findings and tried to discredit it. They claimed that the report was wrong and that the diet recommended by the report was not healthy.
Q: What was the purpose of the Nurses' Health Study?,
A: The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between diet and cancer, particularly breast cancer. The study was designed to follow a large group of nurses and record their diets before disease events occurred.
Q: What is the author's criticism of the Nurses' Health Study?,
A: The author is critical of the study's design, stating that it is flawed and misleading. He argues that the study does not take into account the overall diet and instead focuses on individual nutrients, which can lead to misinformation and confusion.<|eot_id|><|begin_of_text|>Instead,	they	use
low-fat	and	nonfat	animal	products,	along	with	less	fat	during	cooking	and	at
the	table. Thus,	they	are
not
	adopting	the	diets	that	were	shown,	in	the
international	correlation	studies	and	in	our	rural	China	study,	to	be	associated
with	low	breast	cancer	rates. This	is	a	very	important	discrepancy,	and	is	illustrated	by	the	correlation
between	the	consumption	of	dietary	animal	protein	and	dietary	fat	for	a	group
of	countries	(
Chart	14.6
). 8,	9,	18,	20–22
	The	most	reliable	comparison	was
published	in	1975
20
;	it	showed	a	highly	convincing	correlation	of	more	than
90%. This	means	that	as	fat	intake	goes	up	in	various	countries,	animal
protein	intake	increases	in	an	almost	perfectly	parallel	manner. Likewise,	in
the	China	Study,	the	intakes	of	fat	and	animal	protein	also	show	a	similar
correlation	of	84%. 8,	21
In	the	Nurses’	Health	Study,	this	is	not	the	case. The	correlation	between
animal	protein	and	total	fat	intakes	is	only	about	16%. 9
	In	the	Women’s
Health	Trial,	also	including	American	women,	it	is	even	worse,	at	−17%
18,	21,
22
;	as	fat	goes	down,	animal	protein	goes	up. This	practice	is	typical	of
American	women	who	have	been	led	to	believe	that,	by	decreasing	their	fat
intake,	they	are	changing	to	a	healthier	diet. A	nurse	consuming	a	“low-fat”
diet	in	the	Harvard	study,	like	American	women	everywhere,	is	likely	to
continue	eating	large	amounts	of	animal	protein,	as	shown	in	meal	#1	(
Chart
14.4
). Sadly,	this	evidence	on	the	effects	of	animal-based	food	on	cancer	and
other	diseases	of	affluence	has	been	ignored,	even	maligned,	as	we	continue
to	focus	on	fat	and	other	nutrients	in	isolation. Because	of	this,	the	Nurses’
Health	Study	and	virtually	every	other	human	epidemiological	study
published	to	date	have	been	seriously	shortchanged	in	their	investigations	of
diet	and	disease	associations. Virtually	all	the	subjects	under	study	consume
the	very	diet	that	causes	diseases	of	affluence. If	one	kind	of	animal-based


 established on
the basis of flesh, milk, and egg production rather than health,
and an excess of grains is often given to the exclusion of
other important dietary essentials. The inclusion of purified
nutrients with commercial feeds, the lack of fresh, green foods for some animals, together with extensive vaccination
and other medical procedures, tend to produce adverse
reactions in animal health in many instances. As a rule,
however, the liberal use of raw foods tends to offset, to some
degree, these factors, and farm animals as a whole are less affected by disease than are humans. According to Furnas, in
reference to domestic breeds, "it takes at least a dozen
average animals to have as much ill-health as a single
human. " The animals usuall
y live several times as lon g as the period of growth. If they were as  ill as man, we would need
more than 150,000 veterinarians in the United States to take
care of them. HEALTH IN WILD NATURE
   Within all branches of the wild animal kingdom, the
exclusive use of raw foods is the norm of existence. Accordingly, a study of wild animal life might be expected to reveal the effects of a raw food diet. While many of the features of wild animal health are doubtless directly attributable to nutritive habits, this is not true in all cases. There are often adverse factors in nature which are largely or
entirely absent in civilization. Thus, while the wild animal is receiving excellent nutrition when food is available, it is
starving when food is not available. When the animal is
thirsty, it must drink from sewage-polluted water if no other
source of water exists. If the animal lives in an area which has
been subjected to treatment with insecticide sprays, much of its food supply may be poisoned. If ticks carrying tulmaria
and other transmissible diseases are active, no means of
defense are available. When injury from predators or
accidents occurs, no special care of the animal is possible. When heavy snow and severe cold strike, there is no
protection against excessive exposure. In consideration of all of these facts, it would be far too
much to expect to find a condition of perfect health existing
throughout wild nature. The wonder is not that wild animals
are subject to some disease; the wonder is that they are able
to survive at all. The fact that they do survive and also
maintain a high level of physical excellence in many respects is important to us. Certainly much of the good health that
does exist in wild nature may be attributed to the use of raw
foods, and if good nutrition during times of food availability did not exist, it is doubtful that the animal could be carried
through many periods of intense stress, exposure, and food
scarcity. The use of raw food in nature gives health and vigor
to all biological life. If only cooked foods were available, it is
certain that life could not exist on its present scale, and the
extinction of many species would be probable. I
NFECTIONS
   Biologists have often reported the existence of infectious
diseases in wild animals. It cannot be said that such diseases
are especially common, but they do occur. The reasons
behind the e pizootics which occasionall y spread throu gh animals of a particular area are not as yet fully understood. It
is known that most wild animals carry ticks which can
produce disease. When a particular species has multiplied
beyond the normal carrying capacity of the land, and sufficient food is no longer available, the ticks multiply in
number and their hosts may succumb to disease. Careful
studies of wild animal life have shown that cyclic reductions
in the numbers of certain species occur after a peak in
numbers has been reached, which exceeds the toleration point of range capacity. The causes of disease under such
conditions are not ascribed to malnutrition, although they can
be due in part to undernutrition, due to insufficient quantity of
food. Parasites are abundant in wild nature, but they seldom
seriously affect their host and their presence is of little
importance. In nature a live-and-let-live compromise—a mutual modus vivendi— has been established between
parasites and animals, and the presence of thousands of
parasites does not necessarily produce disease or cause death. Most wild grouse, for instance, harbor thousands of minute
threadworms, but this has no noticeable ill-effects upon the health and vigor of the bird. It is only when the normal
conditions of animal life are altered, usually by human
interference, that parasites will gain the upper hand and
enfeeble their hosts. Continuous bad weather, a lack of food,
or close inbreeding within a stock may also tend to lower animal vigor and allow parasites to multiply enormously and
bring about fatal results. Fortunately, such conditions are not
sufficiently frequent or severe to produce a significant
amount of disease in wild animal life. W
ILD ANIMAL DENTITION
   The real superiority of wild animal health—and this may be
attributed very largely to the use of uncooked food—is shown
by the almost complete absence of dental decay, and the very
low rate of parodontal disease, in all animals living under
natural conditions. The most complete study of wild animal
dentition ever undertaken was that of the British scientist, Sir Frank Colyer. A total of 18,365 wild animal skulls were
examined, covering all major groups of mammals. The
percentage of skulls showing traces of decay was less than
one-fifth of one per cent in all groups except the primates,
and in the latter the percentage was only 1. 4 per cent. There was also remarkable freedom from infection in teeth which
had been injured in battle or accident. Even in the case of
severe injury, when teeth had been split through the pulp,
healin
g usuall y took place without su ppuration. Parodontal disease, involving localized bone destruction in the tissues
surrounding the teeth, was enti rely absent in some animal
groups and extremely rare in others. Hypoplasia, a condition
involving pitting of the teeth, was seldom noted in wild animal skulls, and was of a mild type in the few discovered
cases. Likewise, abnormal positions of teeth were noted in
wild animals, but only in a small percentage of cases and
involving slight irregularities of the dental arch. Colyer also studied the skulls of large numbers of captive
animals, and he found the presence of much dental decay,
parodontal disease, hypoplasia, and variation in tooth position in many of the specimens. The great contrast between the
near-perfect condition of wild animal dentition and the many
defects of captive animal dentition was always apparent. Parodontal disease was the most severe affection of the
captive animals. Colyer stated that "The disease is caused by an alteration in the character of the diet of the animal, either
of a physical or chemical nature—in other words, by a
departure from natural diet and conditions. " Other dental
defects in captive animals were also attributed to the feeding
of artificial foodstuffs which would not be consumed in wild nature. Colyer's important research is strong evidence for the
value of raw foods in maintaining excellent dentition with high immunity to all forms of oral pathology. Superior wild animal health is also manifested in other
ways. Sexual pathology is considered extremely rare in
nature. Degenerative diseases doubtless exist, but they are not
common. Dr. Herbert Fox, the famous veterinarian of the Philadelphia Zoological Garden, has made the most extensive
of all studies on the health of wild animals. He reports finding
less disease in recently captured wild animals than in those which are reared under zoological conditions. Concerning
neoplasms, Dr. Fox states that "there is an impression of their
extreme scarcity among wild animals. " Dr. Fox found
arthritis in wild specimens but only in an extremely small
percentage of cases. Parasites were common, but they did not appear to lower animal vigor or act as an important cause of
disease. S
ENILITY
   As many wild animals are victims of predation, accidents,
deep snows, sub-zero cold, etc., it cannot be said that their
average duration of life is especially long. Yet some wild
creatures doubtless do reach the natural termination of their
existence, and this is accomplished with fewer signs of aging than are seen in civilized man. The biolo
gist, Sir J. Arthur Thompson, has often referred to the healthfulness of nature as
being manifested by the absence of senility and the rarity of
more than mild senescence. He states that man has "a
monopoly of senility" and in wild nature "there may be indications of senescence or normal aging, but there is no
senility. " It is difficult to tell the age of some mature animals
without examining the teeth for wear. After maturity is
reached, the aging process is very slow, and all animals look
very much alike. A decrepit animal is so rare that few naturalists, hunters, or trappers ever see one. As Thompson so
well points out: "Nature has much more to teach man than he
has yet learned, and it would be well, indeed, if man could
come closer to wild nature's standard of positive health and prolonged youthful-ness. " H
EALTH OF THE PRIMATES
   In the animal world, the primates are man's closest relative
from the standpoint of comparative anatomy and physiology. Their excellent example of health


condition and requires delicate treatment to correct. Ballooning of the colon occurs as a consequence of backed up feces. For
various reasons, feces can accumulate and stretch the bowel wall into enormous proportions. This often occurs in the sigmoid
colon as the result of a narrowing of the bowel lumen below the ballooning. This narrowing can be caused by adhesions, spasm or
colic conditions. When this occurs, constipat ion can become quite severe and painful and has a damaging effect upon the bowel
structure and function. Colitis is an irritable bowel condition that is highly associated with Psychological distress. Few pe ople truly
realize the benefits of a calm and peac eful lifestyle. They are often unaware of the mind’s ability to sink into the body’s
functioning ability and upset normal tissue activities. Fear, anger, depression, stress, tension, worries and obsessions can all upset
delicate processes in the body, and in particular, those of digestion and elimination. Sometimes what we need is a good cerebral
laxative to rid the mind of emotional autointoxication and constipation. Diverticular disease of the colon is occurring at an  ever-
increasing rate. It is a serious  bowel disturbance leading to many difficulties and must be avoided. When the diet is lacking in bulk
or fiber, the colonic muscle must work extremely hard to force feces through the organ. Where there is weakness in muscle fib ers a
hernia occurs, producin g a small pouch or sac -like protrudence in the tissue. It looks like a blister on the side of a tire where the air
is forcing its way to the surface through a weak spot in the tire wall. These sacs, or diverticula, are blind in one end. The refore
feces acc umulate within them and hold morbid matter in which a variety of very unfavorable organisms can begin to breed. They become sources of infection, inflammation and degenerative conditions. They are also the host for the production of
powerful toxins, adding  to an already over -burdened and toxic body. I have seen X -rays of the colon in which there were 142 of
these little sacs on one bowel. When these diverticula become inflamed and irritated, we have a case of diverticulitis. Shoul d any
one of these festerin g sacs produce a rupture, then we have a grave situation in which life is threatened by the release of these very
poisonous substances into the abdominal cavity of the body where infection can spread quite rapidly. Mucosal dysfunction occurs when the inte stinal mucus lining becomes stagnant and putrefactive. It begins to develop many
unfavorable conditions. No longer does it serve the function of facilitating elimination of fecal material. Instead it degene rates in
several ways. It can become abcessed, in which case irritations, abrasions, ulcerations and bleeding can occur. Food passage
can be very painful. Mucus can dehydrate and accumulate due to increased viscid consistency. This causes layer upon layer to be
built up until extreme constipation occurs. This old material becomes a source of infection and toxic absorption, holding many
otherwise excreted products. It also greatly inhibits the absorption of nutrients and water, adding to nutritional crisis. A spastic
bowel is often associated with colitis. The point I want to stress is that when bowel muscle or any muscle is overworked, tense and
not given an opportunity to rest, it will go into a spasm. Muscle spasm is a chronic tightening of the fibers due to hyperact ivity in
the nerve impulses controlling  muscle action. The symptoms frequently manifest as constipation, alternating with diarrhea. Mental
and emotional stresses are high on the list of contributing factors, coupled with chronic toxemia and poor diet. A stricture of the bowel usually occurs af ter an inflammatory disease such as colitis has damaged the tissue. It is a chronic
narrowing of the passageway that often results in a backup of feces that are unable to pass through. The feces accumulate in front
of the stricture, causing ballooning, whi le the segment just past the stricture collapses. Ulceration of the bowel occurs due to
irritations, abrasions, infections and toxic concentrations settling in or on muscle tissue. This results in open sores, blee ding and
much pain as is common in hemorrho ids, etc. The sigmoid and rectum are the sites for most of these troubles. Again,
autointoxication and constipation are the root causes. THE FOLLOWING DRAWINGS ILLUSTRATE THE VARIOUS ABNORMAL SHAPES OF THE BOWEL IN COMPARISON
TO A NORMAL BOWEL. There should be no doubt about the relation between health of the intestinal tract and health in the rest of the body. Intest inal
management probably is the most important thing a person can learn in a health -building routine. Some of the most important
functions of life take place in the intestines. Through it worn out cells are eliminated and new cell structures have their be ginning. At the Battle Creek Sanitarium I heard Dr. John Harvey Kellogg say he knew of many cases in which operations were prevent ed
by cleansing and revitalizing the bowel. He maintained that 90% of the diseases of civilization are due to improper functioni ng of
the colon. Sir Arbuthnot Lane (M. D. ) of London has shown the relation between bowel stasis and disease. He left no doubt a s to
how seriously he regarded the effects of intestinal intoxication when he said, “The lower end of the intestine is of the size  that
requires emptying every six hours, but by habit we retain its contents twenty -four hours. The result is ulcers and cance r. ”
Besides these world -renowned exponents of intestinal sanitation, other authorities have given recognition to the belief that
cleanliness of the colon is necessary to good health. It is believed that disorders such as appendicitis, infected tonsils, l iver and
gall-bladder infections, dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels, sinusitis, arthritis and rheumatism, etc., no doubt have thei r
origin in a sluggish colon. There is also an increasing number of morbid conditions in the various parts of the colon, involving the
flexures, the rectum and the anus. Consider the amount of surgery and various therapies of hemorrhoids, fistulas, prostate
disturbances and malignancies. While I attended the National College in Chicago  many years ago, autopsies were performed on 300 persons. According to the
history of these persons, 285 had claimed they were not constipated and had normal movements, and only 15 had admitted they
were constipated. The autopsies showed the opposite to be  the case, however, and only 15 were found not to have been
constipated, while 285 were found to have been constipated. Some of the histories of these 285 persons stated they had had as
many as 5 or 6 bowel movements daily, yet autopsies revealed that in s ome of them the bowels were 12 inches in diameter. The
bowel walls were encrusted with material (in one case peanuts) which had been lodged there for a very long time. Thus we see that
the average patient coming to a doctor’s office does not know whether o r not he is constipated. Some of my patients believe that if
they have three bowel movements a day they have diarrhea, and that a couple of movements a week is normal. An example of the
latter was a lady patient I had who assured me that she had normal mov ements; that her bowels moved regularly, every Tuesday
and Friday morning. Most people have not been properly educated in their childhood to realize the importance of adequate dail y
elimination and to heed nature’s call to evacuate the rectum. This indiffe rence to the natural urge to evacuate the bowels may be
the beginning of constipation. Doctor John Harvey Kellogg, who gave us so much of his philosophy and practical experience, lived to the age of 91. Since he did
more work in connection with intestinal  sanitation than anyone in this country, his advice should be worth listening to. It was his
opinion that we should eliminate the residue of each meal 15 to 18 hours after eating it. Babies, savages, birds and animals
evacuate a short time after each meal. Observe from the following statistics published by the Register General of England that no
group has contributed more to the death rate from intestinal diseases than doctors. “Comparative Mortality from Diseases of the Digestive System. ”
Physicians, sur geons 50
Inn-keepers 45
Barristers, solicitors 44
Seamen 43
Clergymen, priests, ministers 34
Butchers 30
Car men, carriers 28
Farmers 25
Gardeners 22
Railway guards, porters 20
Agricultural labourers 19
Average among all workers 28

As shown by the above s tatistics, the death rate of doctors is 31 points higher than that of agricultural laborers, and 22 points
higher than that of the average death rate of all workers who die of diseases of the digestive system. Is there a way that th ese
troubles can be avoi ded. Yes there is. Early detection will help in many cases, but the real remedy is found in changing the diet
and ways of living. In the meantime, there is only one way that we can do this and that is by


 are told that
he blew upon the trumpet seven times and at the seventh blast the walls
crumbled and he entered victoriously into the state that he sought. Seven is a stillness, a rest, the Sabbath. It is the state when man is com -
pletely unmoved in his conviction that the thing is. When I can assume
the feeling of my wish fulfilled and go to sleep, unconcerned, undisturbed,
I am at rest mentally, and am keeping the Sabbath or am blowing the
trumpet seven times. And when I reach that point the walls crumble. Cir -
cumstances alter then remold themselves in harmony with my assump -
tion. As they crumble I resurrect that which I have appropriated within.<|eot_id|><|begin_of_text|>Summarize the following text section accurately and concisely. Maintain specific details and numerical information, and use anti-repetition mechanisms:

        How To Manifest
Your Desires
By
Neville Goddard
Rare Lectures by Neville Goddard
More Free Books Law of Attraction Haven“If there is something tonight that you really want in this world, than ex -
perience in imagination what you would experience in the flesh were you
to realize your goal, and then deafen your ears, and blind your eyes to all
that denies the reality of your assumption. ”  - Neville, 1948
More Free Books Law of Attraction HavenFor More  Free PDF Books  on the Law of Attraction and Metaphysics Visit
the Law of Attraction Haven
More Free Books Law of Attraction HavenContents
Lesson I: Consciousness Is The Only Reality
Lesson II: Assumptions Harden Into Fact
Lesson III: Thinking Fourth-Dimensionally
Lesson IV: No One To Change But Self
Lesson V: Remain Faithful to Your Idea
Questions & Answers
Brazen Impudence
Radio Lecture: Be What You Wish; Be What You Believe
Radio Lecture: By Imagination We Become
Radio Lecture: Answered Prayer
Radio Lecture: Meditation
Radio Lecture: The Law of Assumption
Radio Lecture: Truth
Radio Lecture: Feeling is the Secret
Radio Lecture: Affirm the Reality of Our Own Greatness
That Which Already Has Been
Yours for the Taking
The Foundation Stone – Imagination
Imagination Creates Reality
Fundamentals
More Free Books Law of Attraction HavenLesson I: Consciousness Is The Only Reality
This is going to be a very practical course. Therefore, I hope that every -
one in this class has a very clear picture of what he desires, for I am con -
vinced that you can realize your desires by the technique you will receive
here this week in these five lessons. That you may receive the full benefit of these instructions, let me state
now that the Bible has no reference at all to any persons who ever existed
or to any event that ever occurred upon earth. The ancient story tellers were not writing history but an allegorical picture
lesson of certain basic principles which they clothed in the garb of history,
and they adapted these stories to the limited capacity of a most uncritical
and credulous people. The difference between the form of the Bible and its substance is as great
as the difference between a grain of corn and the life germ without that
grain. As our assimilative organs discriminate between food that can be
built into our system and food that must be discarded, so do our awak -
ened intuitive faculties discover beneath allegory and parable, the psycho -
logical life-germ of the Bible; and, feeding on this, we too, cast off the
form which conveyed the message. The argument against the historicity of the Bible is too lengthy; conse -
quently, it is not suitable for inclusion in this practical psychological inter -
pretation of its stories. Therefore, I will waste no time in trying to con -
vince you that the Bible is not an historical fact. Tonight I will take four stories and show you what the ancient story-tellers
intended that you and I should see in these stories. The ancient teachers
attached psychological truths to phallic and solar allegories. They did not
know as much of the physical structure of man as do modern scientists,
neither did they know as much about the heavens as do our modern as -
tronomers. But the little they did know they used wisely and they built
phallic and solar frames to which they tied the great psychological truths
that they had discovered. In the Old Testament you will find much of the Phallic worship. Because it
is not helpful, I am not going to emphasize it. I shall only show you how
to interpret it. Before we come to the first of the psychological dramas that you and I
may use in a practical sense, let me state the two outstanding names of
the Bible: the one you and I translate as GOD or JEHOVAH, and the one
we call his son, which we has as JESUS. More Free Books Law of Attraction HavenThe ancients spelled these names by using little symbols. The ancient
tongue, called the Hebraic language, was not a tongue that you exploded
with the breath. It was a mystical language never uttered by man. Those
who understood it, understood it as mathematicians understand symbols
of higher mathematics. It is not something people used to convey thought
as I now use the English language. They said that God's name was spelled, JOD HE VAU HE. I shall take
these symbols and in our normal, down to earth language, explain them
in this manner. The first letter, JOD in the name of GOD is a hand or a seed, not just a
hand, but the hand of the director. If there is one organ of man that dis -
criminates and sets him apart from the entire world of creation it is his
hand. What we call a hand in the anthropoid ape is not a hand. It is used
only for the purpose of conveying food to the mouth, or to swing branch
to branch. Man's hand fashions, it molds. You cannot really express your -
self without the hand. This is the builder's hand, the hand of the director;
it directs and molds, and builds within your world. The ancient story-tellers called the first letter JOD, the hand, or the abso -
lute seed out of which the whole of creation will come. To the second letter, HE, they gave the symbol of a window. A window is
an eye – the window is to the house what the eye is to the body. The third letter, VAU, they called a nail. A nail is used for the purpose of
binding things together. The conjunction “and” in the Hebraic tongue is
simply the third letter, or VAU. If I want to say'man and woman', I put
the VAU in the middle, it binds them together. The fourth and last letter, HE, is another window or eye. In this modern, down to earth language of ours, you can forget eyes and
windows and hands and look at it in this manner. You are seated here
now. This first letter, JOD, is your I Amness, your awareness. You are
aware of being aware – that is the first letter. Out of this awareness all
states of awareness come. The second letter, HE, called an eye, is your imagination, your ability to
perceive. You imagine or perceive something which seems to be other
than Self. As though you were lost in reverie and contemplated mental
states in a detached manner, making the thinker and his thoughts sepa -
rate entities. The third letter, VAU, is your ability to feel that you are that which you de -
sire to be. As you feel you are it, you become aware of being it. To walk
More Free Books Law of Attraction Havenas though you were what you want to be is to take your desire out of the
imaginary world and put the VAU upon it. You have completed the drama
of creation. I am aware of something. Then I become aware of actually
being that of which I was aware. The fourth and last letter in the name of God is another HE, another eye,
meaning the visible objective world which constantly bears witness of that
which I am conscious of being. You do nothing about the objective world;
it always molds itself in harmony with that which you are conscious of be -
ing. You are told this is the name by which all things are made, and without it
there is nothing made that is made. The name is simply what you have
now as you are seated here. You are conscious of being, aren't you. Cer -
tainly you are. You are also conscious of something that is other than
yourself: the room, the furniture, the people. You may become selective now. Maybe you do not want to be other than
what you are, or to own what you see. But you have the capacity to feel
what it would be like were you now other than what you are. As you as -
sume that you are that which you want to be, you have completed the
name of God or the JOD HE VAU HE. The final result, the objectification of
your assumption, is not your concern. It will come into view automatically
as you assume the consciousness of being it. Now let us turn to the Son's name, for he gives the Son dominion over
the world. You are that Son, you are the great Joshua, or Jesus, of the
Bible. You know the name Joshua or Jehoshua we have Anglicized as Je -
sus. The Son's name is almost like the Father's name. The first three


 also attract what you think
about most. The Secret Revealed 9
Your life right now is a reflection of your past thoughts. That in-
cludes all the great things, and all the things you consider not so
great. Since you attract to you what you think about most, it is easy
to see what your dominant thoughts have been on every subject of
your life, because that is what you have experienced. Until now! Now you are learning The Secret, and with this knowledge, you
can change everything. BOB PROCTOR
If you see it in your mind, you're going to hold it in your
hand. If you can think about what you want in your mind, and make that
your dominant thought, you will bring it into your life. MIKE DOOLEY
AUTHOR AND INTERNATIONAL SPEAKER
And that principle can be summed up in three simple
words. Thoughts become things! Through this most powerful law, your thoughts become the things
in your life. Your thoughts become things! Say this over to yourself
and let it seep into your consciousness and your awareness. Your
thoughts become things! JOHN ASSARAF
What most people don't understand is that a thought has
a frequency. We can measure a thought. And so if you're 10 The Secret
thinking that thought over and over and over again, if you're
imagining in your mind having that brand new car, having
the money that you need, building that company, finding your
soul mate... if you're imagining what that looks like, you're
emitting that frequency on a consistent basis. DR, JOE VITALE
Thoughts are sending out that magnetic signal that is
drawing the parallel back to you. "The predominant thought or the mental
attitude is the magnet, and the law is that like
attracts like, consequently, the mental attitude
will invariably attract such conditions as
correspond to its nature." Thoughts are magnetic, and thoughts have a frequency. As you
think, those thoughts are sent out into the Universe, and they
magnetically attract all like things that are on the same frequency. Everything sent out returns to the source. And that source is
You. Think of it this way: we understand that a television station's trans-
mission tower broadcasts via a frequency, which is transformed
into pictures on your television. Most of us don't really understand
how it works, but we know that each channel has a frequency, The Secret Revealed 11
and when we tune into that frequency we see the pictures on our
television. We choose the frequency by selecting the channel, and
we then receive the pictures broadcast on that channel. If we want
to see different pictures on our television, we change the channel
and rune into a new frequency. You are a human transmission tower, and you are more powerful
than any television tower created on earth. You are the most pow
erful transmission tower in the Universe. Your transmission cre
ates your life and it creates the world. The frequency you transmit
reaches beyond cities, beyond countries, beyond the world. It re
verberates throughout the entire Universe. And you are transmit
ting that frequency with your thoughts! The pictures you receive from the transmission of your thoughts
are not on a television screen in your living room, they are the pic-
tures of your life! Your thoughts create the frequency, they attract
like things on that frequency, and then they are broadcast back to
you as your life pictures. If you want to change anything in your
life, change the channel and change the frequency by changing
your thoughts. "The vibrations of mental forces are the
finest and consequently the most powerful in
existence." 12 The Secret
BOB PROCTOR
See yourself living in abundance and you will attract it. It
works every time, with every person. As you think of yourself living in abundance, you are powerfully
and consciously determining your life through the law of attrac-
tion. It's that easy. But then the most obvious question becomes,
"Why isn't everybody living the life of their dreams?" The only reason why people do not have what they want is be-
cause they are thinking more about what they don't want than
what they do want. Listen to your thoughts, and listen to the
words you are saying. The law is absolute and there are no mis-
takes. An epidemic worse than any plague that humankind has ever
seen has been raging for centuries. It is the "don't want" epidemic. JOHN ASSARAF
Here's the problem. Most people are thinking about what they
don't want, and they're wondering why it shows up over and
over again. The Secret Revealed 13
People keep this epidemic alive when they predominantly think,
speak, act, and focus on what they "don't want." But this is the
generation that will change history, because we are receiving the
knowledge that can free us of this epidemic! It begins with you,,
and you can become a pioneer of this new thought movement by
simply thinking and speaking about what you want. BOB DOYLE
The law of attraction doesn't care whether you perceive
something to be good or bad, or whether you don't want it or
whether you do want it. It's res-ponding to your thoughts. So
if you're looking at a mountain of debt, feeling terrible about
it, that's the signal you're putting out into the Universe. "I
feel really bad because of all this debt I've got." You're just
affirming it to yourself. You feel it on every level of your
being. That's what you're going to get more of. The law of attraction is a law of nature. It is impersonal and it does
not see good things or bad things. It is receiving your thoughts and
reflecting back to you those thoughts as your life experience. The law
of attraction simply gives you whatever it is you are thinking about. LISA NICHOLS
AUTHORAND PERSONAL EMPOWERMENT
ADVOCATE
The law of attraction is really obedient. When you think of the
things that you want, and you focus on them with all of your
intention, then the law of attraction will give you exactly 14 The Secret
what you want, every time. When you focus on the things
that you don't want — "I don't want to be late, I don't want
to be late"—the law of attraction doesn't hear that you don't
want it. It manifests the things that you're thinking of and
so it's going to show up over and over and over again. The
law of attraction is not biased to wants or don't wants. When
you focus on something, no matter what it happens to be, you
really are calling that into existence. When you focus your thoughts on something you want, and you
hold that focus, you are in that moment summoning what you
want with the mightiest power in the Universe. The law of attrac-
tion doesn't compute "don't" or "not" or "no," or any other words
of negation. As you speak words of negation, this is what the law
of attraction is receiving:
"I don't want to spill something on this outfit." "I want to spill something on this outfit and I want to spill
more things." "I don't want a bad haircut." "I want bad haircuts." "I don't want to be delayed." "I want delays." "I don't want that person to be rude to me." "I want that person and more people to be rude to me." "I don't want the restaurant to give away our table." "I want restaurants to give away our tables." The Secret Revealed 15
"I don't want these shoes to hurt." "I want shoes to hurt." "I can't handle all this work." "I want more work than I can handle." "I don't want to catch the flu." "I want the flu and I want to catch more things." "I don't want to argue." "I want more arguing." "Don't speak to me like that." "I want you to speak to me like that and I want other people to
speak to me like that." The law of attraction is giving you what you are thinking about
—period! BOB PROCTOR
The law of attraction is always working, whether you believe
it or understand it or not. The law of attraction is the law of creation. Quantum physicists tell
us that the entire Universe emerged from thought! You create your
life through your thoughts and the law of attraction, and every
single person does the same. It doesn't just work if you know about
it. It has always been working in your life and every other person's
life throughout history. When you become aware of this great law,
then you become aware of how incredibly powerful you are, to be
able to THINK your life into existence. 16 The Secret
LISA NICHOLS
It's working as much as you're thinking. Any time your
thoughts are flowing, the law of attraction is working. When you're thinking about the past, the law of attraction's
working. When you're thinking about the present or the
future, the law of attraction is working. It's an ongoing
process. You don't press pause, you don't press stop. It is
forever in action, as your thoughts are. Whether we realize it or not, we are thinking most of the time. If
you are speaking or listening to someone, you are thinking. If you
are reading the newspaper or watching television,


 Routes from Anchorage or Fairbanks to Nome and other western
points. Its population consists of several white prospectors and miners who have stayed in the
country following the gold rush. Some of them have married Indian and Eskimo women. Of
twenty-one individuals only one had lived almost exclusively on native foods and she had no dental
caries. Twenty had lived chiefly on imported foods, and of their 527 teeth 175, or 33.2 per cent,
had been attacked by tooth decay. Among the residents of McGrath there is a remarkable family. The father is an American mining
engineer who has spent much of his life in that country. His wife is a charming Eskimo woman of
splendid intelligence and fine personality. She had come originally from the lower Kuskokwim and
was one of the primitive Eskimo stock. While mining interests had provided food supplies for the
family, shipped from the United States, she followed her early training and insisted on catching and
storing salmon in season as an important part of her own dietary. The salmon were dried and
smoked as was the custom of her people. She is the mother of at least twenty children, for she
could give the names of that many. Only eleven were living, however, several having died from
tuberculosis. Notwithstanding her many overloads, not a single tooth had ever been attacked by
tooth decay. A lower anterior tooth had been broken. A picture of this woman is shown in Fig. 9
(upper, left). There has been extensive wear of the teeth, as is characteristic of the teeth of many of
the Eskimos, a matter which we will presently discuss. It is of interest to note the splendid
symmetry of her dental arches. Her children and husband and son-in-law had lived very largely on
modern foods and in these eight individuals with 212 teeth eighty-seven, or 41 per cent, had been
attacked by tooth decay. Her oldest living daughter is twenty-two years of age. She has a
narrowing of the upper arch and extensive tooth decay. Another daughter, sixteen, is a beautiful
girl except for her narrow dental arches. She was reported by our pilot to have become so deeply
interested in the engines of the aircrafts as they stopped at this point for servicing and fuel that she
had become expert in tuning up and conditioning aeroplane motors. She, doubtless, inherited some
of the genius of her father, who is a mining engineer. Twelve of her teeth had been attacked by
dental caries.7/29/13 Nutrition and Physical Degeneration
gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200251h.html#toc 45/250FIG. 9. Typical native Alaskan Eskimos. Note the broad faces
and broad arches and no dental caries (tooth decay). Upper
left, woman has a broken lower tooth. She has had twenty-six
children with no tooth decay. One does not get a conception of the magnificent dental development of the more primitive
Eskimos simply by learning that they have freedom from dental caries. The size and strength of the
mandible, the breadth of the face and the strength of the muscles of mastication all reach a degree
of excellence that is seldom seen in other races. This is typically illustrated in Fig. 9. I was told that
an average adult Eskimo man can carry one hundred pounds in each hand and one hundred
pounds in his teeth with ease for a considerable distance. This illustrates the physical development
of other parts of the body as well as the jaws, and suggests that the exercising of the jaws is not
the sole reason for their very fine teeth, since the superb development of the musculature includes
all parts of the body. It has also been suggested that chewing of tough foods, by building teeth of
exceptionally fine quality, has been an important factor in the establishment of immunity to caries. As will be shown presently, the teeth of these individuals with their excellent physical development
and fine tooth structure develop caries when they depart from their native foods and adopt our
modern foods. Much has been reported in the literature of the excessive wear of the Eskimos' teeth, which in
the case of the women has been ascribed to the chewing of the leather in the process of tanning. It
is of interest that while many of the teeth studied gave evidence of excessive wear involving the
crowns to a depth that in many individuals would have exposed the pulps, there was in no case an
open pulp chamber. They were always filled with secondary dentin. This is important since our
newer knowledge indicates that with the chemical characteristics of their food we might expect that7/29/13 Nutrition and Physical Degeneration
gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200251h.html#toc 46/250secondary dentin would be readily formed within the pulp chambers by a process similar to that
which occurs in many individuals under a diet reinforced with mineral and activator-providing
foods. One old Eskimo had a scar on his lower lip, which was the result of perforations for
carrying a decoration as practiced by his tribe. I have found primitive tribes in several parts of the
world with this marking. The principal outer garment worn by the Eskimo for the more primitive groups consists of a
parka carrying a hood which is pulled over the head and closed around the neck with a shirr string,
while another shirr string controls the size of the face opening in the hood when it is up. In the
summer this is made of cloth or of skin without the fur. A typical case is shown in Fig. 9. It will
again be noted that the teeth are excessively worn. FIG. 10. These primitive Alaskan mothers rear strong, rugged
babies. The mothers do not suffer from dental caries. Owing to the bleakness of the winds off the Bering Sea, even in the summer many of the women
wear furs. A typical mother and child dressed in their warm clothing are shown in Fig. 10. The
Eskimo women are both artistic and skillful in needle work. They use fur of different colors for
decorating their garments. These women make artistic decorations by carving ivory from walrus
teeth and from the buried tusks of the hairy mammoth that wandered over the Tundra tens of
thousands of years ago. The ear decoration of this Eskimo woman is a typical design. This
mother's teeth are literally "two rows of pearls." It is important to note the width of the arches. One
is continually impressed with the magnificent health of the child life which is illustrated in Fig. 10. In
our various contacts with them we never heard an Eskimo child crying except when hungry, or
frightened by the presence of strangers. The women are characterized by the abundance of
breastfood which almost always develops normally and is maintained without difficulty for a year. The mothers were completely free of dental caries, and I was told that the children of the Eskimos
have no difficulties with the cutting of their teeth.7/29/13 Nutrition and Physical Degeneration
gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200251h.html#toc 47/250FIG. 11. When the primitive Alaskan Eskimos obtain the
white man's foods, dental caries become active. Pyorrhea
also often becomes severe. In many districts dental service
cannot be obtained and suffering is acute and prolonged. The excellence of dentitions among the Eskimos has been a characteristic also of the skulls that
have been excavated in various parts of Alaska. It might be expected that such wonderfully formed teeth would maintain so high an immunity to
dental caries that their proud possessors would never be troubled with tooth decay. This,
unfortunately, is not the case, a fact of great significance in evaluating our modern theories of the
causes of dental caries. When these adult Eskimos exchange their foods for our modern foods,
which we will discuss in Chapter 15, they often have very extensive tooth decay and suffer
severely. This is clearly illustrated in Fig. 11, for these Eskimos' teeth had been seriously wrecked
by tooth decay. They had been living on modern foods and were typical of a large number who
are in contact with the Bering Sea ports. Their plight often becomes tragic since there are no
dentists in these districts. A typical effect of modernization on a growing girl was shown in a case in which the central
incisors and 16 other teeth were attacked by dental caries. Sixty-four per cent of her teeth had
tooth decay. There are no dentists in western Alaska, north or west of Anchorage, which is near the southern
coast, except at Fairbanks which, like Anchorage, is many hundreds of miles from these Eskimos. It would take months for them to make the journey in winter by dog team, and it would be
practically impossible to make it in the summer season by any means of travel except by
aeroplane, which clearly these people could not afford. Their dilemma is, accordingly, most tragic
when they suddenly become victims of diseases which require hospitalization or skilled medical or
dental service. One mining engineer in the interior told me that he had spent two thousand dollars
to have a dentist brought in by aeroplane to render dental service. On my examination of his mouth
I found twenty-nine of his thirty-two teeth had been attacked by dental caries. One important phase of modern degeneration, namely, change in facial and dental arch form and
other physical expressions, is of interest. It is a matter of great significance that the Eskimos who
are living in isolated districts and on native foods