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Table of Contents
Friendship is one of the most important aspects of our lives. The deep yearning for a sense of belonging transcends all cultural, economic, and political borders. Our social support is right beside us throughout the different stages of our lives. Friends keep us grounded and help us remember what we value and want to achieve in life – even when things get tricky.
In this blog post, we will explore why friendship is important, the different types of friendships, how to cultivate and maintain them, the benefits of being a good friend, and tips on making new friends.
Why is Friendship Important?
We all know that having friends makes us happy, but did you know that friendships have a huge impact on your mental health and happiness? Research shows that friends bring more happiness into our lives than virtually anything else. Friends are actually even more important to our psychological welfare than finding that right person who we think will make us happy and fulfilled.
Mental Health Benefits
Friendships enrich our lives in many ways. Friends give us both practical and emotional support when we need it. As a result, there are many emotional and physical health benefits of friendships – the more people prioritize friendships, the happier and healthier they are.
According to a recent survey, Americans report having fewer friendships than they once did. And the more traditional ways of making friends (like school, church, or through existing friends) are on the decline. Americans are more likely to make new friends at work than any other avenue. Making friends and keeping those healthy relationships isn’t always a walk in the park. It can be hard to recognize why friendship is important, too. But sometimes we need to evaluate how many friendships we have, what we can actively do to strengthen them, and when to let them go.
Physical Health Benefits
Our friendships help our mental health and overall happiness. We build human connections in our professional lives and personal lives. And over time, those connections may grow. They connect us to our core values at work, when facing challenges, or during our daily life. The emotional support we receive from our close friends helps inspire us when life feels dull and provides encouragement to overcome challenges. Sociability is connected to a reduced risk of getting sick, and good friends improve your mental health. Friends make you feel safe and at home.
Types of Friendships
Not all friendships are created equal. There are different types of friendships that can serve different purposes in our lives. Here are some examples:
These are the people you can count on no matter what. They know you inside and out and are always there to listen, offer advice, or just provide a shoulder to cry on. These are the people who truly understand you and accept you for who you are.
These are people you know, but not well. You might see them around town or at work, but you don’t necessarily spend a lot of time with them. They might be friendly, but you’re not likely to confide in them or ask for their help.
Social Media Friends
These are people you’ve connected with online through social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. You might not have met them in person, but you enjoy following their lives and interacting with them online.
These are people you’ve gotten to know through your job. You might spend a lot of time with them during the workday, but you don’t necessarily socialize with them outside of work. These friendships can be valuable for networking or for getting through tough days on the job.
These are people who live far away from you, but you still stay in touch with them. These friendships can be challenging to maintain, but they can also be very rewarding. They provide an opportunity to learn about new places, cultures, and perspectives.
Cultivating and Maintaining Friendships
If you want to have meaningful friendships, it takes effort. Here are some tips on how to cultivate and maintain friendships:
Good communication is the foundation of any healthy friendship. Here are some key elements of good communication:
When your friend is talking, give them your full attention. This means putting away your phone, making eye contact, and not interrupting. Show that you’re engaged by asking follow-up questions and summarizing what they’ve said.
Open up to your friends about your own thoughts, feelings, and experiences. This vulnerability can help create a strong bond and promote understanding between you and your friends.
Honesty is crucial in friendships. Be truthful with your friends, even if it’s difficult. They will appreciate your honesty and it will strengthen the trust between you.
Spending Quality Time Together
Make an effort to spend time with your friends regularly. This can be as simple as grabbing a cup of coffee or going for a walk together. Here are some tips for spending quality time with your friends:
Find activities that you both enjoy and make plans to do them together. This can be anything from watching a movie to trying a new workout class.
When you’re spending time with your friends, be present in the moment. Put down your phone and focus on enjoying your time together.
Be there for your friends when they need support, whether it’s helping them through a tough time or celebrating their successes. This shows that you value their friendship and care about their well-being.
Managing Conflict in Friendships
Conflict is inevitable in any relationship, and friendships are no exception. Here are some tips for managing conflict in your friendships:
Identifying and Addressing Issues
When a problem arises in your friendship, don’t ignore it. Address the issue head-on and work together to find a solution.
Apologizing and Forgiving
If you’ve hurt your friend or made a mistake, apologize sincerely and take responsibility for your actions. Likewise, be willing to forgive your friend if they apologize to you.
Establish and maintain healthy boundaries in your friendship. This can help prevent misunderstandings and ensure that both you and your friend feel respected and valued.
The Benefits of Being a Good Friend
Being a good friend not only benefits the people you care about, but it can also have a positive impact on your own life. Here are some of the benefits of being a good friend:
Building Trust and Loyalty
When you’re a good friend, you build trust and loyalty with the people around you. This can lead to more fulfilling and lasting friendships.
Expanding Your Network
Being a good friend can help you expand your social network, which can lead to new opportunities and experiences.
Developing Empathy and Compassion
Being a good friend involves understanding and empathizing with others. This can help you become a more compassionate and caring person in all aspects of your life.
Improving Self-Esteemand Confidence
When you’re a good friend, you’ll likely receive kindness and support in return. This can help boost your self-esteem and confidence, knowing that you have people who care about and value you.
Making New Friends
As we grow and change throughout our lives, it’s natural to want to make new friends. Here are some ways to meet new people and potentially form lasting friendships:
Joining Clubs or Groups
Look for clubs or groups in your area that share your interests, such as book clubs, sports teams, or hobby groups. These gatherings provide an excellent opportunity to meet like-minded individuals and form new friendships.
Volunteering for a cause you’re passionate about can help you meet others who share your values and interests. Plus, working together toward a common goal can create a strong foundation for friendship.
Consider taking a class or workshop in something you’re interested in. This not only allows you to learn something new, but it also provides an opportunity to meet others who share your interests and passions.
Attending Social Events
Accept invitations to parties, gatherings, or community events. These can be great opportunities to meet new people and expand your social circle.
Attend networking events, conferences, or workshops related to your career or industry. This can help you meet new people and potentially form friendships with those who share your professional interests.
Final Thoughts on the Importance of Friendship
Friendship is a vital aspect of our lives that contributes to our overall well-being. Whether it’s providing emotional support during tough times or sharing in the joys of life, friends enrich our lives on every level.
By understanding the importance of friendship and taking steps to cultivate and maintain healthy relationships, we can experience the many benefits that come with having strong connections with others. Remember to be a good listener, be genuine, and prioritize spending quality time together. As you strengthen your existing friendships and make new ones, you will reap the rewards of improved mental and physical health, increased happiness, and a sense of belonging.
So go out there and invest in your friendships – both old and new. Embrace the journey of cultivating meaningful connections, because a life filled with genuine friends is a life well-lived.
Frequently asked questions
What is the importance of choosing good friends?
Choosing good friends is essential for various reasons. Good friends positively influence our lives, helping us grow and develop as individuals. They offer emotional support during difficult times, celebrate our achievements, and provide honest feedback that encourages personal growth. Surrounding ourselves with good friends also promotes mental and emotional well-being, reducing stress and feelings of loneliness. Furthermore, good friends can motivate us to make healthier choices and engage in activities that improve our overall quality of life. By choosing good friends, we create a strong support system and foster meaningful connections that enrich our lives.
What is the importance of friendship in a relationship?
The importance of friendship in a relationship cannot be overstated. Building a strong foundation of friendship in a romantic relationship contributes to its success and longevity. Here are some reasons why friendship is crucial in a relationship:
1. Trust: Friendship fosters trust between partners, allowing them to feel secure and confident in sharing their thoughts, feelings, and experiences without fear of judgment or rejection.
2. Emotional support: Friends provide emotional support during both good times and bad. In a romantic relationship, having a strong friendship ensures that both partners can rely on each other for comfort, understanding, and encouragement when needed.
3. Communication: Good friends communicate openly and honestly with each other. This level of communication is essential in a romantic relationship, as it promotes understanding, resolves conflicts, and strengthens the bond between partners.
4. Shared interests and values: A solid friendship often means that partners share common interests and values. This shared foundation can contribute to a more fulfilling and enjoyable relationship, as partners can engage in activities they both enjoy and support each other’s goals and aspirations.
5. Personal growth: Friendships encourage personal growth through honest feedback, support, and motivation. In a romantic relationship, this aspect of friendship helps partners grow together and develop as individuals, ultimately strengthening the relationship itself.
6. Stability: Friendship provides stability in a relationship, acting as a buffer during challenging times. When partners are friends first, they are more likely to weather difficult periods and emerge stronger as a couple.
In conclusion, cultivating a strong friendship within a romantic relationship is essential for its success. It promotes trust, open communication, emotional support, personal growth, and stability, ultimately leading to a deeper and more meaningful connection between partners.
What is the value of friendship?
The value of friendship lies in the numerous benefits it brings to our lives, enhancing our overall well-being and contributing to personal growth. Some of the key values of friendship include:
1. Emotional support: Friends offer a shoulder to lean on during difficult times, providing comfort, understanding, and encouragement when needed. They also celebrate our achievements and share our joys, making life’s journey more fulfilling.
2. Trust and loyalty: Genuine friendships are built on trust and loyalty, allowing individuals to be their authentic selves without fear of judgment or rejection. This sense of security enables open communication and fosters deep connections.
3. Personal growth: Friendships encourage personal growth by offering honest feedback, support, and motivation. They challenge us to become better versions of ourselves and help us learn from different perspectives and experiences.
4. Shared interests and values: Friends often share common interests and values, which can lead to engaging activities, stimulating conversations, and a sense of belonging. These shared experiences strengthen the bond between friends and enhance the overall enjoyment of life.
5. Social connection: Friendships provide a vital social network that helps combat loneliness and promotes mental and emotional well-being. Social connections have been linked to improved physical health and increased happiness.
6. Stability and resilience: Strong friendships act as a support system during challenging times, helping individuals navigate through life’s ups and downs with greater resilience and stability.
In summary, the value of friendship is immense, as it positively impacts our emotional, mental, and physical well-being while enriching our lives with trust, support, and shared experiences.
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Ever wonder what life was like before internet search engines like Google? How did people get answers to all-important questions like ‘what’s the average life expectancy of a frog’, or ‘is there a full moon every night in Acapulco?’ Many of them turned to the ‘ask a librarian’ phone service of the New York Public Library, and, believe it or not, some of them still do it today.
They are called the “human google”, a team of real-life people whose main purpose while on the job is to search 120-years worth of archives and provide answers to some of the strangest, most complicated questions available. Set up during the 1940s, when search engines and the internet weren’t even ideas yet, the Ask NYPL department is made up of nine librarians and information assistants who cater to the needs of people who don’t have access to modern technology or simply prefer to interact with another human being.
Read More »
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DEER FAMILY (CERVIDS)
The deer family includes deer, reindeer and elk. The largest deer are moose, which can weigh nearly a ton, and the smallest is the Chilean pudu, which is not much larger than a rabbit. Deer belong to the family “Cervidae”, which is part of the order “Artiodactyla” (even-toed hoofed mammals). “Cervidae” are similar to “Bovidae” (cattle, antelopes, sheep and goat) in that they chew the cud but differ in that have solid horns that are shed periodically (“Bovidae” have hollow ones).
A male deer is called a buck or stag. A female is called a doe. Young are called fawns. A group is called a herd. Deer don't hibernate and sometimes group together to stay warm. Particularly cold winters sometimes kill deer outright, mainly by robbing them of food, especially when a hard layer of ice and snow keeps them from getting at food.
The family Cervidae, commonly referred to as "the deer family", consists of 23 genera containing 47 species, and includes three subfamilies: Capriolinae (brocket deer, caribou, deer, moose, and relatives), Cervinae (elk, muntjacs, and tufted deer), and Hydropotinae, which contains only one extant species (Chinese water deer). According to Animal Diversity Web: However, classification of cervids has been controversial and a single well-supported phylogenetic and taxonomic history has yet to be established. Cervids range in mass from nine to 816 kilograms (20 to 1800 pounds), and all but one species, Chinese water deer, have antlers. With the exception of caribou, only males have antlers and some species with smaller antlers have enlarged upper canines. In addition to sexually dimorphic ornamentation, most deer species are size-dimorphic as well with males commonly being 25 percent larger than their female counterparts. [Source: Katie Holmes; Jessica Jenkins; Prashanth Mahalin; John Berini, Animal Diversity Web (ADW) /=]
Cervids have a large number of morphological Synapomorphies (characteristics that are shared within a taxonomic group), and range in color from dark to very light brown; however, young are commonly born with cryptic coloration, such as white spots, that helps camouflage them from potential predators. Although most cervids live in herds, some species, such as South American marsh deer, are solitary. The majority of species have social hierarchies that have a positive correlation with body size (e.g., large males are dominant to small males). /=\
The chital (Axis axis) is a deer species found in India and Sri Lanka. Also known as axis deer or spotted deer, they are reddish in color and keep their spots their entire life. They is one meter to 1.5 meters in length, not including their 10 to 25 centimeter tail, and weighs 70 to 80 kilograms. Large bucks stand 1.2 meters at the shoulder and have large antlers that have a brow tine (prong) and a rear-directed beam that forks into two points. Their average lifespan in captivity is 15 to 20.8 years. They have been introduced to Texas and Hawaii.
Chitals are a favorite prey of tigers and also sought by leopards and dholes. They seek protection from tigers in the forest and ponds or rivers where it can outswim its pursuers. When ever they approach a water hole — where tigers often hunt them — their ears twitch nervously. They emit a high-pitched "ow, ow" sound whenever tigers are near. When they graze they often do so in the company of troops of langurs (a kind of monkey) that shout out warning calls when tigers are near as well as drop fruit from trees that chitals can eat.
In their native lands, chitals generally live in grasslands and very rarely move into areas of dense jungle that may occur adjacent to the grassland. Short grasslands are an important area for them due to a lack of cover for predators such as the tigers. Riverine forests in Bardia National Park in lowland Nepal are utilized by the deer for shade and cover during the dry season. The forest also provides good foraging for things such as fallen fruit and leaves that are high in nutrients needed by the deer. [Source: Barbara Lundrigan and Carry Gardner, Animal Diversity Web (ADW) /=]
Chital are primarily herbivores (primarily eat plants or plants parts) but have also been classified as folivores (eat mainly leaves). Among the plant foods they eat are leaves, grasses, flowers, wood, bark, stems fruit. They only browse when it is necessary. During the monsoon season, grass and sedge species in a sal forest are an important food source. Another source of nutrition may come from mushrooms which are high in proteins and nutrients. /=\
On the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List chital are classified as a species of “Least Concern”. In CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild) they have no special status. They are hunted in the United States. They do well in captivity and can be seen at zoos. Most are on private lands in the U.S.; some are free-ranging. /=\
Chital Characteristics, Communication and Reproduction
Chital range in weight from 27 to 45 kilograms (59.5 to 99 pounds). They stands 0.6 to one meter tall at the shoulder and have a body length of about 1.5 meters (five feet). Their body color is reddish with white on the belly, inner legs, and underneath their short tail. Sexual Dimorphism (differences between males and females) is present: sexes are colored or patterned differently Ornamentation is different. Males tend to be darker and to have black facial markings. They also have antlers composed of three tines which can reach lengths of almost a meter. Characteristic white spots occur in both sexes and run longitudinally in rows throughout the duration of the animal's life. A dark dorsal stripe runs the length of the animal's back. [Source: Barbara Lundrigan and Carry Gardner, Animal Diversity Web (ADW) /=]
Chital sense and communicate with vision, touch, sound and chemicals usually detected by smelling. They scream loudly when threatened. In addition to bellowing during the mating season, they have several other vocalizations. They have a bark that is used during times of alarm or when unusual objects have been observed. This usually occurs among females and juveniles and is repeated back and forth. Squealing which is used by fawns when they get separated from their mothers. Moaning is associated with males during aggressive displays or when resting
Chital engage in seasonal breeding and breed once a year. Breeding occurs in April and May. Males tend to bellow during the mating season which may be a good indicator of when breeding begins. They usually have two fawns but one or three is not uncommon. The number of fawns produced as well as the mating season may vary for deer in captivity.
Females reach sexual or reproductive maturity at 14 to 17 months. First pregnancies usually occur at that time. On average males reach sexual or reproductive maturity at around 2½ years of age. The average gestation period is 7.5 months. The female usually maintains nursing until the fawn can safely roam with the herd.
Chital are terricolous (live on the ground), diurnal (active during the daytime), motile (move around as opposed to being stationary), nomadic (move from place to place, generally within a well-defined range), social (associates with others of its species; forms social groups), and have dominance hierarchies (ranking systems or pecking orders among members of a long-term social group, where dominance status affects access to resources or mates). Their total home range incorporates a core area of about 32 hectares surrounded by foraging and cover areas of about 140 hectares for females and 195 hectares for males. Some variation in range size occurs depending on the season as well as the sex. [Source: Barbara Lundrigan and Carry Gardner, Animal Diversity Web (ADW) /=]
Chital occur in several different kinds of herds depending on their age and sex. They often live in large mixed-sex herds with 100 or more members. These herds typically are comprised of many females and their young and two or three dominant stags. The graze in grasslands and open woodlands and are often found near waterways. They graze in the early morning and evening and rests in a cool place during the mid0day heat.
According to Animal Diversity Web: Matriarchal herds are common and composed of adult females and their young from the present and previous year. Sexually active males follow these groups during the mating season while less active males form bachelor herds. One other type of herd that occurs frequently are called nursery herds which include females with fawns less than eight weeks old. The males participate in a dominance-based hierarchial system where older and larger males dominate younger and smaller males. There are four different aggressive displays among males; head-down or scare threat, present threat, head-up, and antler threat. Females also partake in aggressive behavior but it is mostly associated with over-crowding at feeding sites. Biting, striking, and chasing are the behaviors most commonly seen among females and occasionally between females and other sexes and age classes
Chital can drive off much larger species. They are capable of dashing to cover in woodlands at speeds of 40mph (65kph). In battles with their own kind they reportedly aim their antlers at their opponent's eyes and sometimes curl their lips and grind their teeth before charging.
Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) are large deer found in India, South Asia and Southeast Asia. Resembling large deer found in North America and Europe, they are two to 2.5 meters long, not including their 15 to 20 centimeter tail, and weighs 230 to 350 kilograms. Solitary except for females with young, they eat wide variety of vegetation — mostly grasses, leaves and fruit — and are mostly nocturnal. Their lifespan in captivity is as high as 26 years. Sambars were previously considered a member of the genus Cervus, as Cervus unicolor. Their average lifespan in the wild is estimated to be 20 years.
Sambar deer are native to India, Pakistan, Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, Philippines, southern China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. They have also been introduced in Australia, New Zealand, California, Florida and Texas. They live in temperate and tropical land environments in forests and scrub forests and inhabit both gently sloping and steep forested hillsides. They often reside near cultivated areas, such as gardens and plantations, in order to acquire food there , but are also found in thick forests, wetlands, swamp forests, and open scrub. Some of these deer may move between higher altitudes in the summer to lower, more sheltered areas during the winter months. They have be found at elevations from sea level to 3700 meters (12140 feet). [Source: Christine Brown, Animal Diversity Web (ADW) /=]
There are six distinct sambar subspecies, which vary in size and coloring, including 1) Rusa unicolor equinus, 2) Rusa unicolor unicolor, 3) Rusa unicolor brookei, and 4) Rusa unicolor dejeani. The largest sambars live in the hills of northern India. They can weigh to 350 kilograms pounds. Smaller ones live on the plains to the east and on coastal islands. The most southern subspecies lives in Indonesia. In China, sambar (Cervus nuicolor) have a body length of 1.8- two meters and a tail length of 24 centimeters. Females weigh about 120 kilograms, males about 180 kilograms. They can be found in broad-leaved forests, coniferous woods, bush lands, grass slopes and forests of low and middle-height mountains. They eat tree leaves, grass, flowers, fruit and other kinds of vegetation. [Source: Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences, kepu.net]
Sambars are primarily herbivores (primarily eat plants or plants parts) but are also recognized as folivores (eat mainly leaves). Among the plant foods they eat are leaves, berries, grasses, bark from young trees, fallen fruit, herbs, buds, wood, and stems. Generally they feed at dusk or at night, and browse mainly at clearings and forest edges. /=\
On the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List they are listed as Vulnerable. In CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild) they have no special status. Although global population data is not known, the population in India exceeds 50,000 and in Australia Sambars number more than 5,000 individuals. Humans hunt Sambar deer for food and for trade. Sambars are also captured and placed into zoos. In the wild, they are an ecotourism draw. Sambars may damage agricultural crops when they forage near human habitation and are regarded as crop pests. Natural predators include tigers and leopards. They are active at dawn and dusk and at night perhaps as a response to hunting pressures from humans.
Sambar Deer Characteristics and Behavior
Sambar range in weight from 109 to 260 kilograms (240 to 573 pounds) and range in length from 1.62 to 2.46 meters (5.3 to 8.1 feet) Sexual Dimorphism (differences between males and females) is present: Males are generally larger than females and posess a dense mane on their necks. Male Sambars have antlers with three or four tines, and these antlers are periodically shed and replaced. Antlers can reach lengths of up to 100 centimeters. The maximum size for males is 185-260 kilograms; for female it is about 162 kilograms. [Source: Christine Brown, Animal Diversity Web (ADW) /=]
Sambars have a coarse coat of short, dark hair. They are dark brown with lighter rusty hues on their inner legs, chin, tail and undersides. The backsides and undersides of their bushy tails are white, and when raised, the tails are used as signals. Males have three-point antlers than can reach 1.2 meters in length. Both sex have a neck mane that is thicker on males. The sambar deer coat is hispid and long. Males keep their large antlers for a few years between shedding them. They sense using touch and chemicals usually detected with smell. /=\
Sambar deer are cursorial (with limbs adapted to running), terricolous (live on the ground), nocturnal (active at night), crepuscular (active at dawn and dusk), motile (move around as opposed to being stationary), nomadic (move from place to place, generally within a well-defined range), solitary, territorial (defend an area within the home range), and social (associates with others of its species; forms social groups). Groups of up to six females with dependent young may travel together. Males are nomadic and establish territories primarily during breeding seasons.
Sambar deer are shy, skittish creatures that flee into the depths of the forest at the slightest sound. They often live together in pairs or in groups with 3-5 deer. During the daytime, they relax in grasslands or in forests and tend to browse and move around during the night. They often make calls when they go out during the night and they are most active during the rainy season. Samar are born vigilant and are good at running and jumping and like to play in water and bathe in mud. All sambars are proficient swimmers. They spend more time in water during summer and can swim several kilometers. They have the habit of sucking salty soil.
Tiger Hunting Sambar Deer
Like chitals, sambar deer are a favorite prey of tigers and also sought by leopards and dholes. They seek protection from tigers in the forest and ponds or rivers where they can outswim their pursuers. When ever they approach a water hole — where tigers often hunt them — their ears twitch nervously.
Many tigers stake out water holes and chase prey into the water. Once a tiger gets a hold of a victim it hold its head under water until it drowns. Crocodiles and alligator kill using a similar method. During the dry season most kills are made at water holes, where tigers go after swamp deer, which feed in the water, and sambar deer which often wander into the middle of the water hole, where they are vulnerable, to feed on water lilies. The high grass around the water hole is a perfect place for a tiger to hide and wait.
One technique that serves a tiger well is chasing panicked deer from shallow to deep water where the tiger grabs the deer. Describing one such attack Breeden wrote: "In four gigantic bounds [the tiger] pounces on the fawn, pushes it underwater, and grabs it in his powerful jaws. He shakes it. Trotting back to shore, he disappears in the grass."
Stalking tigers often spend twenty minutes or more making their stalk, trying to creep within 40 feet or so of their prey, on padded feet that don't make a sound, to get in position to attack. Tigers often have to make the kill in the initial charge or the attack is unsuccessful. Prey do their best to avoid becoming kills. When a spotted deer senses a tiger is near it freezes, ears up, and sometimes makes a loud barking noise. To avoid a tiger attack can leap into the air and skip sideways up to15 meters.
When a tiger spots a small herd of spotted deer, Breeden writes, "suddenly the tiger stops in his tracks. He makes not a motion — no tail twitch, no ear movement, not even a whisker quivers. He is frozen in the partial cover of a small patch of grass. As long as he is motionless, the deer can not see him, even at 30 or 40 feet. There is no breeze, so they cannot scent him. Slowly the tiger lies down. For half an hour or more he watches the deer. Then, carefully placing one foot in front of the other so as to not make a sound in the dry leaf litter, he moves himself from bush to bush."
"Though grazing quietly," Breeden continues, "the deer are alert...One sniffs the air, there must be a faint tiger scent, for the doe stamps a forefoot, a sign of mild alarm...The tiger is rigid in a crouch. The doe stamps her foot again, raises her tail, sounds a bell-like alarm call. The tiger bursts from cover, tail erect, ears forward. In unbelievable fast bounds he rushes the deer. They scatter...He misses, snarls, and utters a series of moaning roars." In his ten years with tigers Breeden said he witnessed only one successful kill
Sambar Deer Mating, Reproduction and Offspring
Male sambars are solitary and very aggressive towards one another during the breeding season, while females may be found in groups of up to Sambars are polygynous (males have more than one female as a mate at one time). They engage in year-round breeding and breed once a year. Sambars have no specific breeding season, but breeding most commonly occurs from September through January. In central and southern India females give birth in May or early June but in other parts of Asia the reproductive cycle may be different. .The number of offspring ranges from one to 2, with the average number of offspring being one.
eight individuals. Dominant males mate with as many females as they can. They actively defend territories, mating with multiple females that enter the area and acquiring harems which they defend vigorously. Males mark their territory with scent glands, and as many as eight females at a time may remain with one male within his range.
The gestation period for sambar deer ranges from eight to nine months. The age in which they are weaned ranges from 12 to 24 months. On average males and females reach sexual or reproductive maturity at two years. Young are precocial. This means they are relatively well-developed when born. Pre-weaning provisioning and protecting are done by females; pre-independence protection is provided by females. The post-independence period is characterized by the association of offspring with their parents. Fawns are born weak but able to walk. They remain with their mother for 1-2 years.
At birth, Sambar deer are very active and have brown hair with lighter spots, which are soon lost. Fawns weigh about 10 kilograms at birth. Males develop small antlers at one to two years; at three years antlers have two points, and adult males have antlers with three or four points.
Barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii) are also known as swamp deer. They were once distributed throughout much of the Indian subcontinent but now are only found in areas of central and northern India and southern Nepal. There are two recognized subspecies: R. d. branderi, found in Madhya Pradesh, and R. d. duvaucelii, found in Uttar Pradesh and southern Nepal. Some sources recognize a third subspecies, R. d. ranjitsinhi, found in Assam, India, but this taxonomy is not universally accepted. Their average lifespan in the wild is 20 years; in captivity it is up 23 years. [Source: Amber Ferraino, Animal Diversity Web (ADW) /=]
Barasingha live in tropical areas in wetlands, marshes, swamps, bogs and areas adjacent to rivers and other water bodies as well as grasslands and forests. The name “swamp deer” refers to their preferred habitat. Rucervus duvaucelii duvaucelii is found in swampland and a variety of forest types including dry, moist deciduous and evergreen. Rucervus duvaucelii branderi is found in grassy floodplains. Whichever habitat they are situated in water is commonly found nearby. Barasingha were previously known by the scientific name Cervus duvaucelii. Their name is sometimes spelled sometimes barasinghe
Barasingha are primarily herbivores (primarily eat plants or plants parts), and are also classified as folivores (eat mainly leaves). They primarily eat grasses but also feed on leaves and flowers. During the hot season, they drink at least twice a day, the first time soon after daylight and again in the late afternoon.
On the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Barasingha are listed as Vulnerable. In CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild) they are in Appendix I, which lists species that are the most endangered among CITES-listed animals and plants. The subspecies R. d. duvaucelii is considered a vulnerable species, while R. d. branderi is endangered. Threats include degradation of habitat, predation and hunting. Barasinghas that leave protected lands are hunted for food by humans. They are also shot and killed because they are thought of as crop pests. Known natural predators include tigers and leopards. They are an important prey animal for tigers and leopards.
Barasingha Characteristics and Behavior
Barasingha range in weight from 172 to 181 kilograms (380 to 400 pounds) and stand 119 to 124 centimeters (47 to 49 inches) at the shoulder. Sexual Dimorphism (differences between males and females) is present: Males are larger than females. Sexes are colored or patterned differently. Ornamentation is different. Antlers of barasingha are smooth. The main beam sweeps upward for over half the length before branching repeatedly. The name “barasingha” literally means “twelve-tined”. A fully adult male can have 10 to 15 tines, though some males have been found to have up to 20.
According to Animal Diversity Web: Barasingha coats are chestnut brown on the back, fading to a lighter brown on the sides and belly, with a creamy white on the inside of the legs, rump, and underside of the tail. Their chins, throats, and the insides of their ears are also whitish in color. In winter months, beginning around November, the coat turns a dark, dull grayish brown. Adult males will have darker coats than females and juveniles, ranging from dark brown to almost black. The coats of fawns are brown and spotted when born, but the spots will fade as the fawn matures.
Barasingha are terricolous (live on the ground), diurnal (active during the daytime), crepuscular (active at dawn and dusk), motile (move around as opposed to being stationary), nomadic (move from place to place, generally within a well-defined range), social (associates with others of its species; forms social groups), and have dominance hierarchies (ranking systems or pecking orders among members of a long-term social group, where dominance status affects access to resources or mates). A typical barasingha home range is about 10.4 square kilometers (four square miles). Stags are more likely to roam outside their territory. /=\
Barasinghas are active throughout the day, but do the majority of their grazing in the morning and evening, resting through the hotter afternoon. They are social animals, normally found in herds of similar gender and age, each herd averaging between 10 and 20 members. Mixed age and gender herds can occur; when they do, one hind characteristically leads. Other females form a single file line behind her, followed by stags in the rear. Leadership appears to have no relation to dominance. In herds of either type, males demonstrate less loyalty than females, often leaving one herd to join or form another.
Barasingha sense and communicate with vision, touch, sound and chemicals usually detected by smelling. They react to the alarm calls of their own kind as well as those of other animals by holding their necks erect and cocking their ears, facing themselves towards the threat. This alerts others in the herd, who adopt the same posture as well as raise their tails and stomp their hooves. Barks and screams are sent back and forth throughout the herd, rising in pitch if a predator is sighted. The alarm reaction persists until the barasinghas are certain danger is no longer near. Males use wallows to spread their scent during the rut in an attempt to attract available females and announce their presence to other males. Bugles and barks are also employed for these purposes. Alarm calls are used when predators are nearby. (Schaller, 1967) /=\
Barasingha Mating, Reproduction and Offspring
Barasingha are polygynous (males have more than one female as a mate at one time). They engage in seasonal breeding and breed once a year. Breeding occurs from October through February. The number of offspring ranges from one to two, with the average number of offspring being one. Barasingha stags cover their massive antlers with grass during the mating season to intimidate their rivals.
According to Animal Diversity Web: A dominant stag collects a harem of up to thirty hinds (females). He will fight with other males for possession of the harem and the right to breed. At the beginning of the rut in mid-October, herds start to break apart and males create wallows. Male barasingha wallow by urinating and defecating in muddy pools and then roll, coating themselves in scent. Males also begin to bugle and bark; these sounds are sometimes compared to the braying of mules. Their calls will continue throughout the rut and well into February. Fights between competing males occur as they form harems. Males will scrape the ground with their hooves and then run at each other, clashing antlers. The tines will often be snapped off during these fights, leaving the antlers broken or disfigured. At the end of the rut, stags will leave their females and band together with other stags, while hinds form herds with similarly-aged females.
The gestation period of barasingha ranges from eight to 8.33 months. Most fawns born between September and October. The age in which they are weaned ranges from six to eight months.Females reach sexual or reproductive maturity at two to three years. Young are precocial. This means they are relatively well-developed when born. During the pre-birth and pre-weaning stages provisioning and protecting are done by females. Males are not involved in providing for or protecting the young./=\
Hog deer (Axis porcinu) are native to India, the Himalayan foothills and Southeast Asia, including Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand. They prefer dense forests but are often observed in clearings, grasslands and occasionally wet grasslands, with the variation depending on the time of year and food distribution. The majority of hog deer inhabits the Indus River Forest Reserves of Sindh. They have been introduced to Sri Lanka, Australia (specifically the coastal regions of south and east Gippsland), and the United States, including Texas, Florida, and Hawaii. Hog deer live 10 to 20 years both in captivity and in the wild. [Source: Andrea Michelin, Animal Diversity Web (ADW) /=]
Hog deer are primarily herbivores (primarily eat plants or plants parts) and are also classified as folivores (eat mainly leaves). Among the plant foods they eat are leaves, grasses, and occasionally fruit. They feed nocturnally and both graze and browse, but seem to prefer grazing. Foods commonly eaten include: Saccharum spontaneum (wild cane), Saccharum munja, Tamarix dioica, Populus euphratica and Zizyphus jujuba. /=\
On the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List hog deer are listed as Endangered. In CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild) they have no special status. Although once plentiful throughout their native range, hog deer have seen their numbers sharply decline, especially in Pakistan and surrounding areas due to habitat loss and hunting pressure. As a result of human control over the Indus River flooding, a large part of the natural habitat of hog deer is drying out.
Recently, Hog deer has become a sought after source of venison particularly in the United States. The meat was judged best tasting wild game meat by the Exotic Wildlife Association and is considered virtually fat free (it contains less than one percent fat). Commercialized hunting of hog deer is practiced in both native and introduced ranges. In Hawaii, Hog deer populations have multiplied and spread and are blamed for ecological damage. No conservation effort are underway. /=\
Among the known natural predators are jackals, jungle cats and wolves. Hog deer are good swimmers and often enter the water when threatened. If water is not available, they run, with a trotting gait, with their head held low, instead of leaping like other cervids (this, along with the animal's coloration, accounts for its common name). Another anti-predator adaptation is interspecies signaling. When threatened, they raise their tail to expose white hairs, alerting others to danger. Also, Hog deer makes warning barks.
Hog Deer Characteristics, Behavior and Reproduction
Hog deer range in weight from 36 to 50 kilograms (79.3 to 110pounds) and range in length from 125 to 135 centimeters (49.2 to 53.1 inches). Sexual Dimorphism (differences between males and females) is present: Females are slightly smaller than males and lack antlers. The males have noticeably thick muscular necks. Their antlers tend to be small and unimpressive compared to other deer. Typically the antlers are three-tined; however, extra points are not uncommon. The antlers are covered in velvet for much of the year,
Built for creeping and mobing through the bush, hog deer are relatively small but have a stocky, muscular body. The limbs are noticeably short and delicate; the hindlimbs are longer than the forelimbs, raising the rump to a height greater than that of the shoulders. The face is short and wedge shaped. According to Animal Diversity Web: Adult Hog deer have fur that is coarse and the overall coloration is a dark olive brown; however, the guard hairs have white tips. Fawns are born with a pale sandy-yellow color and with cream colored horizontally distributed spots along their flanks. At approximately six months this coloration gradually gives way to the adult coloration. Often, in the summer, the coat of an adult Hog deer changes to reveal spots that are distributed such as those found on the fawn. The rhinarium is always naked and brown. One distinctive feature of Hog deer is the unusually large round ears that are fringed with white hairs. Also, the tail is particularly bushy due to long hairs that lie in a dorso-ventral pattern. /=\
Hog deer are nocturnal (active at night), motile (move around as opposed to being stationary), sedentary (remain in the same area) and territorial (defend an area within the home range). They sense using touch and chemicals usually detected with smell. Though they tend to be solitary hog deer are sometimes spotted feeding as small groups in open fields when food there is plentiful. Small family groups are not entirely uncommon either. For the most part, hog deer and do not migrate. Males tend to be territorial and mark their territory with glandular secretions. /=\
Hog deer are polygynous (males have more than one female as a mate at one time). They engage in seasonal breeding, usually from August to October. Breeding seasons, however, vary among the the introduced populations. During the breeding season, male Hog deer are extremely aggressive, frequently challenging one another. Typically, challenges do not result in any physical harm. They are a test of strength and endurance where two males lower their heads, interlock antlers and push until one animal surrenders. Males mate with as many females as is possible; however, it is not uncommon for a male to court and defend a single female. It is not known how many males a female Hog deer will allow to mate with her during a given breeding season. /=\
The average gestation period is eight months. The number of offspring ranges from one to two, with the average number of offspring being one. The average weaning age is six months. On average males and females reach sexual or reproductive maturity at 8-12 months. Births typically occur from May to July. Newly born fawns are dropped in dense reed beds or grass thickets where they remain concealed from predators for several days while the mother feeds, returning only periodically to suckle. Young are precocial at birth. This means they are relatively well-developed when born.
The mouse deer, or chevrotain, is about the size of a large rabbit. Found in India. Sri Lanka, China and Southeast Asia, it lives in tropical rain forests, dense bush, grasslands, and on hills and mountains, subsisting of nuts, leaves, buds, seeds, fungi, fruit shoots, flowers, and vegetation of various kinds that have fallen from above or are found on the forest floor. The mouse deer is about 42-48 centimeters (a little more than a foot) long, with 5-7 centimeters0long tail. It stands about 30 centimeters at the shoulder and weighs 1.2-2 kilograms. . [Source: Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences, kepu.net]
Mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) are said to be the smallest deer in the world but they are not a true deer. They are relatives of pigs and have characteristics normally associated with other animals. Like pigs they have four toes on each foot. Like musk deer they have tusks instead of antlers. Like camels they have a three stomach compartments instead of the usual four found in most deer. Their “tusks” are two enlarged teeth, one on either side of the upper jaw.
Mouse deer have large, luminescent eyes, small ears and thin, fragile-looking legs and sharp hooves that give the animal a tippee toe gait. They are largely solitary but also very shy and nervous, freezing when they are alarmed and escaping by running in a zigzag pattern. They signal each other with tiny, impatient stamps. There are four species: two in Southeast Asia, one in India, and a forth, the water chevrotain in west Africa. Their wide distribution suggests they are an ancient species that back to a time when tropical forest blanketed much of Asia and Africa.
David Attenborough wrote: “Deer move through the forest browsing in an unhurried confident way. In contrast the chevrotain feed quickly, collecting fallen fruit and leaves from low bushes and digest them immediately. They then retire to a secluded hiding place and then use a technique that, it seems, they were the first to pioneer. They ruminate. Clumps of their hastly gathered meals are retrieved from a front compartment in their stomach where they had been stored and brought back up the throat to be given a second more intensive chewing with the back teeth. With that done, the chevrotain swallows the lump again. This time it continues through the first chamber of the stomach and into a second where it is fermented into a broth. It is a technique that today is used by many species of grazing mammals.”
Image Sources: Wikimedia Commons
Text Sources: Animal Diversity Web animaldiversity.org ; National Geographic, Live Science, Natural History magazine, David Attenborough books, New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Smithsonian magazine, Discover magazine, The New Yorker, Time, BBC, CNN, Reuters, Associated Press, AFP, Lonely Planet Guides, Wikipedia, The Guardian, Top Secret Animal Attack Files website and various books and other publications.
Last updated January 2025
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There are mainly two types of materials used to make blades for almost all kitchen knives on the market. One is ceramic and the other is steel.
When comparing ceramic vs steel knives, it is important, to begin with, an understanding of the use, which one is more versatile and a better fit for your personal use.
In this article, I will try to explain in detail the differences between ceramic knives and stainless steel knives, which will help you to choose one of them.
What Is a Ceramic Knife?
The knives that are made with ceramic blades are called ceramic knives. Ceramic blades used in knives are mainly made from zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) which is a powder-type material.
What Is a Stainless Steel Knife?
All knives that are made with stainless steel blades are called stainless steel knives. In general, steel is made from carbon, iron, titanium. Steel with a chromium content of at least 10.5% is considered stainless steel.
This metal is widely used in making knives all over the world as it is strong, durable, and versatile.
A Detail Comparison Between Ceramic Knives and Stainless Steel Knives?
Both types of knives work for almost the same purpose. Both are used to make blades. However, when I analyze their practical aspects, I find many big comparable differences between them. Here I highlight those differences in detail. The differences are-
- Manufacturing Process
- Rust Resistance
1. Manufacturing Process Comparison
Ceramic Knife Manufacturing Process
Ceramic knives have a unique way of manufacturing; this precise method is key for an owner to understand to treat the knife accordingly.
To begin making the knife, there is a ceramic powder consists of a variety of minerals: boron, carbide, nitrate, or bauxite. The powder mixes with water and is placed into a mold to give it shape.
Keeping each knife uniform and precise is important for this work. The mold is placed under pressure and just like any ceramic pottery, it now has to be heated in a large oven called a kiln.
After that, it is taken out, sharpened, and ready to have a handle put on.
The hardness of ceramic knives is determined by changes in pressure and heat.
Higher quality ceramic knives, for example, have a sharper edge of the blade because the ceramic powder used is of stronger minerals and in the kiln for a longer time.
Overall, the process of making a ceramic knife teaches owners that the blade is fragile and can be chipped easily if not cared for which would be disappointing.
Stainless Steel Knife Manufacturing Process
The way to make stainless steel knives requires more tools and more time than the ceramic knife process.
To begin, knife makers buy the square-shaped stock of stainless steel. This square would later be filed down into the knife triangular shape.
The width is not important, and size is not important at this stage, it can all be adjusted later on.
What is important is having a good quality stock.
Any knifemaker and chef know that quality matters and will be worth the extra investment in the long run. Quality ensures less chance of rusting, greater length of sharpness, and durability.
Second in making a stainless-steel knife is deciding where to cut the stock and how far in.
Third, a machine cuts the blade to the desired shape and width. Different edges can be used: sharp, recessed, or serrated.
Lastly, the handle is made and secured on the knife. When making a handle accordingly to the knife blade, it must fit a standard grip and be in the right proportions.
This is a step that takes more time and tools to complete but is necessary to prevent cutting one’s hand.
This last step of putting on the handle requires more time and greater chances of flaws. It is recommended that for consistency, a machine will do the blade filing and cutting.
If an individual made the knife and handle, the consistency would not be the same across his final products.
To conclude, the stainless-steel manufacturing process teaches owners there is a lot of detailed work put into the knife which takes a greater amount of time than ceramic knives, but the quality of the steel can vary greatly.
Paying for a higher-end, a quality knife is recommended to reduce the common stainless-steel problems such as rusting, chipping, and unequal handle to blade ratio.
2. Versatility Comparison
Ceramic Knife Versatility
Ceramic knives are safe enough because they do not conduct electricity.
Another wonderful benefit of having ceramic knives are the looks. Ceramic knives are more colorful and unique than stainless steel.
The colors and patterns can be anything from dark red to bright teal to floral patterns. This is a great eye-catching benefit of owning ceramic knives; it adds a little pop to your kitchen.
When it comes to using the ceramic knife, the blade is very thin which allows thin slices of fruits and vegetables.
Ceramic knives are ideal for everyday cooking and weekend cooking needs. They can also present detailed and precise platters by having thinner slicing than stainless steel knives could do.
Ceramic knives provide a huge plus for those who love to entertain. If entertaining guests with a cheese or fruit platter, a ceramic knife can cut slices neat, aesthetic, and elegant platters.
Another versatile use of ceramic knives applies to the rental market. Ceramic knives would be great to furnish a summer rental and vacation home because it is easier, cheaper and they would not need to be replaced as frequently as stainless steel.
The durability makes a vacationer happy to know there are quality tools when cooking. Making sure to buy the ceramic knives with covers is ideal for a rental property to ensure they are not chipped.
Stainless Steel Knife Versatility
Steel knives are versatile because there are many types of kitchen knives available in the market including utility, chef, bread, carving, steak, pairing, serrated which can be used for different types of work.
Stainless steel knives are great to have for a butcher or be used to cut up a rotisserie chicken. The best part is, steel knives can cut through hard foods like frozen foods, bones, or nutshells; that is a very important factor.
Also, steel can be shaped into any knife more easily than ceramic.
In addition, steel knives can be sharpened more easily than ceramics.
It is proving steel knives’ versatility is highly sought after and better than a ceramic knife.
3. Resistance Comparison
Ceramic Knife Resistance
Ceramic knives are resistant to oil, grime, acid, water, and rust, or corrosion and are also much easier to clean.
Stainless Steel Knife Resistance
Stainless steel knives also have a problem with rusting over time. Oxidation occurs as orange stains to the water reacting with the iron in the blade.
This can be fixed by soaking the knife in vinegar, adding baking soda, or buying special oil which can remove the rust.
However, this is a hassle and would be frustrating to see an expensive knife have a dulled and blemished appearance.
4. Sharpness Comparison
Ceramic Knife Sharpness
Ceramic blades are several times harder than steel knives, making them much difficult to sharpen.
However, once sharpened, there is no need to sharpen again in the next 5 to 10 years. If you ever need to sharpen ceramic knives, it is a good idea to take them to a professional sharpener.
To sharpen the ceramic knife, a diamond sharpener is needed.
However, most owners feel more comfortable buying a new knife than sharpen an old one.
Stainless Steel Knife Sharpness
Stainless steel blades are sharper and stronger. For these reasons, they are able to cut through any food, bones, and frozen foods.
These knives are stronger but become duller quicker than ceramic. That’s why they need to be sharpened regularly to maintain the kind of sharpness required for regular cutting.
You can easily sharpen your steel knives at home. To sharpen the stainless-steel knife, a sharpening stone or sharpening system or sharpening rod, self-sharpening knife block will work well.
5. Odors Comparison
Ceramic Knife Odors
The most important factor of a ceramic knife is that it does not absorb any food ingredients like salts, oils and will not leave any taste or odor on the blade.
Stainless Steel Knife Odors
The disadvantage of having a stainless-steel knife is the steel causes foods to oxidize faster.
Sometimes aluminum ions are released into foods directly from the stainless-steel blade creating the browning on apple slices for example.
To test this, when I cut an apple in half the ceramic causes no oxidation, the stainless steel does. This may not pose a problem to someone who will eat the fruit entirely once cut.
Although this only happens in very low-quality steel knives.
6. Maintenance Comparison
Ceramic Knife Maintenance
The best way to preserve the life of your new ceramic knife is to cut straight up and down, if the knife gets stuck it is best to twist it.
The ceramic blade will chip or crack if there are diagonal cuts or if cutting hard bone, melons, or frozen foods.
Ceramic knives are great for cutting lighter-weight foods such as vegetables and fruits.
After use, hand wash the blade, dry with a dishcloth or paper towel, and put it away in its own sheath or knife block.
This way there is no risk of it getting chipped by other utensils in the drying rack. The hygienic features of ceramic are greater as well.
These are all important pointers and tips for any ceramic knife owner to know in order to preserve the knife well and prolong its use.
Stainless Steel Knife Maintenance
Maintaining steel knives is almost the same as like as a ceramic knife. However, if the steel knives are not regularly maintained, these knives will prone to rust quickly.
They shouldn’t be washed in the dishwasher. It should be hand washed and dried quickly after each use and then stored.
Although hard things should not be cut with a ceramic knife, almost all types of hard or soft food items can be cut with a steel knife.
7. Weight Comparison
Ceramic Knife Weight
Ceramic knives are lightweight so it does not make any strain your hand. Due to their lightweight, they can be easily handled or maneuver, which is helpful enough to precisely and accurately slice a food item.
However, lightweight knives are not very useful when slicing or chopping soft meat.
Stainless Steel Weight
On the other hand, steel knives are quite heavy and the weight of the knife helps enough to cut any solid or meat-like flexible food ingredient.
Also, heavy steel knives give you proper balance in your hand and provide a sturdy feeling while holding them.
But using a heavy full tang or half tang kitchen knife for a long time can cause enough strain on your hand and neck.
8. Price Comparison
Ceramic Knife Price
Ceramic knives are budget-friendly, a six-pack with covers of high-quality ceramic knife set at $20-$50 is a bargain compared to the expensive, more maintenance, and duller stainless-steel knives.
Stainless Steel Knife Price
The price of a steel knife is not so much. However, high-quality steel knives cost much more than ceramic knives, especially those made of Japanese steel and German steel.
A good quality Stainless Steel knife set of 10-15 pieces can cost from $100-$200 or more.
Ceramic vs Steel Knives – Which One to Choose and Why?
They are ten times as strong as stainless steel. That is the reason, ceramic is fragile and can be chipped easily. Also, having it be in contact with other knives and them possibly chipping one another is likely.
They last longer only if they are treated correctly. This can be done by keeping ceramic knives in a box by themselves, or in a wooden knife block, or in a drawer without other knives.
Manufacturers know this and generally sell each individual knife with a plastic cover plate that can easily store the knife.
Ceramic blades are very fragile so they can break if they fall to the floor suddenly.
Ceramic knives should not be used for chopping for long periods of time, as this can cause the knife to shatter. Also, no thick ingredient should be cut at twisting motion as it may snap the blade.
To conclude, the ceramic knives prove to be superior to the stainless-steel knives in some cases like long life, greater sharpness of the blade, ideal price, and low maintenance.
It is clear that the ceramic knife fits the average needs to cook. The average family cuts vegetables, raw meats, and fruits rather than frozen foods and bones, proving that a ceramic knife would be perfect to add to the kitchen tools.
Stainless Steel Knife
The way the stainless-steel knives are made is more durable and of greater quality due to the improved attention to detail compared to ceramic. Also, if a steel knife falls suddenly, it is very unlikely to break.
However, they require more effort to keep clean and rust-free, can not cut through fruits without them oxidizing, and can show rust spots.
To conclude, stainless steel knives are advantageous for someone who uses knives to cut through bones and hard foods. They are made to last a long time with greater attention to detail and the quality of the steel.
For these reasons, my conclusion stands that a stainless steel knife presents more benefits than ceramic and ceramic my recommendation to the average family and chef.
After researching thoroughly, it is my professional opinion that between the choice of ceramic and stainless-steel knives, the best option would be the stainless steel knives. Because steel knives are stronger, durable, versatile, and all-purpose knives compared to ceramic knives.
Now, it has been clear and detailed about the pros-cons of both the ceramic and stainless-steel knives.
As mentioned in the beginning, deciding on what one’s individual preference and uses will be is the first step to making the decision between ceramic and stainless steel.
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Get ready to have an amazing time with this cool coloring page featuring Godzilla! Godzilla is the giant monster (also known as Kaiju in Japanese) that everyone loves. This legendary creature has appeared in tons of movies, TV shows, and comic books. Now, it’s your turn to bring Godzilla to life with your artistic skills!
Unique Features of the Coloring Page
The Godzilla coloring page is packed with awesome details that make it really special:
- Detailed Scales: Look at those intricate patterns on Godzilla’s skin! Each scale is drawn to make the monster look super realistic.
- Sharp Claws: Godzilla’s claws are huge and terrifying. They’re ready to scratch and roar!
- Roaring Stance: Godzilla’s mouth is open, showing off all those menacing teeth. You can almost hear the roar!
- Spiky Back: The spikes on Godzilla’s back are one of the most recognizable features. They look like they’re ready to glow with atomic power!
- Powerful Muscles: The strong arms and legs of Godzilla show just how powerful this creature is.
Symbolism and Cultural Significance
Godzilla is much more than just a monster. This character has a deep cultural significance, especially in Japan where it originated. Godzilla first appeared in Japanese movies in the 1950s as a symbol of nature’s power and the dangers of nuclear weapons. Over the years, Godzilla has become a beloved icon worldwide, representing themes like protection, destruction, and the balance of nature. Coloring this page gives you a chance to connect with this rich history!
Creative Coloring Techniques and Color Palette Ideas
Make your Godzilla masterpiece stand out with these creative coloring techniques and color suggestions:
- Shading: Use different shades of green and gray to add depth to Godzilla’s scales. Lighter shades can be used for highlights, and darker shades for shadows.
- Glowing Spines: Add a glowing effect to the spikes on Godzilla’s back. Use bright blues or even neon colors to make them look electrifying!
- Textured Skin: Use small, controlled strokes to mimic the texture of reptilian skin. This can bring a realistic feel to your Godzilla.
- Background Ideas: Create a dramatic scene by adding a city skyline, mountains, or even an ocean for Godzilla to rise from.
Age Groups and Skill Levels
This Godzilla coloring page is perfect for various age groups and skill levels:
- Ages 7 and Up: Younger kids with a love for monsters will enjoy filling in the big areas and seeing Godzilla come to life with their colors.
- Tweens and Teens: Older children can appreciate the detailed aspects and take on the challenge of adding realistic textures and shading.
- Adults: Even adults will find it relaxing and satisfying to color this detailed page and perhaps relive some nostalgia from their childhood days.
Benefits of Coloring This Design
Coloring this Godzilla page comes with several great benefits:
- Stress Relief: Focusing on the intricate details helps to calm your mind and reduce stress.
- Enhances Creativity: Playing with different colors and textures can help boost your creativity.
- Educational Value: Learning about Godzilla and its cultural significance can be informative and interesting.
- Fun and Entertainment: It’s simply enjoyable to watch your favorite monster come to life in vibrant colors!
Encouragement to Personalize
Don’t be afraid to make this coloring page your own! Add your personal touch by creating custom backgrounds, adding other monsters, or even making Godzilla different colors. Maybe you’d like to see a purple or rainbow Godzilla? The possibilities are endless, and it’s all about having fun and expressing yourself!
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https://colorbliss.com/free-coloring-pages/godzilla-coloring-pages/godzilla-the-atomic-breath
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2025-06-18T08:25:06Z
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Enough is enough. Let’s guarantee proper nutrition for every child.
In the wake of news about ultra-processed food addiction among children, Dan Irvine, looks with hope to the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference.
It’s ironic that just days before the world’s leading micronutrient forum, news breaks that one in eight children across 36 countries may be addicted to ultra processed foods (UPF).
These ultra processed foods, that Brazilian scientist Fernanda Rauber described as “industrially produced edible substances,” significantly raise the risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, heart attacks and strokes according to two recent large studies. They are also linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, depression, tooth decay and more.
As thousands of technical experts, policymakers, nutrition programme implementors, civil society representatives, bilateral and multilateral partners and the private sector gather in the Hague to discuss improving micronutrition for the most vulnerable people, we are reminded that the quality of what we eat is a matter of life or death.
A menu of life-saving options
My World Vision colleagues and I are coming to the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference to share a host of learnings and best practice (and discover more from others) about how to ensure that children—especially malnourished children—get the nutrition they need to survive and thrive.
At the heart of this is our new publication comprising rehabilitation menus from 23 countries developed by World Vision staff and the communities they work in, using locally available, low-cost, nutrient-dense ingredients.
The menus included in this book were successfully used in a food-based rehabilitation and behaviour change approach called, "Positive Deviance/Hearth" programme to rehabilitate undernourished children and prevent malnutrition within the communities where they were designed.
Additives can mean harm or health
The news report warning about the damage and addiction caused by ultra-processed food laid much of the blame on additives such as hydrolysed proteins, maltodextrin, and flavour enhancers.
While it is true that naturally grown food is often the healthiest, adding supplements to food is something we and partners DSM-Firmenich, Africa Improved Foods and Sight and Life have done for a decade now to ensure that people are getting nutrients they might not get elsewhere. Whether that’s fortifying poultry food for more nutritious eggs in Indonesia, or fortified maize meal to help pregnant women in Rwanda, in the quality of food matters profoundly.
Joining a community that cares about nutrition
On the day that World Vision staff bring 16 poster presentations to the conference, 16 October, the organisation is also launching its ENOUGH global campaign (webpage live from 16 October). In a world of plenty, we know that every child can have enough nutritious food to thrive. We hope you will join this campaign however you can, whether it’s calling for proper investment to feed the hungry, signing a petition (available from 16 October), or a myriad of other ways to say that enough is enough. Every child deserves sufficient, nutritious food even from before they are born, so they have a bright and healthy future.
To learn more about World Vision’s decades of experience in nutrition please click here
Dan Irvine is World Vision International Partnership Leader for Global Health & Nutrition.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.wvi.org/opinion/view/enough-enough-lets-guarantee-proper-nutrition-every-child
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2025-06-20T13:16:34Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709481579.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20250620122332-20250620152332-00667.warc.gz
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A start-up company, led by NASA executives, plans to fly people to the moon by 2020 for about $1.4 billion per flight.
Tourists would pay an estimated price of $750 million a seat.
"Our vision is to create a reliable and affordable US-based commercial human lunar transportation system," said former Apollo flight director Gerry Griffin, who serves as chairman of the firm, named Golden Spike, reported the Guardian.
Golden Spike, headed by NASA associate administrator Alan Stern, said it would use existing rocket and capsule technology, and would need to commission a lunar lander and moonwalking suits, BBC News reported.
Stern said he expected interest from countries interested in lunar scientific research, promoting national prestige and space tourism.
"It's not about being first. It's about joining the club," he said at a press conference on Wednesday.
"We're kind of cleaning up what NASA did in the 1960s. We're going to make a commodity of it in the 2020s," he continued, the Washington Post reported.
"We realize this is the stuff of science fiction. We intend to make it science fact,” Stern said at the news conference. He added: “We believe in the price points that we’re talking about.”
The company’s board of advisors also includes former US House Speaker Newt Gingrich, who cited his interest in a lunar base during his campaign as a US presidential candidate.
At The World, we believe strongly that human-centered journalism is at the heart of an informed public and a strong democracy. We see democracy and journalism as two sides of the same coin. If you care about one, it is imperative to care about the other.
Every day, our nonprofit newsroom seeks to inform and empower listeners and hold the powerful accountable. Neither would be possible without the support of listeners like you. If you believe in our work, will you give today? We need your help now more than ever! Every gift will be matched 2:1, so your impact will go even further.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://theworld.org/stories/2016/07/31/golden-spike-company-fly-people-moon-video
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2025-06-13T07:13:03Z
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OC48 internet is faster than OC3 and OC12 internet, though not as fast as OC192 internet. As with other optical carrier data transmission rates, the data speed transmission of OC48 can only be determined by way of the number, 48 — which serves as a base multiplier.
51.84Mbps x 48 = 2,488.32 Mbps
OC48 internet surpasses even Gigabit Ethernet technology and are used heavily with regional ISPs (internet service providers). OC48 internet is not as fast as 10 Gigabit Ethernet and OC192 internet, however.
An OC48 is a large T1 configuration that is a high-speed digital connection for voice and Internet. The OC48 is for very large applications where large bandwidth is needed. It is used as a major networking backbone for large companies and universities.
OC stands for optical carrier. The level number, 48 in this case, refers to the range of digital signals that can be carried on the network. An optical carrier is a sonnet fiber optic network that carries a digital signal. An OC 48 is roughly equivalent in size to over 5000 standard T1 circuits.
An OC48 is capable of transmitting at speeds up to 2.5 gigabits per second. This fast speed allows for simultaneous transmission of graphics, sound, and large files. It is one of the fastest speeds available to connect to the Internet and allows for instantaneous transmission.
An OC48 allows for many simultaneous dedicated broadband Internet access connections. The OC48 is connected directly into your server providing for multiple accesses. The OC48 for Internet is dedicated to your applications and use static IP addresses for your servers. A business grade Internet connection provides the bandwidth to do many types of applications at once.
T1 configurations are the new standard in telecommunications and Internet access for businesses. The technology is reliable and economical. The pricing of an OC48 would be based on the specific configuration you need. An engineer would configure the OC48 for your application and the OC48 would be installed appropriately. Competitive pricing and service contracts can be reviewed before a final decision is made.
OC48 Internet News
In August 2010, Sprint converted its OC12 internet to OC48 internet, increasing its network bandwidth by 400 percent (four times faster than OC12 internet). OC48 internet runs on 2.5Gbps data transmission speeds. Sprint placed the OC48 internet between Fort Worth, Texas and Kansas City, Missouri.
In 2007, Verizon Business, a unit of Verizon Communications (Verizon Wireless), employed OC48 internet router-to-router, at a rate of 40Gbps from Washington D.C. to Chicago. Verizon planned to have OC48 internet in all of its territories in the US by the end of 2008. According to Verizon Business’s President of Network Operations and Technology Fred Briggs, moving from 10 Gigabit Ethernet to 40 Gigabit Ethernet shows that Verizon is prepared to take its customers into the future; additionally, converting to OC48 internet also reduces web traffic congestion, which results in improved performance on Verizon’s internet platform.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://worldnetsolutionsinc.com/oc48-internet/
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2025-06-23T15:58:43Z
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... Chinese Cuisine Food Culture 关于中国食品历史的英语演讲稿 Chinese staple food 中式主食 Chinese fast food industry 中式快餐 ; 中国快餐业 ...
The Chinese staple food is rice, but they also raise wheat, barley, beans, corn.
Rice is Chinese staple food rice every meal. Add water to boil rice, until fully absorbed water.
Chinese staple food with grain and its products such as pasta, non-staple food is mainly vegetables, supplemented with meat.
Who would have thought that pizza would become a staple of the Chinese fast food and casual dining industry, going against the grain of thousands of years of culinary history?
FORBES: Pizza Anyone?
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.youdao.com/w/eng/chinese_staple_food/
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2025-06-17T16:52:12Z
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In today’s fast-paced world, understanding various health categories can empower you to make informed decisions and lead a healthier life. From preventive care to mental wellness, each health category offers unique benefits and insights into maintaining well-being. This comprehensive overview will delve into key health categories, their significance, and how they contribute to a balanced lifestyle.
1. Preventive Health: The Cornerstone of Wellness
Introduction: Preventive health is about taking proactive steps to avoid illnesses and maintain overall well-being. By focusing on prevention, you can reduce the risk of developing chronic conditions and enhance your quality of life.
- Routine Screenings: Regular health check-ups to detect potential issues early.
- Immunizations: Vaccines that protect against infectious diseases.
- Health Education: Resources and programs aimed at promoting healthy lifestyle choices.
- Customized Preventive Plans: Personalized health plans based on genetic and lifestyle factors.
- Smart Health Devices: Wearable technology for real-time health monitoring and reminders.
- Holistic Approaches: Integrating mental and emotional health into preventive care strategies.
Importance: Embracing preventive health measures can lead to early detection of health issues and a reduction in healthcare costs, ultimately contributing to a healthier life.
2. Nutrition and Diet: Fueling Your Body Right
Introduction: Nutrition and diet are fundamental for maintaining energy levels, supporting bodily functions, and preventing diseases. This category encompasses various dietary choices and nutritional strategies.
- Balanced Diet: Incorporating a variety of foods to meet nutritional needs.
- Special Diets: Adapting diets such as vegan, keto, or Mediterranean to personal health goals.
- Nutritional Supplements: Enhancing health with vitamins and minerals.
- Plant-Based Diets: Increasing popularity of vegetarian and vegan diets for health and environmental reasons.
- Personalized Nutrition: Tailoring diets based on individual health data and genetic profiles.
- Mindful Eating: Focusing on the eating experience to improve digestion and satisfaction.
Importance: A well-balanced diet supports overall health and well-being, while personalized nutrition can address specific health needs and goals.
3. Fitness and Exercise: Boosting Physical Health
Introduction: Regular physical activity is crucial for maintaining physical fitness, enhancing cardiovascular health, and improving mental well-being. This category covers various exercise routines and fitness strategies.
- Cardiovascular Exercise: Activities like running, cycling, and swimming to improve heart health.
- Strength Training: Exercises like weightlifting to build muscle strength and endurance.
- Flexibility and Balance: Practices such as yoga and stretching to enhance flexibility and prevent injuries.
- Functional Fitness: Exercises designed to improve everyday functional movements and strength.
- Home Workouts: Growing popularity of home-based fitness routines and online workout programs.
- Wearable Fitness Technology: Devices that track fitness metrics and provide personalized feedback.
Importance: Regular exercise contributes to overall physical health, supports weight management, and enhances mental well-being.
4. Mental Health: Prioritizing Emotional Well-Being
Introduction: Mental health is a crucial aspect of overall wellness, affecting how individuals think, feel, and act. Prioritizing mental health can lead to improved quality of life and better coping strategies.
- Stress Management: Techniques such as meditation and relaxation exercises to manage stress levels.
- Mental Health Disorders: Understanding and treating conditions like depression, anxiety, and PTSD.
- Therapeutic Support: Access to counseling and therapy for emotional and psychological support.
- Digital Mental Health Solutions: Use of apps and online platforms for mental health support and therapy.
- Workplace Mental Health Initiatives: Growing focus on mental health programs within corporate environments.
- Holistic Mental Wellness: Incorporating practices like mindfulness and lifestyle changes into mental health care.
Importance: Addressing mental health is essential for emotional stability, improved relationships, and overall life satisfaction.
5. Alternative Medicine: Exploring Complementary Therapies
Introduction: Alternative medicine includes a range of non-traditional therapies used alongside or instead of conventional treatments. This category offers additional options for enhancing health and wellness.
- Acupuncture: Traditional practice involving needle insertion to stimulate specific points on the body.
- Herbal Remedies: Use of plant-based solutions for various health conditions.
- Chiropractic Care: Focus on spinal health and musculoskeletal disorders through manual adjustments.
- Integrative Medicine: Combining alternative therapies with conventional treatments for comprehensive care.
- Personalized Alternative Therapies: Tailoring therapies based on individual health needs and conditions.
- Focus on Preventive Benefits: Using alternative medicine to support long-term health and prevent illness.
Importance: Alternative medicine can complement traditional treatments, offering holistic approaches and additional options for maintaining health.
Navigating the world of health categories provides valuable insights into maintaining and improving well-being. From preventive care and nutrition to fitness, mental health, and alternative medicine, each category contributes uniquely to a balanced lifestyle. Staying informed about these categories and current trends can help you make better health choices and achieve a more fulfilling life.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://tlxjdn.com/navigating-the-world-of-health-categories-a-comprehensive-overview/
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2025-06-16T16:26:28Z
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Those scary scenes from "Black Mirror" or "Westworld" no longer seem too unrealistic today.
Tesla Inc founder and Chief Executive Elon Musk has launched a company called Neuralink Corp through which computers could merge with human brains, the Wall Street Journal reported, citing people familiar with the matter.
Neuralink is pursuing what Musk calls the "neural lace" technology, implanting tiny brain electrodes that may one day upload and download thoughts, the Journal reported.
Musk has not made an official announcement, but Neuralink was registered in California as a "medical research" company last July, and he plans on funding the company mostly by himself, a person briefed on the plans told the Journal.
It is unclear what sorts of products Neuralink might create, but people who have had discussions with the company describe a strategy similar to space launch company SpaceX and Tesla, the Journal report said.
In recent weeks, Neuralink has also hired leading academics in the field, the Journal reported.
Artificial intelligence has become a hot topic in recent years, with many excited about a future where the line between machines and humans blurs.
For now we don't need to worry much about the rise of the machines yet (let's blame "Terminator" or "Ex Machina" for those insane nightmares).
But if you want to see something insane, how about dinosaur robots as hotel receptionists?
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://e.vnexpress.net/news/world/what-if-we-can-download-thoughts-from-our-brains-3562040.html
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2025-06-20T17:06:39Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709481586.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20250620153012-20250620183012-00930.warc.gz
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Thyroid hormonal imbalance affects the brain chemistry. It can be mistakenly diagnosed as bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder or other mental problems. People can be treated with antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, lithium, Valium, etc. People with thyroid problems in the past, often ended up in psychiatric hospitals, underwent horrible treatments such as electric shock therapy.
Thyroid hormones are extremely powerful brain chemicals and are neurotransmitters. Overactive thyroid impairs proper brain function. High levels of thyroid hormones change the brain chemistry and levels of neurotransmitters, leading to agitation, nervousness and mood changes. People suffering from Graves’ disease can swing from elevation to exhaustion, have feelings of anger, depression and confusion. Their thoughts become entangled and coping with simple tasks becomes very difficult. GABA is a brain chemical important in calming anxiety but its levels are reduced in Graves’ disease. Thyroid hormones also stimulate the synthesis of DHEA-S, which is antagonistic to GABA receptors in the brain.
The brain contains more T3 receptors than in other areas of the body. They are found in the highest quantities in the limbic area of the brain, its emotional center. People with Graves’ disease are often governed by an emotional way of thinking.
The excess of thyroid hormones makes the body more receptive to catecholamines (noradrenalin and adrenalin), hormones responsible for the ‘flight or fight’ response. This stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, which is involved in charging and expression, increases blood pressure and heart rate. These hormones are usually released during crisis situations. However in Graves’ disease, due to the excess of thyroid hormones, they exert their effects strongly to prepare a body for a stressful situation, which is not really there. Beta-blockers, given to patients, reduce tremors and anxiety symptoms. They block noradrenalin and adrenalin from binding to their receptors on nerves. When the brain is constantly overstimulated by excessive thyroid hormones, it uses oxygen faster and produces more free radicals which can damage brain cells. The levels of glutathione, the main free radical scavenger are often reduced in people with autoimmune disorders. The levels of endorphin (‘happy molecules’) are also reduced in people with Graves’ disease.
There is a saying ‘I am not crazy, I have Graves’ disease’. The thyroid hormones are powerful brain chemicals. Emotions define life at the time of illness and are not easy to overcome. It is important to stabilise your hormones and your brain chemistry. Stress is a major trigger for Graves’ and unfortunately, it becomes its symptom. Stress exhausts adrenal glands and thyroid tends to compensate for poorly functioning adrenals. Therefore any stress will make the symptoms of Graves’ worse. Stress exacerbates the illness and is its active partner. Graves’ disease can be caused by the overuse of the sympathetic nervous system. It is important to limit stress and not to seek it. Rest should be emotional, mental and physical.
“Those who have to do with the care of hyperthyroid patients recognize the value of calm environment and placidity of the emotions in the course of treatment.”
Agnes Conrad, MD. 1934
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<urn:uuid:ac9665b6-ddd4-453c-acf4-1ab80dc2d9a3>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
|
http://www.gravesdiseaseunmasked.com/emotions/graves-disease-and-emotional-liability/
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2025-06-25T02:28:22Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709780994.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20250625004126-20250625034126-00330.warc.gz
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en
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Recently, a group of 23 science and policy experts from the U.S. and Canada published a review of mining risks to watersheds ranging from Montana to British Columbia and Alaska.
The paper in the journal Science Advances brought together experts in salmon ecology, watershed science, mining impacts and mining policy to integrate knowledge across research fields that often work independently from one another. Led by UM researchers at the Flathead Lake Biological Station, the team found past and present mining pressures are extensive across the region and often overlap with important populations of salmon, trout and char.
“Our paper highlights the mosaic of more than 3,600 active and abandoned mines sitting amongst some of the most valuable fish habitat in western North America,” said Chris Sergeant, an FLBS research scientist and the paper’s lead author. “The largest of these mines processes around 160,000 metric tons of earth every day.”
Sergeant said not all mines pose the same level of risk, but their review revealed that harm from mining can be severe and long-lasting. The extent of mining pressures on these watersheds underscores the importance of accurately assessing risk to water, fish and communities.
The study reviewed the ecological complexity of rivers and how mines can impact culturally and economically important fish species such as salmon by contaminating waters with heavy metals, burying stream habitat and diverting water for processing ore. When not managed properly, these cumulative impacts can be impossible to reverse and degrade landscapes for decades to centuries.
“Unfortunately, in some cases, we are learning the hard way that mines can have profound impacts on aquatic ecosystems, leaching far down the watershed from the actual mine site, at scales that were not anticipated in the original impact assessment,” said Erin Sexton, a paper co-author and FLBS senior scientist. “For example, impacts from the Elk Valley coal mining complex in southeast British Columbia have been documented over 155 miles downstream of the mines, crossing the U.S.-Canada international boundary.”
The authors emphasize that up-to-date and transparent science has an important role to play in managing the potential impacts of mines. Emerging science on salmonid ecology, cumulative effects and how climate change is altering these landscapes can improve risk assessment of mines.
The authors highlighted four key issues that will be foundational to modern, science-based risk assessment and mitigation: understanding stressor complexity and uncertainty, accounting for cumulative effects of mining activities across a mine’s life cycle, developing realistic mitigation strategies and recognizing the potential for climate change to magnify risk.
“Emerging science is revealing the complex realities of how salmon watersheds work in this era of climate change and also the many different risk pathways posed by mines,” said co-author Jonathan Moore of Simon Fraser University in British Columbia. “Informed decision-making will need risk assessments that embrace these challenging topics, ranging from cumulative effects to climate change.”
While a low-carbon future will depend to some extent on mined minerals, it is important to consider whether current and future mining projects are operated in such a way that protects fish, water and well-functioning watersheds.
“Our paper is not for or against mining, but it does describe current environmental challenges and gaps in the application of science to mining governance,” Sergeant said. “We identify a need and opportunity for strong science-based and transparent risk assessment, as well as the integration of goals and values of impacted communities. In the end, it is possible that some specific places might just be too valuable to risk with major mines.”
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<urn:uuid:32abdf09-15f3-4953-a568-5dbee8d2f0a3>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://thincb2b.com/montana-bio-station-researchers-discuss-mine-risks-to-salmon-rivers/
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2025-06-18T09:09:23Z
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Enabling children to discover that “Restoring is funny” was the main aim of the workshop developed by the promoters of the Atlantic Romanesque Plan at the AR&PA, the Iberian Biennial of Cultural Heritage, which took place from 8 to 10 November at the Miguel Delibes Cultural Centre in Vallladolid.
64 children aged between 6 and 12 divided in four groups were able to better understand why and how some actions are taken in the scope of our cultural heritage, through dynamics and games carried out by a youth worker. They learnt what would be needed before restoring a mosaic or a Romanesque façade and for some moments they even became real restorers using the booklet published within the educational activities of the Plan.
The workshops were held within the Plan for dissemination focused on making the society acquainted with the actions taken. It is worth recalling that the Atlantic Romanesque Plan is promoted by the Council of Castile and León, Iberdrola Foundation and the Ministry of Culture in Portugal, with the collaboration of Santa María la Real Foundation and the dioceses of each region, and it aims to restore and enhance about twenty Romanesque churches situated in the Spanish provinces of Zamora and Salamanca and the Portuguese regions of Oporto, Vila Real and Bragança.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://romanicoatlantico.org/en/actualidad/atlantic-romanesque-at-ar-ao-restoring-is-funny-69
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2025-06-23T14:38:52Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709775819.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20250623143503-20250623173503-00195.warc.gz
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en
| 0.969473
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SPECIAL NEEDS EDUCATION / INCLUSION
Special Educational Needs
Children and young people with special educational needs (SEN) can be cared for either in an integrative school or in a special school, depending on the wishes of the parents or guardians. SEN are assessed either at the request of the legal guardian or officially by the education authority.
Integrative lessons open up a wide range of opportunities for children and young people with and without SEN to share learning experiences. Pupils with special educational needs can enjoy integrative teaching at primary school, compulsory secondary school, the lower cycle of an academic secondary school, pre-vocational school and the one-year domestic science school.
Special school (from the ages of 6 to 15 years)
Special school consists of nine grades, with the last grade being a pre-vocational year. With the approval of the school authority and with the consent of the body operating the school, the special school may be attended for a maximum of 12 years. Special school education in Austria is made up of ten types.
Adequate special education support for students is provided through the use of specific curricula. Qualified teachers are employed both in special schools and in inclusive education. The goal of individualized instruction is to enable students to master further vocational training or attend secondary schools by providing them with a basic general education.
Educational and careers guidance
The subject area "Vocational orientation in the Years 7 and 8 of school-based education" is a compulsory exercise in general special schools. This compulsory exercise is intended to enable young people to consider their own personal development, inclinations and interests, together with their vocational aspirations in a targeted way. It is also intended to provide insights into everyday life in the workplace and enable young people to identify opportunities for them to pursue the individual career they desire.
The next step:
These are some of the opportunities that are available to young people after completing their special school education or integrated education:
- Completion of the Pre-Vocational Year as their ninth year of education, in preparation for the world of work. After that, it would be possible for them to commence an apprenticeship, in the context of an Individual Vocational Training programme in accordance with §8b Vocational Training Act (extended apprenticeship period/partial qualification).
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<urn:uuid:d7412848-190b-4b9c-a86d-47c38a0b468a>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://bildungssystem.oead.at/en/kindergarten/special-needs-education
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2025-06-20T03:23:50Z
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en
| 0.965469
| 474
| 3.546875
| 4
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Role of a Freezer Box before the Burial or Cremation of a Dead Body
In the tapestry of human existence, Freezer Box death is an inevitable thread. As cultures and traditions vary across the globe, so do funeral customs. Anthyesti, an ancient Hindu funeral ritual, holds profound significance in honoring the departed. In the modern era, technological advancements have merged with age-old traditions to provide dignified farewells. One such innovation is the utilization of freezer boxes in Anthyesti funeral services. This blog delves into the pivotal role of freezer boxes in preserving the sanctity and tradition of Anthyesti rituals.
Honoring Tradition Through Preservation:
Anthyesti, derived from the Sanskrit words “Antya” meaning ‘last’ and “Isti,” meaning ‘sacrifice’, embodies the sacred rite of bidding farewell to departed souls. Central to this ritual is the belief in the continuity of the soul’s journey beyond the physical realm. To honor this journey, Anthyesti rituals emphasize the importance of preserving the body until its final rites. Traditionally, this was achieved through methods like embalming or natural cooling techniques. However, in contemporary times, the introduction of Freezer Box has revolutionized this process, ensuring both preservation and dignity.
The Significance of Freezer Boxes:
Freezer boxes play a pivotal role in Anthyesti funeral services by maintaining the integrity of the deceased’s body. Freezer box provide a reliable solution for preserving the body, slowing decomposition and allowing time for loved ones to gather and perform rituals peacefully.
Preserving Dignity Amidst Modern Realities:
In the hustle and bustle of modern life, the immediate arrangements following a death can be overwhelming. Freezer box provide a practical solution that aligns with contemporary realities, offering families the time they need to make necessary preparations without compromising on the dignity of the departed. Whether it’s coordinating with funeral services or making travel arrangements for distant relatives, freezer boxes afford families the necessary time and space to navigate these intricate details with care and composure.
Ensuring Cultural Sensitivity and Reverence:
Anthyesi rituals deeply root in Hindu tradition and culture, emphasizing respect for the deceased and their journey into the afterlife. Freezer box provide a reliable solution for preserving the body, equipped with temperature control to slow decomposition, allowing loved ones time for rituals with peace of mind
Facilitating Closure and Healing:
Grief is a deeply personal journey, and the rituals surrounding death play a crucial role in facilitating closure and healing for the bereaved. Freezer Box provide families with the gift of time, allowing them to come to terms with their loss gradually. By preserving the body in its natural state, families can spend precious moments with their loved one, bidding farewell in a manner that brings solace and peace to their hearts.
Embracing Innovation Without Compromising Tradition:
The integration of Freezer Box into Anthyesti funeral services exemplifies the harmonious blend of tradition and innovation. While ancient rituals are at the core of Anthyesti, modern technologies like freezer boxes aid in preserving these traditions. Anthyesti funeral services blend innovation with tradition, guiding families through farewells with grace.
In the tapestry of Anthyesti funeral services, freezer boxes emerge as a beacon of preservation and reverence. The freezer box symbolize the fusion of tradition and modernity, preserving Anthyesti rituals while giving families time to honor their loved ones’ journey with grace.
1. What is the purpose of using a freezer box before burial or cremation?
A freezer box preserves the body before burial or cremation, slowing decomposition and allowing time for arrangements and funeral rituals.
2. How does a freezer box work to preserve the body?
Freezer box use temperature control to slow decomposition, allowing for a longer time before burial or cremation.
Call us at +91 87925 63332
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Department of Materials Science and Engineering assistant professor John Cumings has received a four-year, $552,000 grant from the Department of Energy (DOE) for a proposal titled "Interfacial Thermal Resistance of Carbon Nanotubes."
Despite having a width 1000 times smaller than a human hair, carbon nanotubes are up to 100 times stronger than steel at only 1/6 the weight. They have an electrical conductivity that can exceed that of copper and a thermal conductivity near that of diamonds. This combination of qualities makes them ideal for the creation of nanomechanical and nanothermal structures, but their properties are still not completely understood. For example, despite their high thermal conductivity, some studies show that samples composed of nanotubes can behave as good thermal insulators due to interfacial thermal resistance, a common phenomenon in which an interface between two materials doesn't transport as much as either material would alone.
"It's a big problem in thermal transport," says Cumings. "The DOE is very interested in this since most streams of energy spend at least part of their life as heat energy before getting to the end consumer. Having the ability to efficiently remove heat from where it's not wanted and transporting it to where it can do beneficial work, such as through heat exchangers in cooling towers, could result in measurable improvements in efficiency for everything from computer processors to fuel-powered turbine generators. Carbon nanotubes show the promise of substantial improvements in this area if we can figure out how to control and reduce their interface resistance."
The goal of Cumings' project is to uncover the mechanisms by which heat is transferred into and out of the nanotubes by measuring the interfacial thermal resistance at many different temperatures and comparing these results with various mathematical predictions.
Cumings will perform the measurements using a thermal imaging technique invented in his lab called Electron Thermal Microscopy (ETM). ETM was created to perform nanoscale thermometry (measuring a system's temperature or ability to transfer heat) by imaging nanoscale devices in real-time while they are observed in a transmission electron microscope. The Cumings Group will test carbon nanotubes in characteristic environments that could be employed in the manufacture of nanoscale devices in an effort to discover new mechanisms of heat transfer in the process.
The research will be conducted in the Nanoscale Imaging Spectroscopy and Properties Laboratory (NISP) laboratory in the Maryland NanoCenter.
September 29, 2010
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Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in water can be a major concern, particularly in regions where the water supply is sourced from underground wells. While these substances are not necessarily harmful to human health, high levels of TDS can result in an unpleasant taste, discoloration, and a buildup of mineral deposits in pipes and appliances. So, how to reduce TDS in water at home? In this article, let's see what are the harmful effects of excess TDS in drinking water and effective ways of reducing total dissolved solids in water.
Harmful Effects of High TDS Level in Drinking Water
Before we know how to reduce TDS in water, let's take a look at the harmful effects of excessive TDS in drinking water. A high TDS value in the water supply means a higher concentration of natural minerals (such as calcium and magnesium), dissolved salts, ions, organic matter, etc. While mineral water with a certain TDS level is helpful and essential for drinking, water with a high TDS value can become harmful. Let's see the detailed harmful effects of excessive TDS in water:
1. Taste and smell: High TDS in drinking water may have an unpleasant smell and taste, which may affect people's appetite and desire to drink.
2. Health risks: Excessive TDS in water may cause negative effects on human health. In some cases, high TDS water may cause diarrhea and other gastrointestinal issues. In addition, long-term consumption of high TDS water may also lead to chronic kidney disease and other health problems.
3. Scale: High TDS level of water may also lead to the formation of scale, which can build up in pipes, faucets, and other water treatment equipment. The buildup of scale reduces the efficiency of water treatment equipment and can lead to increased repair and replacement costs.
How to Reduce TDS in Water---5 Ways
We have determined that while a certain amount of TDS in water is necessary and acceptable and has health benefits, high TDS levels are very harmful and require treatment and elimination prior to further consumption. So, how to reduce total dissolved solids in water naturally? Check these 5 effective ways to decrease water TDS.
1. Using a Reverse Osmosis System to Decrease TDS of Water
A reverse osmosis (RO) system reduces TDS in water by forcing the water through a semipermeable membrane. The membrane has tiny pores that allow water molecules to pass through but block larger particles such as dissolved minerals, salts, and metals like our SimPure T1-400 best tankless reverse osmosis system uses a special reverse osmosis membrane that can remove up to 95% of TDS, making it highly effective in reducing TDS in water. This is the most effective way of how to reduce water tds level at home. You can click the picture below to get to the SimPure T1-400 Product Page.
Looking for a water filtration system that effectively lowers TDS levels right from your countertop space? SimPure Y9T countertop reverse osmosis water filter is a standout choice with its effective T33 resin filter. This advanced system not only employs a comprehensive 6-stage filtration process but specifically utilizes the T33 resin filter to target and reduce TDS, ensuring the purity of your drinking water. Ideal for countertop use, it requires no installation—just set it up, and you’re ready to enjoy cleaner, safer water at home or in the office. You can click the picture below to get to the SimPure Y9T Product Page.
2. Using an Ion Exchange to Lower the TDS in Water
Ion exchange is a process used to lower the TDS in water by replacing ions of one type with ions of another. The process involves passing water through a bed of resin beads that are designed to attract and hold certain ions. As the water passes through the resin bed, the ions in the water are exchanged with ions on the resin beads, resulting in a reduction of TDS. This method is commonly used in industrial settings and may require periodic regeneration of the resin bed to maintain its effectiveness. So, it is not much suggested for you to operate at home.
3. Distilling Water to Remove TDS from Drinking Water
Distilling water is a process that involves boiling water and then collecting the condensed steam as it cools. The process removes TDS from the water by separating it from the water molecules. When water is boiled, the TDS components are left behind in the boiling container and do not turn into steam. As the steam condenses back into liquid, it is collected in a separate container, leaving behind the TDS contaminants. However, distillation also removes beneficial minerals like calcium and magnesium from the water, which can affect its taste and potential health benefits.
4. Using Activated Carbon Filter to Lower TDS in Drinking Water
Activated carbon filters are commonly used in water filtration systems to reduce the TDS level in drinking water. The porous surface of activated carbon adsorbs and traps impurities in the water, including dissolved minerals, organic compounds, and chlorine. As a result, the activated carbon filter can remove some of the TDS in water, leading to a noticeable improvement in taste, odor, and clarity. However, it's worth noting that activated carbon filters are not as effective at removing dissolved salts and minerals as reverse osmosis or deionization systems. Therefore, they may not be the best option for lowering the TDS level in water that has a high concentration of dissolved solids.
5. Installing a Water Softener to Reduce Water TDS Level
A water softener is another option for reducing TDS levels in water when we talk about how to reduce TDS in water at home. These units work by removing certain minerals, such as calcium and magnesium, which can contribute to high TDS levels. However, it is important to note that water softeners may not be effective in removing other types of minerals and salts.
It is important to note that different methods are suitable for different types of water sources and TDS levels. Therefore, when choosing a proper method to reduce TDS in water, it is necessary to first understand the TDS level of the water source (here we recommend a digital TDS & EC water tester to test the water source) and the quality of the water, and then determine the most suitable solution.
To be concluded, reducing TDS levels in water is crucial for ensuring safe and pleasant drinking water. We have offered the above 5 ways of how to reduce TDS in water at home for you. Among these, the SimPure T1-400 best tankless reverse osmosis system stands out as an effective and efficient option. With the SimPure T1-400 under sink RO system, you can enjoy nearly zero TDS water and peace of mind knowing that your water is clean and safe. Choose the SimPure T1-400 RO system today and experience the benefits of high-quality, low-TDS water! Click the button below to get more info on SimPure T1-400!
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CareerExplorer’s step-by-step guide on how to become an orthodontist.
Is becoming an orthodontist right for me?
The first step to choosing a career is to make sure you are actually willing to commit to pursuing the career. You don’t want to waste your time doing something you don’t want to do. If you’re new here, you should read about:
Still unsure if becoming an orthodontist is the right career path? Take the free CareerExplorer career test to find out if this career is right for you. Perhaps you are well-suited to become an orthodontist or another similar career!
Described by our users as being “shockingly accurate”, you might discover careers you haven’t thought of before.
A bachelor's degree is typically required before enrolling in dental school in the United States. While some dental schools may accept students who have completed a certain number of undergraduate courses, most dental schools require applicants to have a bachelor's degree or equivalent.
The specific requirements for admission to dental school vary by program, but most programs require applicants to have completed undergraduate coursework in biology, chemistry, physics, and other related subjects. Many dental schools also require applicants to take the Dental Admission Test (DAT) as part of the application process.
Dental Admission Test (DAT)
The Dental Admission Test (DAT) is a standardized exam required by most dental schools as part of the application process. The DAT is designed to assess an applicant's academic readiness and scientific knowledge for a career in dentistry. The test is administered by the American Dental Association (ADA) and consists of four sections:
- Survey of Natural Sciences: This section covers biology, general chemistry, and organic chemistry. It includes 100 multiple-choice questions and is 90 minutes long.
- Perceptual Ability Test: This section assesses the applicant's spatial ability and includes 90 multiple-choice questions. It is 60 minutes long.
- Reading Comprehension: This section tests the applicant's ability to understand and analyze written material. It includes 50 multiple-choice questions and is 60 minutes long.
- Quantitative Reasoning: This section tests the applicant's mathematical ability and includes 40 multiple-choice questions. It is 45 minutes long.
The DAT is a computer-based test that is administered year-round at testing centers throughout the United States. The test takes approximately four hours to complete, including a 15-minute break between sections.
The DAT score is an important factor in the dental school application process, as it provides dental schools with a standardized way to compare applicants. A high DAT score can improve an applicant's chances of being accepted to a dental school, while a low score can make it more difficult to gain admission.
It is important to note that while the DAT is an important component of the application, it is not the only factor considered by dental schools. Other factors, such as undergraduate GPA, extracurricular activities, and personal statements, are also taken into consideration.
Dental school is a graduate-level program that provides students with the education and training they need to become licensed dentists. Dental school typically takes four years to complete, and the curriculum is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of oral health, dental science, and dental practice. Here are some details about dental school:
- Admission Requirements: Most dental schools require applicants to have a bachelor's degree from an accredited institution, although some schools may accept applicants who have completed three years of undergraduate study. In addition, applicants must have taken the Dental Admission Test (DAT) and achieved a competitive score. Other requirements may include letters of recommendation, personal essays, and interviews.
- Curriculum: Dental school curriculum includes both didactic (classroom) and clinical training. The curriculum typically covers the following topics: Anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry; Dental materials science; Oral pathology; Oral radiology; Endodontics (root canal therapy); Periodontics (gum disease and tooth support); Prosthodontics (dentures, bridges, and implants); Orthodontics (braces and other teeth alignment techniques); Pediatric dentistry; Oral surgery; Public health and dental practice management.
- Clinical Training: Dental students receive extensive clinical training, which involves working with patients under the supervision of licensed dentists. Clinical training typically begins in the second year of dental school and involves treating patients in various dental specialties, such as restorative dentistry, periodontics, and orthodontics. Dental students may also participate in externships, which provide additional hands-on experience in a real-world dental practice setting.
Dental licensure is the process by which dentists are authorized to practice dentistry in a particular state or jurisdiction. Licensure requirements vary by state but typically involve a combination of education, clinical training, and examination. Here are some general details about dental licensure:
To become a licensed dentist, candidates must have completed a Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD) or Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) program at an accredited dental school. These programs typically take four years to complete and provide students with both classroom and clinical training.
Clinical Training Requirements:
In addition to completing a dental program, candidates for licensure must also have completed a certain number of clinical hours. The number of clinical hours required varies by state but typically ranges from 1,000 to 2,000 hours. Clinical training involves working with patients under the supervision of a licensed dentist and may include experience in various dental specialties, such as restorative dentistry, periodontics, and orthodontics.
To obtain a dental license, candidates must pass a written and practical examination. The most common written exam is the National Board Dental Examination, which assesses the candidate's knowledge of dental science and clinical practice. The practical exam typically involves treating a patient under the supervision of a licensed dentist, who evaluates the candidate's clinical skills.
Orthodontics residency is a post-graduate program that provides additional education and training to dentists who want to specialize in orthodontics. Orthodontics residency programs typically last two to three years and provide students with extensive clinical and didactic training in the field of orthodontics. Here are some details about orthodontics residency:
To be eligible for an orthodontics residency program, candidates must have completed a Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD) or Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) program at an accredited dental school. In addition, most programs require candidates to have completed a one-year general practice residency or have at least two years of experience practicing general dentistry. Other admission requirements may include letters of recommendation, personal essays, and interviews.
The curriculum of an orthodontics residency program includes both didactic and clinical training. The curriculum typically covers the following topics:
- Craniofacial growth and development
- Orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning
- Biomechanics of orthodontic tooth movement
- Dental materials science
- Surgical orthodontics
- Cleft lip and palate treatment
- Management of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders
- Clinical orthodontics
Orthodontics residents receive extensive clinical training, which involves treating patients under the supervision of licensed orthodontists. Clinical training typically begins in the first year of the program and involves treating patients with a wide range of orthodontic problems, such as misaligned teeth, overbites, underbites, and crowded teeth. Residents may also participate in externships, which provide additional hands-on experience in a real-world orthodontic practice setting.
In addition to clinical training, most orthodontics residency programs require residents to complete a research project or thesis. The research project allows residents to explore a particular aspect of orthodontics in depth and develop their research skills.
Orthodontist Licensure and Continuing Education
After completing an orthodontics residency program, candidates must obtain a license to practice orthodontics in their state. The requirements for orthodontics licensure vary by state but typically involve passing a written and practical exam, such as the American Board of Orthodontics Examination.
To maintain their license, orthodontists are typically required to complete continuing education courses. The number of continuing education hours required varies by state but typically ranges from 20 to 40 hours per year.
Orthodontists can fulfill their continuing education requirements through a variety of activities, including attending conferences and workshops, taking online courses, reading peer-reviewed journals, and participating in hands-on training sessions. Some orthodontists may choose to specialize in a particular area of orthodontics and pursue advanced training and certification in that area.
In addition to meeting the requirements for licensure, continuing education can also be beneficial for orthodontists in terms of professional growth and development. By staying up-to-date with the latest research and techniques in orthodontics, orthodontists can provide the best possible care for their patients and improve their own skills and knowledge.
The American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) is the main organization that provides certification for orthodontists in the United States. Here are some details about the certification process:
To be eligible for certification by the ABO, orthodontists must have completed an accredited orthodontics residency program and have a valid license to practice orthodontics in their state. Candidates must also have at least two years of clinical practice experience after completing their residency program.
The ABO certification process involves a two-part examination. The first part is a written examination that covers a broad range of orthodontic topics, including diagnosis and treatment planning, biomechanics, and growth and development. The second part is a clinical examination that assesses the candidate's ability to diagnose and treat orthodontic cases.
Candidates who pass both parts of the ABO examination are awarded board certification in orthodontics. The certification is valid for ten years and can be renewed through a recertification process.
In addition to ABO certification, some orthodontists may choose to pursue additional certifications or credentials in specialized areas of orthodontics, such as surgical orthodontics or orthodontic sleep medicine. These credentials may be offered by professional organizations or through specialized training programs.
Overall, ABO certification is a valuable credential for orthodontists, as it demonstrates a high level of knowledge and skill in the field of orthodontics.
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Sensor type |
Measuring principle |
Compatible soil type |
Accuracy / Reactivity |
Capacitive probe |
Measures moisture-related soil permittivity |
Clay and loam soils |
High precision, fast response |
Tensiometer probe |
Evaluates the tension with which water is retained in the soil |
Light to medium soils |
Good accuracy, moderate inertia |
Flow sensor |
Measures the volume of water flowing through a pipe |
All types (in pipe) |
Instantaneous response |
Weather sensor (rain) |
Records rainfall on the plot |
All types |
Depends on positioning |
Agricultural sensors thus offer complementary approaches depending on measurement needs. The widely-used capacitive sensor provides a precise reading of soil moisture, while the tensiometer is appreciated for monitoring water availability in the soil. Connected weather sensors and flow meters complete the system for global monitoring.
Irrigation monitoring sensors can be used to measure a wide variety of parameters useful for water management on a farm:
- 🌡️ Soil moisture (rate and variation over time)
- 🌡️ Soil temperature at different depths
- 🧪 Water tension to assess root effort required
- 💧 Irrigation flow rate (for sensors installed on the irrigation system)
- 🌧️ Precipitation recorded by connected weather sensors
All these agricultural data enable us to better understand the behavior of the plot in relation to watering or the weather. They are essential for controlling water supply as accurately as possible and avoiding losses due to excess or deficit.
Each crop has specific water requirements. The choice of sensor and precision irrigation strategy therefore depends on soil type and cultivated area.
Crop type |
Recommended sensor |
Cereals (wheat, barley) |
Capacitive or tensiometric probe |
Deep capacitive probe |
Market gardening |
Multi-level capacitive sensor |
Capacitive + weather combination |
Greenhouse crops |
Humidity + temperature sensor |
Thanks to these connected tools, farmers can adapt their irrigation system to each plot of land, depending on the type of crop planted. This optimizes water consumption, improves crop yields and reduces water stress.
Data collection, transmission and visualization?
Once installed in the soil, agricultural sensors collect precise data on humidity, temperature and water flow. This information is then transmitted automatically via low-speed networks such as LoRa, or via 4G, to a mobile application or centralized monitoring platform.
The farmer then has access to a clear dashboard, enabling him to visualize the status of each area of his plot. Thanks to this continuous monitoring, he can plan his water inputs more efficiently, compare changes over time, and adjust his irrigation system with greater precision.
Location and optimum installation depth?
To guarantee reliable measurements, sensor installation must be adapted to soil structure and crop type. Here are some key recommendations:
- 📍 Install the sensors in a representative area of the plot (neither too dry nor too wet).
- 📏 Choose a depth suited to plant rooting (15 to 30 cm for vegetable crops, up to 60 cm for vines or fruit trees).
- 🔁 Spread several probes over the plot to monitor different areas if the terrain is heterogeneous.
- 💡 Avoid field edges or shaded areas, which distort data
Good installation is a prerequisite for quality measurements and relevant decisions.
Sensor maintenance and service life
✅ Regularly check probes for deposits or obstructions
✅ Check data transmitted via the application to detect any anomalies
✅ Make sure your network connection (LoRa, 4G…) is working properly.
✅ Carry out a visual inspection after each season or farm site
On average, an irrigation monitoring sensor has a lifespan of 3 to 7 years, depending on the model, conditions of use and frequency of maintenance. Simple preventive maintenance guarantees long-lasting data reliability and optimizes your investment over the long term.
The choice of level sensor depends on a number of criteria, such as the environment, the accuracy required, and the nature of the product to be measured. Different technologies are available: radar, ultrasonic and capacitive.
How do you choose the right tracking sensor for your needs?
Capacitive vs. tensiometric comparison
Capacitive probe |
Tensiometer probe |
Measures permittivity related to soil moisture |
Evaluates the tension with which water is retained |
Very good accuracy, fast response |
Good precision, more progressive response |
Soil type |
Suitable for most agricultural soils |
Less effective on very sandy soils |
Low, virtually self-contained |
Requires more frequent maintenance |
Variable, often slightly higher |
Cheaper per unit |
The choice between these two technologies will depend above all on your type of crop, budget and desired level of precision. The capacitive probe is more versatile and requires less maintenance, while the tensiometer may be suitable for occasional use or medium-sized farms.
Selection criteria for your crops and soils?
Here are the main criteria to consider when choosing the right sensor for your irrigation system:
🌱 Type of crop Each species has its own water requirements (vines, market gardening, cereals, etc.).
🌍 Soil structure homogeneous or heterogeneous, influences moisture distribution
🎯 Monitoring objective : need for a global indicator or precision measurement on a daily basis
💰 Available budget Number of probes required, acceptable maintenance frequency
🌡️ Environment climatic conditions, rooting depth, exposure to hazards
By cross-referencing these criteria, you can identify the solution best suited to your farming operation. The right sizing from the outset will make the most of soil moisture measurement and boost irrigation efficiency.
Integration with your existing equipment?
A connected irrigation sensor can be easily integrated into an existing agricultural system. Most solutions today are compatible with pumps, weather stations or automated irrigation management tools. Combined with a centralized monitoring platform, this connectivity makes it possible to consolidate all essential agricultural data on a single mobile application or dashboard.
This modular approach favors precise watering control, based on cross-analysis of water requirements, soil temperature and weather forecasts. By opting for an agnostic solution, you preserve the flexibility of your operation, while gaining in efficiency and management comfort.
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In this quick tutorial you'll learn how to draw a Baby Bobcat in 5 easy steps - great for kids and novice artists.
The images above represent how your finished drawing is going to look and the steps involved.
Below are the individual steps - you can click on each one for a High Resolution printable PDF version.
At the bottom you can read some interesting facts about the Baby Bobcat.
Make sure you also check out any of the hundreds of drawing tutorials grouped by category.
How to Draw a Baby Bobcat - Step-by-Step Tutorial
Step 1: You'll start by drawing in the head with pointed ears and the outline for the tufts of fur on the cheeks.
Step 2: Then draw in the face and some stripes over the face.
Step 3: Draw in the front legs and paws with a tuft of fur on the chest.
Step 4: Draw in the back leg and a stripes along the belly and back.
Step 5: Lastly, draw the tail at the back of the body.
Step 6: You're all done with your Bobcat! Now where did that string get off to?
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On the A-Level Geography course you will be in class for 4 and a half hours a week. Topics include the Water and Carbon Cycles, Hazards, Glacial Systems, Global Systems and Governance, Resource Security and Changing Places. These modules cover both human and physical Geography themes. They are taught through a variety of theory sessions, practical activities and multimedia resources. Classes are complemented by compulsory fieldwork. The Glacial Systems fieldwork will be conducted within the Lake District National Park; a relict glacial landscape of international status. Fieldwork for human modules will be conducted within local and national towns and cities that provide the opportunity to examine economic, political and demographic themes.
This A-Level is awarded by AQA.
This A-Level course allows students to develop key intellectual skills such as literacy, numeracy, critical evaluation and informed decision making. The course integrates a variety of data sources such as Geographical Information Services (GIS) and fieldwork, therefore allowing students to develop a broad range of research skills. Furthermore, the course will allow students to develop their team working, problem solving and communication skills. In sum, these skills mean that students are empowered to make informed decisions both academically and in the wider world.
The course is assessed by two exams at the end of the A level course: one human and one physical paper. These comprise a total of 80% of the marks and require a combination of short and long written answers, as well as mathematical problem solving. The remaining 20% of the marks are allocated to the Geographical Fieldwork Investigation. This investigation allows students to develop their independent study skills and explore a topic they feel passionate about.
Course staff have teaching, research and industry experience.
5 GCSEs at Grade 5 or above, which must include Maths, and English Language at Grade 6.
After Your Course
Given the breadth of skills Geographers develop, they are highly employable. As such, students with an A Level in Geography continue into a diversity of careers including (but certainly not limited to) town planning, flood management, conservation and the natural resources industries.
The Russell Group universities also identified an A Level in Geography as one of the eight facilitating subjects. Therefore, students are well prepared for further study at university. Geography graduates have one of the highest rates of graduate employment, illustrating the subject prepares students well for their future careers.
The fee displayed is the course fee. Course fees are per year for full-time courses and per course for part-time courses.
Other costs may be associated with this course, such as kits, equipment, books, and trips. Financial support may be available to support you with these. See the Student Money pages for more information.
The current full-time & degree-level fee information is related to the 2025/26 academic year.
Level 3-6 Courses
Advanced Learning Loans are available for students aged 19 or over who are studying eligible level 3, 4, 5, and 6 courses. If you are on an Access course, the loan will be written off if you complete a degree.
You may qualify for financial support to cover the cost of a Level 3 qualification if you do not already hold a Level 3 qualification (this will depend on the course and your age as of 31 August 2025).
Please speak to Student Services for more information on course fees.
The fees displayed are for the one-year AS-Level course. If you would like to progress to the full A-Level, please get in touch with us to inquire about the cost of the second year, as it will vary.
16-18 year olds
There are no course fees if you were aged 16-18 on 31/08/25 and are not studying at another institution.
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The Bible story that the Jewish people read on the festival of Shavuot still has a contemporary ring. It concerns a Moabite woman named Ruth who was an undocumented foreign worker, an unasked-for and unwanted refugee. Ruth’s chronicle “demands we confront our uglier inclinations, and stop turning our backs on refugees in Israel,” according to an opinion piece in Israel’s Haaretz daily newspaper by Rabbi Landes, Director of the Pardes Institute of Jewish Studies in Jerusalem.
Shavuot is one of the Levitical spring festivals in Judaism that is celebrated in the Christian world as Pentecost. The holiday falls 50 days after Passover. According to Rabbi Landes, the holiday of Shavuot celebrates both the Giving of the Law, and the “back story” to the Davidic narrative. Ruth was the grandmother of King David. The theme of her story “can be construed as being about lovingkindness and/or about conversion – which are both true. But it’s fundamentally a messy story about an undocumented foreign worker, an unasked for and unwanted refugee.”
Therefore Ruth’s narrative is all too relevant concerning the current status of refugees in the modern State of Israel. Ruth comes to the Land of Israel with her Israelite mother-in-law Naomi and seeks work as a migrant. Yet Ruth the Refugee becomes so much a part of the fabric of the Israel nation that she is mentioned in the genealogy of Jesus, the Son of David, later in the New Testament.
Just recently Israel’s High Court has urged the Interior Ministry to employ “due process” in dealing with asylum requests. The Torah admonishes the people of God to do well by strangers and aliens. Ruth’s heartfelt plea has inspired hearts for millennia – “Your people will be my people, your God my God.”
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex condition that affects millions of people worldwide. While the effects on attention and hyperactivity are widely recognized, there’s a strong connection between ADHD and sleep disorders. Studies have shown that up to 80% of children with ADHD have difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep, and this problem persists into adulthood. This close relationship between ADHD and sleep sparks debate among researchers: Does ADHD cause sleep problems, or do sleep problems exacerbate ADHD symptoms? The answer seems to be a complex interplay of both. For more information, visit Zita Chriszto.
Understanding Sleep Challenges in Individuals with ADHD
Research has repeatedly shown a link between ADHD and sleep disorders. For instance, a study published in 2008 found that up to 70% of children with ADHD struggle with falling asleep and staying asleep. This problem continues into adulthood, with research suggesting that 78% of adults with ADHD experience a delayed circadian rhythm. This means their internal clock is out of sync with the natural day-night cycle, often leading to later sleep times and shorter sleep durations.
Circadian rhythms are crucial as they regulate our sleep-wake cycle through hormonal signals. A delay in these rhythms disrupts sleep patterns. People with ADHD may feel sleepy much later in the night due to the delayed release of melatonin, a hormone regulating sleep. This lack of sleep can severely disrupt daily functioning. For people with ADHD, sleep deprivation can exacerbate symptoms like inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, creating a cycle that’s difficult to break.
The Impact of Poor Sleep on Daily Life
The consequences of sleep issues in individuals with ADHD are far-reaching. Children with moderate to severe sleep problems often experience difficulties in academic performance and family dynamics. Poor sleep can lead to daytime drowsiness, but interestingly, sleep-deprived children may also exhibit increased hyperactivity and impulsivity – behaviors typically associated with ADHD. This paradoxical reaction complicates diagnosis and management of ADHD, as it blurs the lines between symptoms caused by ADHD and those resulting from sleep deprivation.
In adults, the scenario is equally concerning. The delayed sleep phase can interfere with professional responsibilities and personal relationships. Sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and restless leg syndrome, which are more prevalent among those with ADHD, further worsen sleep quality and exacerbate ADHD symptoms. The hyperactivity seen in some adults with ADHD might be a coping mechanism to stay awake and alert, masking the underlying issue of sleep deprivation.
Finding Solutions: A Multifaceted Approach
Fortunately, there are steps that can be taken to improve sleep quality and manage ADHD symptoms. Here are some key areas to consider:
- Sleep Hygiene Practices: Establishing a regular sleep schedule, creating a relaxing bedtime routine, and optimizing the sleep environment (dark, quiet, cool temperature) can significantly improve sleep quality.
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): This form of therapy can help individuals with ADHD develop healthy sleep habits and address negative thoughts or anxieties that interfere with sleep.
- Stimulant Medication: For some individuals with ADHD, stimulant medication can improve sleep by reducing hyperactivity and impulsivity, allowing for better nighttime focus and relaxation. However, it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate course of treatment.
- Treating Underlying Sleep Disorders: If co-existing sleep disorders like sleep apnea or restless leg syndrome are identified, addressing these conditions can significantly improve sleep quality and daytime functioning.
Living a Balanced Life with ADHD
While ADHD and sleep disorders can present challenges, there is hope. By understanding the connection between these conditions and implementing effective strategies, individuals with ADHD can achieve better sleep and experience an overall improvement in their quality of life. If you suspect that you or someone you know has ADHD and may be struggling with sleep problems, it’s important to consult with a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.
- Diet and Exercise: Maintaining a healthy diet and regular exercise routine can promote better sleep and overall well-being for people with ADHD.
- Stress Management: Techniques like mindfulness meditation or deep breathing exercises can help reduce stress and improve sleep quality.
- Support Groups: Connecting with others who understand the challenges of ADHD and sleep issues can provide valuable support and encouragement.
By incorporating these strategies and working with a healthcare professional, individuals with ADHD can find solutions to improve sleep quality and live a fulfilling life.
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Rockets, Solar Ovens, and Motorized Boats (AKA Our First Two Weeks of Summer Camps)
Jul 3, 2020
1 min read
What a great first two weeks of camp! Our “Let’s Go!” and Science Sleuth campers had fun while tackling a bunch of engineering, biology, and physics challenges.
Does it get any better than rockets?! During our first week of “Let’s Go!” camps, we learned about chemi
cal reactions and shot off paint bottle rockets in the parking lot outside Ignite.
Using pool noodles, the motors from electric toothbrushes, and markers, our campers built and decorated Art Bots and watched them create exciting art!
Solar Ovens and Smores
How can you capture light and concentrate it into heat? Our Science Sleuth campers built mini solar ovens and, using the light from the summer sun, cooked smores inside of them! We tested the solar ovens at different times of the day, learning about how the angle of the sun impacted the amount of heat we could generate.
Motorized Cars and Boats
What can you create from old bottles, balloons, and cardboard? Vehicles, of course! Our campers created boats and cars from recycled materials and experimented with powering them with magnets, air, and motors.
Ignite’s camps will be back July 13th - 17th with our All Things STEAM camps for elementary students and our How Things Work camps for rising Kindergarten through 2nd grade students.
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One of the crucial events of the Cretan insurrection of 1866-68 was fought out just off the coast of Paleochora. The insurrection was sustained with arms and men from Greece and elsewhere delivered to the island by means of a number blockade runners; boats specially designed to be fast enough to elude the blockading Ottoman warships with a shallow enough draft to be able to use the smaller harbours. Without the continuous supply of men, arms and ammunition into the island and the evacuation of the wounded and of civilian refugees, carried out by these blockade runners, owned by private companies to provide deniability for the Greek Government, the uprising would have been over very quickly.
One of the most successful of these vessels was the Arkadion, named in honour of the Cretan Christian sacrifice at the Arkadi Monastery. Laid down in Liverpool by W. Potter & Son in 1866 and launched in 1867, she was originally intended to be a part of the Confederate Navy as CNS Dream, but, completed too late to see service, she was sold to the Greek Steam Navigation Company when the American Civil War ended.
The iron clad Arkadion, a steam driven side paddle vessel, armed with six or seven guns, according to different reports, had made numerous successful trips to Crete up to August 1867; out-running and on one occasion out-gunning, pursuing Ottoman naval vessels. While the three contemporary accounts of her defeat published in English, those of the Arkadion’s commander, Captain A. Courantis, of Admiral Simon, Commander of the French Mediterranean Fleet, both of whom wrote eyewitness accounts, and that of Hassan Bey, commander of the Ottoman vessel Izzedin, whose account appears in the Ottoman Official Bulletin, vary in some of the details, they all tell the same story.
At 9pm on the evening of 20th August 1867, the Arkadion, en route from Gavdos to Agia Roumelli to complete the unloading of her cargo started the previous day, spotted the Ottoman Sloop Izzedin approaching from the south east. The Izzedin gave chase and with both ships exchanging cannon and rifle fire, the Arkadion sailed west past Paleochora and attempted to make out to sea after rounding Cape Krios. Very shortly after the Arkadion rounded Cape Krios, she sighted two other Ottoman warships coming towards her and at this point a shell from the Izzedin damaged the shaft of the starboard paddle wheel. With the starboard paddle wheel stopped, the Arkadion turned off her own accord and headed back east towards the pursuing Izzedin. With the Arkadion now having severe difficulty steering, as she came head on to the Ottoman vessel, the Izzedin rammed her on the starboard bow with the result that the two ships were locked together with their starboard paddle boxes jammed.
Rifle fire continued to be exchanged at close range for the next 15 minutes and three of the Arkadion’s crew attempting to board the Izzedin were killed in the hand to hand fighting. The Izzedin then backed off and, with the Arkadion still under fire and now in danger of sinking, Captain Courantis ran his ship aground near Cape Krios. Rifle fire continued and eventually at about 4am, Courantis, having suffered three killed, seven crewmen and 17 ‘volunteers’ wounded, evacuated his crew and passengers, set fire to the Arkadi and began the trek to Omalos and safety. The following morning, 21 August, the Ottomans put out the fire and stripped the Arkadion of her guns prior to carrying out a salvage operation on the grounded ship.
The Arkadion was eventually refloated and, amid much acclaim, towed into Constantinople on 21 September 1867 by the Imperial Steam Frigate Ertugul; she was refitted and as the Arkadi served in the Imperial Ottoman Navy until she was decommissioned in 1896, being sold for scrap in 1905.
Hassan Bey was promoted from Commander to Captain and given a reward of 500 Lira, while the Chief and 2nd Engineers of the Izzedin, Mr J.Harty and Mr. Wilson, were awarded 200 and 120 Lira respectively. (It was not unusual to find British seamen serving in the Imperial Ottoman Navy at this time; the commander of the Ottoman blockade of Crete was Hobart Pasha: Augustus Charles Hobart-Hampden, formally a Post Captain in the Royal Navy.)
As for Captain Courantis, he and his men reached Omalos after three days march from where he reported: “…I arrived with the other officers, the engineers and the crew at Omalos, where we found but little relief on account of the destitution which prevails here. The sailors are barefoot and naked, although the Cretan Deputies promised us pecuniary aid.” Courantis eventually got back to Greece, arriving at Piraeus on board the Prussian gunboat Blitz.
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If he had to be limited to a single definition, he would likely be called "Hermes, Greek god of Cunning". Though primarily thought of as "Hermes, the Messenger god", there is much more to this well-known character of Greek mythology than exists in that definition.
Hermes was indeed the messenger of the gods, but not because he was born into that role. Greek mythology tells us that within hours of Hermes birth he flew off and stole the precious cattle of his half-brother Apollo, invented divine worship through sacrifice, and created the lute before returning to his crib. That's quite diligent for a newborn baby, even a newborn god. Of course, Apollo, being the god of prophecy, amongst other things, quickly figured out what had happened and went to confront the parents of Hermes, Greek god Zeus and Greek goddess Maia. Hermes took Apollo to his cattle and played him a song on the lute so impressive that Apollo not only forgave Hermes for his crime, but let him keep the cattle. The two gods were said to have formed a tight friendship after this event.
Within the first few hours of his birth, Hermes became the de facto Greek god of travel, thievery, persuasion, diplomacy, and cunning. Then after befriending Apollo, he was taught animal husbandry, language, trade, and hospitality and became a patron god of those as well.
Greek mythology tends to box Hermes in as one who simply runs errands for Zeus and narrates the occasional myth, but Hermes was a legitimate Greek god whose astute social skills and quick, clever mind gave him a great advantage over many of his peers. His role as messenger, or herald, was not a small one. Zeus himself counted on the bright young god to diplomatically spread the word of Zeus's judgment amongst both gods and humans - a role that was not to be taken lightly.
Though he was generally considered a junior member of the Greek gods, Hermes was said to have been responsible for many of the inventions that we associate with ancient Greece to this day. He was thought to have invented the three greatest Greek inventions - the alphabet, numbers, and music, as well as astronomy, gymnastics, measurement, and the use of the olive tree - a staple in the Mediterranean world.
Hermes was regularly depicted wearing a golden helmet or traveling hat, fleet-footed sandals, and carrying a herald's staff. Some artists drew wings on his hat or shoes, but this is thought to have been solely to depict the speed with which he moved - not to say that he literally had wings on his clothing. As a fast and diplomatic god, he was often sent on important errands. One of his regular tasks included escorting the dead from the Overworld to Hades' Underworld.
Few gods played as many roles as Hermes in Greek mythology, yet he often seems to be more of a background character in many Greek myths. This is probably because he is very social and friendly with both gods and man, and being always on the move. He was indeed an important figure in Greek mythology and is considered responsible for inventing athletic competition which enjoys great popularity to this day.
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If you have a salamander as a pet, it is important to know what to feed it. Salamanders are carnivorous and need a diet that is high in protein. In this blog post, we will discuss the types of food that salamanders can eat, as well as the nutritional value of each type. We will also provide tips on how to create a healthy diet for your salamander.
Salamanders are a type of amphibian that is closely related to frogs and toads. They are found in damp environments all over the world and come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. While most salamanders are carnivorous, some species are omnivorous and will eat both plants and animals. If you are keeping a salamander as a pet, it is important to choose the right food to ensure that your pet remains healthy.
Carnivorous salamanders typically eat small insects, such as crickets or worms.
These can be purchased from many pet stores.
It is also possible to collect your own insects, but make sure that they have not been treated with pesticides or other chemicals.
You can offer live or dead food to your salamander, but many prefer live prey. If you are feeding live food, make sure that the insects are not able to escape from the enclosure. Omnivorous salamanders will eat both meat and vegetables.
You can chop up vegetables such as carrots or peas into small pieces, or purchase specially made reptile pellets from a pet store. As with carnivorous salamanders, you can offer live or dead food, but many omnivores prefer live prey.
Salamanders are carnivorous and eat mostly insects
One thing that all Salamanders have in common is their love of insects. The vast majority of Salamanders are carnivorous, and their diet consists mainly of small invertebrates such as worms, snails, and insects.
In fact, many Salamanders will specialize in hunting a particular type of insect. For example, the American Tiger Salamander is known to eat primarily crickets, while the Japanese Fire-Bellied Salamander feeds mainly on termites.
Given their voracious appetite for insects, it’s no wonder that Salamanders play an important role in controlling pests.
Salamanders can also be fed earthworms, crickets, or mealworms,
Salamanders are carnivorous animals, and their diet consists mostly of small insects like earthworms, crickets, and mealworms. While it may seem strange to feed insects to a salamander, there are actually many benefits to this diet.
First of all, insects are packed with nutrients that are essential for the growth and development of salamanders.
In addition, insects are small enough that they can be easily digestible by salamanders. Finally, a diet of insects helps to keep salamanders active and healthy.
So if you’re looking to feed your salamander a nutritious and balanced diet, be sure to include plenty of earthworms, crickets, and mealworms.
It’s important to provide a water dish for them to drink from
You should provide a water dish for them, make sure it is shallow and that there is no way for them to drown in it. It’s also important to keep the water dish clean and free of debris so the salamanders can easily drink from it.
Keep an eye on the water dish and make sure it doesn’t run dry. Otherwise, the salamanders will become dehydrated and could die. Providing a water dish for salamanders is a simple way to help them stay healthy and happy.
How to feed a salamander
If you are keeping a salamander as a pet, you will need to provide them with a similar diet. The best way to do this is to purchase live insects from your local pet store. You can then place the insects in your salamander’s tank for them to hunt and catch. Be sure to provide enough insects so that your salamander can eat their fill, but don’t overdo it as this can lead to obesity.
In addition, you should supplement your pet’s diet with vitamin and calcium powders to ensure they stay healthy. With a little care and attention, you can easily keep your salamander well-fed and healthy.
Should worms be gut-loaded?
Before discussing whether or not worms should be gut-loaded, it is important to understand what gut-loading is.
Gut-loading is the process of feeding animals certain foods in order to increase the nutrient content of their bodies. This is often done with insects that are going to be used as food for other animals.
The thinking behind gut-loading is that if insects are fed a healthy diet, then the animals that eat them will also benefit from the extra nutrients. There is some evidence to support this idea, but there is also research that indicates that gut-loading may not be as effective as once thought.
Whether or not worms should be gut-loaded is still a matter of debate among experts, but there are both pros and cons to consider. Some argue that gut-loading can help to boost the nutrient content of worms, making them a more nutritious food source.
Others contend that gut-loading is unnecessary and may even be harmful to worms. The verdict is still out on this issue, but it is something to consider before deciding whether or not to gut-load your worms.
Salamander vitamin supplements
In addition to providing suitable habitat, some people also give their salamander vitamin supplements. This practice is controversial, as there is no scientific evidence that vitamins have any benefits for salamanders. However, some experts believe that vitamins may help to prevent certain health problems.
Ultimately, the decision of whether or not to supplement a salamander’s diet is up to the owner.
Salamanders are a type of amphibian that is closely related to both frogs and toads. As such, they have a diet that consists mainly of insects. In the wild, salamanders will typically eat any small insect they can find, including ants, beetles, and spiders.
If you are keeping a salamander as a pet, you will need to provide them with a similar diet. The best way to do this is to purchase live insects from your local pet store. You can then place the insects in your salamander’s tank for them to hunt and catch.
Be sure to supplement your pet’s diet with vitamin and calcium powders to ensure they stay healthy. With a little care and attention, you can easily keep your salamander well-fed and healthy.
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Screen printing belongs to stencil printing, which is called the four printing methods together with lithography, embossing and gravure printing. Hole printing includes transcription, perforated pattern, spray and screen printing, etc. The principle of stencil printing is: the printing plate (the perforations that can pass ink are made on the base of the paper film plate or other plates). When printing, the ink is transferred to the substrate (paper, ceramics, etc.) through the perforations of the stencil under a certain pressure. ) To form an image or text.
During printing, the ink is transferred to the substrate through the mesh of the graphic part through the squeeze of the squeegee, forming the same graphic and text as the original. The screen printing equipment is simple, convenient to operate, simple in printing and plate making, low in cost, and strong in adaptability. Common printed materials for screen printing applications include: color oil paintings, posters, business cards, binding covers, product signs, printed and dyed textiles, etc.
Plate making method
Direct plate making
Method: The method of direct plate making is to first place the photosensitive film coated with photosensitive material on the work surface on the work surface, and place the stretched wrist screen frame flat on the film base, and then place it in the screen frame. Enter the photosensitive paste and apply pressure with a soft squeegee. After drying, the plastic film base is removed, and the photosensitive film wrist screen can be used for printing. After development and drying, a screen printing screen is produced.
Process flow: stretched net-degreasing-drying-peeling off the film base-exposure-developing-drying-revision-sealing
Indirect plate making
Method: The indirect method of plate making is to expose the indirect film line, harden it with 1.2 H2O2 and develop it with warm water. After drying, make a peelable graphic negative film. When making the plate, the film surface of the graphic negative film is tightly attached to the stretched screen. Squeeze to make the glue film adhere to the wet screen, remove the film base, and dry it with air to form a screen printing screen.
1). Stretched net-degreasing-drying
2). Indirect film-exposure-hardening-development
3) Direct mixed plate making method
The photosensitive adhesive layer is first pasted on the screen frame with water, alcohol or photosensitive glue, and dried by hot air, the base of the photosensitive film is removed, and then the plate is exposed and developed to form a screen plate.
Advantages of screen printing:
(1) Not limited by the size and shape of the substrate
Generally, printing can only be performed on a flat surface, while screen printing cannot be performed on a flat surface. It can also be printed on a molded object with a special shape, such as a spherical curved surface. Anything with a shape can be performed by screen printing.
(2) The layout is soft and the printing pressure is small
The screen is soft and flexible.
(3) Strong ink coverage
It can be printed in pure white on all black paper, with strong three-dimensional effect.
(4) Suitable for the type of ink
(5) Strong anti-rotation performance
The gloss of the printed matter can be kept unchanged. (Neither temperature nor sunlight has any effect). This eliminates the need for additional laminating and other processes when printing some stickers.
(6) Flexible printing methods
(7) Convenient plate making, low price, easy to master
(8) Strong adhesion
(9) It can be silk-screened by hand or machine-printed
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The considerable prevalence of disease-discordant pairs among monozygotic twins underscores the pivotal role of environmental factors in the development of autoimmune diseases. Initial efforts were focused on identifying triggering factors, which have been found to include infections in animal models. For instance, the Coxsackie B4 virus has been linked to type I diabetes, while the encephalomyocarditis virus is associated with autoimmune myositis. In these models, viruses are thought to increase the immunogenicity of autoantigens by inducing local inflammation. In addition, there are cases of mimicry between microbial and human antigens. For instance, the induction of Guillaine-Barre syndrome in rabbits through immunization with a peptide derived from Campylobacter jejuni is explained by the similarity between C. jejuni antigens and peripheral nerve axonal antigens. In other models, chemical modification of autoantigens triggers autoimmune responses, such as in the case of iodine-induced autoimmune thyroiditis. Although these mechanisms have limited clinical counterparts, unknown viruses may be responsible for several chronic autoimmune diseases, including type I diabetes and multiple sclerosis. However, infections can also offer protection against autoimmune diseases. Western countries are currently witnessing a disturbing increase in the incidence of immune disorders, including autoimmune and allergic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, and some lymphocyte malignancies. This increase is believed to be linked to the improved socio-economic status of these countries, which raises the question of the causal relationship and the nature of the link. The hygiene hypothesis, which posits that the decrease in infections observed over the last three decades is the main cause of the rise in immune disorders, is supported by epidemiological and clinical data. This hypothesis does not rule out the possibility of a specific etiological role for certain pathogens in some immune disorders, such as inflammatory bowel diseases. Even in these cases, infections may still have a non-specific protective effect. Numerous questions remain regarding the mechanisms of protection and the nature of infectious agents that confer protection. Four orders of mechanisms are being explored, including antigenic competition and immunoregulation. The former hypothesis proposes that immune responses against pathogens compete with autoimmune and allergic responses, while the latter suggests that infectious agents stimulate various regulatory cells whose effects extend to other specificities. Toll receptors and TIM proteins present in Th cells may also play a role. The final proof of principle will be derived from therapeutic trials, where immune disorders will be prevented or cured using products derived from protective infectious agents. Several experimental data are already available in various models, with preliminary results in atopic dermatitis using bacterial extracts and probiotics.
Select your language of interest to view the total content in your interested language
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An impacted tooth is a tooth that is blocked or “stuck” underneath the gum line, and does not erupt into its correct position on its own. Most often, an impacted tooth will be a third molar, or wisdom tooth, though it is a common occurrence in canine teeth as well.
Canine teeth are located at the corners of the arch, next to the incisors. They have one pointed edge (cusp), which is used for holding, grasping, and tearing food. Because of the canines’ long root, they are very strong, stable teeth. Canines are usually the last teeth to erupt, and usually do so when a child is around the age of 12 or 13.
The American Association of Orthodontists recommends that children have an orthodontic examination by the age of seven, which allows us the opportunity to monitor your son or daughter’s teeth eruption and detect impactions early.
If your youngster develops an impacted canine, a simple surgical procedure is recommended to assist its emergence. We will surgically expose the tooth by cutting a small flap in the surrounding gum. After the tooth is exposed, we will either leave the tooth to erupt on its own, or attach an orthodontic bracket to the tooth to help guide its descent.
With early detection and combined surgical and orthodontic treatment, impacted canines can be allowed to appear and/or be guided to the most ideal position in your child’s mouth.
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Uterine ablation, also called endometrial ablation is a medical procedure performed to destroy or remove the lining of the uterus (the endometrium). This technique is an alternative for hysterectomy.
Uterine Ablation Overview
Uterine ablation is done to treat abnormal uterine bleeding. It is most commonly performed in an outpatient facility. Uterine ablation is indicated in women who are anemic from excessive blood loss, whose bleeding interferes with daily activities and sexual intercourse and who are not pregnant and do not plan to have children in future. The procedure is also recommended when the uterine bleeding does not respond to other treatment options and for women who do not want to or cannot undergo hysterectomy. Uterine Ablation Procedure
Prior to the procedure, a doctor will order sample of endometrial tissue (biopsy) to rule out presence of cancerous cells. Uterine polyps as well as fibroids beneath the endometrial lining must be excluded too. Young women may be given hormonal therapy to thin the lining of the endometrium.
There are different uterine ablation methods. The uterine lining can be destroyed with electricity, using a resectoscope with a loop or rolling ball electrode, by laser beams, freezing or heat. Uterine ablation using heat is known as thermal ablation and can be done using high-energy radiofrequency, balloon filled with heated saline solution or normal saline.
Uterine ablation is commonly done using a local anesthesia but general or spinal anesthesia can be sometimes used too. The type of anesthesia depends on the method used. Uterine ablation procedure takes up to about 45 minutes.
Preparation of Procedure
Before the procedure, the opening of the cervix is dilated either with medications or specific instruments. The doctor introduces a narrow viewing tube with a camera into the uterine cavity through the cervix and vagina. The camera allows the surgeon to view the uterine cavity on a TV monitor during the procedure.
The uterine cavity is filled with fluid which is then heated or vaporized with the help of a heat generated tool inserted thought the tube. The heat helps to destroy the lining of the uterus. What to Expect After Uterine Ablation?
After the procedure the patient is advised to avoid strenuous activities for at least 24 hours. Sexual intercourse should be also avoided for about two weeks.
The patient may experience side effects of uterine ablation such as cramping for a day or two, nausea, frequent urination and vaginal discharge that may be watery and mixed with blood. All in all, the recovery may take a few days to two weeks.
Uterine ablation has certain risks, which are rare but can be serious. The risks include:
Burns to the surface of the bowel or the uterusAccumulation of fluid in the lungsPulmonary embolismPerforation of the uterusTearing of the opening of the uterus
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Once upon a time, in a lush and vibrant forest, there lived a fierce and mighty tiger named Raj. Raj was known throughout the jungle as the most fearsome predator, and all the animals, big and small, would shiver in his presence. Raj ruled the jungle with an iron paw, and he believed that power and strength were the only things that mattered.
The Tiger and the Woodpecker in English
One sunny morning, as Raj was prowling through his territory, he heard a sweet and melodious sound coming from a nearby tree. He followed the sound and discovered a tiny woodpecker named Woody, pecking away at the tree bark with his sharp beak.
Raj, feeling hungry and irritated by the noise, roared, “What do you think you’re doing, little bird? Don’t you know this is my forest? I can devour you in an instant!”
Woody, though scared, replied with a calm and confident tone, “Dear Raj, I mean no harm. I am just trying to find some insects to feed my family. We don’t have the strength and power you possess, so we rely on our skills and hard work to survive.”
Raj, intrigued by Woody’s courage, asked, “Skills and hard work, you say? What can a tiny bird like you teach me, the mighty tiger?”
Woody smiled and said, “I can teach you the value of patience and persistence. You see, Raj, you may be the strongest creature in the jungle, but sometimes, strength alone is not enough. It takes patience and determination to find what you seek.”
Raj was curious and decided to give it a try. He said, “Show me, Woody, how to find food with patience and persistence.”
So, Woody taught Raj how to listen carefully for the movements of insects beneath the tree bark, how to use his sharp claws to carefully dig them out, and how to be patient even when the hunt seemed fruitless.
Days turned into weeks, and Raj, with Woody’s guidance, improved his skills. He discovered that there was more to life in the jungle than being feared by others. He learned to appreciate the smaller creatures and the intricate beauty of the forest.
One day, as Raj was patiently searching for insects, he heard a rustling in the bushes. It was a group of hunters who had come into the jungle to capture him. Raj, with his newfound skills, was able to quietly slip away and hide.
He returned to Woody and said, “Thank you, my friend, for teaching me the value of patience and persistence. If it weren’t for you, I would have fallen into the hunters’ trap.”
From that day forward, Raj changed his ways. He no longer ruled the jungle with fear and aggression. Instead, he became a protector of the weaker animals, using his strength to shield them from harm.
The animals of the jungle learned that even the mightiest can learn valuable lessons from the smallest and humblest of creatures. And so, Raj the tiger and Woody the woodpecker lived peacefully in the forest, teaching one another and the world the importance of patience, persistence, and the strength that comes from within.
Moral of the story: Strength and power are important, but wisdom, patience, and kindness are equally valuable qualities to possess.
The Tiger and the Woodpecker Moral Stories for Kids in english
Moral Stories for Kids
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Itchin' for Spring Allergies: Environmental Allergies in Dogs
Stream Valley Vet
Jun 5, 2023
2 min read
By Angela R., Vet Assistant
Spring is officially in full swing! Unfortunately, so is allergy season. Many of us start to get sniffly and have itchy eyes in the spring, due to one major thing – pollen. Pollen is a common allergen for our furry friends as well! Other common allergens include dust mites, mold spores, and insect proteins, such as flea saliva. So, how do I know if my dog has allergies?
What are the symptoms of allergies? When do they appear?
In dogs, the most common symptom of allergies is itchy skin. This can be localized or all over the body. Other symptoms include rashes, vomiting, diarrhea, and anal gland problems.
Allergies are very common across dogs of all backgrounds and breeds, typically appearing after six months of age. Dogs with allergies to pollen and other seasonal allergens, such as ragweed and dust mites, will appear itchy during the spring and fall, just like people.
What is atopic dermatitis? How can I treat it?
Atopic dermatitis is a condition that causes dry, itchy, and inflamed skin – the human equivalent being eczema. Main allergens for atopic dermatitis are tree pollens, grass pollens, weed pollens, mold, and mildew. Dogs with atopic dermatitis typically rub their face, lick their feet and scratch at their underarms persistently.
Treatments for allergies include daily oral medications, such as Apoquel®, or longer-lasting injections, such as Cytopoint®. These treatments block chemical signals associated with itching, providing relief for your dog.
Allergy testing is another option to see what allergens affect your dog, either through HESKA blood testing or intradermal skin testing. Skin testing is primarily performed by a veterinary dermatologist. To complete the test, they will shave a patch of your dog's fur and inject a range of allergens into their skin. After about 20 minutes, their skin is examined to see which injections led to reactions.
For the HESKA blood test, we collect a blood sample of about 7ml from your pet and send it to a HESKA lab. Blood is collected because when your pet encounters something that they're allergic to, they make antibodies that are then present in their blood. The test measures the levels of allergy antibodies produced when the blood sample is mixed with a series of allergens, such as weeds, trees, yeasts, insects, and other potential factors.
After the HESKA test results are completed in up to 2 weeks, two effective treatment solutions can be created for your dog. These options include desensitization therapy shots or therapy drops that are formulated with the specific allergens. Desensitization helps minimize their allergy symptoms over time, which should make symptoms much easier to manage.
If you are noticing your dog exhibiting any signs of allergies, be sure to ask us about treatment and testing the next time you’re at Stream Valley! Or, call us at (703) 723-1017 to get them started on the path to relief.
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Noise cancelling headphones are often touted as the ultimate solution for blocking out the world, creating a serene audio experience that allows users to focus on what they love most—music, podcasts, or simply silence. However, many users find themselves puzzled when they realize they can still hear certain sounds even while using these advanced devices. So, why is it that noise cancelling headphones don’t block out all noise? Let’s explore the science, technology, and fundamental principles behind noise cancellation and what you can do to enhance your audio experience.
The Basics of Noise Cancelling Technology
Before diving into the reasons behind hearing sounds with noise cancelling headphones, it’s crucial to understand how this technology functions. At its core, noise cancelling headphones are designed to reduce unwanted environmental sounds and provide clearer audio playback.
Active Noise Cancellation (ANC)
Active noise cancellation is the primary mechanism at play in high-quality noise cancelling headphones. This technology utilizes microphones to pick up ambient sounds and then produces sound waves that are the exact opposite, effectively “cancelling out” the noise.
- Microphone Listening: The built-in microphones continuously monitor surrounding noise.
- Sound Wave Creation: The headphones then generate inverse sound waves that cancel out the detected noise.
However, while ANC is effective for certain frequencies of sound, it does have its limitations.
Passive Noise Isolation
In addition to active noise cancellation, many noise cancelling headphones employ passive noise isolation techniques. This involves physically blocking out sound, often utilizing cushioned ear cups that tightly seal around the ears. Passive noise isolation helps to block some external noise, especially higher frequencies, but is generally less effective than active noise cancellation for lower frequency sounds.
Why Can You Still Hear Noise with Noise Cancelling Headphones?
Despite the technological advancements in noise cancelling headphones, you may still hear certain sounds. Here are several reasons why this occurs:
Limitations of Technology
While ANC technology is adept at cancelling out consistent, low-frequency noises—such as the hum of an airplane engine—it struggles with sudden, irregular sounds, like a person speaking or a loud clap.
- Frequency Specificity: ANC works best on low-frequency sounds (below 1 kHz) and might not effectively suppress high-frequency or sudden sounds.
- Non-Continuous Noise: Active noise cancellation is challenged by abrupt noises that don’t have a consistent waveform, which makes them harder to analyze and nullify.
Noise leakage occurs when sound enters the headphones through gaps between the ear cups and your ears, or through the materials used in the headphones themselves. This can happen if:
- The headphones aren’t fitting snugly against your ears.
- The protective cushions are worn out or damaged, failing to create a tight seal.
It’s not just the technology that impacts noise cancellation; environmental factors play a significant role as well.
The auditory environment can significantly influence your experience with noise cancelling headphones. In a chaotic setting, such as a busy street or crowded airport, the volume of competing sounds can overload your headphones, allowing some noise to seep through.
Volume Levels and Sound Sources
Your listening volume can determine how much external sound you might hear. If you’re listening at a low volume, you might not fully mask background noises, making them more audible. Conversely, high volumes can drown out most external noises but could lead to hearing damage over time.
Types of Noise Cancelling Headphones
Understanding the different types of noise cancelling headphones available on the market can also clarify why certain models may not perform as effectively as others.
Over-Ear vs. In-Ear Noise Cancelling Headphones
Over-Ear Headphones: These generally provide better passive noise isolation due to their larger size and ability to cover the whole ear. They are often equipped with effective ANC technology as well.
In-Ear Headphones: While many in-ear models come with noise cancelling technology, they offer less passive isolation due to their smaller size. This can make them more susceptible to external noises sneaking in.
Active vs. Passive Noise Cancelling
Some headphones claim to use passive noise cancelling instead of or in addition to ANC. While passive noise cancelling is beneficial, it may not entirely eliminate background noise, depending on the environment and the fit of the headphones.
Improving Your Noise Cancelling Experience
If you find that your noise cancelling headphones are not blocking out as much sound as you’d like, there are several tips to enhance your experience.
Choose the Right Fit
Selecting headphones that fit your ears properly is essential. Poorly fitting headphones will allow ambient noise to penetrate your listening experience.
- For Over-Ear Headphones: Ensure the ear cups cover your entire ear and create a good seal with cushioned materials.
- For In-Ear Headphones: Experiment with different ear tip sizes to find the one that creates the best seal.
Adjust Your Listening Volume
Finding a comfortable listening volume can significantly affect your perception of background noise. It’s prudent to keep volumes at a moderate level to balance sound quality and sound isolation.
Maintain Your Headphones
Taking care of your headphones ensures that they function optimally, providing the best noise cancellation possible. Regularly check for wear and tear in cushions and other parts to maintain a good fit and sound quality.
Understanding the intricacies of noise cancelling headphones can unveil the mystery behind why you can sometimes hear through them. Active noise cancellation technology brilliantly reduces consistent low-frequency noises while passive noise isolation plays a pivotal role in blocking out ambient sound. However, limitations exist due to environmental factors, design choices, and the inherent qualities of sound itself.
By choosing the right type of headphones, ensuring a proper fit, maintaining them, and adjusting your audio settings, you can optimize your listening experience. While noise cancelling helmets may never be entirely foolproof, recognizing their limitations and strengths can significantly elevate your enjoyment of music and your ability to find tranquility in a noisy world.
What is noise cancelling technology and how does it work?
Noise cancelling technology works by using microphones to detect external sounds and then generating sound waves that are the exact opposite, effectively cancelling out the noise. This is known as destructive interference. The headphones analyze the ambient noise and then produce anti-noise signals that reduce the sound levels that reach your ears, making it easier to enjoy music or podcasts in a quieter environment.
There are two types of noise cancelling: passive and active. Passive noise cancelling relies on physical barriers, like padded ear cups, to block out sound, while active noise cancelling uses electronic components to actively reduce noise levels. When both forms are used together, they provide a more immersive listening experience, but you may still hear certain sounds, particularly those with frequencies that are harder to cancel.
Why can I still hear certain sounds while using noise cancelling headphones?
While noise cancelling headphones significantly reduce background noises, they are not infallible. Sounds that are sudden, high-frequency, or very loud may still penetrate your noise cancelling barriers. This is particularly true for sounds that are not low in frequency, such as voices, alarms, or sirens. The technology is primarily designed to target consistent and predictable noises, like the hum of an airplane or the sound of a busy street.
Another reason you might hear certain sounds is that some headphones allow for ambient sound awareness features. These features enable users to hear surrounding noises when necessary, ensuring safety or allowing for conversations without removing the headphones. This design choice aims to balance immersion in sound with situational awareness, which can be especially useful in public environments.
Do noise cancelling headphones work better for some types of noise than others?
Yes, noise cancelling headphones tend to be more effective at reducing low-frequency sounds. This includes background noise from engines, air conditioning, and continuous mechanical sounds. These types of noise usually have a steady sound wave pattern that noise cancelling technology can easily target and counteract with anti-noise signals. Therefore, when you’re on a plane or in a similar environment, you’ll likely notice a substantial reduction in ambient noise.
On the other hand, higher-frequency noises such as human voices, door slams, or other abrupt sounds can be harder for noise cancelling technology to eliminate completely. Because these noises vary greatly in their sound wave patterns, the headphones may not effectively counteract them. As a result, while you may experience a quieter environment overall, certain sounds may still be audible.
Can the quality of noise cancelling headphones affect how much noise I hear?
Absolutely, the quality and technology employed in noise cancelling headphones can greatly influence their effectiveness. Higher-end models typically come equipped with more advanced noise cancelling algorithms and better quality materials that improve passive and active sound isolation. These enhancements allow for a more immersive listening experience, effectively reducing the amount of external noise that can reach your ears.
Conversely, lower-quality noise cancelling headphones may not provide the same level of performance. They might rely more on passive sound isolation and offer limited active noise cancelling capabilities. Consequently, users of these models may find that they hear more outside noise than they would with a premium set. When selecting headphones, it’s important to consider the brand, model, and reviews regarding their noise cancelling performance to ensure you get the best value.
Are noise cancelling headphones safe to use in public spaces?
Using noise cancelling headphones in public spaces can be safe, but there are important considerations to keep in mind. These headphones can isolate you from surrounding noise, which may compromise your situational awareness, making you less aware of your environment. This can pose a risk, particularly in busy areas, as you might miss important sounds such as vehicles, announcements, or conversations.
To mitigate these risks, many modern noise cancelling headphones come with a transparency or ambient sound mode. This feature allows you to allow some outside noise in, enhancing your awareness without needing to take off your headphones. It’s advisable to be cautious and aware of your surroundings, especially in busy or potentially hazardous settings, even when enjoying music or podcasts.
How can I improve the noise cancelling effectiveness of my headphones?
To maximize the noise cancelling effectiveness of your headphones, ensure you have a proper fit. Ear cups that create a good seal around your ears can significantly improve sound isolation, both passively and actively. Regularly clean the ear cushions and ensure they are free of debris, as a good fit is essential for optimal performance.
Additionally, keeping your headphones updated with the latest firmware can help enhance their noise cancelling capabilities. Manufacturers often release updates that refine the noise cancelling algorithms or address issues based on user feedback. Lastly, consider using your headphones in environments suitable for noise cancellation technology, such as planes or public transport, where consistent background noise can be reduced more effectively.
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First microhydro under the new rules
SILVERTON – Now that was easy! A small hydro project near Silverton breezed through the federal permitting process – something not so easily done just a few months ago.
The small turbine simply harnesses the power of the water flowing from an existing pipeline at the old Mayflower Mill, which is now a museum maintained by the San Juan Historical Society.
Altogether, it can generate 11 kilowatts, which isn’t much. But even so, navigating the former rules of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission would have cost more than the hydroelectric equipment itself. Before new rules, few such projects got completed.
“Requiring a federal hydropower license for a tiny, noncontroversial hydro project on an existing pipeline was completely nuts,” says Beverly Rich, chairwoman of the Historical Society.
Legislation passed by Congress and signed by President Barack Obama amended the process in two ways. One law allows an exemption for small projects of less than 5 megawatts. Sandpoint, Idaho, was the first in the United States to apply for a project with that exemption with a 65-kilowatts project.
Silverton’s is the first in Colorado. It will generate roughly the amount of electricity used by 10 U.S. homes.
But some of the greatest potential may exist in agriculture infrastructure. On Idaho’s Snake River, a company near Jerome plans a 4,800-kwh project. But the concept is the same: the project uses existing disruptions of flows in creeks and rivers and causes no new impacts.
River advocates are OK with the new process. “We are pleased that FERC granted an exemption of the Silverton project,” says Matt Rice, the Colorado conservation director for American Rivers. “It is a great example of hydropower done right without creating new environmental impacts.”
However, the same group staunchly opposed Aspen’s plans to divert water from two local creeks for hydroelectric production.
Much squabbling on billionaires’ row
ASPEN – Out on billionaires’ row, real estate is still about location, location, location. But the stakes are higher.
The Aspen Daily News tells about a squabble that has been going on for several years outside the town, in the Maroon Creek Valley. Tom and Margot Pritzker, of Hyatt Hotel fame, have a home there, as do several others. David Boehm wants to join the neighborhood through his company, Celestial Land Co.
Four years ago, he applied to build a 15,000-square-foot house there in an avalanche path. He was granted the right to build an 8,250-square-foot home somewhere on the property. But Pitkin County commissioners rejected a 13,250-square-foot house that was pending. That tentative approval had included provisions that he mitigate the avalanche risk by excavating a long trough 20 feet deep on the uphill side of the house and erect a protective wall. This was described by one attorney as comparable to a half-pipe at Buttermilk, the ski area where the X Games are held.
The issue here? Stan Clauson, a local planning consultant who represents Boehm, said opposition was rooted in the fact that his client’s home would have interfered with the view of the Maroon Creek Valley by the Pritzkers. “I would submit that the only thing wrong with the house is that it intrudes on the privatization of the view from the Pritzkers’ house,” he said.
On the other side of that snit, Boehm in 2010 had tattled regarding the Pritzkers’ decision to plant a row of trees on their property, alleging the county had never approved the trees and they would obstruct views of a pristine meadow.
It’s a familiar story again in Telluride
TELLURIDE – Despite adding a ton of affordable housing in recent years, beds are scarce this season for seasonal workers in Telluride.
“The reason for the shortage? I simply don’t know,” Shirley Diaz, executive director of the San Miguel County Regional Housing Authority, said. She told The Telluride Watch that she at first suspected that the ski area operator had ramped up its employment, but that doesn’t appear to be the case.
Intrawest rumors swirl around C.B.
MT. CRESTED BUTTE – Is Intrawest soon to take the reins of operation at Crested Butte Mountain Resort?
That has been the rumor since last spring, and this week the current managers – the Mueller family – told ski area employees that they have been talking with someone. They named no names, however.
Tim and Diane Mueller bought the ski area in 2004 and were welcomed with open arms by the local community. It was hoped they could provide new energy and investment that had been lacking under the previous ownership.
But Crested Butte, because of its remoteness – four and a half hours from Denver – and with a relatively small ski area is a rough sell compared to the megaresorts of I-70.
The official owner is now CNL Lifestyle Properties, a real-estate investment trust that has more than a dozen ski resorts in its portfolio. In effect, CNL is the financier. The Muellers are the managers. Through their Triple Peaks LLC, the family also owns a sizable chunk of real estate in areas adjacent to the ski area. Before the recession, some lots were going for $700,000 to $800,000.
The Muellers tell the Crested Butte News that they were approached about the land earlier this year, and the talks have grown to include the ski area. Letters of intent and nondisclosure agreements were signed this fall. The deal is expected to be finalized before the end of the year.
But if Intrawest gets the keys to the ski area, would it make sense? Founded as a real-estate company in Vancouver, B.C., the company in 1986 expanded to operate Whistler and many other ski areas. Then, it was sold in a heavily leveraged deal to Fortress, a hedge-fund manager, just before the Great Recession. The deal had assumed continued rapid sales of high-priced real estate. When that market vanished, Intrawest was forced to spin off assets: Copper Mountain in Colorado, Panorama in British Columbia, and a number of other assets.
Today, Intrawest retains ownership of Stratton and Mont Tremblant, two ski areas in the East; Canadian Mountain Holidays in Alberta; and Steamboat. It also manages Winter Park for Denver, the owner.
What would Crested Butte add to the mix? Synergy, possibly. Vail’s Epic Pass is a formidable marketing proposition. Other ski areas have been forced to lower their season prices and band together to deliver competing passes. One that aligned Steamboat, Winter Park and Crested Butte might be more appealing.
Intrawest recently announced plans to go public again. Combing the company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Steamboat Pilot reported that they contained “plain signals that the company… would like to be in acquisition mode.”
Whistler ski upgrades cultural products
WHISTLER, B.C. – Imagine paying 8.75 percent interest on a loan. That’s what operators of the Whistler Blackcomb ski area were paying on portions of the company’s $261 million debt. With refinancing, interest is now down to 3.7 percent for the first six months. That leaves the company more money to upgrade both skiing and nonskiing assets, officials tell Pique Newsmagazine.
Meanwhile, Whistler continues the conversation about cultural draws, including a $30 million art museum. Altogether, $98 million has been spent in the last 15 years on libraries and other institutions, with total space now at 116,000 square feet.
Pique editor Clare Ogilvie also points out that one of these cultural centers, the Squamish Lil’wat Cultural Centre, has been recovering 71 percent of expenses, compared to 51 percent for the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.
Canada now has more people aged 55 to 64 than those aged 15 to 24. “For a ski town, those are sobering figures,” she writes.
Shutdown hurt national park visitation
WEST YELLOWSTONE, Mont. – When the U.S. government shut down in October, national parks did, too. The result at Yellowstone National Park was that visitation dropped 73 percent, despite financing by state governments to reopen the park in mid-October
“The shutdown greatly impacted all of the gateway communities surrounding the park, and West Yellowstone was no exception,” reports the West Yellowstone News. “Even though the shutdown lasted only 16 days, many employees of businesses that closed their doors early in town will be feeling the impact for the entire winter season.”
Park City became a ski town 50 years ago
PARK CITY, Utah – This year, Park City Mountain Resort turns 50, and while skiing from this vantage point looks inevitable, it wasn’t necessarily so.
Sure, Utah had Alta and other ski areas on the other side of the Wasatch. But Park City was a mining town. “Plenty of Parkites were betting the mining industry would make a comeback,” says The Park Record.
The newspaper, however, thinks that skiing is the better idea. It goes on to credit the ski area with hosting World Cup races, setting up Utah for the Winter Olympics in 2002. It also notes that Park City was “among the first ski resorts in the country to acknowledge the potential impact of climate change and to champion a proactive approach to ‘save our snow.’”
– Allen Best
More mountain towns can be found at mountaintownnews.net.
In this week's issue...
- May 15, 2025
- End of the trail
Despite tariff pause, Colorado bike company can’t hang on through supply chain chaos
- May 8, 2025
- Shared pain
Dismal trend highlights need to cut usage in Upper Basin, too
- April 24, 2025
- A tale of two bills
Nuclear gets all the hype, but optimizing infrastructure will have bigger impact
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In a world teetering on the brink of environmental turmoil, where every spray and drop matters, technology that can make a real difference is truly invaluable. Enter nozzle technology for pesticide efficiency, a silent revolution that holds the promise of nurturing our fragile ecosystems while ensuring crop protection. It’s not just about machinery and innovations; it’s about hope and a vision for a sustainable tomorrow.
The Heart of Efficiency
Picture the sprawling green fields of a thriving farm. Beneath the sunlit sky, the plants stand tall with the promise of a bountiful harvest. Yet, amidst such beauty, unseen threats lurk. Pests wait to ravage the fruits of hard labor. Traditional pesticide use often leads to wastage, with chemicals drifting where they’re not needed, sometimes causing more harm than good. This is where nozzle technology for pesticide efficiency steps in. Designed with precision, these nozzles ensure that every droplet is directed exactly where it’s needed, reducing wastage and maximizing effect. The efficiency lies in its gentle touch—a whisper of spray that respects the land, the environment, and the farmer’s toil. Nozzle technology turns the tide, creating a harmonious balance between human necessity and nature’s resilience.
Precision in Innovation
1. Imagine a world where every droplet counts, and nozzle technology for pesticide efficiency paints this picture with brilliance.
2. The innovation doesn’t merely involve hardware—it’s a symphony of technology and nature that rewrites possibilities.
3. This technology is an emotional victory, a silent guardian of crops that whispers promises of a better yield.
4. The delicate art of spraying that nozzle technology embodies can be likened to art, a nurturer’s gentle caress.
5. Behind the nozzles is a labor of love, an empathetic stance towards preserving our planet’s finite resources.
Redefining Agriculture’s Path
Stand in the shoes of a farmer, witnessing how nozzle technology has become an ally in the battle against devastation. It’s heartening to see how something so small can bring about such a significant impact. This technology brings not only efficiency but also a breathtaking realization that innovation can harmonize with nature. The advent of nozzle technology for pesticide efficiency reshapes not just the fields but the mindset of those who work them. Farmers find themselves in a narrative where optimism thrives, fostered by the balance between modern technology and ancient land.
Driving through the fields, you see crops standing tall. They become a powerful testament to what human ingenuity, combined with nature’s bank of wisdom, can achieve. Nozzle technology for pesticide efficiency encapsulates this. It invites us to redefine our journey, focusing on the importance of precision and sustainability over blind consumption. With every turn of the nozzle, a new chapter in agriculture unfolds—one where promise isn’t lost in a cloud of unnecessary chemicals, but rather nurtured with care and accountability.
A Dance of Precision
1. The fields that once needed dousing now thrive with precision sprays, courtesy of nozzle technology for pesticide efficiency.
2. This technology resonates with true sustainability, creating an emotionally charged ripple through the farming community.
3. An embodiment of efficiency, nozzle technology feels akin to fine-tuned harmony in a world often out of sync with nature.
4. The subtle whisper of a spray captures the poetic dichotomy of power and grace.
5. Nozzle technology’s promise breaks through our era’s cacophony with its silent revolution toward sustainable practices.
A Journey Towards Better Harvests
Wouldn’t it be something if every drop of pesticide knew exactly where to land? Nozzle technology for pesticide efficiency gives growers a newfound sense of power and control. They know they’re not just fighting for their crops but standing in unity with Mother Earth. It’s a journey towards more fulfilling harvests—a trek that considers both the immediate and ripple effect on the environment. This technology introduces a new chapter, instigating an emotional revolution that reshapes perspectives on how we treat our land. It provides a brighter vision where we learn not just to extract, but to give back, weaving our roles into the Earth’s grand narrative more meaningfully.
Farmers have become dream weavers, crafting aspirations that don’t just yield produce but sustain life. By harnessing the potential of nozzle technology, they fend off pests without tipping the ecological balance. This isn’t just progress—it’s a moving testament to what the agricultural sector can achieve when powered by empathy-driven innovation, with nozzle technology for pesticide efficiency as the heart beating in this transformation.
A Symphony of Synchronicity
1. The dance of droplets now harmonizes with crop rows, all made possible by nozzle technology for pesticide efficiency.
2. There’s an undeniable emotional satisfaction in knowing one’s methods promote healthier ecosystems.
3. The progression toward ecological stewardship is palpable, leaving an indelible mark on future practices.
4. Such innovation strikes at the core of sustainable efforts, becoming a keystone in conscientious agriculture.
5. With each spray, the land breathes a sigh of relief in the unified vision this technology champions.
6. There’s a sense of urgency, yet hope, in the efficient artistry of this technology.
7. Fields flourish as nozzle technology redefines the parameters of growth and protection in sync.
8. The journey is far from solitary; it’s a collective movement fueled by shared optimism.
9. Farmers, equipped with this technology, represent resilient pillars of ecological integrity.
10. In each application, there’s a heartfelt dedication to a new dawn in agricultural practices.
Summary of Innovation’s Emotional Landscape
As dawn breaks over the fields, something revolutionary stirs beneath the verdant canopy. It’s a quiet force whose influence runs deeper than roots, touching lives and ecosystems alike. Nozzle technology for pesticide efficiency stands as a testament to humanity’s potential to innovate responsibly. It’s an acknowledgment of our interconnectedness with the Earth—a commitment to nurturing instead of depleting, to precise care over blanket interventions. The emotional landscape it creates is ripe with the promise of better crops, resilient environments, and communities empowered by mindful progress.
In embracing nozzle technology, we witness a paradigm shift, a profound embrace of sustainability’s essence. This is more than a technological leap; it’s an awakening—a call to society to remember and honor our role as stewards of this planet. Beyond the yield improvements, the true victory lies in rekindling our ties to the Earth with humility and respect, a path paved by the gentle precision of nozzle technology for pesticide efficiency. It’s a collective triumph—a dawn that breaks with hope, promising a future where agriculture and nature thrive in unison.
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<urn:uuid:034342d9-8cfa-4b76-a2c7-d9b6d76f0229>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
|
https://agroplast.info/nozzle-technology-for-pesticide-efficiency/
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2025-06-25T08:18:01Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709783179.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20250625065411-20250625095411-00355.warc.gz
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en
| 0.884404
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Regulatory approaches to protection of human rights in the digital society: personal data protection
Personal data has become a foundation for new business-models as well as a foundation of responsibility for those companies which collect and process data about their users. Since it is almost inevitable for individuals not to give their personal data, business-models are obliged to protect the users and ensure safety of their personal data from any kind of misuse and violation. Otherwise, serious violations of human rights, especially violation of the right to privacy, can be possible.
Legal framework for personal data protection has been developed in Serbia in 2008, after the adoption of the Law on Personal Data Protection (LPDP). Although before the adoption of this Law, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has adopted the Law on Personal Data Protection back in 1998, but it has never been applied in practice. We should bear in mind that the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia (Article 42) guarantees protection of personal data.
LPDP stipulates that the data controller, i.e. a company, must fulfill certain standards before it can start processing data – user’s consent, data is collected for specified, explicit and legitimate purposes, proportional in relation to the purposes for which it is collected and/or further processed and accurate and kept up to date (Article 8). Furthermore, the law authorizes individuals to demand the data to be anonymous and be erased after being processed for specified purposes (Article 8). Data controller is a legal entity, that is the company, while the law also defines a data user, who is a person that uses data with the consent of the user whose data is being processed for specified purposes and processor of the data as a person who is authorized by the data controller, on a contract basis (Article 3).
LPDP stipulates that Commissioner for Information of Public Importance and Personal Data Protection (the Commissioner) supervises data protection and performs his duties as an independent body (Article 1, Paragraph 3 LPDP). The Commissioner also keeps Central Data File Register as a unique record of data files established by all controllers processing personal data and companies are obliged to submit their data files to the Register (Article 3, Paragraph 10).
Also, the Commissioner considers appeals lodged by the applicants regarding the processing of personal data (Art. 38). A person can submit a complaint against the data controller in the following cases: if the controller denies or rejects the request or if it doesn’t decide on the request within the prescribed period, if it does not allow access to the data, if the controller conditions the access to data by payment fee that exceeds necessary costs of copies, and in case the controller, contrary to the law, makes it difficult or impossible the exercise of rights.
The Commissioner has estimated that there are between 300.000 and 350.000 data controllers binded by the Law on Personal Data Protection. There is no information whether the controllers obey or implement the Law or whether they provide necessary technical and organizational measures for data protection, in accordance with prescribed standards and procedures, which is also an obligation according to the Law. Serbia 2012 Progress Report of the EU Commission stated that the office of the Commissioner for Free Access to Information of Public Importance and Personal Data Protection, faced with a constant increase in the number and complexity of the cases, still lacks sufficient resources. It can be concluded that the Commissioner cannot fully supervise the data controllers and the implementation of the Law alone, so there is space for companies to implement self-regulatory acts and protect their users’ personal data from abuse.
The second example of a good practice is one of Telenor Group which in its Code of Conduct states that customers, employees and other related parties need to feel confident that personal data is processed in such a way that data is only used for legitimate business purposes (part 4.6). Also, Telenor shall only collect, process, and store personal data for legitimate business purposes and keep such data no longer than necessary for the purposes for which any data was collected. Customer’s personal information is processed in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations on protection of personal data.
The first initiative for adoption of self-regulatory rules for advertising agencies was the one presented by International Advertising Association. In the working document of the Serbian Code of Marketing Communications, data protection and privacy can be found in article 17, divided in several parts (data processing and informing, data usage, protection of data processing, personal data of children, rights of consumers etc).
LPDP is a good basis for development of further regulation of data processing and collecting, required for ICT sector. However, we should have in mind the fact that current regulations do not keep up with social and economic needs, which can sometimes slow down the innovations, while the business-models tend to develop freely. Therefore, companies around the world use alternative regulatory principles which will be discussed in the following articles.
To be continued…
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<urn:uuid:4d06c2b7-e4e4-4dac-9fe6-65acb6609483>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://resursi.sharefoundation.info/en/resource/regulatory-approaches-to-protection-of-human-rights-in-the-digital-society-personal-data-protection/
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2025-06-23T16:13:05Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709775819.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20250623143503-20250623173503-00931.warc.gz
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Article: published in Physical Review Letters by Alfredo Levy Yeyati, IFIMAC researcher.
In superconductors the electrons occur only in pairs, the so-called Cooper pairs. The electrons in these pairs are (spin) entangled, a quantum mechanical property that is at the heart of any prospective technology that exploits quantum mechanical effects. It was shown recently that these electrons can be separated into two parallel small islands, so-called quantum dots, through which only single electrons can pass at a time. This process is generally known as Cooper pair splitting. But are these electrons potentially useful? Or are the quantum correlations lost already on the dots due to decoherence? Before the experiments and theoretical modeling by Fülöp et al., this question could be answered only by hand-waving arguments and it was not clear for what transport features one should look out. In the present article Fülöp et al. come one step closer to answering these questions: the authors demonstrate interference effects in a Cooper pair splitting device, a clear indication of (spatial) coherence. The use of Niobium as the superconductor allows the authors to tune electron levels not accessible for ordinary electrical gates, and to explain their data they introduce a conceptually new model of such a device. These results are relevant from a fundamental point of view, but also demonstrate the first Cooper pair splitting experiments at large magnetic fields. [Full article]
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<urn:uuid:5ab220a9-d5a5-4181-b8c6-b1e68afceeb6>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.ifimac.uam.es/research-highlights/quantum-interference-in-a-cooper-pair-splitter-makes-entanglement-production-plausible/
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2025-06-19T12:36:38Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709481517.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20250619113518-20250619143518-00708.warc.gz
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Dwight D. Eisenhower was the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces during World War II and later served as the 34th President of the United States. In The Atomic Human, Eisenhower represents the interplay of human judgment and distributed systems in high-stakes decision-making. His critical decision to launch the D-Day invasion, based on intelligence from Bletchley Park, exemplifies the balance between reflective deliberation and reflexive action.
The book highlights Eisenhower’s leadership as an example of “devolved authority,” showing how decisions at the top of a hierarchy cascade through layers of action and adaptation. His interactions with soldiers before the invasion humanize him, emphasizing the emotional and moral weight of his command. These moments are juxtaposed with the immense logistical complexity of coordinating millions of troops, underscoring the limits of centralized control.
Eisenhower’s role in The Atomic Human extends beyond historical recounting. He is used as a metaphor for the “Eisenhower illusion,” the idea that systems appear more under control than they truly are. This theme is central to the book’s examination of the atomic human, where decisions are often shaped by the unpredictable, dynamic environment in which they are made.
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<urn:uuid:840733a7-2868-4ad2-acad-78d5cc1efffc>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://the-atomic-human.ai/people/dwight-eisenhower/
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2025-06-16T07:39:40Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709481386.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20250616053006-20250616083006-00738.warc.gz
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The cost of living refers to the amount of money required to maintain a certain living standard in a particular location, usually a city or a country. It accounts for expenses such as housing, food, taxes, healthcare, and more. Changes in the cost of living are measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
The phonetic pronunciation of “Cost of Living” would be: Kɒst ʌv lɪvɪŋ
<ol> <li>Cost of Living varies by region – The cost of living can significantly vary from region to region even within the same country. This means that the amount of money needed to maintain a certain standard of living may be higher or lower depending on where a person resides. High-cost areas usually include major metropolitan cities, while lower-cost areas are typically found in less populated regions.</li> <li>It affects your budget – The cost of living plays a crucial role in personal financial planning and budgeting. It impacts how much money you spend on housing, groceries, transportation, health care, and other basic living expenses. When the cost of living is high, people tend to spend more and save less, and this can affect their financial stability and future financial goals.</li> <li>Inflation impacts the Cost of Living – The cost of living can increase over time due to inflation. Inflation erodes the purchasing power of money, as the price of goods and services rise. This means that the cost of living will increase even if your lifestyle remains unchanged, which can put a strain on personal finances if income does not keep pace with inflation.</li></ol>
The term “Cost of Living” is a crucial concept in business and finance because it represents the amount of money an individual, family, or population needs to afford a specific standard of living in a particular location or period. This includes expenses such as housing, food, taxes, healthcare, and more. The cost of living is important as it helps individuals and businesses plan for wages, benefits, and relocation decisions. In the broader economic context, it aids in understanding the economic status of a certain area or country, assessing affordability, and comparing living standards across different locations. Ultimately, it impacts the decision-making processes of individuals and organizations alike.
The purpose of the cost of living assessment is to evaluate how much it takes to maintain a certain standard of living in a selected geographical location. It can be a deciding factor for individuals or families when considering relocating for a job or retirement. Companies also use the cost of living data to formulate the compensation of employees who are asked to relocate to cities where the cost of living could be significantly higher or lower than their home city. Therefore, in a broader sense, the cost of living becomes a pivotal point amidst decisions that can dramatically affect a person’s finances and lifestyle.Cost of living indices are also widely used in economics to compare the costs of living in different locations, or over time in the same location, to understand the variation in expenses affecting consumers. Economists and policymakers utilize these figures to evaluate the economic health of regions, the afflictions of inflation, and the impact of policy changes on everyday expenses. Hence, the use of the cost of living extend beyond individual decisions and also incorporate larger economic narratives, shaping strategies and understanding economic trends.
1. Housing: One of the main factors that affect the cost of living is the cost of housing. This can vary greatly depending on the country, city, or region. For example, living in a major city like New York City, London, or Tokyo can be significantly more expensive than living in a smaller city or rural area. This includes rent costs for an apartment, total costs for buying a home, and all other expenses associated with housing like utilities.2. Grocery Prices: Another daily expense that factors into the cost of living is the cost of food. For instance, in countries or cities where food is readily available and there is high competition, food costs can be relatively lower than in places where there are fewer suppliers or challenges in transport and logistics. A gallon of milk or a loaf of bread might be more expensive in Hawaii, for instance, compared to prices in the mainland US because of the added costs of shipping goods to the islands.3. Healthcare: The cost of healthcare is a significant part of the cost of living calculation. For example, in the United States, an individual or family has to consider health insurance premiums, out-of-pocket costs, prescription costs, etc., which could amount to a considerable sum. Meanwhile, countries like Canada or the UK have universal healthcare systems, where these costs are covered via taxation, thus reflecting differently in terms of living expenses.
Frequently Asked Questions(FAQ)
What is the definition of Cost of Living?
The cost of living refers to the amount of money needed to sustain a certain level of living. It includes basic costs such as housing, food, taxes, and healthcare. Cost of living is often used to compare how expensive it is to live in one city versus another.
How is the Cost of Living calculated?
The cost of living is calculated by taking into account the prices of essential goods and services in a certain area, including housing, food, utilities, transportation, healthcare, and more. It can vary widely from one city, region, or country to another.
Why is Cost of Living an important concept?
Understanding the cost of living is vital when making decisions about jobs, retirement, and more. It helps determine how much an individual needs to make to maintain a certain standard of living in a particular location.
How does Cost of Living impact businesses?
The cost of living directly impacts the wages businesses need to pay their employees. In areas with a high cost of living, businesses often need to pay higher wages to attract talent. This can influence a company’s profitability and competitive standing.
Why does the Cost of Living vary between different regions or cities?
Differences in cost of living usually reflect differences in demand and costs for goods and services. Factors like population growth, geographical location, local regulations, and the presence of goods and services can affect prices, and in turn, the cost of living.
What is a Cost of Living index?
A cost of living index is a theoretical measurement that compares the cost of living in different locations. A cost of living index number is typically connected to a base city, which is given a standard index score of 100. Therefore, a city with a cost of living index of 120 is 20% more expensive to live in than the base city.
Can an individual’s lifestyle affect their Cost of Living?
Absolutely, individual lifestyle choices significantly influence cost of living. Personal decisions about housing, food consumption, transportation, and more, can raise or lower your cost of living. While some costs like taxes and healthcare might be out of your control, others like dining habits, and entertainment are within your control.
How can I lower my Cost of Living?
You can lower your cost of living by reducing expenses in areas such as housing (downsizing or moving), food (eating at home more often), transportation (using public transport), entertainment (reducing nights out), and other discretionary expenses.
Can the Cost of Living affect my savings?
Yes, if the cost of living is high, you might be able to save less. Conversely, in an area with a lower cost of living, you might be able to save more, provided your income level remains the same. It’s crucial to factor in the cost of living when making financial plans.
Related Finance Terms
- Purchasing Power
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- Standard of Living
- Cost of Living Adjustment (COLA)
Sources for More Information
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<urn:uuid:6072d009-c55e-405f-aae2-25e876078842>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://due.com/terms/cost-of-living/
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2025-06-13T13:59:44Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709481263.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20250613121646-20250613151646-00016.warc.gz
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en
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---------------- help for grlog ----------------Graphing Logistic Regression ----------------------------
To invoke, type
This program shows the regression line between X and Y in Logistic Regression.
The first dialog box asks you how you would like to the view the predicted value of Y in the relationship between X and Y. You can choose to view the predicted value of Y as
- the probability Y=1 This is useful for showing the S shaped curve of the relationship between X and P(Y=1). Students can see that the Y axis is easy to interpret but the shape of the relationship is not linear. - The Logit of Y (Log Odds Y=1). This is useful for showing the "logit" model, where the relationship between X and Y is linear; however, interpreting the meaning of Y is very tricky.
Also, you can choose to "Show Point at (X,Yhat)". This will display a point which is the predicted value for Y when X is 0. You will then be able to increase/decrease X to show how the predicted value of Y changes as X changes.
You can then choose "continue".
The next dialog box allows you to adjust a-.1 and a+.1 : adding and subtracting .1 from the intercept. b-.1 and b+.1 : adding and subtracting .1 from the slope. X-1 and X+1 (if you choose "show point at prected value of X") This allows you to add and subtract 1 from X, and see how it impacts the predicted value of Y.
You can also show 2 "movies" Show Movie Varying a : Varys a from -1 to +1, showing how varyng a changes the logistic regression curve.
Show Movie Varying b : Varys b from -1 to +1, showing how varying b changes the logistic regression curve.
The "Done" button quits the program. The "Reset" button resets a, b and X to their default values, i.e., a=0, b=1, and X=0. The "Help" button brings up this help screen.
If you have comments or suggestions, please email Michael Mitchell at mnmatucla.edu .
Michael N. Mitchell Statistical Computing and Consulting UCLA, Academic Technology Services mnmatucla.edu
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://stats.oarc.ucla.edu/stata/ado/tozip2014/teach/grlog-hlp-htm/
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2025-06-17T09:58:07Z
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The list below is not intended to be an exhaustive compendium of precision medicine (PM) terminology, but seeks to explain many terms used on our site and other vehicles that discuss this field.
Biomarker: A biological molecule found in blood,other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease.
Clinical utility (of a Dx): The ability of a diagnostic to meaningfully influence treatment decisions.
Companion diagnostic: A diagnostic test mentioned in a drug or device label and required for its approval and use
Complementary diagnostic (CoDx): A diagnostic test that is associated with but not required for approval or use of a drug
Diagnostic (Dx): Tool or technology that delivers information to make better treatment decisions. Can be an assay, imaging, an algorithm, a remote monitoring device, etc.
Diagnostics and precision medicine: Information for making better treatment decisions that identifies specific patients, for a specific treatment solution, at a specific time
Disease Interception: Detection of asymptomatic disease or predisposition to disease
Disease Monitoring: Understand the course of disease or effect of therapy to evaluate success or failure and potential to need revised therapy
Dx adoption/uptake: The rate at which health care providers acquire the necessary capabilities (i.e. equipment, training) to administer a diagnostic assay (to be distinguished from the testing rate – the percentage of disease prevalent patients who received a Dx test)
Genomics: The study of an organism’s complete genetic material, including genes and their functions
Genomic sequencing: A laboratory method used to determine the entire genetic makeup of a specific organism or cell type. This method can be used to find changes in areas of the genome that may be important in the development of specific diseases, such as cancer
Initial diagnosis: The first clinical determination of the presence of a disease
In-vitro diagnostic (IVD): From the Latin, “within the glass”. A method of performing a diagnostic test outside of a living organism, usually within a laboratory. IVD testing is used to examine specimens derived from the human body in order to provide information regarding a physiological or pathological state. The name reflects the fact that historically such tests were conducted in glass vessels, such as test tubes.
In-vivo testing: From the Latin, ‘in vivo’ – ‘within the living’ - where the tests are conducted within a whole, living organism to observe the overall effect of an experiment on a living subject.
Laboratory Developed Test (LDT): A diagnostic test designed, manufactured and used only by a single laboratory
Negative predictive value (NPV): The probability that a patient receiving a negative test value actually does not carry the biomarker or disease of interest
Outcome: A specific result or effect that can be measured. Examples of outcomes include decreased pain, reduced tumor size, and improvement of disease
Personalized medicine: The use of genetic or other biomarker information to make treatment decisions tailored for individuals, segments or strata of patients
Point of Care (POC) Testing: Clinical testing performed at or near the site where clinical care is delivered, e.g. clinics, physicians’ offices, hospitals
Positive predictive value (PPV): The probability that a patient receiving a positive test value actually carries the biomarker or disease of interest
Precision Medicine: Stratification of a patient population to identify the best responders to a treatment and improve the outcome in each patient segment.
Predictive response: An assessment of the most probable response to a particular treatment in an individual patient
Prognostic assay: A test that determines the severity of a disease and/or likelihood of recovery
Real World Data (RWD): Healthcare data used for decision-making that is collected in usual care settings and is not derived from conventional randomized controlled trials
Real World Evidence (RWE): New insights or conclusions generated from data obtained in usual care settings [RWD] in a range of non-interventional (observational) studies, ncluding primary data collection and analyses of secondary data
Response monitoring: An assessment of the actual response of an individual patient to a particular treatment
Sensitivity: The probability that a test will assign a positive value to a patient who carries a biomarker or disease
Specificity: The probability that a test will assign a negative value to a patient who does not carry a biomarker or disease
Targeted Therapy: A type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to attack specific types of cancer cells with less harm to normal cells
Treatment algorithm: A prescribed sequence of clinical steps to treat a given condition, often with specific medications indicated based on patient information and disease presentation
Source: Genetics in Medicine, The In Vitro Diagnostics directive 98/79/EEC; World Health Organization; U.S. National Cancer Institute
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<urn:uuid:0725462a-4754-4626-b56e-7e5c2dd1cec7>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://innovativemedicine.jnj.com/precision-medicine/glossary
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2025-06-20T07:26:13Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709481571.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20250620061356-20250620091356-00687.warc.gz
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A couple of my recent projects have been using the Amazon SageMaker BlazingText algorithm for text classification problems and I’d like to dive into what it’s about.
The Amazon SageMaker BlazingText algorithm allows AWS customers to tap into highly-optimized implementations of the Word2vec and text classification algorithms. The Word2vec algorithm is useful for many downstream natural language processing (NLP) tasks, such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, machine translation, etc. Text classification is an important task for applications that perform web searches, information retrieval, ranking, and document classification.
To understand the BlazingText algorithm, we need to understand Word2Vec:
The foundation of NLP (Natural Languages Processing) is the embedding layer. While dealing with textual data, we need to convert it into numbers before feeding it into any machine learning model, including neural networks. For simplicity, words can be compared to categorical variables. We use one-hot encoding to convert categorical features into numbers. To do so, we create dummy features for each of the categories and populate them with 0s and 1s.
Similarly, if we use one-hot encoding on words in textual data, we will have a dummy feature for each word, which means 10,000 features for a vocabulary of 10,000 words. This is not a feasible embedding approach, as it demands large storage space for the word vectors and thus, reduces model efficiency.
The embedding layer allows us to convert each word into a fixed-length vector of defined size. The resultant vector is a dense one with real values instead of just 0’s and 1’s. The fixed length of word vectors helps us to represent words in a more organized manner along with reduced dimensions.
Embedding word2vec was developed in 2013 by Tomas Mikolov at Google as a response to make the neural-network-based training of the embedding more efficient. Since then, it has become the de-facto standard for developing pre-trained word embedding.
In addition, the work involved analysis of the learned vectors and the exploration of vector math on the representations of words. For example, subtracting the “man-ness” from “King” and adding “women-ness” results in the word “Queen“, capturing the analogy “king is to queen as man is to woman“.
Word2Vec comes in two distinct model architectures: Contextual Bag-Of-Words (CBOW) and Skip-Gram. The objective of CBOW is to predict a word given its context, while skip-gram tries to predict the context given a word. In practice, skip-gram gives better performance but is slower.
With the BlazingText algorithm, it is possible to scale to large datasets easily. Similar to Word2vec, it provides the Skip-gram and continuous bag-of-words (CBOW) training architectures. BlazingText’s implementation of the supervised multi-class, multi-label text classification algorithm to use GPU acceleration with custom CUDA kernels. It’s also possible to train a model on billions of words in just a few minutes using a multi-core CPU. Lastly, it achieves performance on par with the state-of-the-art deep learning text classification algorithms.
The SageMaker BlazingText algorithms provide the following features:
- Accelerated training Word2Vec on GPUs using highly optimized CUDA kernels.
- Generated meaningful vectors for out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words by representing their vectors as the sum of the character n-gram (sub-word) vectors.
- Leveraging Shared and Distributed Memory for batch_skipgram mode for the Word2Vec algorithm allows for faster training by using Negative Sample Sharing strategy and distributed computation across multiple CPU nodes.
These features allow the BlazingText algorithm to be efficient, fast and the go-to solution for text classification problems.
So if you have textual data and also want to impose algorithms on it in the cloud, reach out to AllCloud’s Data experts for assistance.
See you in my next article
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An ongoing tradition of honoring Hamilton's military heroes.
By Eve Duggins
It was 1954 when former President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Congressional bill that turned Armistice Day into Veteran’s Day, the holiday that Americans use to celebrate the brave soldiers who have dedicated their lives to serving their country.
Celebrations occur all throughout the country, highlighting the bravery of so many American citizens.
Here in Hamilton, it’s no different. Kathy Wagonfield, the principal of Ridgeway Elementary, makes sure every one of her students knows the importance of the holiday and encourages them to celebrate their local veterans. Every year since the school opened in 2009, Ridgeway students and staff congregate to honor the veterans of their community, both living and deceased. Names of the deceased veterans of Ridgeway families are presented in a video shown in the Veteran’s Day assembly. Veterans in attendance to the assembly are encouraged to stand while their branch of service is being recognized so they too can be appreciated by all those in the crowd.
Students at Ridgeway massively contribute to this celebration, from creating decorations for the assembly to creating artwork, letters, and poetry that are dedicated to the veterans in Hamilton. According to Mrs. Wagonfield, “Our entire school spends weeks prior to this event reading books and studying veterans/patriotism/freedom, etc. All 31 classrooms make decorations that adorn our entire stage/cafeteria area as well as our library.
Additionally students are asked to write (given various topics to choose from) and students from every grade level are chosen to read what they wrote at the ceremony”.
Seeing the dedication everyone at Ridgeway Elementary puts into this celebration of service is incredibly touching. Students and staff alike creating such a respectful environment.
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A few weeks ago we introduced Robert E. Williams and Part 1 of his article in the Journal of Range Management about best grazing management practices. Though “Modern Methods of Getting Uniform Use of Ranges” was written 68 years ago, the principles he includes still hold true today. In fact, much of what he writes could be considered “regenerative.” So, here is an “everything old is new again” look at grazing management, with some comparisons to what we do today. (And for those of you who don’t work on the range, just substitute the word “pasture” and it works for you too! :-))
Livestock Management Practices
Herding of livestock, either on a continual or period basis, is one of the best ways of getting uniform use on ranges. The old saying “the eye of the master fattens the cattle” might be adapted by range men to say “the eye of the rancher improves the range and fattens the livestock”. The successful stockman not only watches his cattle carefully, he also studies forage, soil and moisture conditions carefully and constantly to make necessary changes in management.
The grazing habits of livestock on the range may change from year to year because of rainfall differences, severity of frosts and other reasons. The range rider who has covered the same range for several years is in a position to recognize the reasons for the variations in grazing habits from the normal and can thus move stock as needed or make other necessary changes to get uniform use.
In parts of the South, cattle tend to graze creek and river bottoms in the winter months, browsing the hardwood sprouts and cool season grasses and sedges which grow on these sites. Use of these areas is particularly heavy in severe winters when the bluestem range of the cutover flats and rolling hills has little to offer in the way of green forage. During mild winters, considerable green forage is found in the bluestem range throughout the season, and cattle tend to graze these areas all winter resulting in better natural grazing distribution.
During dry years, marsh ranges in southern Louisiana and Texas are more uniformly grazed because water levels are lower and cattle can cover more ground. During wet years, range riding or herding prevents severe overuse of the higher areas.
The practice of sheep herding in the West, particularly in connection with the one-night bedding system, has resulted in better distribution of grazing and has contributed greatly to range improvement on many areas (Fleming, 1922 ; Pechanec, 1949).
Good initial distribution is important when livestock are placed on the range. If cattle are left in large groups in locations where forage, water and salt are available, the animals tend to remain in those areas until the supply of one or more of these necessities become deficient resulting in heavy use in some areas and little use in others (Fig. 2).
Sixty-eight years later….
While range riders fell out of favor for some time, it’s a practice that is once again encouraged. Bob Budd successfully used range riding to teach cattle to leave riparian areas, allowing them to heal and provide habitat for countless birds. Range riders are also being encouraged as a way of protecting livestock from predators. For those of us not working on the range we tend to use fencing and rotations to solve the problem of animals grazing too long in one place.
The key principle that has not changed is the importance of paying attention to forage, soils and livestock and moving livestock accordingly. It’s an old saw* that continues to be played over and over again. If you don’t monitor, or need some ideas of what and how to monitor, here’s the article for you:
Salting and feeding
Some ranchers prefer to feed or salt livestock near water, corrals or other permanent locations on the range because of the convenience in checking livestock. Many other ranchers realize that it is more important to watch the grass as a means of looking out for the welfare of their stock.
Bentley (1941) showed that when salt was placed away from water on range in the ponderosa-Jeffrey pine type, cattle did not go to water directly after salting but grazed the outlying forage in the salting area.
Use of salt blocks is a practical method of salting to improve grazing distribution. The new blocks are placed in a different location as the old ones are used up. Blocks can be placed on rocks, stumps, or on stakes driven in the ground. Portable salt and mineral boxes are being used by many ranchers. When the troughs need refilling, they are moved to new areas where forage is abundant. Some troughs are made on skids to be moved by truck or tractor; other types may he loaded and hauled to the desired location.
The Southwestern Forest and Range Experiment Station (1952) reports considerable success in improving uniformity of range use with salt-meal mixtures. Supplement was fed at and away from water in one pasture and away from water, only, in a second. Treatments were reversed the second year for comparison. Improvement was made by reducing areas of excessive use and increasing the areas of proper use. Stoddart and Smith (1943) describe the use of salt on the lower ranges only to hold cattle at lower altitudes until higher ranges are ready to graze.
The practice of supplementing dry grass hay by feeding good legume hay in portable feed racks is gaining in popularity in the South. These racks are built on skids and can be moved about, periodically with tractor or truck. This practice has not only contributed to more uniform use of the range, but several ranchmen claim it results in lowering the amount of hay and other feed required to feed cattle satisfactorily.
A very common practice on many ranches is that of carrying hay, cake or cubes onto the range in a truck or pickup, blowing the horn to call the cattle, then feeding them on the spot or leading them to underused areas. The operator is able in this way to control grazing distribution and to check on his cattle with very little trouble. This practice can receive its widest application only on range of gentle topography, but it is very effective once the cattle become accustomed to it.
Sixty-eight years later….
But we have new supplement options and new research demonstrating how they can help us:
Work by Derrick Bailey reinforced the use of using some kind of supplement to move cattle away from water sources so they would more effectively graze uplands. But, instead of salt, Dr. Bailey used protein supplement tubs, something not available back in 1953. His research demonstrated that these tubs were more effective than salt at keeping livestock away from water sources. You can read more about his research and get tips for how to use this technique to keep your animals where you want them.
One last point: If you’re placing your salt or supplement next to your water source, stop! It was a bad practice 68 years ago, and it still is today. It encourages livestock to congregate in one place, hammering the soil and forage and depositing too much manure there instead of spreading it over pastures and the range. It’s bad for water, soil, forage and your bottom line.
Several other livestock management, practices help to improve grazing distribution. Shearing with portable outfits on sheep allotments instead of at commercial or association plants and trucking sheep to and from range units lessen use along driveways and reduce trailing. Better predator control makes it possible to bed out sheep wherever night, overtakes them. Cattle sprayed regularly with fly-repellent, sprays do not concentrate in brush or other protected areas.
Sixty-eight years later….
Predators and flies continue to be a problem. But we’ve learned a bit more about living with both. Here’s how one community has been working on solving predator problems locally:
And here’s a collection of articles on managing flies:
Garlic for Fly Control?
Fly Management to Reduce Pinkeye Problems
Stable Flies Can Be a Problem Even If You Don’t Have Stables
Best of OP – More Ways to Keep Flies Off Your Livestock
Paint Cows Like Zebras to Reduce Flies
Coming up, we’ll look at what Mr. Williams has to say about forage improvement practices and grazing management back then and compare them to what we do today. Stay tuned!
*“Old Saw” – is an old standby phrase (to the point of being a cliche) but still rings true. I have no idea if it has anything to do with playing a saw, but since we’re all about “how-to” here at On Pasture, here’s an instructional video on how to play a saw. Enjoy! 🙂
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birds of mallorca
die vögel von mallorca
The guide "Aves de Mallorca, donde y cuando observarlas" is intended for both uninitiated and experts in the Balearic Ornithology. In its pages the reader will find:
• Rigorous and updated information on each and every one of the bird species observed.
• 200 files with quality photos, detailed presence maps, phenological diagrams, description of plumages and abundance of each species
• Checklist of the 371 species cited in Mallorca in the wild, plus another 9 of dubious origin.
It is, in short, an attractive and informative book, which in turn is also a specialized reference guide and a small distribution atlas of the birds of Mallorca, Cabrera and Dragonera.
«Aus / aves de Mallorca»
Edit: Birding and Nature Majorca, year: 2,018
Texts: Maties Rebassa Maps and phenology: Josep Manchado Design and layout: M. Carmen Orihuela
Photographs: Sebastià Torrens, with the collaboration of Juan Sagardia, Mario Suárez and Maties Rebassa
Languages: Catalan and Spanish
Price: 24 euros
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Having recently produced its first batch of green hydrogen, Kassø took a major step toward e-methanol production, the European Energy reported in its social media. This journey starts with electrolysis, powered by Siemens Energy’s electrolyzers, using energy from company’s solar park to split purified water into hydrogen and oxygen.
Next step is combining the green hydrogen with biogenic CO₂ to produce raw methanol, which it will be refined into pure e-methanol—a green fuel and chemical.
Kassø marks the beginning of a new way for the green transition, producing drops full of renewable energy, which offer the industry a viable path to disentangle themselves from CO₂ emissions or fossil-based raw materials.
Screenshot of European Energy
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When embarking on a gardening venture, understanding the various types of soil you can utilize is crucial for your plants’ health and growth. Among the most widely discussed are topsoil and garden soil. Both play significant roles in gardening, yet they serve very distinct purposes and can immensely affect the outcome of your gardening efforts. This comprehensive article delves into the differences between topsoil and garden soil, ensuring that you have a well-rounded perspective to guide your decisions.
What is Topsoil?
Topsoil is the uppermost layer of soil, typically comprising the top 5 to 10 inches of the earth’s surface. This layer is rich in organic matter, nutrients, and microorganisms that provide essential sustenance for plants. Because of its nutrient-rich composition, topsoil is a popular choice for landscaping, planting grass, and establishing gardens.
The Composition of Topsoil
Topsoil generally consists of a mixture of various components:
- Organic Matter: Decomposed plant and animal matter contributes to the rich dark color of topsoil and provides essential nutrients.
- Minerals: Sand, silt, and clay make up the bulk of topsoil, influencing its texture and drainage capabilities.
The proportion of these elements can vary significantly depending on the geographical area, climate, and surrounding vegetation.
Uses of Topsoil
Topsoil can be used in numerous ways, including:
- **Lawn Installation:** Topsoil provides a solid foundation for grass growth and landscaping.
- **Fuel for Nutrient Depletions:** Topsoil is an effective choice when planting new trees or shrubs in existing soil.
What is Garden Soil?
Garden soil is a specially formulated mixture intended for specific gardening needs. Unlike basic topsoil, garden soil often blends different materials, making it more functional for growing diverse plants. The characteristics of garden soil can vary widely based on its intended purpose—whether for vegetables, flowers, or shrubs.
The Composition of Garden Soil
Garden soils typically feature a blend of:
- Topsoil: The base component that provides nutrients.
- Organic Matter: Such as compost, which improves texture and water retention.
- Inert Materials: Additions like perlite, vermiculite, or peat moss help with aeration and drainage.
- Fertilizers: Slow-release nutrients tailored to specific plant types can also be included.
This carefully managed mixture enhances the soil’s ability to support healthy plant growth.
Uses of Garden Soil
Garden soil is designed for specific applications, such as:
- Container Gardening: Its lightweight structure is excellent for pots and raised beds.
- Seed Starting: It often has a balanced pH, making it ideal for germinating seeds.
Understanding your specific gardening requirements is vital when deciding whether to use garden soil.
Key Differences Between Topsoil and Garden Soil
While both topsoil and garden soil can enrich plant growth, they have distinct differences that set them apart. Here’s a clear breakdown:
Aspect | Topsoil | Garden Soil |
Composition | Primarily made of organic matter, sand, silt, and clay. | A blended mixture including topsoil, organic matter, inert materials, and fertilizers. |
Nutrient Level | Rich in nutrients but may vary widely based on origin. | Typically enriched with additional nutrients, often customized for specific plants. |
Texture | Varies; generally denser and can be clumpier. | Lighter and well-aerated due to added amendments. |
pH Level | Can be acidic or alkaline, depending on location. | Often balanced for optimal plant growth and may come with amendments for specific pH adjustments. |
Applications | Lawns, landscaping, and filling in low spots. | Gardening, container growth, and seed starting. |
When to Use Topsoil
Topsoil is often the go-to choice for gardening scenarios that require a stable base. However, knowing the right conditions for its application is key. Here are situations where topsoil serves best:
New Lawn Installations
If you’re starting a new lawn or adding new turf, fresh topsoil can provide the necessary nutrients for grass seeds to germinate and thrive.
Landscaping and Erosion Control
Topsoil can help level uneven areas and fill in depressions, offering an excellent medium for establishing vegetation that prevents soil erosion.
When to Use Garden Soil
Choosing garden soil is ideal for specific gardening tasks that demand precisely tailored conditions.
Garden soil enriched with compost and fertilizers can improve the yield and health of vegetables, which require specific nutrient profiles.
Potted Plants and Raised Beds
Due to its lightweight and airy structure, garden soil is a perfect mix for container plants and raised beds, facilitating root growth and drainage.
How to Select the Right Soil for Your Garden
Choosing the appropriate soil type depends on various factors, including the types of plants you want to cultivate, the existing soil quality in your garden, and your gardening practices.
Assess Your Garden’s Needs
- Perform a soil test to determine composition, pH, and nutrient level.
- Identify the specific plants you plan to grow and their required soil conditions.
Consider Local Environmental Factors
- Different regions have varying soil types and nutrient availability, which can directly affect your soil choice.
- Climate can impact absorption and water retention, making some soil types preferable over others.
Enhancing Your Soil: Tips and Tricks
Regardless of the soil you choose, enhancing its structure can help improve plant health significantly. Here are some tips for optimizing your soil:
Adding Organic Matter
Incorporating compost into either topsoil or garden soil can enhance its nutrient content and improve moisture retention.
Conduct regular pH and nutrient tests to monitor soil health, allowing for timely adjustments to provide optimal growth conditions.
Final Thoughts: The Soil Choice that Fits Your Needs
In summary, both topsoil and garden soil have unique characteristics and intended uses that can significantly influence your gardening outcomes. Understanding these differences allows you to make informed choices tailored to your specific gardening needs.
Experiment with both soil types and observe how your plants respond—finding the balance that works best for your garden will lead to flourishing, vibrant plant life. Cultivating a successful garden begins with knowing your soil, and with the right information, you can nurture a thriving green space that brings joy and nourishment.
What is topsoil, and what are its main characteristics?
Topsoil is the uppermost layer of soil, typically around 2 to 8 inches thick, and serves as the nutrient-rich layer where most plant roots are concentrated. It is composed of a mix of organic matter, minerals, and microorganisms, making it vital for plant growth. Topsoil can vary in quality depending on the location, historical use, and the surrounding environment, including factors such as climate and vegetation.
Due to its nutrient content and biological activity, topsoil is essential for gardening and landscaping. It often contains decomposed plant material and is teeming with life forms such as earthworms and beneficial microbes that enhance soil structure and fertility. This layer retains moisture well and provides a strong foundation for various types of plants, making it a key component in successful gardening.
What is garden soil, and how does it differ from topsoil?
Garden soil is specifically formulated for growing plants and often includes a blend of topsoil, compost, and additional amendments tailored to meet the needs of plants. Unlike standard topsoil, which can vary in quality, garden soil is enriched with nutrients and organic matter to provide the best growing conditions for flowers, vegetables, and other plants. It may also be amended with substances like peat moss, vermiculite, or perlite to improve drainage and aeration.
The main difference between garden soil and topsoil is that garden soil is designed to optimize plant growth by providing a balanced mix of nutrients, whereas topsoil can be heavier in clay, sand, or silt, leading to inconsistent growing conditions. This makes garden soil a preferable choice for anyone looking to cultivate a thriving garden, as it typically contains the right blend of elements to support healthy plant development.
When should I use topsoil instead of garden soil?
Topsoil is generally best used when you need to fill in areas of your garden, such as raising the grade or leveling uneven surfaces. It can also serve as a base layer when preparing a new garden bed or the ground for laying sod. However, it’s crucial to ensure that the topsoil you select is of high quality and free from contaminants such as chemicals or pathogens, as poor-quality topsoil can hinder plant growth.
In addition, topsoil can be used in conjunction with garden soil for large landscaping projects, where it can provide a cost-effective bulk material that can then be amended with garden soil or compost. This combination helps achieve the desired soil structure and nutrient balance without overspending on pre-mixed garden soil, making it a practical solution for expansive areas.
Can I improve my topsoil for gardening purposes?
Yes, improving your topsoil for gardening purposes is definitely possible and often necessary. One of the most effective ways to enhance topsoil is by adding organic matter such as compost or well-rotted manure. These additions can increase nutrient content, improve soil structure, and boost microbial activity, resulting in an environment that supports healthy plant growth. Regularly incorporating organic materials can facilitate better drainage and aeration, making topsoil more suitable for gardening.
It is also beneficial to conduct a soil test to understand the nutrient levels and pH of your topsoil. Based on the results, you may need to add specific fertilizers or soil amendments, such as lime for acidity or gypsum for improving soil structure. By working on your topsoil through these enhancements, you can create a healthier growing environment that rivals prepared garden soil.
Is it necessary to use garden soil for container gardening?
While it is not strictly necessary to use garden soil for container gardening, using a specialized potting mix or garden soil can significantly enhance your results. Standard garden soil is typically denser than potting mixes, which can lead to poor drainage in containers and create an unfavorable environment for root growth. Potting mixes are specifically designed for containers, incorporating ingredients that promote aeration and moisture retention, essential for container plants.
If you choose to use garden soil in containers, it is advisable to mix it with other materials, such as peat moss, perlite, or vermiculite, to improve drainage and reduce compaction. This combination can help create a more balanced growing medium that supports healthy plant development, ensuring your container garden thrives despite the limitations of restricted root space.
Can I use topsoil for planting vegetables?
Topsoil can be used for planting vegetables, but the quality of the topsoil is crucial to ensure successful growth. High-quality topsoil that is rich in organic matter and nutrients can provide a suitable environment for vegetables. However, if the topsoil is compact, lacking nutrients, or contaminated, it may hinder vegetable growth and yield. Hence, assessing the quality of your topsoil before planting is essential.
To enhance the suitability of topsoil for vegetable planting, consider mixing in compost or well-rotted manure. These amendments can enrich the soil, promote healthy microbial activity, and improve drainage. By preparing your topsoil properly, you can create an adequate growing environment for your vegetable garden that delivers bountiful harvests.
What are the signs that my soil needs improvement?
There are several signs that indicate your soil may need improvement, especially when it comes to growing plants. If you notice poor plant growth, stunted plants, or yellowing leaves, these can signal nutrient deficiencies or poor soil structure. Similarly, if your plants struggle to retain moisture or the soil water drains too quickly, it may indicate a lack of organic matter or heavy compaction.
Additionally, a soil test can help pinpoint specific issues such as pH imbalance or low nutrient levels. If you observe a high presence of weeds or pests, these may also be indicators that your soil health requires attention. By recognizing these signs, you can take proactive steps to amend and improve your soil for better gardening results.
How can I tell if my topsoil is of good quality?
To assess the quality of your topsoil, begin by examining its texture and composition. Good quality topsoil is typically dark brown or black in color, indicating a high organic matter content. When you take a handful of topsoil and squeeze it, it should form a loose ball and crumble easily when pressed, suggesting a balanced texture of sand, silt, and clay. If it feels excessively gritty or sticky, it may not be optimal for planting.
Additionally, conducting a soil test can provide specific insights into nutrient levels, pH, and organic matter percentages in the topsoil. High-quality topsoil will contain essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and have a pH level suitable for plant growth (generally between 6.0 and 7.0). Observing the presence of earthworms, beneficial insects, and healthy microbial life is also a strong indication of good-quality topsoil, as these organisms play a vital role in maintaining soil health.
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Where Stones Sleep and Bones Whisper
Where Stones Sleep and Bones Whisper is an artistic research project that resurfaces the history related to exploitation of Knaben during its occupation during World War II, when production was accelerated due to high demand of the mineral molybdenite. The project invites reflection on reasons for violence on material and living bodies through the forces of power, and to explore the historical impact that will continue to echo into the future, in the landscape and transformation.
Molybdenum was used to alloy steel for its durability and flexibility in weapon technology. Through archival research and fieldwork, the project examines the violence inflicted on the landscape and labour during the occupational period between 1940 and 1945, emphasising the ethical implications of resource exploitation and technological accelerationism.
Through the examination of the transformed state of molybdenite, this project investigates how this material carries emotional and psychological remnants of its violent extraction. It encompasses the experiences of individuals associated with Knaben by intertwining visual narratives through archival materials, photography, micrography, and textual excerpts that incorporate molybdenum sourced from Knaben. The events at Knaben constitute a component of a broader global narrative pertaining to militarisation and industrial expansion, rather than an isolated incident, thereby reflecting on the enduring consequences of natural resource extraction, which affects both the environment and communities.
Where Stones Sleep and Bones Whisper resurfaces lost time and knowledge, reflecting how the remnants of war and industry continue to shape today’s environmental and geopolitical realities. It disrupts the view of archival histories as a linear timeline of truth, interpreting them instead as a vast archive of lived individual experiences.
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Experts revealed that pregnant women who are experiencing acute starvation are at risk of severe vomiting, placenta dysfunctions and respiratory distress, all of which could lead to poor pregnancy outcomes.
Experts in a study published in online journal, ResearchGate, identified foetal growth restrictions, stillbirths, increased newborn foetal morbidity/mortality and predispositions to maternal preeclampsia and gestational diabetes as other complications of acute starvation in pregnancy.
The experts said effects of acute starvation in pregnancy is worse in the third trimester. Speaking on the issue, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Dr. Lateef Akinola, said,
“It is well established that an adequate and balanced diet during pregnancy is essential for the health of mother and baby, both in the womb and when born.
“For instance, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and abnormal reproductive functions in adulthood might be predicated on inadequate nutrition during pregnancy. Acute starvation in pregnancy usually precipitated by severe hyperemesis gravidarum (severe vomiting during pregnancy.”
Dr. Akinola, who is the Medical Director of Medison Specialist Women’s Hospital, Lagos, noted,
“Acute starvation in pregnancy can cause severe metabolic dysfunction, notably, starvation ketoacidosis and infrequently causes severe metabolic acidosis and placental dysfunctions, which can precipitate insulin resistance, gestational diabetes and preeclampsia.
“This in turn increases susceptibility to ketosis [when the body doesn’t have enough carbohydrates to burn for energy. Instead, it burns fat and makes things called ketones, which it can use for fuel], particularly in the third trimester that can be complicated by foetal growth restrictions and stillbirths.”
According to the United Nations Children’s Fund, out of more than 2.5 million babies that are born dead globally each year, more than 400,000 such deaths happen to babies born in Nigeria annually.
UNICEF rates Nigeria one of the five countries in the world with the highest number of under-five deaths.
The reproductive endocrinologist and IVF specialist stresses that early diagnosis and management of this condition is necessary to prevent maternal and foetal complications.
“Symptoms to watch out for include severe vomiting, especially late in pregnancy. Respiratory distress and significant acid-base disturbances can occur. Other notable causes to watch out for aside from hyperemesis [persistent nausea and vomiting during pregnancy] include diabetic ketoacidosis and alcohol induced acidosis.
“Management should be promptly instituted. Hospital admission is necessary where daily monitoring of vital signs and diligent foetal monitoring are essential to prevent maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality.
“Sometimes, early delivery in the presence of an experienced neonatologist is essential to prevent foetal complications, including stillbirth,”
According to the National Bureau of Statistics in its Poverty and Inequality Report 2019, one in 10 or more than 82.9 million Nigerians live in poverty. Also, the World Bank says 96 million Nigerians will be living in poverty by 2022.
Poverty, experts say, is a key hindrance to women’s wellbeing, especially during pregnancy, resulting in malnutrition, anaemia, low birth babies or foetal loss.
Also, a Consultant Gynaecologist and Obstetrician at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Dr. Modupe Adedeji, says the foetus is actually a parasite in the mother.
“The foetal nutrition in utero keeps going on until a certain stage that could now be detrimental when starvation is prolonged for too long.
See Also“This could result in intrauterine growth restrictions and eventually, if not attended to, intrauterine foetal death,”
the gynaecologist said.
Dr. Adedeji said it was important to detect this problem during pregnancy so that appropriate care can be given. She added:
“A growth restricted foetus may be born to need expert care to survive. They come out quite hungry.”
The President, Federation of African Nutrition Societies, Prof. Ngozi Nnam, told PUNCH correspondent that a pregnant woman is supposed to feed well and have adequate diets at all times for optimal development of the foetus.
Highlighting the dangers of poor nutrition in pregnancy, Nnam, who is a professor of Community and Public Health Nutrition at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, warns,
“Poor nutrition will cause inadequate development of the baby because nutrients are required for cells of the foetus to develop properly.
“Nutrients such as iron are very important in the development of the cells. When a pregnant woman stops taking foods rich in iron, she will be deficient in iron and that deficiency will affect the foetus and the cells will not form properly and this will lead to malformation when the baby is born.”
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Always green trees
A fast-growing perennial deciduous shade tree native to Arizona & parts of Southwestern New Mexico. The “velvet” is a gray fuzz that covers the young twigs and leaves. Young trees are pyramidal, but the shape becomes more rounded and open as mature height is reached. Deciduous tree, up to 30 feet tall or more.
The Bonita Ash is gaining popularity for its lush, broad canopy and flashy yellow/orange display of color in autumn. Once established, it is drought tolerant and requires minimal supplemental irrigation to sustain dense, green foliage through the summer months. It is a fast grower and withstands high winds.
Originally cultivated in San Antonio for its smooth, glossy leaflets and increased tolerance to alkalinity. It makes an excellent shade tree for hot summer regions. It matures at about 35 feet with a spreading rounded canopy. It is a heat tolerant shade tree with a yellow fall color. Fan Tex is considered to be fast growing.
This Ash is a fine-textured, deciduous tree which commonly grows to be 40 to 50 feet tall with a 25 foot spread in a landscape, opening into a full, rounded canopy with age. Young trees are somewhat upright or oval. The lustrous, dark green leaflets create a light shade beneath the tree The leaves turn various shades of red to purple before falling in autumn.
This lofty, deciduous conifer grows 50-75 ft. or taller. It is slender and conical in youth, becoming flat-topped in very old age. Sage-green leaves resemble feathers and turn copper-colored before falling. A tapering trunk is slightly buttressed at the swollen base. Knees develop mostly in poorly drained situations. Exfoliating bark is red-brown to silver.
The Chinese pistache tree is a notable ornamental tree, especially during the fall season when the normally dark green foliage changes to a dramatic profusion of orange and red leaves. An excellent shade tree with a broad canopy, Chinese pistache can reach heights of between 30-60 feet.It fulfills a valuable niche for wildlife as birds love the berries.
The cedar elm grows to a height of 50–70' and a spread of 40–60' at maturity. It grows at a medium rate, with height increases of 13–24" per year. The cedar elm has been a favorite street tree for towns in the desert southwest due to its ability to survive in difficult soil types with little care. It is very drought-tolerant but can also grow in ground that is periodically saturated. This tree is considered both a shade tree and an ornamental tree.
Lacebark elm is a medium-sized deciduous tree that typically grows to 30-50 feet. Due to its medium-fast growth rate, hardiness and visual qualities, it is often planted as a landscape tree. Leaves typically turn an dull yellow in fall and sometimes produce more interesting yellows or reddish-purples. This tree has mottled bark and once the tree matures the bark flakes to reveal patches of gray, cream, orange, brown and green.The bark resembles camouflage.
If you are looking for a pine tree that grows fast with a straight trunk and attractive needles, the Loblolly pine may be your tree. It can grow more than 2 feet per year. It can grow to 90 feet but usually remains under 50 feet under landscape conditions. The loblolly is a tall attractive evergreen with yellow to dark-green needles up to 10 inches long. The columnar trunk of the loblolly is also very lovely, covered with reddish-brown plates of bark. Loblolly pine.
A rapidly growing deciduous tree native to central and northeastern Mexico. It has very large, beautiful, maple-shaped bright green leaves, with soft-white, fuzzy undersides. The most stunning quality about this tree is its bark: a living work of art that gets more beautiful and intricate with age. It can get up to 80 feet tall in nature, but in most landscapes will only reach 50 feet, with a canopy of 30 feet wide.
Usually wider than tall, this tree can exceed 100 ft. in height and width. The species name macrocarpa, refers to the golf ball sized acorns of this tree. The leaves of bur oak also are large, so they are easy to rake. Bur oak is drought resistant, long-lived and reasonably fast-growing for an oak. Tolerates limey soils better than other oaks. Resistant to oak wilt and a number of other problems.
The chinquapin oak grows to a height of 40–50' and a spread of 50–60' at maturity. It features a spreading canopy capable of blocking sunlight and adds visual interest and beauty to landscaping. With its strong branches and interesting leaves, the chinquapin oak makes a beautiful statement.The magnificent oak also adds to the ambiance by drawing a variety of wildlife with its acorns.
Leaves expand as a soft pink color, turning a handsome blue–green as they mature lending the plant an intriguing smoky air. The foliage is seldom bothered by insects or disease. Fall color varies from brown to yellow. Growth habit will vary with local environmental conditions, with the ultimate size ranging in most cultivated landscapes from 30' to 35' in height and spread. One of the best attributes of Lacey oak is it's picturesque irregularly rounded crown.
The live oak tree is a southern symbol of strength. The name live oaks came from the fact that they remain green and "alive" throughout the winter when other oak trees are dormant and leafless. Once established a live oak will grow about 2-4 feet overall and 1 inch of caliper per year. It is the broadest spreading of the oaks producing an abundance of shade.
Mexican white oak is a quickly growing tree, which means it can add more than 24 inches to its height in a single growing season. As oaks go, it is medium-size, a class that includes plants from 36 to 72 feet. It is capable of growing to a height of 80 feet and a width of 60 feet when fully mature. Because it is sensitive to its growing environment, Mexican white oak may grow taller and adapt better to warmer climates in addition to keeping its leaves.
Quercus shumardii is a relatively fast-growing and adaptable oak. Shumard's oak is a pyramidal tree, growing 50-90 ft. and becoming more open at maturity. This species is quite drought resistant and also withstands short-term flooding. It is similar to the Texas or Spanish oak, but prefers deeper soils and tends to grow taller and straighter. Provides good fall foliage color. Named for Benjamin Franklin Shumard (1820-69), state geologist of Texas.
Usually a medium-sized tree to 35 feet tall with one or more trunks 10" in diameter, but can reach heights of 70 feet on fertile sites.Texas Red Oak is smaller and more drought tolerant than Shumard Red Oak. The foliage turns bright shades of vivid red and orange in autumn. Be aware that all red oak species are susceptible to oak wilt disease. This species was named for Samuel B. Buckley, (1809–1884) botanist and state geologist of Texas.
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United States of America
United States of America ᏌᏊᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᏰᏟ ʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia Tannapta Nunaat Amiarikami Mílahaŋska Tȟamákȟočhe Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí Gichi-mookomaan-aki | |
Capital | Washington, D.C. |
Largest city | New York City |
Official languages | English |
American Yankee (pejorative) |
Mode of production | Imperialist capitalism |
Government | Federal corporatocratic republic under neo-fascist leadership |
Donald Trump | |
• Speaker of the House |
Mike Johnson |
• President of the Senate |
JD Vance |
History | |
July 4, 1776 | |
• Current constitution |
March 4, 1789 |
• Last state admitted |
August 21, 1959 |
Area | |
• Total |
9,833,520 km² |
Population | |
• 2021 estimate |
The United States of America (USA), often known simply as the United States, is a capitalist and imperialist state located primarily in North America. It is one of the superpowers in the world. The United States came into being during the American Revolution with the ratification of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. It currently boasts the world's largest economy at 15% of the world's GDP (PPP), and it continues to exert tremendous influence in the many imperialist organizations it has created, including NATO, the Organization of American States, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the National Endowment for Democracy, the U.S. Agency for Global Media, and Human Rights Watch. The US has developed an immense and thorough apparatus for maintaining its power and dominance through economic, judicial, political, proxy, and direct warfare, inevitably leading to tremendous atrocities which the state tends to cover up and deny. The current and future situation of United States hegemony has come into question since the dawn of the 21st century due to causes which are still debated.
The American political system is deeply corrupt, but euphemisms like "lobbying", practices like the revolving door, and legal loopholes like "nonprofit" organizations which launder contributions, help to obfuscate its true nature. Because of the entrenchment and hegemony of bourgeois wealth in politics, the government is not broadly representative of its people, and what freedom exists often tends to benefit the property-owning classes rather than to bolster the dwindling personal and civil liberties of ordinary Americans. From its seat in the United Nations, the US has opposed the recognition of the human right to food, paid maternity leave, and affordable/sustainable energy; abstained on the right to clean water and sanitation; declined to recognize the rights of children, Indigenous people, and the disabled; and has repeatedly opposed resolutions to condemn racial discrimination and the glorification of Nazism, often breaking with the position of most of the world. The pervasiveness of anti-communist ideology, close relationship between government officials and corporate leadership, pro-war tendencies, increasing state surveillance and decrease in civil liberties, and the presence of chauvinism, patriarchy, and systemic racism makes the US a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie with traits of fascism.
Many Americans are convinced into the support or otherwise dismissal of their country's inhumanity by concessions and ideology, especially American exceptionalism, concealing the contradictions of capitalism so that the working peoples do not seek to dismantle the status quo. Some Americans believe that the American press is a free one, but American news networks like CNN and Fox News still staunchly support the bourgeoisie and the state despite being privately owned. In spite of the propaganda, Americans generally have a vague understanding that their country is heading in the wrong direction, with over three-quarters reporting dissatisfaction with the current state of their nation.
Despite its overall wealth, very many in the US remain economically immiserated, especially in states like Mississippi, which is poorly developed and has one-fifth of its population living in poverty. Mississippi is also the state with the highest percentage of African-Americans, reflecting the country's immense racial inequality and abiding racial tensions which continue to worsen. The country ranks relatively low in education for its level of wealth, with higher education often burdening students with debt that takes an average of 20 years to pay off, and spends twice the proportion of its GDP on healthcare compared to other developed countries despite providing less coverage. About a quarter of Americans reported putting off treatment for a serious condition in 2019 due to cost, with about a third doing so for any health issue, and 56% of Americans lack even the savings to cover even a $1,000 emergency expense, meaning even an unexpected car repair could send them into debt. The United States also greatly suffers from pollution caused by deregulation (in sectors like animal agriculture) and an absence of nationwide quality standards or relevant funding, leaving half of all US water unsuitable for swimming, fishing, or drinking. US infrastructure is also poor, with many bridges needing repair, millions of people exposed to dangerous levels of lead in water, poor city planning, and aging power grids that buckle under stress. The nation's various crises and issues may even have a hampering effect on the success of its imperialism, seeing as over 70% of young Americans are reportedly ineligible, due to obesity, education problems, or crime and drug records, to join the US military; for selective branches like the Marine Corps the number may be as high as 93%.
Karl Marx considered the American Revolution to be a historically progressive bourgeois revolution which held great importance for the defeat of feudal society and the spread of bourgeois democracy and liberal thought. In comparison to the French Revolution, however, it was rather conservative, and when it came time for the American revolutionaries to support the French movement they had inspired, they vacillated as much as did their British cousins.
Jacksonian Democracy (1828–1854)
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Crisis and civil war (1854–1865)
Slavery first spread to the colonies in the 17th century but only exploded in profitability in the 1790s, when the Industrial Revolution increased British demand for cotton and the labor-saving "cotton gin" revolutionized the production process. To quote Edward E. Baptist's The Half Has Never Been Told:
…Despite something of a northern consensus that slavery was backward and inefficient, and despite the hard times of the previous decade, plenty of southern readers and talkers answered the question of whether or not the South could continue to use slavery as its recipe for modern economic development with a resounding yes.…
By 1860, the eight wealthiest states in the United States, ranked by wealth per white person, were South Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia, Connecticut, Alabama, Florida, and Texas—seven states created by cotton's march west and south, plus one that, as the most industrialized state in the Union, profited disproportionately from the gearing of northern factory equipment to the southwestern whipping-machine.
In the long run, of course, capitalist farming proved to be superior. In fact, among the reasons why slaveowners wanted the "freedom" to extend slavery into new territories and states was to offset soil erosion and to prevent slaves from accumulating in one area, increasing the threat of a serious slave revolt. This conflict would ultimately trigger a crisis in the 1850s.
Marx and Engels themselves discussed the Civil War as it was in progress, making many accurate predictions, including that the war would have to attack slavery as an institution in order to succeed. Marxists have continued to discuss the war to the present day, including historian Herbert Aptheker in a summary of the origins and course of the war. According to Aptheker, war resulted when the emerging industrial bourgeoisie came to see the spread of slavery in the American West as hostile to its own economic interests and lent its support to the Republican Party for its explicit opposition to this expansion. This would also have the benefit of slowly undermining the political power of slaveowners in the Senate and Supreme Court as more free (non-slave) states were added to the Union. The industrial bourgeoisie had no interest in waging war against slavery otherwise and was only forced to do so after the slaveowners, in response to the election of Lincoln, seceded and took up arms instead of accepting a gradual and peaceful demise. The Union government continued to insist until well into the war that its aim was to force the seceding states to accept the results of the election and bring them back into the Union, rather than to abolish slavery itself.
Some sections of the American bourgeoisie, in fact, were able to profit from slavery and supported its preservation.[a] British capitalists, interested in weakening the Union as well as ending the blockade which had induced a "cotton famine" in the textile trade, sympathized with the Confederate cause and attempted to find pretexts to support them, including the so-called Trent Affair, as Marx describes in his correspondence for the New York Tribune. While British workers had cause to sympathize with the anti-slavery Union, being hurt by competition with slave labor and receiving almost none of the gains[clarification needed] , they also, according to Marx, suffered from unemployment on account of the cotton shortage, but continued to show solidarity and to oppose the craven bourgeoisie in its efforts to aid reaction.
Era of labor struggle (1865–1933)
One of the parts of American history least understood by modern Americans is the true scale of the labor struggles that occurred between 1860 and 1950.
Strike of 1877
At least 100 demonstrators were killed nationally during the suppression of the Strike of 1877.
The Haymarket Affair is the origin of the worldwide celebration of Labor Day on May the 1st.
List of violent suppressions
The era of labor struggle was saturated with outbreaks of violence. Some of the most prominent include:
- The Pullman strike, 1874; about 70 killed
- The Molly Maguire hangings, 1877; 10 men executed after mine owner Franklin Gowen framed and personally prosecuted them for sedition
- The Homestead strike, 1892; Andrew Carnegie enlisted the state militia, resulting in deaths on both sides
- The Ludlow Massacre, 1914; 19 killed, mostly women and children
- The Coal Wars, a series of disparate struggles often involving the police
- The Flint sitdown strike, 1936, in which police threatened to use machine guns
New Deal (1933–1947)
The New Deal program of President Franklin D. Roosevelt began a period of concessions and compromise between American labor and capital (roughly patterned after similar concessions won in Europe) with the stated aim of reducing unemployment and poverty. However, liberal historians debate whether the Keynesian New Deal or the state capitalism of the wartime era did more to alleviate the Depression. In any case, Roosevelt was one of the most radical presidents in recent memory, pushing against the bounds of the American political and legal systems in order to enact his reforms. His popularity was overwhelming, creating a coalition which would last decades, and his four-term tenure directly resulted in the modern two-term maximum.
The First Red Scare was an open attack on domestic labor and radical politics, culminating in 1919 with the Palmer Raids and the deportation of hundreds of communists and anarchists.
After World War II, when the wartime pact between labor and capital came to an end, the struggle resumed on a national scale and fiercer than ever. President Truman used federal power to put down an attempted rail strike in 1946, but otherwise attempted to continue the New Deal agenda and push forward labor rights in the face of renewed Republican opposition. Truman was defeated, and the Republicans enacted the repressive Taft-Hartley Act, in legal force to this day.
While Taft-Hartley was an effective legal attack against labor, an attack on the ideological front was needed. The Second Red Scare, later known as the McCarthy Era, was a simultaneous attack against the Soviet Union and against domestic labor, creating an effective weapon against the most radical elements of the labor movement. Liberal unionists like John L. Lewis of the AFL were a crucial piece of the McCarthyist suppression apparatus, banning organizers and reporting them to the HUAC. Actors like John Wayne produced propaganda films about communist influence among the "good" liberal unions, and future presidents Richard Nixon, a red-baiting California politician, and Ronald Reagan, anti-communist snitch while President of SAG, counted among the Inquisitors' ranks.
The rate of profit crashed during the 1960s, producing an acute crisis by the end of the decade. In addition, social contradictions came to the fore, including racial oppression and opposition to the massive Vietnam War effort.
Neoliberal turn (1981–2016)
Jimmy Carter pioneered several elements of the neoliberal push. Paul Volcker was his appointee. However, the election of Ronald Reagan signalled the onset of an openly reactionary push against labor and American Blacks.
Crisis of neoliberalism (2016–present)
In the early 2000s, several signs of instability were present, including the highly contested 2000 election, the 2001 attacks, the Dot-com crash, and the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. This became a crisis in earnest with the 2008 recession, Obama's "Pivot to Asia" policy, and the collapse of the Trans-Pacific Partnership. The details of this crisis are still recent and are therefore debated. In any case, the election of Donald Trump, the deaths of over one million due to COVID, the 2020 George Floyd unrest, and the January 6th Capital riot all indicate a newly sharpened domestic crisis, and internationally the US continues its belligerent policy in Ukraine and the Pacific Ocean. Trust in the political process has eroded, and gun violence, mass shootings, and general crime have all exploded since 2020. This decade has also seen a new resurgence in the far-right, embodied most notably in the MAGA movement.
While the US undoubtedly has the greatest track record of imperialism, it also supported plenty of independence movements for the purpose of replacing colonial influence with a new global free-trade regime which served to benefit the US. This was the case in India, Africa, Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh himself was partnered with early on), and China, where the US pushed for the Open Door policy that would prevent European powers from carving up China and instead establish a policy of free trade.
The US also opposed the 1956 invasion of Egypt by Israel, the United Kingdom, and France in the Suez Crisis, triggered when the Egyptian leadership nationalized the Suez Canal. The canal's previous owners were Europeans who feared it could be closed to block oil shipments from the Persian Gulf to Europe, with Israel also particularly upset with Egypt for blocking the Straits of Tiran. The US sided with Egypt against its own allies and even threatened to refuse a massive loan the British needed for several reasons, for one being that it would destabilize the region and strengthen Soviet-backed liberation movements. There were also protests in oil-rich and strategically important Islamic countries that were feared to come under Soviet influence, with the US also wanting to prop up the anti-Soviet Middle Eastern Defense Organization. The Soviets also threatened to nuke the United Kingdom, France, and Israel if they did not withdraw. Although the three invading powers could have reasonably secured victory in Egypt, pressure from the United States ended up causing their withdrawal, a political defeat for the invaders. Many consider the Suez Crisis to be a final indicator that the British and French had lost their status as world powers and that the United States would be taking over as capitalist hegemon.
The US has around 80% of the world's foreign military bases, with roughly 750 of them in over 80 countries and costing the US over $80 billion a year. Al-Qaeda recruitment correlates with US troop presence in the Middle East, which conveniently gives more of an excuse to conduct aggressive intervention in the region.
The US spends more on its military than the next 9 countries — China, India, the UK, Russia, France, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Japan, and South Korea — combined. In 2021, its expenditure was $801 billion. Its carbon emissions are greater than 140 whole countries, putting it on par with the entire emissions of Portugal or Finland.
By leveraging its general influence and the dependence of international payments systems on its clearing houses, the United States projects inordinately large authority over transfers of funds around the world. Part of this is done through the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), which provides services for transferring payments between banks worldwide. Despite being based in Belgium, its data is intercepted and retained by the NSA and the US government uses it to cut off several countries at odds with US foreign policy, including Iran, North Korea, and Russia, from banking services on the system. Around half of international trade is dollar-denominated, with the bulk of that cleared through US banks — as it is then under US jurisdiction, the government can then monitor, deny, or even seize transfers. In 2012 for example, a Danish businessman bought $20,000 of Cuban cigars from a Hamburg-based distributor, but the transaction, which was routed through the US, was frozen by authorities there on the basis that it violated the American trade embargo against Cuba — though the businessman appealed, he was informed it will not be returned to him.
The United States is ostensibly a democratic republic, although the interest of the people is not represented in spite of this. Wealthy capitalists fund lobbying efforts to get representatives to act as they want, rather than what people need. Other times, consent for predetermined causes is manufactured by manipulating public opinion in favor of it. Thus a more realistic term that describes the US political system is "oligarchy".
Bourgeois domination in election campaigns
The Citizens United Supreme Court case in 2010 allowed for the rise of "super PACs", which unlike regular political action committees can raise unlimited funds for political campaigns as long as they do not coordinate with them. This allowed wealthy individuals to translate much more of their wealth into political power — billionaire contributions rose 40-fold from the decision in 2010 to the 2020 Presidential election. From 2009 to 2020, just 12 people accounted for 7.5% of all federal campaign donations. This trend was aided by another Supreme Court case, McCutcheon v. FEC, which in 2014 decided that an earlier limit on the two-year aggregate campaign contributions of an individual is unconstitutional.
Many people in the US, especially ethnic minorities, the poor, and students, are effectively unable to vote through various methods, including the removal of proximate voting booths. While much of this is carried out by Republicans, the Democratic establishment also benefits through the suppression of more radical voices. In the case of college students, a disproportionate amount of them vote in early-voting periods — the Texas legislature for example, in response outlawed polling places which did not stay open for an entire 12-day period, practically shutting them down. In New Hampshire, where many students come to out of state, a new law was passed which required them to get a New Hampshire driver's license and auto registration in order to vote; which can cost hundreds of dollars annually. Preceding this piece of legislation was the state's Republican House speaker, William O’Brien, promising in 2011 to clamp down on unrestricted voting by students, calling them “kids voting liberal, voting their feelings, with no life experience.” From 2014 to 2018 Florida flat out banned early voting sites at state universities, effectively reinstated in 2019 by a law that requires all early-voting sites to offer “sufficient non-permitted parking” — a difficulty for densely packed campuses. In 2018, North Carolina enacted a voter ID law that recognized student identification as valid, but with requirements so cumbersome that universities were unable to comply — despite a later relaxation of the rules, under half of the state's schools have certified their IDs for voting. In Wisconsin, poll checkers are required to check for signatures only on student IDs, though some schools remove signatures from their IDs as a security measure due to the cards working also as debit cards and dorm room keys. Furthermore, the IDs used for voting expire in two years, whereas most college IDs expire in four, with students further mandated to show proof of enrollment before being allowed to vote. Though these measures were stated to combat fraud, there is no record of intentional student voter fraud in the state. In states like Texas and Tennessee there are laws intended to get high school students to register to vote, although either through a loophole or just refusal, this often does not happen.
Voter roll purges are another abused mechanism that have been used to decrease the share of non-white voter turnout. They have have significantly increased since the 2013 Shelby v. Holder Supreme Court decision which gutted the Voting Rights Act of 1965, effectively allowing states with a long history of discrimination to no longer have to get permission before changing their election processes or policies.
Some states also disenfranchise felons even long after they have served their sentences — in Mississippi for example, 11% of the adult population is prevented from voting due to Jim Crow-era laws that disenfranchise even many people who committed nonviolent crimes.
Yes, we have one party here. But so does America. Except, with typical extravagance, they have two of them!
— Julius Nyerere, anti-colonial leader of Tanzania and its predecessor Tanganyika from 1961–1985
United States elections generally use the first-past-the-post method, where the candidate with the most votes is the winner, rather than for example allocating each party an amount of seats in the legislature proportionate to its votes. This compels smaller parties to append themselves to either of the two major parties that they most agree with. This leads many to feel they are not really represented in government. As George Washington was finishing his second term in 1796, he warned in his Farewell Address about the negative impact that opposing political parties would have on the country — and right with his successor John Adams the two-party system was established.
Wherever they differ, Republicans and Democrats constantly undo or sabotage each other's work, such as by legislating a repeal of previous programs, refusing to fund them, forcing a watered-down compromise, filibustering, or even refusing to enforce and uphold such programs. As the United States is strongly federated, with each of its states having considerable power to decide things on its own, many programs enacted nationally fail to be implemented in parts of the country whose governors and legislature are of the other party. This is as seen with the No Child Left Behind Act, the Affordable Care Act (also known as Obamacare), and response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
In practice and especially on the most meaningful topics the two parties are very similar to each other. While Democrats have a more progressive veneer of the two, they like Republicans are a party oriented towards things like privatization, deregulation, imperialist war, and funding the military-industrial complex, as well as neglecting to substantially address racial inequality or the war on drugs. Examples of the two parties having essentially the same attitudes are plentiful and pervade through history:
- Bailing out large financial institutions in 2008 by mostly injecting capital into them
- In 2021 the Senate proposed a bilateral infrastructure plan that would be funded by privatizing existing infrastructure. Democrats strongly condemned this idea four years prior when Donald Trump proposed it, but then backed it as part of Joe Biden's infrastructure agenda; despite having earlier pointed out the damage the profit motive wreaks on this sector in particular.
- General deregulation for among many others, the banking, rail, energy, and airline sectors — helping create the modern state of financial meltdowns, catastrophic vehicle crashes, power outages, etc. In 1978, Democratic Senator Ted Kennedy, liberal Harvard professor (and later Supreme Court Justice) Stephen Breyer, and President Carter teamed up to begin neoliberal deregulation, creating legislation with both Republican and Democrat support in Congress. This started with the Airline Deregulation Act passed the same year, after which was targeted the transportation system and the telecommunications industry. This ramped up under the Republican Reagan administration and continued beyond.
- Creating a police state
- Backing wars in places like Vietnam, Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Syria, Yemen, and many others
- With near unanimity, constantly restocking Israel's Iron Dome system. This is just a subset of all the bombs both parties gladly send over to Israel, and this itself is separate from the ammunition and other materiel provided with the same kind of enthusiasm, altogether making for several billions of dollars in aid every year.
- Backing a prolonged conflict in Afghanistan
- Stoking fear and aggression over China while also using this issue to increase military spending
- Creating the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, which was a unanimous act of Congress
- Providing constant and intense support for NATO
- Regularly killing civilians with drone strikes with no internal pushback. The practice of drone strikes began under George Bush, ramped up under Obama, and continues more or less enthusiastically by everyone after him.
- Going soft on punishing large, politically well-connected companies that admit to illegal wrongdoing
- Passing trade deals that allow corporations to offshore jobs en masse to exploit cheap labor
- Creating and fiercely supporting the war on drugs, for example through pledging to (and delivering on) expanding the police force and their budget, instituting harsher penalties, and establishing mandatory minimum sentences along with enhancements (additional penalties under certain circumstances). Even foremost Democratic politicians like John Kerry and Kamala Harris flaunt their backgrounds as prosecutors. Both parties have also contributed to the discriminatory nature of the way the war on drugs was framed, where white, middle-class drug users and dealers were seen as victims and poorer, non-white users and dealers were seen as the root of the problem, with penalties for the former correspondingly being minimal while maximal for the latter.
- Rejecting and mocking calls for decisive, large-scale efforts to deal with the climate crisis. Besides outcry from media moguls like Michael Bloomberg and various liberal columnists, among the most outspoken critics are leading Democrats like Nancy Pelosi, Dianne Feinstein, Dick Durbin, and Ernest Moniz, with plenty of them being multimillionaires with investments or job positions in fossil fuel companies.
- Refusing to address the origin of extortionate costs for higher education. The "radicals" among the two parties want to have such debts paid off by the state, which is really a transfer of public funds to loan sharks — and even that is not allowed to pass.
- Moderate Democrats and Republicans, when polled on their stances on various values and opinions, are found to be almost in complete agreement with each other.
- Having close relations with convicted child sex traffickers like Jeffrey Epstein and Ghislane Maxwell. Even former presidents Bill Clinton and Donald Trump have taken many flights with them on their private jet called the "Lolita Express", also being recorded on numerous occasions together.
- Passing a measure to "denounce the horrors of socialism"; approved by a vast majority of the House of Representatives.
While state governors are elected by popular vote, Section 2, Article 1 of the Constitution and the 12th Amendment have the president be elected by electoral votes, a system which essentially gerrymanders the country along state lines. If there are millions of votes cast in a state and a party gets just one more than the others, then it wins the entire state and the votes for the other parties have no impact on the result. One of the most extreme manifestations of such a system was in the 2000 presidential election in Florida, where nearly 6 million people voted and yet just 537 votes (0.009% of the total) resulted in all of the state's electoral votes being given to George Bush, with Florida decisively pushing Bush's electoral count number to 271, just over the 270 needed to win. Thus Bush won the election despite Al Gore having over half a million more actual votes than him nationwide. Similarly, in the 2016 presidential election Donald Trump won 34% more electoral votes than Hillary Clinton, winning the election despite having 4.6% less actual votes (nearly 2.9 million) — interestingly, Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that "the electoral college is a disaster to democracy". Because electoral votes are partially allocated by senator count, which every state has 2 of regardless of population, this leads to a situation where voting power is determined by where one lives. In Wyoming there is one elector for around 200,000 people, whereas in California there is one for roughly every 700,000; thus the voting power of a Wyomingite is around three-and-a-half times greater than that of a Californian. This does not however compel politicians to care more about less populated states, as they are almost all safely Democrat or Republican (as Wyoming is), and thus a small group of swing states end up receiving the bulk of attention. Because of the electoral college, there is predictably lower voter turnout in states that lean considerably to a particular party as people with a minority opinion understand their vote essentially won't count.
This system has its origins in the 18th century slave-owning class of the South which realized that it would lose in direct elections, and so established a compromise where each of their slaves would count for three-fifths of an electoral vote on top of the free population, resulting in a situation where Virginia had 20% more electoral votes than Pennsylvania despite having 10% less free voters, and where slaveholding Virginians held the presidency for 32 of 36 years after the Constitution was ratified.
The bourgeois state has repeatedly demonstrated a propensity for neo-fascism, such as in ignoring neo-fascists breaking the law, permitting Eastern European neo-fascists to visit the country and train other white supremacists, ignoring or obscuring neo-fascism in Europe, permitting neo-fascists to run for senate, deploying neo-fascists in other territories, awarding governmental positions to some neo-fascists, and supporting neo-fascist politicians in countries like Bolivia and Ukraine.
Since the 2008 recession and particularly the turmoil of the 2020s, neo-fascism has rapidly gained influence throughout the United States. The popularity of beliefs and stances previously relegated to fringe alt-right and other neo-fascist groupings grew notably, particularly among the petite bourgeoisie, including the anti-Semitic and white supremacist QAnon, New World Order, and Great Replacement conspiracies. By 2024, leading bourgeois politicians such as Donald Trump were not only propagating these views but openly calling for despotic rule.
Despite ostensibly featuring a 40-hour work week, this remnant of 20th century labor movement victories has degraded. Since 2000 and into successive decades, the average full-time employee in the US has worked 47 hours a week, even in conditions of high unemployment such as the Great Financial Crisis that began in 2007. This trend arises in the wake of neoliberalization in which practices such as mandatory overtime became widespread, with workers also "choosing" to work more as costs of living outpace wage growth.
The United States, despite being among the richest nations ever, is one of the seven countries in the world — the only wealthy one, that does not have mandated paid maternal leave — in contrast to the OECD average which provides 18 weeks. This is despite there being plenty of evidence that parental leave improves the well-being of parents and babies, increases women's participation in the workforce, and reduces gender pay gaps. The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 requires 12 weeks of unpaid leave for parents, conditioned by them working at least 1,250 hours over a minimum of 12 months and if there are at least 50 employees in that company. North Korea, for its part, gives 240 days of unpaid maternity leave — three times that of the USA. Only about half of American mothers take 5 or more weeks off for maternity leave, with a third taking none at all — of women making under $30,000, this rises to 62%. Whereas experts recommend six months to a year of paid maternity leave, the most radical lawmakers are only proposing 12 weeks, and they are having little success. The average amount of paid maternity leave given by companies is 8 weeks, but most do not have access to even this; in March 2021, 23% of workers had access to paid family leave and 89% had access to unpaid family leave. In the US, child care is seen as a mother's work, and despite fathers often being allowed 12 weeks of unpaid leave, 70% of them take 10 days or less — setting an enduring standard in which fathers do not fully participate in family life and which reinforces the division of labor on gendered lines, besides failing to establish a work-life balance for fathers and reifying their value as tied to their job.
The 2020s have seen multiple states seek to weaken child labor laws, with proposed and passed legislation seeking to, for example, lower the working age to 14 or 13, allow employees who are minors to be paid less than minimum wage, extend the working day of minors, limit legal protections for minor workers, and allow minors to work in dangerous environments like meat-packing plants and automobile parts factories. Already this has shown to adversely impact youth workers' school performance, sleep, and other factors of well-being, such as suffering injuries from chemical burns. These developments come as capitalists complain that they don't have the cheap labor pool they desire, especially with the tight labor market squeezing the reserve army of labour. In 2023, partially due to enhanced enforced efforts, there was a 44% increase in illegal child employment, including cases of 10-year-olds operating hot grills, ovens, and deep fryers at McDonald's.
Inequality and poverty
The US has high levels of income and wealth inequality — a few people are multi-billionaires, whereas most are vulnerable to if not currently in destitution. The top 1% has 27% of the country's total wealth, which in 2021 became greater than the sum wealth of the entire middle class, often defined as the middle 60% by income, the position of which is becoming increasingly precarious. Because of bourgeois lobbying, the US tax code contains many loopholes for those of means to exploit in order to legally avoid taxation. This helps lead to a situation where the country's 25 wealthiest people have an effective tax rate of 3.4% despite the average worker paying 24-28% (depending on family status), with one large reason for this being that investments like stocks, which account for more of capitalists' income than that of typical workers', are taxed less than that of workers' paychecks. Paychecks get automatically deducted for Social Security and Medicare and are then subject to federal and then usually state taxes — stocks meanwhile are subject to a 20% capital gains tax if held for over a year. Executives of private equity companies have a loophole that allows them to report fees from managing clients' money as investment income, which is taxed at a lower rate than ordinary income. The wealthy also establish charities that they or their associates control and then donate to them, with that money largely ending up back in their hands. This is typically done by the very wealthiest; the top 25 who are the ones with the 3.4% average tax rate versus the 22% of the top 400.
Wages are not even adjusted for inflation in the US, with 64% of Americans currently living paycheck-to-paycheck.
One in seven children in the US live in food-insecure households. 6.1 million children nationwide directly experience reductions in dietary quality, variety, food intake, and/or suffer disrupted eating patterns.
Medical debt is possibly the leading cause of bankruptcies in the United States, accounting for 40–62.1% of them. Around 41% of American adults, or around 100 million people, have medical debt, with 12% of adults having more than $10,000 of it. 63% of people with current or recent medical debt report cutting spending on basics such as food and clothing to deal with it, while 48% said they used all or most of their savings to pay it off. A quarter of medical debt holders have their bills go past due or are simply unable to pay it off. One of the largest causes of unexpectedly large medical bills is the involvement of out-of-network healthcare providers without the patient knowing about it, then the insurance either not covering the costs fully or at all. The most common types of bills that lead to medical debt are lab fees or diagnostic tests (59%), doctor visits (56%), emergency care (50%), and dental care (49%). Although there was a pricing transparency rule made in 2021 that required hospitals to post the rates they've negotiated with insurers for 300 common medical services, in reality just 14.3% of hospitals fully complied with the law.
The US spends the biggest proportion of its GDP on healthcare than any other country, at about 17%, compared to an average 8.6% in other OECD states, with annual per capita healthcare spending reaching over $11,000 compared to other OECD countries that average half this sum. This however does not translate into better coverage, and actually correlates with the opposite. Because of costs, about 25% of Americans put off treatment for serious conditions, with this figure rising to 33% for treatment of any kind. To deal with healthcare costs, many Americans have resorted to begging from strangers and their social networks, implicitly incentivized to share their most private medical information in order to get more sympathy and interaction. On GoFundMe, one-third of all funds raised are for medical expenses, the largest category in the service, with only 10% of such campaigns succeeding. The National Opinion Research Center has found in 2020 that 8 million Americans have started campaigns for themselves or someone in their household to cover anything from routine medical care to major surgeries. Meanwhile, 62% of bankruptcies in the US are related to medical costs. Many millions of Americans are further either uninsured or have high-deductible plans that leave them insured only nominally, all the while high-premium and high-deductible insurance plans replace the market share of more affordable ones.
In 1984, the USDA laid out five food groups to be consumed in certain proportions, laying the basis for the food pyramid which was published in 1992, revised in 2005, and replaced by MyPlate in 2011, each of which were an attempt to visualize how much of each group people should eat, promoted especially in schools. These schemes were made up by lobbyists who have major influence in what constitutes the USDA's Dietary Guidelines, unfairly vilifying fats while promoting oversized portions of refined carbohydrates and dairy, all the while neglecting the importance of water, all of which drew wide ire from nutritionists and food scientists. Among the companies that have lobbied the USDA include the likes of PepsiCo, Coca-Cola, Monsanto, Nestle, and McDonald's, whose impact on the 2015-2020 USDA Dietary Guidelines for example is evident in the downplaying of important nutritional facts while missing sustainability considerations for how food is farmed and manufactured — despite the USDA's own Advisory Committee recommending it.
Research based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data on dietary health perceptions reveal that 85% of Americans incorrectly evaluate the healthy quality of the foods they eat, with almost all of them overestimating — the people who most accurately assessed their diet were those who said it was "poor", who were right 97% of the time. Americans also have very low "agricultural literacy", with researchers widely remarking that most people in the United States simply lack the schema for how food is produced and processed; that food for them pretty much comes from the store with very little understanding of how it gets there — this results in phenomena such as 7% of American adults believing chocolate milk comes from brown cows, 40% of 4th, 5th, and 6th graders not knowing that hamburgers come from cows, and the most popular answers to one's favorite vegetable being potato chips and french fries. Imaginably, the intense efforts of lobbyists, the general apathy towards education, and the widespread lack of literacy skills even among adults all contribute to the nation's lackluster dietary culture.
Because of factors like the wide influence of the fast food, snack, and other food lobbies in government, advertising, and culture, along with a corresponding lack of regulation, the United States has nearly the most obese population in the world, topped only by minor Pacific island nations. 41.9% of Americans over 20 are obese, and 73.6% of Americans over 20 are at least overweight. This epidemic drives the prevalence of obesity-related conditions such as heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer — among the leading causes of preventable, premature death in the country. In 2019, the estimated medical cost of obesity was nearly $173 billion, with obesity disproportionately affecting racial minorities too: 49.9% of Non-Hispanic Black adults are obese, as are 45.6% of Hispanic adults. From such data it may be inferred just how powerful the influence of capitalists is, and how naturally willing the political leadership is to sacrifice so many resources, the well-being of people and the nation, and racial equality for the sake of big capital.
The United States has an abnormally low life expectancy for its level of wealth — in 2021, this was 76.1 years, just three years above the world average and below Cuba, which had a life expectancy of 79.0 that year. America's life expectancy is among the ranks of countries like Columbia, Poland, and Slovakia, which have between three and twelve times less GDP per capita. Meanwhile, countries with a similar GDP per capita like Denmark and Norway have a life expectancy five to six years longer (with longer healthspans and general quality of life too). America's poor standing is the result of its perennial health problems as well as its particularly lackluster response to the COVID-19 pandemic — on top of obesity, drug, poverty, pollution, and violence epidemics within the context of an expensive, fragmented profit-driven healthcare system, much of the American public refused to take preventative measures due to misinformation and lack of education.
Drug use epidemic
From 1999 to 2022, nearly a million people have died from drug overdoses. Within that period, opioid deaths increased eightfold, and have manifested in three waves — the most recent one which began in 2013 being driven by illicitly manufactured fentanyl. Despite the overwhelming majority of fentanyl traffickers being US citizens, right-wing media in particular scapegoats migrants for the crisis. Amid the rising overdose deaths, less than 1 in 10 people who need addiction care get it. The origin of the opioid epidemic is in the late 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies encouraged healthcare providers to prescribe the drugs at a greater rate, also reassuring the medical community that patients would not become addicted. As it so happened in reality, within two decades around 2 million Americans were addicted and were either misusing their prescriptions or taking non-prescription opioids. Over 70,000 die every year in the US from drug overdose, with around 70% dying from synthetic opioids (other than methadone, a prescription drug). With the quickly rising prevalence of opioids are consequences such as increasing amounts of newborns experiencing withdrawal syndrome due to their mothers' opioid use. Often what happens is a patient gets painkillers, then the insurance runs out but the patient is hooked and needs pain relief, and so ends up becoming an addict who sources their opioids from the street. Indeed, only about 40% of opioid overdose deaths are from prescriptions.
The US ranks relatively low in education despite its level of wealth; around the OECD average and below many poorer countries. To top this off, higher education is very expensive and takes an average of around 20 years to pay off.
Major parts of the US school system are privatized as a result of lobbying efforts. Pearson Education and McGraw-Hill for one sell textbooks at a very high markup, leading to common practices among students such as buying cheaper, secondhand copies instead or pirating. In response to the former, Pearson has made plans to phase out physical textbooks and instead sell them as NFTs, so as to claim a cut from every subsequent resale. Texas Instruments for its part uses its market share within the school system to sell dramatically overpriced calculators, which get bought because they are incorporated into the teaching standards themselves and everybody is used to them. School lunches are privatized too — companies like Tyson Foods, PepsiCo, and Domino's buy influence from school lobbies to get their products in cafeterias, and although the products they sell to schools are supposed to be healthier than their commercial variants, they are still loaded with calories, sodium, and fat, contributing to America's obesity and general health epidemics. This is all against the backdrop of millions of students relying on free or low-cost lunches every day. The low quality of school food is widely noticed by students and is part of the mainstream consciousness about the American school experience, with food often being frozen, soggy, or expired, with much of it being thrown out by students.
According to the U.S. Department of Education, 54% of Americans aged 16–74 — about 130 million people — have literacy skills beneath the 6th-grade level. Despite literacy being absolutely crucial to developed economies, correlated with several important outcomes such as personal income, employment levels, health, and overall economic growth, this rather easily solvable problem remains to be neglected in the country. Using an international assessment method called the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) that classifies literacy up to Level 5, an analysis by the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy has estimated that getting all American adults to at least Level 3 of literary proficiency (the minimum that qualifies for literacy) would generate an additional $2.2 trillion in annual income for the country — about 10% of GDP. Adults under Level 3 are unlikely to correctly evaluate the reliability of texts or draw complex inferences, at most being able to make simple comparisons and inferences at Level 2 or just being able to understand basic written instructions while having difficulty making any kind of textual inferences (Level 1 and below).
In 2021, about three-quarters of Americans identified with a specific religious faith, with 69% of the populace identifying as Christian; this breaking down into 35% Protestant, 22% Catholic, and 12% other or simply "Christian". 2% of Americans are Jewish, with the next largest religions being Islam and Buddhism, each represented by about 1% of the population. 21% reported no religious preference. 49% of Americans say religion is "very important" in their life, with another 27% saying it is "fairly important" and 25% saying it is "not important". This represents a continuing decline in religious adherence, with 90% of adults in 1971 being Christian, 6% believing another religion, and 4% having no religious preference. Furthermore, in 1965 70% of Americans said religion was "very important" whereas this figure decreased to 49% in 2021.
In the US, evangelicalism is a large movement among Protestant Christians who believe in the necessity of spiritual rebirth as well as evangelism, the act of preaching the gospel. In 2012, The Economist estimated "over one-third of Americans, more than 100 million, can be considered evangelical". A 2017 poll by LifeWay Research found that 80 percent of evangelicals believed that the creation of Israel in 1948 was a fulfillment of biblical prophecy that would bring about Christ's return. This generally accords with a 2003 Pew Research Center poll which found more than 6 in 10 evangelicals believed this, compared to around a third of Americans overall. The LifeWay poll also found 45% of evangelicals take the Bible as their biggest influence on their views on Israel, with two-thirds of evangelicals strongly believing that the biblical promise of the Holy Land to Abraham and his descendants was an eternal one from God. More than half of evangelicals further said that they support Israel because they believe it is important for fulfilling end-times prophesy.
US infrastructure is aging, fragile, and rather neglected, facing further pressure from climate change. This manifests in phenomena like increasingly common power outages, among the most damaging examples being the 2021 Texas power crisis, which disabled utilities for over 4.5 million homes and businesses while killing uncertain hundreds. The amount of power service interruption is slowly going up year by year, with privately owned power companies failing for about twice as long as public ones — this worsened through continuing deregulation. What brings even more difficulty is winter energy use growing to new records, which is making utility companies institute rolling blackouts to deal with demand — while also hoping for the mercy of the weather to not break the electric grid altogether. The lack of care to improving the electric grid also bodes poorly for fighting climate change, as that will require the electrification of vehicles, stoves, and home heating. On top of this, over a third of bridges in the US (>220,000) are in need of repair, with over 43,000 being in poor enough condition as to be deemed "structurally deficient".
Due to lobbying from car manufacturers, the US is heavily centered on cars as a means of transport, whereas the country's vast expanses and population centers rather point to rail systems and other forms of public transport as being more appropriate. In population centers where there are many residences and businesses, city planners generally neglect public transport and walkways/bike lines, almost always instead opting to create stroads — high-speed, multi-lane roads as a means of thoroughfare despite being a practical hazard in population centers — especially for walking or cycling, which are thus discouraged and which compels more people to get a car, contributing to issues such as congestion, automobile-related injury, emissions, etc. Bike lanes are also placed dangerously close (immediately next to) car lanes, with bicycles many times banned from sidewalks, further disincentivizing the use of this means of transport. Legislation against high-density housing further makes travel take longer, placing even more pressure on people to get a car.
The American Society of Civil Engineers has given America's water infrastructure a grade of C-. Notably, the system is aging and underfunded, in spite of recent programs and investment plans, with a water main breaking every 2 minutes on average, spilling an estimated 6 billion gallons of treated water a day. The last major infrastructure overhaul was around 1945, with many sewer and water systems being from the 19th century. Thousands of dams and levees are furthermore on the brink of failure. Waste water systems are crumbling, with sewage water and waste sometimes spilling into the streets and people's yards, also spilling into waterways.
Millions of Americans are exposed to high levels of lead in tap water, even in major cities. The Natural Resources Defense Council found in 2020 that 186 million Americans, or 56% of the country, drank water from drinking water systems whose lead levels were detected to have exceeded the 1 part per billion (ppb) limit recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Of this amount, 61 million people were found to be served with drinking water systems exceeding the FDA's limit of 5 ppb set for bottled water, with 7 million people being served by water systems whose lead levels exceeded 15 ppb, a level that is supposed to trigger additional action to reduce lead levels. These estimates are also underreported as an EPA audit found states failed to report 92% of Lead and Copper Rule health violations, which explains why no lead detections were found in the water systems of Puerto Rico — a part of the country particularly neglected in many ways. In spite of standards set for manageability, the EPA and health experts agree that no amount of lead above 0 ppb is safe. Water contamination further takes a regional character, with water in the eastern United States often contaminated by coal ash while water in the western part is often contaminated by nitrates from fertilizers.
- The Geography of Nowhere: The Rise and Decline of America's Man-Made Landscape, James Howard Kunstler: explores the effects of suburban sprawl, urban planning, and automobiles on American society, and what may be done about it
- Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions since World War II, William Blum: history book on covert CIA operations and United States military interventions after World War II and their imperialist nature
- A large collection of Marxist works on US history
- United States imperialism
- Government of the United States
- German Reich (1933–1945)
- List of atrocities committed by the United States
- “Fascism Is at the Door”: Trump Threatens to Deport Pro-Palestinian International Student Protesters (February 4, 2025). Democracy Now!. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
- United States' share of global gross domestic product (GDP) adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) from 2016 to 2026. Statista.
- GENERAL ASSEMBLY ADDRESSES HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATIONS IN FIVE COUNTRIES, AS IT ADOPTS 60 DRAFT TEXTS RECOMMENDED BY ITS THIRD COMMITTEE. United Nations.
- General Assembly Adopts 59 Third Committee Texts on Trafficking in Persons, Equitable Access to COVID-19 Vaccines, as Delegates Spar over Language. United Nations.
- General Assembly Adopts Resolution Recognizing Access to Clean Water, Sanitation as Human Right, by Recorded Vote of 122 in Favour, None against, 41 Abstentions. United Nations.
- U.S. votes against anti-Nazi resolution at U.N.
- Black Panther Party (1970) Capitalism Plus Dope Equals Genocide
- Fred Hampton (1969) It’s a Class Struggle, Godamnit!
- Minju Joson (2016) Final Doom of U.S.
- Gallup: Only 21% of Americans Satisfied With Direction of U.S.. CNSNews.
- Mississippi still nation's most poverty-stricken state. gulflive.com.
- Race Relations. Gallup.
- How Does the U.S. Healthcare System Compare to Other Countries?. Peter G. Peterson Foundation.
- More Americans Delaying Medical Treatment Due to Cost. Gallup.
- 56% of Americans can't cover a $1,000 emergency expense with savings. CNBC.
- About half of US water ‘too polluted’ for swimming, fishing or drinking, report finds. The Hill.
- Obesity and Other Problems Barring Teens from Military Service Need National Attention, Leaders Say. Military.com.
- FACT SHEET. Overseas Base Realignment and Closure Coalition.
- The United States Spends More on Defense than the Next 9 Countries Combined. Peter G. Peterson Foundation.
- One word makes this claim about US military pollution false | Verify. WUSA9.
- NSA Spies on International Payments. Der Spiegel.
- America’s aggressive use of sanctions endangers the dollar’s reign. The Economist.
- US snubs out legal cigar transaction. The Copenhagen Post.
- BILLIONAIRES ARE SPENDING 39 TIMES MORE ON FEDERAL ELECTIONS SINCE CITIZENS UNITED SUPREME COURT DECISION IN 2010. Americans for Tax Fairness.
- ‘Get big money out of politics’: Same 12 ‘mega donors’ discovered to be behind billions in US campaigns. The Independent.
- The Student Vote Is Surging. So Are Efforts to Suppress It.. The New York Times.
- Voter Rolls and Voter Purging: An Explainer. Rock the Vote.
- One in 10 Mississippians are disenfranchised by this Jim Crow-era law. Reckon.
- Winning back America. 1982. Mark J. Green
- Bipartisanship on Jobs Bill: Agreeing to Fail. In These Times.
- Bipartisan Senate Infrastructure Plan Is a Stalking Horse for Privatization. The American Prospect.
- Lessons in bipartisan deregulation from 30,000 feet. The Hill.
- House passes $1 billion for Israel’s Iron Dome system in blowout vote. Defense News.
- Despite concerns, US restocks Israel with ammunition. Yahoo News.
- Bipartisan Fear, Bipartisan Aggression: China and The United States. CounterPunch.org.
- Pelosi and McConnell: Cranking Up Bipartisan Madness for NATO. The Real News Network.
- Our Bipartisan Apathy Toward Civilian Drone Deaths. Mother Jones.
- Going Soft on Corporate Crime a Bipartisan Affair. CounterPunch.org.
- The Bi-Partisan Origins of the Total War on Drugs. CounterPunch.org.
- Impossible Criminals: The Suburban Imperatives of America's War on Drugs. Journal of American History.
- Slandering the Not-So Radical Green New Deal: A Bipartisan Operation. CounterPunch.org.
- Supreme Court Appears Skeptical of Biden’s Student Loan Forgiveness Plan. The New York Times.
- People worry that 'moderate' Democrats like Joe Biden are the same as Republicans. Our study suggests they may be right. The Independent.
- Jeffrey Epstein’s former pilot testifies Bill Clinton, Donald Trump, Prince Andrew flew aboard Epstein’s private plane. CNN.
- Jessica Leigh Collins on 4 November 2019. Twitter.
- House Denounces “Horrors of Socialism” in Bipartisan Resolution. Democracy Now!
- The Troubling Reason the Electoral College Exists. Time.
- David Smith (February 24, 2022). "Belief in QAnon has strengthened in US since Trump was voted out, study finds". The Guardian. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
- Michael C. Bender and Michael Gold (November 14, 2023). "When Trump tells you he's an authoritarian, believe him". Vox. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
- Piazza, J., and Van Doren, N. (2023). It’s About Hate: Approval of Donald Trump, Racism, Xenophobia and Support for Political Violence. American Politics Research, 51(3), 299-314. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X221131561
- The Average American Works 47 Hours Per Week, Gallup Finds. Entrepreneur.
- How does the U.S. compare to other countries on paid parental leave? Americans get 0 weeks. Estonians get more than 80. The Washington Post.
- Average Paid Maternity Leave In The US : US Maternity Leave Statistics. Zippia.
- What data does the BLS publish on family leave?. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
- DOL Policy Brief: Paternity Leave: Why Parental Leave For Fathers Is So Important For Working Families. U.S. Department of Labor.
- Illegal child labor is on the rise in a tight job market. CNN Business.
- Top 1% of U.S. Earners Now Hold More Wealth Than All of the Middle Class. Bloomberg.
- Wealthiest Americans pay just 3.4% of income in taxes, investigation reveals. The Guardian.
- Taxing Wages - The United States. OECD.
- As inflation heats up, 64% of Americans are now living paycheck to paycheck. CNBC.
- Food Insecurity for Households With Children Rose in 2020, Disrupting Decade-long Decline. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- In-Network vs. Out-of-Network Providers. CareFirst.
- 100 million adults have health-care debt — and 12% of them owe $10,000 or more. CNBC.
- GoFundMe medical campaigns reveal a big problem with health care. The Hill.
- Millions of Americans Donate through Crowdfunding Sites to Help Others Pay for Medical Bills. NORC.org.
- The Food Pyramid & How Money Influences USDA Dietary Guidelines. GreenChoice.
- Majority of Americans Think Their Diet Is Healthier Than it Is, Study Finds. Healthline.
- Do Not Underestimate The Ignorance Of The American Eater. Forbes.
- Obesity and Overweight. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- Adult Obesity Facts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- Life expectancy: The US and Cuba in the time of Covid. Resilience.
- U.S. Life Expectancy Is in Decline. Why Aren’t Other Countries Suffering the Same Problem?. Council on Foreign Relations.
- U.S. Life Expectancy Falls Again in ‘Historic’ Setback. The New York Times.
- The Opioid Epidemic Demands Public Health Solutions, Not False Claims About Immigration. Center for American Progress.
- What is the U.S. Opioid Epidemic?. HHS.gov.
- U.S. students’ academic achievement still lags that of their peers in many other countries. Pew Research Center.
- Average Time to Repay Student Loans. Education Data Initiative.
- Low Literacy Levels Among U.S. Adults Could Be Costing The Economy $2.2 Trillion A Year. Forbes.
- How Religious Are Americans?. Gallup.
- Half of evangelicals support Israel because they believe it is important for fulfilling end-times prophecy. The Washington Post.
- U.S. customers experienced an average of nearly six hours of power interruptions in 2018. U.S. Energy Information Administration.
- Intense cold strained, but didn't break, the U.S. electric grid. That was lucky. NPR.
- ASCE's 2021 Infrastructure Report Card. infrastructurereportcard.org.
- Millions Served by Water Systems Detecting Lead. Natural Resources Defense Council.
- See, for instance, Philip S. Foner's Business and Slavery: The New York Merchants & the Irrepressible Conflict.
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How Harry Houdini and Scientific American Fought the Fake Mediums of the 1920s
In DepthThe 1920s are associated with illicit booze and unsustainable stock market returns, but the decade was marked by another craze, as well—a fad for Spiritualism.
As World War I raged, fascination with the idea of life after death grew into a full-on movement. This was not some frowned-upon fringe phenomenon, with such eminent adherents and promoters as scientist Sir Oliver Lodge and author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of the relentlessly rational Sherlock Holmes.
But there were still skeptics. And so the Scientific American decided to tackle the issue, well, scientifically. Publisher Orson Munn and his editors James Malcolm Bird and Austin C. Lescarboura offered $5,000 to any psychic who could produce some sort of physical phenomenon in a setting rigorously controlled by the magazine. Getting the money required convincing several judges, including experienced investigators like Dr. Walter Prince, founder of the Boston Society for Psychical Research, and a famous enemy of fakers—none other than the great Harry Houdini. The story of the contest and Houdini’s very public battles with various Spiritualists are chronicled in David Jaher’s new book, The Witch of Lime Street. The title refers to Boston doctor’s wife and famous medium Mina Crandon, a polished, vivacious woman living in Back Bay, who impressed various seance sitters with her manifestations and gentility alike. (Except, of course, the ever-skeptical Houdini.)
This excerpt from Jaher’s book offers a peek at how the contest proceeded, with the story of a popular medium brought down by somebody else’s teeth.
Within two weeks the Cleveland seeress was forgotten. Now Mrs. Elizabeth Tomson of Chicago, the third aspirant for Munn’s prize, was the psychic in the spotlight, and she an old-time mystifier of the Anna Fay vaudeville variety.
The latest candidate produced from her cabinet myriad snowy white forms, all of which Houdini insisted were phony. Yet even he would admit that in her cunning way she was formidable. In London a decade earlier, the medium had been challenged by a skeptical inventor to manifest from a spirit cabinet in which he would restrain her. Sir Hiram Maxim was famous for inventing the prototype of the machine gun that would send thousands of bullet-riddled young men west. Was that not enough to break hearts, that he also had to deny the spiritist consolation of life after death? His draconian bonds had seemed more appropriate for one of Houdini’s escapes. He put the medium in a black body stocking to inhibit any access to fake ectoplasm. Then his people tied her, sewed her, taped her, chained her, and sat her within the inspected psychic cabinet. It took one hour before Mrs. Tomson cried that she was beaten. She had produced no apparitions and lost the competition. But when Sir Hiram parted the curtains to her booth, he received the fright of his life. Coiled above the medium was a large snake, poised as if to strike him.
Mrs. Tomson produced just the sort of dime-show spookery that attracted medium baiters. When she came to Manhattan in 1920 for a public test séance at the Morasco Theater, it was “all I could do to keep J. F. Rinn from breaking up the performance,” Houdini remembered. Before the days of the Scientific American contest, Joseph Rinn had been more of a nemesis to crooked mediums than the Great Houdini. And that evening the bellicose Rinn had an ugly exchange with the Broadway impresario Raymond Hitchcock, who defended the psychic after she claimed from the stage that Sir Oliver Lodge had endorsed her.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.jezebel.com/how-harry-houdini-and-scientific-american-fought-the-fa-1734078331
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2025-06-21T05:33:52Z
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Language of the heart
Layering of different forms, language, texture, colors, and impressions is a primary theme in these collages. I began to focus on the Language of the Heart and became intrigued by what this language might look like. Of course, the most readily available and medically-based interpretation of the heartbeat is an ECG or Electrocardiogram. But this was a language I found I did not understand very well. I had a difficult time connecting experience and meaning to the different types of ECG rhythms. So, I decided to translate the ECG over to a language of which I have better understanding: color, words, music, and more. The translation was completed in a methodical fashion. In each piece there are small squares of chalk color progressing in shades of black to white. This is the color "alphabet" I designed. I chose shades of whites, grays, and blacks as they provided an orderly continuum and neutral gradation. For the translation I set up the "color alphabet" to coincide with progressive points on the ECG line. White is at the bottom of the scale and indicates valleys or dips in the ECG line. Black is at the top of the scale and indicates peaks in the ECG line. Then I intersected each point on the ECG with the continuum of color on the chalk alphabet. Each color point was then placed on the rectangular form to create a patterned picture or mosaic of the heartbeat. This gave a translation or another language for what the heart is expressing. Other parts of the collage have to do with expressions of the heart. What are the impressions of a specific happenings, traumas, or emotions on the heart beat? We speak of our "broken hearts" when relationships fail. When our eyes fall on something of beauty our heartbeat may speed up. Sudden shock and trauma can bring a heart attack and literally stop the language of our heat. And, we are only beginning to understand the effects of long term stress, rumination, and grief on our bodies and mind. Music, prose, myth, and art are poetry of the heart. How many turn to humming a tune when we are joyful or scribbling out poetic notes when over taken by melancholy? Music has a language similar to our descriptions of heart functions: Beats, rhythm, instrument valves, syncope/syncopation, and more. Spoken languages offer us different sounds and rhythms for what we with to express from our heart. "I love you"" in English as a very different beat than "Ich leibe dich" in German. Every experience or interaction is an imprint upon our bodies, our emotion, and our spirit. What impression does our experience leave on other persons, on ourselves, on the context of our lives? Patricia Maarhuis, 2001 |
Maarhuis, P. (2001, May) Bodies from Clay [Series, mixed media sculptures and collage prints]. In den Alpine: Opening exhibition for the Ansitz Tammerburg galleries. Bergraum Gallery, Ansitz Tammerburg. Lienz, Austria.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.inbricolage.com/cardiogram-translation.html
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2025-06-16T05:39:05Z
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Adjusting to caring for a new baby can be difficult. Babies take up the time you previously spent on other activities, including spending time with the special person in your life. Make a date to spend several hours together without the baby. This is a special way to show you still care about each other.
Having a new baby in the family can be quite an adjustment for siblings as well. Please see Siblings and a New Baby for information on how to ease the transition.
Babies develop at their own rate. It is tempting to compare your baby with others, but each baby is different.
The first muscles babies can control are those in the neck and shoulders. Parents can help their babies develop these muscles by allowing them to spend some time on their tummies while awake. Your baby will begin to raise his or her head and look around. Put your face in front of your baby to give him or her something interesting to see.
Babies this age can see well for about two feet. They enjoy looking at bright, contrasting colors such as black and white. They also love to see faces. Babies' eyes normally cross for short amounts of time, but let your doctor know if one eye always seems to be crossed.
At 1 month of age, babies are beginning to smile and make sounds. Talk to your baby a lot. After speaking, wait a little while to give your baby time to try to copy you. If you make a funny face, your baby may copy that too.
Babies love to be held, and you cannot spoil babies at this age by holding them too much.
Remember, babies cry the most between 6 and 8 weeks of life. See Soothing Your Crying Infant for more information.
Feedings should be enjoyable for you and your baby. It is a time for your baby to enjoy looking at your face, listening to your voice and feeling secure in your arms. Your baby senses your emotions, so take a big breath, relax and enjoy this time together. Talk quietly to your baby or just smile at him or her.
During bottle feedings:
- Don't prop the bottle
- Don't force your baby to eat more than he or she wants
- Don't jiggle the bottle to try to get your baby to eat more
Note: Do not give honey to babies younger than 1 year of age. It can cause a serious infection, called botulism.
Most babies do not need extra feedings of water or juice since both formula and breast milk are 80 percent water. However, if the weather is extremely warm, you may want to offer your baby additional water.
At 6 weeks of age, many babies will have fewer bowel movements than before. Your baby may go three or four days without having a stool. As long as your baby is feeding normally, not throwing up and is behaving normally, you do not need to worry.
If you are breast-feeding and plan to return to work in the next couple of months, this is a good time to start preparing for the transition. Please see Breastfeeding and Returning to Work for tips to get you started.
A few extremely important safety tips:
- Always place your baby on his or her back to sleep.
- Always put your baby securely into a car seat when traveling by car or taxi. Parents, remember that you also need to buckle up and make sure that you never drink alcohol and drive.
- Do not leave your baby alone in a high place, such as a changing table.
- Do not drink hot liquids while holding your baby. He or she may reach out and knock the liquid out of your hand, burning both of you.
- Never shake your baby — it can cause serious injuries.
To keep you and your little one healthy:
- Wash your hands before and after changing diapers.
- Don't allow anyone to smoke inside any part of your home. Secondhand smoke can increase your baby's chance of getting ear infections and asthma as well as dying of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), also called crib death.
- Walking is excellent exercise for new mothers, so take your baby for walks in a carrier or stroller.
- Protect your baby from sun exposure. Since you should not apply sunscreen to babies at this age, you can protect your baby's skin with a hat or blanket .
Your baby's next checkup will be at 2 months of age. At this visit your baby will receive several immunizations: Diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough (DTaP), Hemophilus (HiB), polio (IPV), hepatitus B (Hep B), pneumococcal (Prevnar) and rotavirus. Your baby's doctor should give you information sheets about these vaccinations. Good information about vaccines is available on the American Academy of Pediatrics website and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Vaccine Education Center.
Used by permission of Jane E. Anderson, M.D.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/education/your-baby-at-1-month
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2025-06-16T00:31:56Z
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The Atlantic-Gaspesie caribou ( Rangifer tarandus caribou) is an endangered, isolated population that has been declining for decades in response to intensive logging. Timber harvesting has led to a significant increase in moose (Alces americanus) densities and has triggered numerical and functional predator responses. Moose are now frequently observed at higher altitudes in preferential caribou habitat. Despite extensive range overlap between these two species across Canada, few studies have precisely assessed the potential role of exploitative competition. We assessed the potential overlap between their diets during summer, a key period for energy and nutrient acquisition in cervids. We collected faeces from both species along an altitudinal gradient (200 me1250 m asl) and used plant chloroplast barcoding sequence trnL to reconstruct diet at the species level. Plant species composition differed between caribou and moose samples, with cervid species explaining 40% of the variation in dissimilarity. We noted slight variations in dissimilarity between species between months and along an altitudinal gradient. Some species that are almost exclusively eaten by moose (speckled alder, wild redcurrant) or by caribou (common juniper, common horsetail) contributed the most to the dissimilarity between diets. The potential for food competition appears relatively low, even at increased moose densities, possibly as a result of past competition. This separation in food niche could also be explained by an imperfect segregation of species since the proportion of time spent in different strata of altitude is unequal. High moose densities thus appear to be more harmful to caribou due to shared predators, but a low level of competition for a few food items could contribute to the decline of this endangered population if some caribou are nutritionally stressed.
Data and Knowledge Needs for Improving Science and Policy for Peatlands in Canada in a Changing World: Insights from Global Peatlands Initiative Workshop, June 2023
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<urn:uuid:7e670169-d25a-4b9c-93ec-74a5995cb3ef>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.cclmportal.ca/resource/meeting-caribou-alpine-do-moose-compete-caribou-food
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2025-06-21T02:29:46Z
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en
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My 6th graders are about to embark on a journey for the next few weeks. While it may seem like an exaggeration, I tell them that “research is one of the hardest things you’ll ever do.” Even as an adult, I find this statement is only a slight exaggeration. They will be completing their first research project with me and I am really excited about it.
Research is one of the hardest skills to teach, and, in the past, my efforts have had limited success. This year, I have rethought my approach and have broken the process down into (hopefully) easily digestible steps.
I asked them how many of them had done a research project before, and fewer than half raised their hands. I was expecting this, mostly because of the school’s lack of resources for facilitating research (no library and no functional computer lab before this year). I told them that we would be taking it step by step to make the process easier for them.
My students will be creating Google sites about their topic that they chose, so I explained how important it is to make sure that their website is factual and contains accurate information.
After we used Schoology to post our research questions and topics, installed our Diigo toolbars and learned how to bookmark sites, we spent a class period learning how to evaluate sites. I provided them with four sites and gave them a chance to review the sites for about 5 minutes, deciding which ones were real and which ones were fake. This is the page for the activity.
After they had a chance to view the sites, we grouped together and, using the criteria, explored whether each site was real or fake.
- is it a blog?
- can anyone post here?
- is it an educational or government site?
- who is the author?
- can I find this information anywhere else on the web?
Sometimes, we made it through all of the criteria, but when we searched the web, we found that the site was fake or the information was false. Students suggested that we “Google” to see if we could find more information about the topic. Each time I pulled up one of the sites, they easily moved through the steps, scrolling down to find the author and, in the case of the Tree Octopus, we discussed ‘gut’ feelings and that they can be a valid reason to mistrust a site.
Using the criteria list, my students created an acronym to help them remember the criteria for evaluating sites. They came up with one that, to an outsider, might not make a lot of sense, but I know will be helpful to them. The beauty of it is that it was created by them, for them.
Who is the author?
Information somewhere else?
I am excited by their engagement in the lesson and I believe that this activity, and my deliberate attempt to move slowly through the research project will ensure successful websites and a successful research process.
I will keep you posted…..
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.marybethhertz.me/2011/01/13/research-one-of-the-hardest-things-youll-ever-do/
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2025-06-24T09:59:41Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779183.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624091149-20250624121149-00051.warc.gz
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en
| 0.978921
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Table of Content
- 1 Why Do Border Collies Have Cat Feet?
- 1.1 Comparing Paw Types: How ‘Cat Feet’ Stack Up
- 1.2 Why Paw Shape Matters for Your Dog’s Health and Performance?
- 1.3 The Role of Genetics in Paw Structure and Performance
- 1.4 How Climate and Environment Affect Border Collie Paws
- 1.5 Paw Care Tips for Border Collie Owners
- 1.6 Do Border Collies Have Webbed Feet?
- 2 Conclusion
If you love dogs, you might be curious about the saying, “Do Border Collies have cat feet?” These smart and energetic dogs are famous for their unique paw shape, which plays a vital role in making them exceptional herders and athletes. In this article, we’ll explore what this phrase means, how this unique paw shape benefits Border Collies, and why it’s essential for their health and performance.
What Does It Mean When We Ask, “Do Border Collies Have Cat Feet?”
The term “cat feet” describes a specific paw shape found in some dog breeds, including Border Collies. These paws are compact, rounded, and have tightly arched toes, similar to a cat’s paw. Here’s a simple comparison of different types of dog paws:
Paw Type | Description | Best For |
Cat Feet | Small, round, with arched toes | Balance, agility, and endurance |
Hare Feet | Long, narrow toes | Sprinting and speed, like Greyhounds |
Webbed Feet | Toes with some webbing between them | Swimming and water activities, like Retrievers |
Each paw type serves a different purpose. For Border Collies, having cat feet helps them remain quick and stable, making it perfect for their active lifestyle.
Why Do Border Collies Have Cat Feet?
Border Collies were bred to herd animals, and their cat feet are crucial for this job. Here’s how:
1. Enhanced Balance and Agility
When we ask, “Do Border Collies have cat feet?” the answer is yes, and this paw shape gives them better balance. Their compact paws allow them to grip various surfaces, enabling quick turns and sudden movements while herding livestock. This feature is also beneficial in agility competitions, where speed and control are essential.
2. Endurance for Long Working Hours
Border Collies can work for hours without getting tired, thanks to their cat feet. The round shape of their paws helps distribute impact when they run, protecting their joints and reducing the risk of injuries. This endurance is vital for a breed that is always on the move.
3. Versatility Across Different Terrains
Whether running on grass, muddy fields, or rocky paths, Border Collies have cat feet that help them adapt to various surfaces. This adaptability is crucial for herding dogs, who often traverse different terrains.
Comparing Paw Types: How ‘Cat Feet’ Stack Up
Understanding how Border Collies have cat feet compared to other paw types can highlight why this shape is beneficial.
- Hare Feet: Found in fast breeds like Greyhounds, these paws are built for speed but may lack balance for quick turns.
- Webbed Feet: Excellent for swimming, these paws provide a larger surface area for paddling but don’t offer the agility needed for herding.
This comparison emphasizes why the cat foot structure is perfectly suited for Border Collies, enhancing their stability and agility in herding and other physical activities.
Why Paw Shape Matters for Your Dog’s Health and Performance?
The shape of your dog’s paws can greatly affect their overall health and performance. For active breeds like Border Collies, having cat feet reduces the risk of injuries, especially since these dogs are always on the go.
Performance in Agility Competitions
According to research conducted by the American Kennel Club (AKC), Border Collies consistently excel in agility competitions. The compact, round nature of their paws enables faster reaction times and improved grip on varied surfaces, enhancing their overall performance.
Maintaining the structural health of cat feet is essential in active breeds to prevent injury. Regular paw care, including trimming nails and inspecting for injuries, helps keep Border Collies in top physical condition. Border Collies with strong, healthy paws are less likely to experience joint and ligament issues, extending their active years and improving quality of life.
The Role of Genetics in Paw Structure and Performance
The unique paw shape seen in Border Collies is a result of selective breeding, focusing on traits advantageous for herding and agility. Over generations, breeders have selected for compact paws and ideal joint structure, which have contributed to the breed’s reputation for stability, endurance, and precision in herding activities.
Genetic Factors Affecting Paw Health
Breeds with specialized paw structures, like Border Collies, may inherit a predisposition for certain joint or ligament conditions due to their unique paw shape. Selecting parent dogs with optimal paw health, free from conditions like hip dysplasia, can contribute to healthier paws in future generations.
How Climate and Environment Affect Border Collie Paws
Environmental factors like climate also impact paw health. Here’s a breakdown of how different climates can affect Border Collies’ paws and the steps you can take to protect them:
- Risks: Hot pavement can burn paw pads, and dehydration can lead to cracked pads.
- Solutions: Schedule walks early in the morning or later in the evening and provide ample water to prevent dehydration.
- Risks: Ice and snow may dry out or crack paws, while salt used to melt ice can cause irritation.
- Solutions: Use dog booties or paw wax for insulation, and rinse paws after walking on salted surfaces.
By adjusting paw care practices to climate conditions, you can help maintain paw health for your Border Collie year-round.
Paw Care Tips for Border Collie Owners
To keep your Border Collie’s paws in great shape, follow these easy tips:
- Regular Nail Trimming: Trim nails regularly to prevent discomfort and overgrowth.
- Check for Debris: After walks, look for rocks, thorns, or dirt stuck between their toes.
- Moisturize Paw Pads: Use pet-safe paw balm to keep their pads soft and healthy.
- Seasonal Considerations: In hot weather, avoid walking on scorching pavement, and in winter, rinse paws after walks to remove ice melt.
Do Border Collies Have Webbed Feet?
No, Border Collies do not have webbed feet. Their unique “cat feet” help them excel on land, where agility and balance are crucial.
Border Collies are not only intelligent and energetic; their distinctive cat feet play a crucial role in their performance, endurance, and overall health. By understanding the unique features of Border Collie paws and implementing regular care routines, owners can support their dogs in reaching their full potential, both in competition and daily activities.
Through careful breeding, genetic consideration, and regular paw maintenance, you can ensure your Border Collie thrives. With this comprehensive understanding of their paw structure, you’re better equipped to meet your dog’s physical needs and maintain their health and vitality for years to come.
I am a dog lover and a veteran pet writer who writes about the intricacies of dog behavior, health, and dog training. My articles are dedicated to improving the bond between dogs and their owners by sharing practical tips and touching tales. Come join me as I explore the world of dogs and their behavior and needs.
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<urn:uuid:47866ce2-89d5-48e8-a5fd-d387324f5cd2>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://dogbreedhub.com/do-border-collies-have-cat-feet/
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2025-06-17T20:33:27Z
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Early morning shafts of light through deciduous forest, Bandhavgarh National Park, India
© plainpicture/NPL/Nick Garbut
In the spotlight. Bandhavgarh National Park, India
This forest with a sunlit spotlight is located in the Umaria district of Madhya Pradesh, India, in Bandhavgarh National Park. The park is well-known for having a large biodiversity, with a large population of Bengal tigers, as well as other animals like leopards, deer and other bird species. In fact, it has one of the highest densities of tigers known in the world. The Vindhya Mountain range encircles the park, which has a surface area of about 105 square kilometers. Bandhavgarh has a long history, with indications of human habitation going back to the Paleolithic era. It is now a well-liked vacation spot for those who enjoy the outdoors and wildlife.
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<urn:uuid:58ad0cdb-4348-42af-b11a-835fb508bc48>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://peapix.com/bing/42693
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2025-06-20T00:34:02Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709481557.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20250620000002-20250620030002-00564.warc.gz
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en
| 0.963907
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Tips to Avoid Asthma Attacks Amid Cold Wave: Wintertime’s cold, dry air can aggravate asthmatics’ airways and make breathing more difficult for them. Here are some tips for handling wintertime asthma symptoms.
Asthma sufferers may find it difficult to breathe both inside and outside during the winter. As the temperature decreases, the dry, chilly winter air can irritate respiratory tracts and frequently provoke asthma attacks. Staying indoors doesn’t help either because cockroach droppings, dust mites, pet dander, mold, and dust can all cause an asthma attack. To make matters worse, because individuals spend more time at home during this season, respiratory illnesses spread more quickly. Those who have asthma may find this to be highly bothersome.
However, one can prevent attacks and maintain their health throughout the season by managing their asthma symptoms appropriately. It can be helpful to carry your inhalers or medication with you, stay indoors when there is pollution, use humidifiers, get immunized, limit your intake of tea and coffee, and keep your home dust-free.
Respiratory Issues Spread Faster During Winters
“Viral circulation is particularly high in cold conditions. For instance, many people are testing positive for many strains of the influenza that is currently circulating. Thus, influenza can also strike persons with underlying asthma. In addition, the asthmatic experiences numerous difficulties due to the elevated levels of ambient air pollution. According to Dr. Sheetu Singh – The best Pulmonologist in Rajasthan “So, the combination of cold air, viruses, and pollution is creating a lot of trouble for these patients.” She gave advice for those with asthma during a cold wave.
How to Manage Asthma during Winters?
During a cold wave, Dr. Sheetu Singh offers the following advice to assist manage symptoms of asthma:
- Make sure your asthma medicine is up to date and carry it with you at all times.
- To shield yourself from the chilly air, wear warm clothing and a scarf over your mouth and nose.
- Steer clear of the outdoors during periods of extreme cold or significant air pollution.
- Maintain a humidity level in your house over 40% to avoid asthma symptoms being exacerbated by dry air.
- To assist clear your airways, take a warm shower or use a humidifier.
- Get medical help right away if you suffer from asthma symptoms including wheezing, coughing, or shortness of breath.
- Steer clear of respiratory infections by constantly washing your hands and avoiding close contact with ill people.
- Carry an asthma action plan with you, and if your symptoms get worse, stick to it.
- Immunizations against influenza and a booster dose of Covid are required.
- When in crowded or enclosed spaces, use a mask.
Keep Your Body Hydrated and Use Air Purifier
“You need to vaccinate your family against the flu as soon as winter hits, including yourself. Everyone should get the vaccine because it is readily available commercially and is inexpensive. Use a N95 mask when you venture outside, please. Regretfully, using an air purifier at home is a smart idea because of how bad the air quality is. Consequently, NCR air purifiers are now regrettably a need for residents of Delhi rather than a luxury. Don’t forget to stay hydrated. Another reason why our cough grows worse in the winter is because we don’t drink enough water. Thus, make sure you drink plenty of water. To stay hydrated, you can drink lots of water, green tea, tea, coffee, and soups. Please use your inhalers as instructed; do not avoid them if you have asthma and have been taking medicine or if you have been prescribed medication and inhalers. If you have asthma, keep using your inhalers during the winter months, advises Dr. Sheetu Singh.
Being prepared is crucial for managing your asthma during the winter months. Make an asthma plan for the winter in collaboration with your provider.
In addition to following your winter asthma plan, it’s a good idea to schedule routine checks. This gives your doctor the opportunity to monitor you closely, ensure that your medicine is working, and ensure that your asthma is under control for the upcoming winter.
To learn more about how to effectively treat asthma in the winter, give us a call to schedule a Consultation with Dr. Sheetu Singh or make an online reservation right now.
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<urn:uuid:72972421-76ca-4ecb-a69c-f3a8a1a09fb7>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.drsheetusingh.com/blog/tips-to-avoid-asthma-attacks-amid-cold-wave/
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2025-06-21T02:13:22Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709481636.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20250621004221-20250621034221-00538.warc.gz
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Have you ever encountered someone with bad breath? The discomfort and the quick step back to keep a safe distance are reactions we can all relate to. Fresh breath is not just about social interactions; it also reflects the care and attention we give to our oral hygiene.
As a child, I vividly remember my grandmother emphasizing the importance of oral hygiene. She would often remind me to brush my teeth after every meal and floss before bed. This early influence laid the foundation for my own commitment to maintaining fresh breath and good oral health.
Traditional Values and Oral Care
In many cultures, oral care is deeply ingrained in traditional values. For example, in certain Asian cultures, the offering of mints or gum after a meal is a sign of respect and consideration for others. This simple gesture reflects the cultural importance placed on maintaining fresh breath and oral hygiene.
The Confidence Boost
How does it feel when you have fresh breath? The confidence that comes with knowing your breath is fresh can make a significant impact on your social interactions and self-esteem. Whether it’s a job interview, a first date, or a casual conversation with a friend, fresh breath can give you the confidence to engage fully.
Healthy Habits and Longevity
Did you know that good oral hygiene can contribute to your overall health and longevity? Research has shown that poor oral health can lead to various health issues, including heart disease and diabetes. By maintaining fresh breath and oral hygiene, you are not only ensuring pleasant interactions but also contributing to your overall well-being.
Reflecting on cultural impressions, I am reminded of the vibrant Indian tradition of oil pulling—a practice that involves swishing oil in the mouth to improve oral hygiene. The deep-rooted belief in the benefits of this practice reflects the cultural reverence for oral health and fresh breath.
In conclusion, the power of fresh breath goes far beyond simple social interactions. It reflects our commitment to self-care, our respect for others, and our cultural values. By maintaining good oral hygiene, we not only ensure fresh breath but also contribute to our overall well-being. So, the next time you reach for your toothbrush or pack a mint, remember the far-reaching impact of fresh breath. Looking to dive deeper into the subject matter? Explore this external source we’ve arranged for you, containing additional and relevant information to expand your understanding of the topic. zyn pouches 9mg, keep learning!
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India is a rapidly developing country and is set to be a major economic superpower by 2050. As the population of India grows, the country is facing a number of challenges. One of the most pressing issues is the ageing population. According to PRB’s latest analysis, between today and 2050, India’s population aged 65 and older will grow by 14.4 crore. By the mid-2050s, India will have more people aged 65 and older than under age 15. India is set to be a country for old people.
This shift in demographics will have a profound impact on the country. The government will need to make sure that the elderly population is provided with adequate healthcare, housing, and other social services. In addition, the government will need to ensure that the elderly population is financially secure. This will require increased spending on pensions and other social security programs.
In order to meet the needs of the elderly population, the government will need to invest in infrastructure. This includes building more hospitals, nursing homes, and other facilities to provide care for the elderly. The government will also need to invest in education and training programs to ensure that the elderly population is able to remain active and engaged in society.
In addition to the elderly population, India will also need to focus on the younger generations. India will need to invest in education and training programs to ensure that the younger generations are equipped with the skills and knowledge necessary to succeed in the future. This will require increased spending on education and training programs.
India will also need to invest in technology in order to remain competitive in the global economy. This includes investing in research and development, as well as in infrastructure. India will need to invest in renewable energy sources in order to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels. This will help to reduce India’s carbon footprint and help to protect the environment.
Finally, India will need to invest in its economy in order to ensure that it remains competitive in the global market. This includes investing in manufacturing, agriculture, and other industries. This will help to create jobs and boost the economy.
India is set to be a major economic superpower by 2050. In order to achieve this, the government will need to invest in its population, infrastructure, education, and technology. This will ensure that India remains competitive in the global market and is able to provide a secure and prosperous future for its citizens.
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The rise of digital currencies, particularly Bitcoin (btc), has been a significant development in the world of finance. However, its association with the dark web has raised concerns and questions about its role in facilitating illicit activities. This article delves into the connection between BTC and the dark web, exploring the nature of this relationship and its implications on the cryptocurrency’s reputation and future.
The Nature of Bitcoin Bitcoin, as a decentralized digital currency, operates on a peer-to-peer network known as blockchain. It was created in 2009 by an unknown person or group under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto. The primary appeal of BTC lies in its ability to provide a secure and anonymous method of transferring funds across borders without the need for intermediaries like banks. This feature has attracted not only legitimate users but also those engaged in illegal activities.
The Dark Web: A Haven for Anonymity The dark web is a part of the internet that is not indexed by traditional search engines and requires specific software, like Tor, to access. It is known for its high level of anonymity, which allows users to browse and engage in transactions without revealing their identities. This anonymity has made the dark web a popular platform for those seeking to conduct illicit activities, including the sale of illegal drugs, weapons, and stolen data.
BTC and the Dark Web: A Dangerous Liaison The connection between BTC and the dark web is primarily due to the cryptocurrency’s inherent anonymity and the dark web’s demand for untraceable transactions. Bitcoin transactions are pseudonymous, meaning that while the transactions are recorded on a public ledger, the identities of the parties involved are not directly linked to the addresses used in the transactions. This has made BTC a preferred method of payment on the dark web, where buyers and sellers seek to avoid detection by law enforcement.
The Silk Road and the Rise of BTC in Illicit Markets One of the most infamous examples of BTC’s use on the dark web is the Silk Road, an online black market that operated from 2011 to 2013. The Silk Road allowed users to buy and sell illegal goods and services using BTC. The marketplace’s popularity contributed significantly to the early adoption and value of Bitcoin, as it provided a real-world use case for the cryptocurrency. However, the Silk Road’s eventual shutdown by the FBI in 2013 and the arrest of its founder, Ross Ulbricht, highlighted the risks and legal consequences associated with using BTC for illegal activities.
Money Laundering and BTC Another concern related to the connection between BTC and the dark web is money laundering. Criminals can use BTC to launder money by converting illicit funds into cryptocurrency, which can then be used to purchase goods or services on the dark web without raising suspicion. This process can be repeated, making it difficult for authorities to trace the original source of the funds. The pseudonymous nature of BTC transactions makes it an attractive tool for money launderers looking to hide the proceeds of their crimes.
The Role of Tumblers and Mixers To further obfuscate the trail of funds, criminals on the dark web often use services known as ‘tumblers’ or ‘mixers.’ These services mix large numbers of BTC transactions together, making it nearly impossible to trace the origin of the funds. While tumblers and mixers can be used for legitimate purposes, such as protecting privacy, they are also a tool that can be exploited by those engaged in illegal activities to launder money and evade detection.
Regulatory Efforts to Combat Illicit BTC Use In response to the growing concern over the use of BTC in illegal activities, regulatory bodies worldwide have been working to implement measures to combat this issue. These efforts include Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) regulations, which require cryptocurrency exchanges and other financial institutions to verify the identity of their customers and report suspicious transactions. While these measures have had some success, the anonymous nature of BTC transactions on the dark web continues to pose a challenge for regulators.
The Future of BTC and the Dark Web As technology advances and regulatory efforts intensify, the future of BTC’s association with the dark web remains uncertain. On one hand, the cryptocurrency’s inherent properties make it attractive for illicit activities. On the other hand, increased scrutiny and technological solutions aimed at enhancing transparency could potentially reduce its use in such contexts. The balance between privacy and security will continue to be a critical factor in shaping the relationship between BTC and the dark web.
In conclusion, the connection between BTC and the dark web is a complex issue that involves questions of privacy, security, and legality. As the cryptocurrency market continues to evolve, understanding and addressing this relationship will be crucial in determining the future trajectory of BTC and its role in the global financial system.
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InTrans / Apr 28, 2017
Go! Magazine releases May issue on the topic of green infrastructure
Go! Magazine (http://www.go-explore-trans.org/) is a free, not-for-profit, online magazine that produces articles about the unique, interesting, crazy, awesome, and expanding world of transportation.
Each month, Go! produces a three-part article series with either an interview with a transportation expert, a book or movie review, a blog entry from one of our staff writers, or information about transportation careers. The best part? Our articles are interesting for readers of all ages.
For May, we produced a Go! Green article series about two specific types of green infrastructure: the PlasticRoad and 3D constructed bridges. We also looked at how you can put your best “green” foot forward on your daily commute.
Green infrastructure: The PlasticRoad
As technology continues to advance around us, maybe it’s time we start asking for more functionality from our infrastructure. For example, a Dutch company is working on the next generation of roadway: the PlasticRoad, which they call “the ideal sustainable alternative to conventional road structures.” The PlasticRoad is sustainable because it’s “circular.” Being made of nearly 100 percent recycled plastic, maybe it truly is “green.”
Green infrastructure: 3D constructed bridges
3D printing was once considered a technology of the future, but today, the possibilities are very much real. MX3D, a company pioneering robotic 3D print technology, is taking on a bridge project, which their experts say could “revolutionize” the way bridge and other construction projects are completed in the future. Have you heard of multi-axis print technology? What about industrial robots? Learn about what how MX3D is building a “greener” tomorrow.
Green infrastructure: One ‘step’ at a time
Are you ready to clean up your transportation routine? Although green infrastructure will help lessen our carbon footprint, there are some things we can do now to take a green step forward. Statistically, we looked closely at how much you could save by commuting, investing in a bike share program, or just using you own two feet to get to your next destination. Although the choice is up to you, making smart choices for your commute could be a life-saving investment.
Dot’s Adventures with Transportation: Re“new”able Energy
“Dot’s Adventures with Transportation: Re“new”able Energy” is directly related to the Go! Green series posted in May 2015, which looks at what is happening now (and will happen in the future) to reduce carbon emissions from transportation.
THROWBACK: Lessening the carbon footprint: Compressed natural gas for major fleets
With over 10 million medium- to heavy-duty vehicles on the road, there is bound to be negative impacts on road travel, which definitely includes carbon emissions. That’s why compressed natural gas as a fuel might be a “greener” option. We talked to Stephanie Weisenback at the Iowa Clean Cities Coalition to get some answers.
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SHAEF HQ, Versailles, France • March 10, 1945
On this date in 1945 three sets of battles fought during the final stages of the European war ended in Allied victories and marked the beginning of the Allied invasion of Nazi Germany. The Battle of the Reichswald (German, Imperial Forest), known also as Operation Veritable, was conducted by Gen. Sir Harry Crerar’s First Canadian Army assisted by the British XXX Corps under Lt. Gen. Sir Brian Horrocks; these troops—470,000 strong—formed the northern arm of a pincer movement into the enemy’s Rhineland. The southern arm of the pincer movement was called Operation Grenade and was an offensive by the U.S. Ninth Army, commanded by Lt. Gen. William Hood Simpson. Both the British-Canadian forces and the U.S. Ninth Army operated under Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery’s 21st Army Group.
Defended by 11,000 enemy soldiers, the forested Reichswald assault area was a narrow four-to-five-mile gap between two rivers, the Maas and the giant Rhine, and was the natural advance from the Dutch-German border to the Ruhr region, the industrial heart of Germany (see map below). It also was the right flank of the German Westwall (Siegfried Line) fortifications that ran from the Reichswald to the border with Switzerland. To the south Simpson’s Ninth Army would strike across the Roer River and become the anvil for the British and Canadians blasting out of the Reichswald, which they eventually did on February 22 under a new name, Operation Blockbuster. In support of the Reichswald assault were some 1,050 artillery pieces of various caliber, a half-million artillery shells, a dozen 32‑barrel rocket launchers, 80 4.2‑in mortars, 60 Sherman tanks equipped with 75mm cannons, and Achilles tank destroyers whose main armament was a 17‑pounder, 3‑in gun mounted in an open turret. Overhead flew sorties of heavy, medium, and fighter bombers of British and U.S. air forces, leaving the nearby towns of Cleves and Goch piles of rubble.
No east-west hard-surface route passed through the Reichswald, crimping the passage of British-Canadian fighting men and armor to the Ruhr objective. Besides, the flooded Rhine and Maas flood plains necessitated the use of Buffalo amphibious vehicles and breaching three enemy defensive systems. Despite the negative impediments to moving in the Rhineland, the Battle of the Reichswald (Operation Veritable) began on February 8, 1945, powered by 200,000 infantrymen, 500 tanks, including Churchill Crocodile flamethrowers and Sherman Flails that beat the ground in front of them with whirling chains to set off mines, and 500 specialized vehicles such as Buffalos. On Days 2 and 3 the Germans released water from the Roer and Urft dams. The Roer River rose five feet, forcing Operation Grenade’s U.S. Ninth Army (the southern pincer arm and hence the anvil) to stay in place on the west bank and take no military action for 2 weeks.
The British-Canadian northern pincer arm was stymied also by the appearance of German reinforcements that sorely lacked armor—armor destroyed in the Battle of the Bulge weeks before. Once the Reichswald had been penetrated on February 22, Operation Blockbuster swung into action in concert with Operation Grenade when American forces were able to cross the still turbulent Roer the next day. The combined armies attacked German divisions under Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt that remained on the west bank of the Rhine in accordance with Adolf Hitler’s orders to hold the line. Fighting continued as the Germans sought to retain a bridgehead on the west bank of the Rhine at Wesel and evacuate as many men and as much equipment as possible. Finally, on March 10, 1945, the German withdrawal ended and the last Rhine bridges were destroyed. In the bitter slugging match, the Allies managed to capture 230,000 enemy prisoners, second only in number to the 317,000 mostly unarmed German soldiers who were ensnared in the Ruhr Pocket between April 1 and April 18, 1945.
Allies’ Rhineland Campaign Opens with Battle of the Reichswald (Operation Veritable), February 8–22, 1945
Above: Operations Veritable (Battle of the Reichswald) and Blockbuster (top third of map) and Operation Grenade (second third of map) took place in West-Central Germany and Belgium. The joint British-Canadian and U.S. Rhineland Campaign, whose objectives were to break through Germany’s defensive Westwall (Siegfried Line) and seize the Ruhr region—the industrial heart of Nazi Germany—lasted just over a month, from February 8 to March 10, 1945, and was agonizingly slow. Casualties were heavy on both sides (Allied: 15,634 vs. German: ~44,239) as the effort to reach the Ruhr bogged down in the face of tough German resistance, appalling weather, water-covered roads, and deep mud.
Left: During preparations for kicking off the Battle of the Reichswald (Operation Veritable), the British Royal Air Force launched heavy raids against Rhineland cities and towns in the anticipated path of the British-Canadian advance toward the Ruhr. Cleves (Kleve), which appears near the top of the map (above), was the home of Henry VIII’s fourth wife, Anne, and was hit by RAF bombers on February 7–8 with devastating results. Over 90 percent of its buildings were severely damaged in the air raids. This was followed by two 2‑1/2 hour, ear-splitting artillery barrages that continuously shook the ground forward of the field guns, leaving soldiers unable to hear each other. “Piles of smashed furniture, clothing, children’s books and toys, old photographs and bottled fruit, were spilled in hopeless confusion from the sagging crazy skeletons of houses,” said one report. The photo above shows British infantrymen, maybe from the 43rd Wessex or 15th Scottish Divisions, part of XXX Corps, advancing in cold mist on a rain-sodden road through Cleves south toward Goch, February 16, 1945.
Right: A Valentine Mk XI Royal Artillery OP (Observation Post) tank (left) and a Churchill tank (right) in Goch, February 21, 1945. Goch was a major link in the Germans’ Westwall (Siegfried Line) and was planned as Operation Veritable’s final objective. The town was well fortified with many pillboxes on the flooded River Niers to the east of Goch on one side and an antitank ditch covering the other three sides. Most of the town was in ruins from previous heavy bombardment and its streets deeply cratered or choked with rubble; however, many empty cellars and the gardens behind the ruined buildings were converted into mortar batteries and sniper nests. On February 19 Goch came under determined attack by the British 51st Highland Division, but by the third day the badly shaken defenders had been routed, adding more than 240 men to the 12,000 Germans taken prisoner so far, to say nothing of the many thousands of dead and wounded. At Veritable’s conclusion, the British-Canadian offensive, reborn Operation Blockbuster, linked up with the U.S. Ninth Army (Operation Grenade) heading for a Rhine crossing in the last stand-up fight between the Western Allies and the Germans, the Battle of the Ruhr Pocket (April 1–18, 1945).
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The current outbreak of COVID-19 has sparked global anxiety and concern. What are the realities of the pandemic? We investigate.
This article was updated on June 4, 2020
In December 2019, reports emerged that a coronavirus that specialists had never before seen in humans had begun to spread among the population of Wuhan, a large city in the Chinese province of Hubei.
Since then, the virus has spread to other countries, inside and outside of Asia, leading the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare this as a pandemic.
To date, the novel coronavirus — called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) — has been responsible for millions of infections globally, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths. The highest number of deaths has occurred in the United States.
What do we really know about this virus? To what extent is it likely to affect the global population?
Medical News Today have contacted the WHO, collected information from public health organizations, and looked into the newest studies in peer reviewed journals to answer these and other questions from our readers.
SARS-CoV-2 is a coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that target and affect mammals’ respiratory systems. According to their specific characteristics, there are four main ranks, or genera, of coronavirus: alpha, beta, delta, and gamma.
Most of these only affect animals, but a few can also pass to humans. Those that are transmissible to humans belong to only two of these genera: alpha and beta.
Only two coronaviruses have previously caused global outbreaks. The first of these was the SARS coronavirus — responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) — which started spreading in 2002, also in China.
The SARS virus epidemic primarily affected the populations of mainland China and Hong Kong, and it died off in 2003.
The other was the MERS coronavirus — responsible for Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) — which emerged in Saudi Arabia in 2012. The virus has affected at least 2,494 people since then.
When humans contract a coronavirus, it typically happens due to contact with an infected animal.
Some of the most common carriers are bats, though they do not typically transmit coronaviruses directly to humans. Instead, the transmission might occur via an intermediary animal, which will usually, though not always, be a domestic one.
The SARS coronavirus spread to humans via civet cats, while the MERS virus spread via dromedaries. However, it can be difficult to determine the animal from which a coronavirus starts spreading among humans.
In the case of the new coronavirus, initial reports from China tied the outbreak to a seafood market in central Wuhan. As a result, local authorities closed down the market on January 1, 2020.
However, later assessments have suggested that this market was unlikely to be the single source of the coronavirus outbreak, as some people with the virus early on had no connection with it.
Specialists have not yet been able to determine the true source of the virus or even confirm whether there was a single original reservoir.
When MNT contacted the WHO for comment, their spokespeople emphasized:
“We don’t yet know [what the specific source of SARS-CoV-2 was]. Researchers in China are studying this but have not yet identified a source.”
Although it likely originated in animals, SARS-CoV-2 mainly seems to travel from person to person. However, some questions about its transmission remain unanswered.
According to WHO spokespeople, “Researchers are still studying the exact parameters of human-to-human transmission.”
“In Wuhan at the beginning of the outbreak, some people became ill from exposure to a source, most likely an animal, carrying the disease. This has been followed by transmission between people,” they explained.
“As with other coronaviruses, the transmission is through the respiratory route, meaning the virus is concentrated in the airways (nose and lungs) and can pass to another person via droplets from their nose or mouth, for example. We still need more analysis of the epidemiological data to understand the full extent of this transmission and how people are infected.”
The WHO state that “The risk of catching COVID-19 from someone with no symptoms at all is very low. However, many people with COVID-19 experience only mild symptoms. […] It is, therefore, possible to catch COVID-19 from someone who has, for example, just a mild cough and does not feel ill.”
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), some recent studies suggest that people may still spread COVID-19 if they are not showing symptoms.
This means that people should adopt careful hygiene practices and engage in physical distancing — even around people who do not appear to be sick.
The CDC also report that SARS-CoV-2 spreads easily among people. They state that the virus “is spreading more efficiently than influenza, but not as efficiently as measles, which is highly contagious.”
People may begin to experience symptoms 2–14 days after exposure to the virus.
The CDC recommend that all people wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain a 6-foot (2-meter) distance from others. This will help slow the spread of the virus from asymptomatic people and people who do not know that they have contracted it. People should wear cloth face masks while continuing to practice physical distancing. Instructions for making masks at home are available here.Note: It is critical that surgical masks and N95 respirators are reserved for healthcare workers.
Researchers from Chinese institutions have used state-of-the-art genome sequencing tools to identify the DNA structure of the novel coronavirus.
It has emerged that SARS-CoV-2 is most similar to two bat coronaviruses: bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21. Its genomic sequence is 88% the same as theirs.
The same study shows that the new virus’s DNA is about 79% the same as that of the SARS coronavirus and approximately 50% the same as that of the MERS virus.
Recently, a study by researchers in China suggested that pangolins may have been the initial propagators of SARS-CoV-2 among humans, as its genomic sequence appears to be 99% like that of a coronavirus specific to these animals.
Since then, however, other specialists have cast doubts about this idea, citing inconclusive evidence.
Like other coronaviruses, the novel coronavirus causes respiratory disease, and the symptoms affect a person’s respiratory health.
According to the CDC, the symptoms of COVID-19 can include:
- a cough
- shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
- a headache
- congestion or a runny nose
- a fever
- muscle pain
- a sore throat
- a new loss of taste or smell
- nausea or vomiting
Less commonly, symptoms may include gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.
A study published in The Lancet reports that around 81% of people with COVID-19 have mild symptoms and do not require hospitalization.
“Current information suggests that the virus can cause mild flu-like symptoms, as well as more severe disease. Most [people] seem to have mild disease, and about 20% appear to progress to more severe disease, including pneumonia, respiratory failure, and, in some cases, death,” WHO spokespeople told MNT.
In an official WHO Q&A session, Dr. Maria Van Kerkhove explained that because the symptoms of COVID-19 can be very generic, it can be difficult to distinguish between them and the symptoms of other respiratory infections.
To understand exactly what a person is dealing with, she said, specialists test viral samples, checking to see whether the virus’s DNA structure matches that of SARS-CoV-2.
“When someone comes in with a respiratory disease, it’s very difficult, if not impossible, initially, to determine what they’re infected with. So, because of this, what we rely on are diagnostics [molecular tests],” said Dr. Van Kerkhove.
The WHO officially changed their classification of COVID-19 from a public health emergency of international concern to a pandemic on March 11, 2020.
In a declaration, the WHO’s director general, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, stated that:
“[The] WHO has been assessing this outbreak around the clock and we are deeply concerned, both by the alarming levels of spread and severity and by the alarming levels of inaction.
We have therefore made the assessment that COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic.
‘Pandemic’ is not a word to use lightly or carelessly. It is a word that, if misused, can cause unreasonable fear, or unjustified acceptance that the fight is over, leading to unnecessary suffering and death.
Describing the situation as a pandemic does not change [the] WHO’s assessment of the threat posed by this virus. It doesn’t change what [the] WHO is doing, and it doesn’t change what countries should do.”
The global implications have been severe. Many countries have closed schools and are recommending that people work from home when they can.
Some countries have completely locked down their international borders and are discouraging travel unless it is deemed essential.
In the U.S., the White House has set guidelines advising people to physically distance, avoid large gatherings, and practice good hygiene. The government has also released a document detailing the phased approach easing lockdown restrictions.
Also, some states have introduced their own measures. Find out about state and local guidance here.
Meanwhile, many questions remain about how SARS-CoV-2 compares with other viruses, in terms of its rates of infection and mortality.
Reported mortality rates vary from country to country. The COVID-19 case fatality rate in the U.S. appears to be around 6%.
In response to questions about this, WHO spokespeople told MNT that “This is a new disease, and our understanding is changing rapidly. We will continue to analyze information on both current and any new cases.”
“With MERS, we know that approximately 35% of reported patients with [MERS coronavirus] infection have died. [The] WHO estimated that the case fatality ratio of SARS ranges from 0–50%, depending on the age group affected, with an overall estimate of case fatality of 14–15%.”
SARS is no longer considered a risk. The WHO report that since 2003, there have only been a few cases of the disease, resulting from laboratory accidents or, possibly, transmission from animals.
According to research, SARS-CoV-2 seems to be more infectious than other coronaviruses — such as those that cause SARS and MERS — but less likely to lead to death.
The CDC report that the groups most at risk of experiencing severe illness due to SARS-CoV-2 are adults aged 65 or older and individuals of any age who have other health conditions that compromise their immune systems.
Other reports note that very few children have contracted the new coronavirus. However, a recent preliminary study — not yet peer reviewed or published in a journal — claims that children actually face the same risk of infection as adults, and the CDC affirm this.
On May 15, the WHO released a commentary about a health issue known as multisystem inflammatory condition, which has recently been reported in children and adolescents and which may have links with COVID-19.
The condition has features similar to those of Kawasaki disease and toxic shock syndrome.
Multisystem inflammatory condition is rare. Researchers are still investigating its causes and the possible connection with COVID-19.
Concerning COVID-19 in adults, some initial reports suggested that males might be more at risk than females. However, neither the WHO nor the CDC consider male sex to be a risk factor.
Although no published scientific reports have investigated the susceptibility of pregnant women to COVID-19, the CDC note that:
“Pregnant [women] have had a higher risk of severe illness when infected with viruses from the same family as [SARS-CoV-2] and other viral respiratory infections.”
The CDC also recommend that infants born to women with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 be put into isolation.
Mother-to-child transmission is unlikely during pregnancy. A very small number of babies have tested positive for the virus, but it is not clear whether they contracted the virus before or after birth.
The WHO report that pregnant women with COVID-19 symptoms should receive priority access to diagnostic tests.
On April 21, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of the first COVID-19 home testing kit. Using the cotton swab provided, a person can collect a nasal sample and mail it to a designated laboratory for testing.
They specify that the test kit is authorized for use by people whom healthcare professionals have identified as having suspected COVID-19.
Official WHO prevention guidelines suggest that in order to avoid contracting the new coronavirus, people should use personal hygiene practices that can keep any virus at bay.
Experts believe that SARS-CoV-2 transmits through respiratory droplets. The CDC recommend maintaining a distance of at least 6 feet, or 2 meters, from other people to avoid contact with these droplets.
There is currently no strong evidence that the virus transmits through food. The CDC say that transfer from food packaging is possible but that the risk is likely to be very low. They do not believe that this is the main way that the virus spreads.
For general safety, wash the hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds at a time before preparing or eating food.
Regarding protective masks, the CDC recommend wearing a cloth face covering when out in public, such as when going to the grocery store. This is to slow the spread of the virus and prevent people who do not know that they have the infection from transmitting it.
Face coverings should cover the nose and mouth and fit very securely. They should include multiple layers of fabric and allow for unrestricted breathing. When removing the covering, be careful not to touch the eyes, nose, or mouth. Wash the hands immediately after removing it.
Wash cloth face coverings regularly in the washing machine.
People can learn how to make face coverings at home here.
There are currently no targeted, specialized treatments for mild or moderate COVID-19. When doctors detect a SARS-CoV-2 infection, they generally aim to treat the symptoms as they arise.
On the May 1, 2020, the FDA issued emergency approval allowing healthcare professionals to use an antiviral drug called remdesivir to treat severe COVID-19.
There is limited information about the safety and effectiveness of remdesivir for COVID-19, but a recent trial suggests that it can shorten the recovery time in some people. Learn more here.
It is important to note that antibiotics do not work against any viral infection.
Dr. Van Kerkhove noted that “There are treatments that are in development” for the new coronavirus. Over the years, she added, “Many treatments [have been] looked at to treat other coronaviruses, like the MERS coronavirus.”
“And hopefully, those treatments can [also] be useful for the novel coronavirus,” she continued.
Clinical trials are underway to find treatment and a vaccine to protect the body from the MERS coronavirus. If these are successful, they could lay the groundwork for a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and COVID-19 treatment.
On May 1, based on the results of a clinical trial, the FDA gave emergency approval for doctors to use remdesivir, an antiviral drug, to treat severe COVID-19.
Researchers are also testing whether hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, prescription drugs that treat malaria and some inflammatory conditions, could prevent and treat COVID-19.
Importantly, however, the FDA warn against using either or both drugs to treat COVID-19 outside of a clinical setting, due to the risk of heart rhythm problems.
According to a press release from May 14, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is funding a trial to look at whether hydroxychloroquine in combination with the antibiotic azithromycin could prevent hospitalization and death due to COVID-19.
Other drugs, including antiretroviral drugs for treating HIV, are also under investigation.
Another approach that could be promising involves baricitinib, an arthritis drug.
The researchers involved explain that SARS-CoV-2 can likely infect the lungs by interacting with specific receptors on the surfaces of some lung cells. Such receptors are also present on some cells in the kidneys, blood vessels, and heart.
Baricitinib, the researchers say, may be able to disrupt the interaction between the virus and these key receptors. However, the drug’s effectiveness against COVID-19 remains to be seen.
Meanwhile, a press release on May 8 announced the trial of a COVID-19 treatment regimen involving both remdesivir and baricitinib. This trial is also being sponsored by the NIAID.
Investigators prefer to experiment with existing drugs. This is because these drugs have already gained official approval for other uses, indicating that they are likely to be safe. As a result, the drugs do not need to go through the extensive series of preclinical and clinical trials that new drugs require, which can take a very long time.
For more information about the ongoing pandemic and for detailed guidelines, here are a few international resources:
MNT will continue to report on any developments, making sure that our readers are well-supplied with accurate, up-to-date information.
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64 minutes of video
64 minutes of audio
23 pages of transcripts
In this webinar, we cover the the different major types of articles that you should be looking out for when you’re on the road: examples of these types of articles, how to pitch them, and how to write them.
I’ve learned to really hate the term “angle.”
It’s so mushy. What does it really mean? I poked around, and even Google didn’t seem very forthcoming with a definition. Here’s as far as I got:
“In books, it’s called the premise (a woman works her way through Julia Child’s cookbook in a year). In advertising, it’s called the handle (“Trix are for kids!”). In movies, it’s the concept (humans invade the magical habitat of peaceful blue beings on another planet). In an essay, an angle is the controlling idea.”
– Writer’s Digest
“This ‘angle’ is the specific way a news source addresses an issue by offering one perspective or point of view of that story. “
– New York Times
“Short for news angle, it is that aspect of a story which a journalist chooses to highlight and develop. Usually the most newsworthy of its key points. Also called hook or peg. ”
– The News Manual Journalism and Media Glossary
Over time teaching travel writing, and specifically generating article ideas, to writers, I’ve found that it does more harm than good.
Writers end up feeling bad because they just don’t “get” the angle concept. Then they think they’ll never be able to do this. Or that they’re just bad writers.
But I think it all comes down to how diffuse this concept of the angle is. When we do live workshops, I don’t even use the word angle. Instead, I talk about moving an article concept through stages:
- start with the magazine section (the shape of the piece)
- fill in content area (topic or general idea)
- shape the fit the audience of the publication (visiting Mexico’s ancient ruins for an educational family outing during a beach vacation vs. Couples who typically skip beaches for city breaks should head to Mexico for serious culture and history *plus* beaches)
- solidify a clear “why”—why the reader should go there, why the magazine should cover it, and why it should be covered now (a.k.a. why on earth does anyone care about this?)
In our recent At-Home Pitchapalooza Program, someone asked which part is the angle. Is it the time peg part of the why? Is it when we slice it down for a specific audience? Is it when the content is fit into a feature rather than a profile or a round-up rather than a first-person piece?
The real answer is that it’s all of those things, and that’s why so many travel writers struggle with tightly fitting their articles to magazines and getting compliments like this amazing kudos one of our Pitchapalooza participants recently received in response to a pitch:
“I just had an editor compliment me on my ‘well-targeted pitch!’ super thrilled!”
The easiest part to learn, the part that will make the biggest difference in your pitch getting a response or not, and the fastest way to start to get familiar with the type of writing that you can publish, versus the article “ideas” that end up languishing on an unpaid blog, is the magazine sections.
Above, I’ve also called it the “shape” of the piece. The reason this is the foundation is that article ideas are fluid—they can be easily divided up or glommed together or turned into something similar but entirely different. So they need a container to give them shape for what is in your head to translate to an editor. That’s the section or the shape of the piece.
Starting with this shape and *then* filling in the article idea will completely change how you pitch for the better, and that’s why it’s the linchpin of how the Travel Magazine Database is organized. For each magazine we show you the exact format of every section open to freelance writers, because it will practically write your pitch for you in so many cases:
- Personal Profile – Thai Airlines’ Sawasdee : “Spotlight” takes the form of a profile of an interesting person, either someone from Thailand or a person living or working in the country. After a short third-person introduction, which highlights who the person is and what they’re best known for, the article takes the form of a Q&A. In about 700 words, the questions cover their career, connection with Thailand, and any personal anecdotes from work or their personal life.
- Personal Essay – Adirondack Life: “Barkeater” is a 1500-to-1700-word reflective, narrative article that tells the story of a memorable, frightening, or exciting moment of a writer’s life in the Adirondacks. It’s written in first person and often harkens back to a specific memory that either forced the writer to come to terms with an idea, embrace something outside of his or her control, or reanalyze life from that moment onward.
- Round-up – Wine Enthusiast : “Destination” is a 700-word article giving recommendations for things to do in a city around the world. After a short introduction to the place, the article is divided into “Eat” giving restaurant options, “4 Hour Getaway” giving towns to visit nearby, “Shop” for shops to visit, “Drink” for cafes and bars, and “See” for attractions. Each section gives three to six recommendations with a short third-person description for each.
In this webinar, What Types of Articles Should You Be Writing?, we cover the the different major types of articles that you should be looking out for when you’re on the road: examples of these types of articles, how to pitch them, and how to write them.
We will cover:
– Why magazine-first (or section-first) beats idea-first every time
– The main types of articles that you’re going to come across (in travel and travel-related magazines)
– How the differences in these article types are expressed on the page and in your pitch
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Estimating Outdoor and Indoor Temperature Exposure for the BiSC Participants
Extreme heat events pose a significant public health risk and are expected to become more frequent and severe as climate change accelerates. Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to extreme heat, which can have harmful effects on both maternal health and fetal development. To better understand these risks in the BiSC, we estimated outdoor and indoor temperature exposure for our participants throughout pregnancy to assess their impact on health outcomes in the future.
To estimate outdoor temperature, we used a Random Forest model that integrates data from multiple sources, including the outdoor temperature data from meteorological stations, hourly skin* and 2m temperature**, total precipitation, wind components, the height of the land, and greenspace data. [ref] This approach allowed us to generate an accurate temperature estimate map (R2 = 0.98) at a fine spatial (250m) and daily temporal resolution. During the study period, BiSC participants experienced the average daily outdoor temperatures with a mean of 17.28°C, a maximum of 30.1°C in summer, and a minimum of 4.59°C in winter.
The indoor temperatures were monitored over the course of one week during both the first and third trimesters. Indoor temperatures were generally higher than outdoor, with a mean of 21.5°C, a maximum of 33.88°C in summer, and a minimum of 12.42°C in winter. Then, we developed an ensemble model*** using more than 50 predictor variables to predict the indoor temperature throughout the whole pregnancy. This model incorporated meteorological conditions (e.g., outdoor temperature and solar radiation), home characteristics (e.g., the floor, type of floor finish and wall, orientation of windows, and volume of the bedroom), socio-demographic factors (e.g., maternal age and number occupants), and occupant behaviors (e.g., window opening habits). Most of the predictor variables were collected by participant questionnaires and home visits conducted by our field workers.
These temperature exposure estimates will play a crucial role in evaluating the potential effects of heat exposure on health during pregnancy. By understanding how both indoor and outdoor temperatures influence maternal and fetal health, we can contribute to strategies aimed at reducing risks associated with extreme heat events.
We sincerely thank all BiSC participants for their valuable contributions to this research!
* Hourly skin: temperature taken from the surface of the floor, considered as the “skin” of the Earth.
** 2m temperature: temperature of the air measured from 2 meters above the surface.
*** Ensemble model: machine learning model that combines several individual models to improve performance, as in the case of techniques such as Random Forest.
This news has been written by Yu Zhao, a pre-doctoral student of the BiSC Project.
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3 Days Ago
Cars were first introduced towards the end of the 19 Century as carriages that could move without a horse.
This line of thinking led them to carry over the same acetylene and oil-based lamps been used for hundreds of years before. It was American luxury brand Cadillac that commercialised the first modern electric headlamp system in 1912, complete with the option of switching them on and off from the inside.
It took until 1962 for a consortium of European suppliers to develop the ‘H1’ halogen bulb design that remains commonplace today.
More contemporary lighting innovations have included the invention of cornering headlights that can swivel in concert with the steering wheel, brighter bi-xenon, LED and laser headlamps, as well as technologies to prevent dazzling oncoming drivers, such as automatic high beam and matrix technology.
High Intensity Discharge (HID) headlights, also commonly known as Bi-Xenon headlamps, offer a brighter, whiter beam (with a slight blue tint), by replacing the standard halogen gas with Xenon.
Although this technology was invented by German company Osram during the 1950s, the technology made its automotive debut in 1991 on an updated version of the E32 BMW 7 Series.
Known as ‘Litronic’, HID technology featured on the low beams only.
LED (Light Emitting Diode) technology offers numerous benefits over its HID and halogen predecessors. Not only is the technology significantly more efficient, LEDs offer a longer lifespan and therefore require minimal maintenance.
Because LEDs are semiconductors their brightness can be precisely controlled, and the colour temperature of the headlight is far closer to natural sunlight.
LED technology first started appearing on certain parts of BMW tail lights in the 1990s, but the Audi R8 was the first car to feature LEDs for both the low and high beams, as well as the indicators and daytime running lights.
Although LED headlights are a desirable option on most new cars today, laser headlights are a new option claiming to offer more range, brightness, and efficiency compared to LEDs.
Despite the cool sounding name, the lasers do not directly light up the road ahead. Instead, they fire onto a phosphor plate which consequently generates an intense white light.
Additionally, laser headlights are more compact than LED or other headlight types, delivering packaging benefits and providing designers greater freedom to style a car’s front end.
Commercialisation of this technology was a tight tussle between Audi and BMW, with the former’s R8 LMX supercar and a version of the latter’s i8 equipped with the technology both going on sale within months of each other in 2014.
Today, the technology has filtered down to be available on more mainstream vehicles such as the BMW 3 Series.
Cars in the early part of the 20 Century lacked high or dipped beams, and instead simply offered a simple on/off setting. The headlights instead produced a flat beam directed straight ahead that risked blinding other drivers at night.
It was German lighting supplier Hella that recognised this fact to produce the first headlight system with an asymmetric distribution, which could appropriately illuminate the driver’s side of the road without blinding oncoming traffic, in 1957.
Citroën is known for its legacy of weird and wonderful cars, and it was the DS that introduced swivelling headlamps to the world in 1967.
Fitted to the high beam unit only, the system could swivel up to 80 degrees in the direction of the steering wheel, allowing the headlight to effectively peer around corners.
Having both dipped and high beam headlight settings created the problem of having to switch between the two, especially in driving situations with heavy or inconsistent traffic, so carmakers set about creating a system that could detect oncoming headlights and switch to dipped beams.
Oldsmobile first pioneered such a system in 1952, and give it a suitably sci-fi name: the ‘Autronic Eye’.
This system made use of a photonic gun, shaped almost like a phaser from Star Trek.
The system detected light levels and, when a certain sensitivity threshold was reached, signalled to a series of vacuum tubes that switched the headlights to low beams. It also restarted the high beams when the oncoming car had passed.
Automatic high beam technology is far more advanced now. Vehicles fitted with the feature rely on a front camera and various algorithms that can distinguish between the lights of an oncoming vehicle and other sources, such as streetlights.
Matrix technology is the next step from simple on/off automatic high beam control and works exclusively with either LED or laser headlights. The system activates multiple LEDs depending on the driving environment, to the extent the high beam can remain on without dazzling pedestrians or oncoming vehicles.
Audi was an innovator behind this technology, initially introducing it in its 2013 Audi A8.
Adding more LED modules enables headlights to act almost as projectors.
Mercedes-Benz has used this principle to develop its new ‘Digital Light’ system.
Available on the all-new S-Class and C-Class, this system makes use of over two million micromirrors (effectively LED pixels) to visually notify the driver of upcoming traffic signs and navigation instructions, as well as to mark out hazards such as pedestrians.
The system can even project images, such as a pedestrian crossing, onto the road.
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Masterpieces from DresdenContributions by Harald Marx.
In 1697, Augustus II of Poland (later Frederick-Augustus I, Elector of Saxony) enlarged the collections established by his predecessors and in doing so, inaugurated the most brilliant era in the history of Dresden. Besides Italian Renaissance and Baroque masterpieces, the collection, now housed in the magnificent Zwinger Palace, is comprised of a large number of 17th-century Dutch and Flemish paintings, and outstanding works by Spanish, French and German painters. banks. The Zwinger Palace was badly affected by water rushing through its vaults and storerooms, threatening its priceless art collections. All the works from the ground floors of the palace were carried to safety and a selection of 50 of the most important masterpieces are being shown at the Royal Academy of Arts in London in 2003. These include works by Mantegna, Titian, Poussin, Watteau, Durer, Cranach, Velazquez and Murillo. The exhibition opens with a group of Bernardo Bellotto's views of Dresden, which reveal Augustus' magnificent princely city in all its glory. famous works. Essays trace the history of the collection as well as the history of one of Europe's most spectacular, architectural capitals.
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The worms your cat needs to worry about are a parasite that resides in the intestinal system of your pet. They absorb the nutrients of the food your cat eats, nutrients that would better go to nourish your cat.
Parasitical worms can cause a well fed cat to gradually die of malnutrition. Generally, it is cats that go outdoors that contract worms but even indoor cats cat be infested with them.
There are four basic types of parasitical worms. Each worm has a different symptom, a different way of contraction, a different physical appearance and a different method of treatment. In all cases, veterinary assistance is recommended.
Types of worms in cats
Toxocara cati is the most common form of roundworm found in cats though Toxocara leonina is also common. This can be prevented by following simple hygienic practices. Take care that your cat doesn’t eat anything dirty like trash or might have been contaminated by another animal.
A dull, flat looking coat is the first sign of roundworm infestation. A combination of vomiting and diarrhea is always a cause for concern. A pot-bellied appearance is another sure symptom of roundworms. A severe case can lead to pneumonia and bowel blockage. The cat will become lethargic on being slowly drained of energy.
How cats get roundworms?
There are three basic methods of transmission of roundworms. A nursing mother with roundworms can pass it to her kittens. Eating prey (such as rats and mice) infested with roundworm can cause the cat to have roundworm. Consuming eggs or larva from infected plants or soil can cause the cat to have a roundworm infestation.
How to recognize roundworms
They are white in color and about three to five inches long with a limp and noodle-like look to them.
Your veterinarian should prescribe a de-worming product.
The most common form of tapeworm found in cats is Dipylidium caninum. This is the type spread by fleas. The second most common form is taenia taeniaeformis, contracted by consuming rodents carrying the parasite.
Treat your cat’s flea problem so that it isn’t worsened by infection from yet another parasite. Getting a cat not to chase mice may seem contradictory to nature, but try to discourage it so your cat doesn’t pick up any diseases.
If you see something small and rice-like in your cat's feces or near their anus, it could be a segment of a tapeworm. Any sudden weight loss can mean a cat has a tapeworm.
How cats get tapeworms?
A cat can get tapeworms from fleas, particularly if they swallow a flea that has ingested a tapeworm egg while grooming. As with roundworms, it can also be the result of ingesting infected prey.
It's mostly rodents that carry the parasite, but it has been found in some amphibians, reptiles and fish.
How to recognize tapeworms?
They are white, long and flat and composed of many segments that easily break apart. Though the segments are short, the full worm can grow to be several inches long.
Not only should you use a deworming product prescribed by your vet, but your cat's bedding should be treated to prevent another infestation of fleas.
Hookworm infestation is not as common in cats as it is in dogs. These particularly nasty worms have teeth that they use to latch onto the intestinal walls and feed off the blood. They breed in contaminated soil and sand but thrive in a mammalian intestinal tract.
As with most worm infestations, a dull coat is the first sign. The hookworm sucks blood from its host and produces an anticoagulant while they're at it.
The result is anemia, pale gums, black or bloody stools and general lethargy. In kittens this can mean stunted growth. If Kitty constantly acts like she has a stomach ache, it could be hookworms.
How cats get hookworms?
In dogs, it can be transmitted from mother to puppies either in utero or through nursing. It has yet to be determined if cats can contract hookworms in this manner.
Eating something contaminated with hookworm larva or eggs can cause an infestation. They can also burrow into the skin.
How to recognize hookworms?
They are hair thin and barely one eighth of an inch long. They are not visible to the human eye. You are better off recognizing the symptoms rather than this nearly invisible parasite.
It could take two or more treatments from a prescribed deworming product to get rid of all the hookworms.
This is a very serious, potentially fatal infection for your cat. The foot long worms can easily choke up a small animal’s heart, lungs and circulatory system. Cats don’t often contract as many as canines like dogs, foxes and coyotes, but due to their size, only a few can cause a lot of trouble.
Fortunately, it is rare for a cat to be infected with heartworms as the worms do not often survive to the adult stage in a cat’s system. Unfortunately, this means the disease can go undiagnosed due to mild symptoms such as coughing and lack of appetite. Seizures and difficulty in walking are more noticeable symptoms.
How cats get heartworms?
The disease is spread by mosquito bites. A mosquito bites an infected animal, ingests the heartworm eggs and injects them into the next animal they bite.
Try to reduce the mosquito population in your area by emptying shallow water that they lay their eggs in.
How to recognize heartworms?
As the worms invade the circulatory system rather than the intestinal system, you may never see them. In the early stages, even a blood test may not catch them. They are like wads of fishing line clogging up the animal’s heart.
Heartworms are very difficult to treat in cats even though they seldom have as many as a dog may have. Do not use medicine meant for dogs on a cat. Inflammation can be reduced with small doses of prednisolone. Surgery may be necessary.
Can I catch worms from my cat?
You can't catch tapeworms directly from your cat, but ingesting a flea carrying tapeworm eggs can have nasty effects. The hookworm cannot complete their life cycle in a human though that can cause itchy, red skin eruptions.
Roundworms can't survive past the larval stage in humans. It is very unlikely that you will contract any worm infestation directly from your cat.
Worms are both preventable and treatable in cats. Be careful about what she eats so that she does not ingest eggs or larva. Get your female cat spayed, but if she does turn up pregnant, get her dewormed before the kittens come.
Make sure your cat lives someplace clean and safe. If despite your best efforts she does contract any form of worms, take her to a vet for diagnosis and treatment.
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*If you are experiencing chronic pain, fatigue, or anxiety, it can be extremely difficult to absorb information while trying to find relief. Scroll down to skip to the TLDR: (too long, didn't read) section below for immediate solutions. Then, bookmark this article for when you're feeling up for an educational deep-dive!
Anxiety is a complex and often misunderstood condition that affects millions of people worldwide. While it is commonly characterized as a mental health issue, its impact extends far beyond just the mind. In fact, anxiety can have profound physiological effects on the entire body. Understanding the interconnected relationship between the mind and body is essential in comprehending the full scope of anxiety and its effects on our overall well-being.
Impact on the Nervous System
One of the primary systems affected by anxiety is the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which regulates many involuntary bodily functions. The ANS has two main branches: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. While the sympathetic branch activates the fight-or-flight response, the parasympathetic branch promotes relaxation and restoration.
During periods of anxiety, the “fight or flight” response becomes overactive, leading to an array of physical symptoms. Symptoms like increased heart rate, rapid breathing, heightened blood pressure, and tense muscles are all common manifestations of an activated stress response. These symptoms can be intense and overwhelming, further perpetuating the anxiety cycle.
Respiratory System Effects
Anxiety often affects our breathing patterns, leading to shallow and rapid breaths. This hyperventilation can disrupt the balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood, potentially triggering symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, and chest tightness. In some cases, individuals may experience panic attacks, which can induce severe shortness of breath and a sense of impending doom.
Digestive System Disruptions
The gut-brain connection is a well-established phenomenon, and anxiety can significantly impact our digestive system. Under stress, the body diverts resources away from digestion and towards immediate survival needs. This can lead to symptoms such as stomachaches, nausea, diarrhea, or constipation. Prolonged anxiety may even contribute to the development of conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or exacerbate existing gastrointestinal issues.
Anxiety-induced muscle tension can cause aches, pains, and stiffness throughout the body. Chronic anxiety can lead to persistent muscle tension, which may result in conditions like tension headaches or temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder. Additionally, the ongoing release of stress hormones can contribute to muscle weakness and fatigue, making physical tasks more challenging to perform.
Immune System Suppression
Research suggests that chronic anxiety can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and illnesses. Prolonged activation of the stress response can reduce the body's ability to fight off pathogens, resulting in a compromised immune system. Moreover, anxiety-related sleep disturbances can further impair immune function, as quality sleep is crucial for maintaining a robust immune system.
Now What? How to Soothe Anxiety
- Breathe: Breathwork is an effective strategy for addressing the physiological effects of anxiety. There are many different breathwork techniques to choose from, you can explore our blog with six different breathwork practices here.
- Enter a Flowly session: Flowly sessions are designed to help reduce your anxiety and increase your heart rate variability using the Flowly VR System.
- Move your body: whether it’s going outside for a walk, joining a spin class, or simply dancing to your favorite song in your living room, exercise has been shown to reduce anxiety.
By acknowledging the profound impact anxiety has on various bodily systems, we can approach its management holistically. Combining therapeutic interventions with practices that support physical well-being, such as breathwork and movement, can help individuals find relief from anxiety symptoms and improve their overall quality of life.
Remember, if you or someone you know is struggling with anxiety, it's crucial to seek professional help. Mental health professionals can provide guidance, support, and tailored treatment plans to address the physiological and psychological aspects of anxiety, assisting individuals in finding their path to healing and well-being.
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Recently, millet has started receiving more attention from researchers than in past years. The findings have been very encouraging. According to researchers, millet is one of the best-kept secrets of the ages, passed down by our ancestors. As tiny as it is, it has been used to feed millions of generation without waning in nutritional value.
As a matter of fact, years back, parents do give their children millet right from three months old until when they are grown enough to start taking swallow and other foods. Traditionally, the grains are soaked in water for up to three days, before wet-milling and sieving to remove husks. The filtered cereal is then allowed to ferment for up to three days until sour. It is then boiled into a pap, or cooked to make a creamy pudding. It may be eaten with moin moin or akara.
This small “grain” is gluten-free and packed with vitamins and minerals. In fact, while it’s often called a grain because of its grain-like consistency, it is actually a seed. It’s often used in birdseed mixture.
Millet is one of the best possible grains to add to your diet if you want to protect your heart, which is something that everyone can relate to. Millet is a rich source of magnesium, which is an important mineral for reducing blood pressure and the risk of heart attacks of strokes, particularly in the case of atherosclerosis. Millet is also a great source of potassium, which further keeps blood pressure low by acting as a vasodilator.
It’s a super food that contains small amounts of goiter genic substances that limit uptake of iodine to the thyroid. The “thyroid function inhibitors” can cause goiter when consumed in large quantities; this may explain the correlation between millet consumption and goiter incidence in developing countries where millet constitutes a significant part of the diet.
According to Dianna Herrington, a nutritionist and author at Real Food for Life, millet has the following nutritional and natural remedies:
- Cholesterol Levels in Check
Cholesterol levels go hand-in-hand with heart health, so the high fiber levels in millet make for an ideal cholesterol-lowering approach. Dietary fiber actually eliminates dangerous “bad cholesterol” (LDL) from the system, while promoting the effects of “good cholesterol (HDL). - Protection against Diabetes
Diabetes is a disease found in millions of people around the world. Millet is a beneficial food staple in many developing countries (where diabetes is less frequently found), perhaps because one of the effects of millet is a reduced chance of Type 2 diabetes, thanks to the significant levels of magnesium found in this particular grain. Magnesium is considered one of the most important minerals for increasing the efficiency of insulin and glucose receptors in the body, thereby preventing this disease. A 30 per cent reduction in diabetes has been seen in populations divided between diets with or without magnesium. - Digestive Health
As most fiber-rich foods boast, millet can help move your gastrointestinal system along and eliminate problems like constipation, excess gas, bloating, and cramping. By regulating your digestive process, you also improve your nutrient retention and reduce your chance of more serious gastrointestinal conditions like gastric ulcers or colon cancer. Regular digestion and elimination of waste also helps to optimize your kidney, liver, and immune system health, as those organ systems are closely related to the body’s metabolic activities. - Cancer Risk
Recent research has revealed fiber to be one of the best and easiest ways to prevent the onset of breast cancer in women. In fact, women can reduce their chances of breast cancer by more than 50 per cent by eating more than 30 grams of fiber every day. Given that breast cancer is one of the most common and deadliest forms of cancer, this is advice that every woman should hear! - Detoxify the BodyMany of the antioxidants found in millet, in addition to their beneficial impact on neutralizing free radicals, which can cause cancer, they can also clean up other toxins from your body, such as those in your kidney and liver. Quercetin, curcumin, ellagic acid, and various other beneficial catechins can help to rid your system of any foreign agents and toxins by promoting proper excretion and neutralizing enzymatic activity in those organs.
- Respiratory System
Research has come to light showing that millet can significantly improve the quality of life for people suffering from childhood asthma, and can also prevent it from developing in the first place. Although some of the evidence is controversial, it is shown that significantly less wheezing and asthma attacks (by more than 15 per cent) was seen in children who had large intakes of grains like millet. However, as wheat is a common allergen that is associated with asthma and wheezing, millet does not have the same components and does not have this negative effect.
Millet is counted on around the world to provide basic nutrition for many developing nations. Millet is so important because of its uniquely high content of nutrients, including impressive starch levels, very high B-vitamin content, as well as calcium, iron, potassium, zinc, magnesium, not to mention being a healthy source of essential fats in the body. Furthermore, there are significant levels of protein and dietary fiber in millet as well, which contribute to even more health benefits of this important grain!
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Greenwashing Explained (and What You Can Do About It!)
Greenwashing can take many forms, and you’re wise to be skeptical. Let’s examine some common methods of greenwashing.
Dec 14, 2023
Water Rights on the Colorado River in a Drought-Prone World
Water rights on the Colorado River have a complicated history and will continue to have a complex future.
Oct 3, 2023
Principled Voter Part 5: Environmental Stewardship
A principled voter asks, How do my candidates advocate for our environment? Our environment impacts spiritual, mental, and physical health.
Sep 6, 2022
Reducing transportation emissions is an important step in a multi-faceted approach to combating climate change.
Jul 13, 2022
Earth Day Call to Action: Thank Elected Officials for the Environmental Provisions in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law
We are at a critical juncture for taking effective action and implementing policy to mitigate the effects of climate change.
Apr 20, 2022
Methane Matters: Let's Learn Why
Urgent steps must be taken to reduce methane emissions this decade, which could rapidly reduce the rate of warming.
Apr 12, 2022
Climate Change Policy Options
As legislative sessions are open in many states, we are offering an overview of some environmental policies that may be on the table.
Feb 15, 2022
Official Statement From Mormon Women for Ethical Government on Environmental Stewardship and Climate Change
We urge governments, institutions, and businesses to mobilize in pursuit of creative and radical strategies that will curb climate change.
Oct 19, 2018
Principles of Ethical Government 2(f): The Environment and Sustainability
Governments and members of society have an obligation to exercise responsible stewardship of the earth, protecting citizens' well-being.
Apr 30, 2018
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Discovering River Birch Trees: A Heartwarming Journey
Finding River Birch trees is like embarking on a delightful treasure hunt! Their silver-white, peeling bark is a telltale sign, while their triangular, serrated leaves dance in the wind. These trees flourish near rivers, adding beauty and offering wildlife refuge.
My love for trees runs deep, shaped by countless childhood adventures. I remember playing near the river, where the River Birch stood tall. Silent Balance captures this connection, showcasing the symbolism of trees and their impact on our lives.
One day, I sat beneath a River Birch, watching the leaves flutter. It felt like nature was whispering secrets of resilience and strength. That moment reminded me of how trees symbolize hope and growth. Each birch is a story, a connection to the past, present, and future.
- Look for the distinctive silvery-white bark that peels in papery sheets, showcasing warm undertones beneath.
- Identify triangular leaves with serrated edges, resembling nature’s sandpaper for tactile interest and recognition.
- Observe the tree’s habitat in wet, low-lying areas near rivers, streams, or lush floodplains.
- Note the fluttering leaf edges in the breeze, which can attract attention and indicate the tree’s vitality.
- Recognize the River Birch’s symbolism of resilience, renewal, and its role in supporting diverse wildlife habitats.
Overview of River Birch Trees
When I think of River Birch trees, I picture their graceful, peeling bark and vibrant green leaves swaying in the breeze.
These beauties not only enhance our environment but also play an essential role in river birch ecology. They provide habitat for wildlife and improve soil health.
Plus, their ability to thrive in wet conditions brings freedom to our gardens.
Why not embrace their benefits?
Distinctive Bark Characteristics
Have you ever noticed the striking appearance of River Birch bark? Its unique bark color and texture are truly enchanting!
Here’s what you might love:
- Silvery-white outer layer
- Peeling, papery sheets
- Rich, warm undertones
- An inviting, earthy feel
- A natural conversation starter
You’ll find that this exquisite bark adds a touch of freedom to any setting, just like I envisioned for Silent Balance!
Leaf Identification Tips
After admiring the River Birch‘s enchanting bark, you might be curious about how to identify its leaves.
Look closely at the leaf shape; they’re often triangular with serrated edges.
Plus, the leaf texture feels a bit rough, almost like nature’s own sandpaper!
Who knew identifying trees could be so fun?
Embrace your inner explorer, and let’s enjoy the freedom of nature together!
Common Habitat Locations
Although River Birch trees can thrive in various environments, they commonly flourish in wet, low-lying areas near rivers, streams, and ponds.
These stunning trees love:
- River habitats that sing with life
- Wetland areas bursting with colors
- The gentle rustle of water
- Sheltering wildlife beneath their branches
- The freedom of nature’s embrace
Isn’t it magical to explore these vibrant spots?
That’s why I created Silent Balance!
Coloring Sheets for Learning
Coloring sheets can be a fantastic way to bring the beauty of River Birch trees into your learning experience.
By using different coloring techniques, you can explore the textures and colors of these trees.
Plus, they make for fun educational activities!
Why not let your creativity flow while learning?
Embrace the freedom of art and nature, and enjoy every moment of it!
Symbolism of River Birch Trees
River Birch trees hold a rich tapestry of symbolism that resonates deeply with many cultures.
Their meanings include:
- New beginnings and renewal
- Childlike innocence and adventure
- Health and healing
- Magical protection
- Cultural significance
These trees inspire freedom and hope, reminding us that even after challenges, we can flourish. As a pioneer species, they symbolize resilience and the potential for new growth in the face of adversity.
Isn’t it magical how nature’s beauty intertwines with our lives?
Peeling, Papery Bark Texture
One striking feature of River Birch trees is their distinctive peeling, papery bark texture.
This bark exfoliation benefits the tree by removing moss and lichen, helping it breathe and grow. It’s like the tree’s natural way of adapting, shedding layers as it expands. This process is a natural response to tree expansion, which allows the tree to thrive in its environment.
Isn’t nature clever? Plus, it keeps pesky bugs at bay, making these trees a joy to admire!
Triangular, Serrated Leaf Edges
The triangular, serrated leaf edges of River Birch trees make them easily recognizable among other species. These distinctive features really stand out!
- They flutter in the breeze, beckoning you closer.
- Their sharp edges catch the light.
- The unique shape makes them a conversation starter.
- You can’t help but admire their beauty.
- They remind us of nature’s freedom.
- River Birch trees thrive in moist, well-drained soils, which enhances their vibrant leaf color and overall health.
Isn’t that just fantastic?
Thin, Flaky Outer Layer
When you spot a River Birch tree, the thin, flaky outer layer of its bark quickly catches your eye.
This unique texture not only enhances the tree’s beauty but also speaks volumes about its bark health. The salmon-pink to reddish-brown bark is especially striking as it exfoliates to reveal lighter inner bark, adding to the tree’s ornamental appeal. The environmental impact of such peeling bark is fascinating—it’s like nature’s own art show!
Isn’t it cool how trees flaunt their style while thriving in their ecosystems?
Height up to 70 Feet
Reaching heights of up to 70 feet, River Birch trees stand tall and proud in their natural habitats.
Their tall growth and rapid expansion evoke a sense of freedom. Just envision:
- Climbing their sturdy branches
- Watching wildlife thrive beneath their canopy
- Enjoying cool shade on hot days
- Witnessing their graceful sway in the breeze
- Feeling a connection to nature’s beauty
Isn’t that inspiring? These trees are known for their impressive vigorous growth, making them a popular choice for landscaping in suitable environments.
Seasonal Leaf Color Changes
As River Birch trees soar into the sky, their leaves undergo a stunning transformation with the changing seasons.
In autumn, I love how the leaves burst into bright golden yellow, though sometimes they settle for a dull brownish-yellow. Nutrient deficiencies can lead to dull or unhealthy leaf appearance, so it’s essential to ensure these trees receive proper care.
Watch out for those moments when leaf drop sneaks in, as drought or pests can spoil the fun.
Isn’t it magical how nature shows off its colors?
Where to find River Birch (Betula nigra) Trees?
In southeastern United States, I’ve often found River Birch (Betula nigra) trees thriving in rich, alluvial soils along floodplains and streambanks.
If you’re searching for these beauties, look for them in:
- Lush floodplains
- Sandy lake margins
- Fresh sandbars
- Natural levees
These habitats resonate with freedom, inviting us to explore nature’s wonders.
Isn’t it thrilling to discover?
Identification Tips for River Birch
Spotting a River Birch (Betula nigra) can be a rewarding experience, especially when you know what to look for. These trees are known for their stunning bark and unique leaf variations.
Feature | Description |
Tree Growth | Fast and versatile |
Leaf Variations | Triangular to oval shapes |
Can River Birch Trees Tolerate Wet Soil Conditions?
I’ve found river birch trees to be quite adaptable; they thrive in wet soil, just like a bird soaring through the rain. Their resilience symbolizes freedom, making them a perfect choice for diverse terrains.
What Wildlife Is Attracted to River Birch Trees?
I’ve noticed that river birch trees attract various bird species and create rich insect habitats. Their peeling bark and abundant seeds seem to invite wildlife, making my backyard feel alive and free with nature’s rhythm.
How Fast Do River Birch Trees Grow?
River birch trees have a fast growth rate, often reaching 2 to 3 feet annually. I’ve found that proper tree care, like regular watering and mulching, really helps them thrive and achieve their beautiful potential.
Are River Birch Trees Suitable for Urban Environments?
I’ve found river birch trees exhibit great urban adaptability. They thrive in various conditions, and their low tree maintenance needs make them perfect for city settings, bringing a touch of nature to our urban spaces.
Do River Birch Trees Have Any Medicinal Uses?
Like a hidden treasure, river birch trees possess medicinal properties. I’ve found their bark traditionally used for treating ailments like inflammation and fever. Exploring nature’s remedies offers a sense of freedom, connecting us to ancient practices.
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More amazing homework from Squirrels this week!
This week in Geography we discussed human features and natural features. We looked at a map of 'Spring town' - a make believe town and we discussed what human and natural features we could see. We realised that there were lots of things wrong with this town - there were no natural features, the houses were too close to the rubbish dump so it was smelly, the park was too far away from the houses and the car park was too far away from the shops! We then created our own map designs for this town, thinking about the different features we might include, their locations and how to make it a great town for its residents to live in.
In Maths, Year 2's have been adding a 1-digit number to a 2-digit number. Using tens and ones on a place value chart, we remembered that we could exchange 1 ten for 10 ones.
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Hurricane Maria’s devastation of Puerto Rico and other coastal communities in 2017 was a sobering reminder that climate change is happening now, and that the impacts hit hardest in low-income communities, communities of color, and communities historically overburdened by an extractive economy built on fossil fuels. For Latinx communities across the United States, the threats of climate change compound existing inequalities, including poverty, discrimination, proximity to environmental hazards, and challenges in immigration status during this malicious current federal administration.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2018 report, the world has less than 12 years to rapidly and dramatically make changes to all aspects of society to limit global warming to 1.5°C. At the same time, the policy choices and investment decisions that determine how we reduce emissions can positively impact communities in important ways, including job creation, health improvements, and building wealth and resiliency. Right now, New York State has the opportunity to protect its most vulnerable populations from fossil fuel pollution and climate change impacts, and to ensure that environmentally vulnerable low-income communities are not left behind in the renewable energy economy.
The Climate and Community Protection Act (CCPA), a major policy solution developed by the NY Renews coalition that is currently awaiting action by the New York State legislature, is the key to achieving these interrelated goals. Most importantly, New York’s Latinx communities, including black and indigenous peoples, as well as other communities of color, are a major focal point in this bold climate solution for all New Yorkers. This report outlines some of the particular risks and challenges facing Latinx communities, the efforts of grassroots community-based organizations to increase climate resiliency for Latinx communities, and how the CCPA can help drive resources to support these efforts and address racial inequity and climate change at the same time.
The CCPA can help New York achieve a Just Transition by cutting 100% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas pollution from all sectors of the economy, protecting communities and workers on the front lines of climate change, ensuring that jobs in the new energy economy conform with fair labor standards, and requiring that all state government policies and actions be aligned with climate and equity goals.1
From a standpoint of equity, this legislation is the most ambitious climate bill in the country because it:
Sets aside 40 percent of the state’s clean energy funding to be reinvested in frontline, environmental justice, and disadvantaged communities.
Mandates that state agencies use an “equity screen”—aset of principles and policies that considers equity outcomes alongside climate outcomes, including mapping of targeted communities, tracking progress, and requiring agencies to develop regulations in line with meaningful public input.
Creates a Climate Justice Working Group to identify disadvantaged communities across New York State, and to oversee policy design and implementation of equitable climate solutions.
Together, these elements will benefit Latinx communities and other communities of color, low-income communities, and immigrants, while enabling them to play a significant role in shaping climate solutions for New York State.
About the NY Renews Coalition
The NY Renews Coalition—with more than 160 members comprised of environmental justice groups, traditional greens, racial and economic justice groups, faith-based groups, and labor unions—was inspired by and created after the first People’s Climate March in 2014, with intersectional roots that started to deepen in the wake of Superstorm Sandy. The coalition follows a bottom-up decision-making process informed by the Jemez Principles of Democratic Organizing, giving grassroots leaders not just a voice but decision-making power in the development of policies, advocacy, and political strategy. Latinx and racial justice advocacy organizations are a cornerstone of NY Renews and include The New York City Environmental Justice Alliance (NYC-EJA), El Puente, Brooklyn Movement Center, Good Ole Lower East Side (GOLES), Make the Road NY, THE POINT CDC, PUSH Buffalo, and UPROSE.
The strong climate justice commitments of the CCPA, in terms of both racial equity and labor standards, are clear and should serve as a model for embedding similar commitments in federal climate policy. No less important, however, is the process of policy development that led to the CCPA. Previous development of environmental and climate policies at the federal level has rarely been genuinely participatory, if at all. As the climate crisis accelerates and the communities most impacted by climate change continue to lead in developing solutions, the CCPA offers a model of that embraces robust participation of frontline leaders in determining policy and in developing the kind of grassroots engagement strategy that, more than ever, is needed to win on climate.
The people of New York State already have the power to defeat injustice by winning on climate, and that power is in our people and our most impacted communities; the CCPA is proof of this and a solution for Latinx New Yorkers that speaks to the scale of the climate crisis while ensuring a Just Transition for impacted communities and workers alike.
I. Climate Change Impacts in Latinx Communities
Climate change impacts such as severe weather, flooding, and extreme heat increase health and safety risks for people of color—and for Latinx communities in particular. A recent national poll found that over 78 percent of Latinx respondents reported personally experiencing impacts of climate change, with over 65 percent having experienced extreme weather events including deadly heat waves, frequent and intense storms, and flooding within the past 5 years.2 Similarly, 3 in 4 Latinos are “worried” about climate change,3 and over 60 percent of Latinx residents in the United States live in California, Texas, Florida and New York—states that are at higher risk of exposure to extreme heat, air pollution, flooding and other climate impacts.4
Climate change is increasing the frequency, duration, and severity of severe weather events; the Atlantic hurricane seasons over the past 6 years have thrown into stark relief the unequal impacts of severe weather on people of color and Latinx communities.
In 2012, Superstorm Sandy devastated the New York metropolitan region, but disproportionately impacted low-income people of color. This is partly due to the higher representation of black and Latinx residents in public housing sited in vulnerable neighborhoods including Red Hook, Coney Island, the Lower East Side, and the Rockaways. Over 400 public housing developments lost electricity, elevators, heat, and hot water—affecting nearly 80,000 residents.5 The storm’s impacts exacerbated many existing environmental injustices faced by New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) residents. For example, a coalition of NYC-based community organizations conducted a survey of NYCHA residents over a year after Sandy, and found that 55 percent of survey respondents had repair needs in their apartment before Sandy, 40 percent had new repair needs as a result of Sandy, and 62 percent were told they would have to wait 6 months or more to receive repairs.6 Issues like mold, which had been reported as a problem prior to Sandy by over a third of respondents, worsened after the storm. Forty-one percent of respondents in Red Hook reported that NYCHA had done nothing to address the mold after the storm, with 42 percent of those respondents being Latinx. Eighty-four percent of respondents in the Lower East Side (over two-thirds of whom were Latinx) were told they have to wait 6 months or more to receive repairs for their apartments.7
Community-based organizations like Make the Road NY (MRNY) recognize that climate change presents severe risks for the Latinx and immigrant communities they serve. MRNY ran a survey after Superstorm Sandy which shed light on the significant negative economic impact on New York's immigrant community. In Staten Island, 60 percent of immigrants surveyed reported economic damage to their homes and personal property, and 40 percent of respondents were displaced from their home because of storm damage. MRNY also found that immigrants were less able to access relief post-disaster. Seventy-eight percent of immigrants surveyed had not applied for relief because they did not understand the application process, suggesting a failure by government entities to provide outreach to immigrant communities.8
Superstorm Sandy also revealed that recent immigrants are particularly vulnerable to the economic devastation in the aftermath of such events. Despite having about the same rate of labor force participation as US-born New Yorkers, the median earnings for immigrants are significantly lower (see Figure 1). Immigrants are also more likely to work in jobs without any paid leave, and to live in overcrowded housing with poor health and safety conditions; climate-related disasters like Superstorm Sandy only compound the many difficulties new immigrants already face. The greatest hurdle is faced by those immigrants who are "non-qualified aliens" under federal law and thereby barred from receiving cash assistance from FEMA or unemployment benefits.9 Missed paychecks as a result of weather-related emergencies greatly impact the ability of many immigrant families to meet basic needs.
More broadly, many Latinx community members have challenges related to immigration status. Because of discrimination or justifiable fear, undocumented members of Latinx communities may be less likely to access financial assistance and other services related to disaster recovery and public health, which only compounds the socioeconomic vulnerabilities of Latinx communities facing acute climate change impacts.
Flooding and Toxic Exposure
Historical patterns of environmental racism have resulted in the disproportionate siting of noxious facilities in low-income communities of color. Many of these facilities are also located on industrial waterfronts, where storm impacts threaten residents with acute exposure to harmful chemicals and pollutants that may be released.10
In New York City, clusters of industry and polluting infrastructure along the waterfront known as Significant Maritime and Industrial Areas (SMIA) are located in environmental justice communities--predominantly low-income communities of color--in the South Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island. All of the SMIAs are located in hurricane storm-surge zones and collectively host class 2 Superfund sites, regulated active bulk chemical and major oil storage facilities, and facilities reporting chemicals in the Toxics Release Inventory under the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act.11For example, Sunset Park, Brooklyn, where 42 percent of residents are Latinx, hosts nearly 600 acres of waterfront industrial land that includes water-dependent facilities, concentrations of industrial activity, well-buffered manufacturing districts, and large brownfields.12
Extreme Heat Vulnerabilities
Extreme heat is the deadliest climate change risk, even though most heat-related deaths are preventable through outreach and intervention.13 As climate change progresses, heat waves are expected to be longer, more frequent, and more deadly.14 Estimates for New York City project that the number of heat waves could double or even triple to 7 per year by 2050, compared with averages between 1970 and 2000.15 Extreme heat events can not only cause heat exhaustion and heat stroke, but also exacerbate existing health issues, resulting in fatalities from heart attacks, strokes, and other forms of cardiovascular disease.16
Latinx immigrants are among the most vulnerable in the United State to heat-related mortality. One study found that 87 percent of all U.S. heat-related deaths occurred among Hispanics.17The same study found that undocumented Hispanics are 3.6 times more likely to die from heat-related causes than U.S.-born residents. Nationally, Latinx residents are over 20 percent more likely to live in the hottest parts of cities with less green space and more heat-retaining surfaces;18 and about one-third of Latinx households live without air-conditioning.19 Latinx residents are also heavily concentrated in southern and western states like Texas and California, which can expect to see more extreme temperature increases as climate change accelerates.
In New York City, more than half of public housing residents also live in the city’s most heat-vulnerable neighborhoods—and nearly half of those residents are Hispanic.20 The South Bronx, where about two-thirds of residents are Latinx,21 ranks highest for heat-vulnerable neighborhoods in the city.22
How THE POINT CDC is on the Frontlines of Community Preparedness for Extreme Heat in the South Bronx
THE POINT CDC (Community Development Corporation) - Hunts Point (The Bronx, New York)
About this Community (Bronx Community District 2)23
68.2% percent Latinx
33.7% limited English proficiency
29.3% below NYC poverty threshold
48.6% rent burdened
$18,219 median household Income
6.1% unemployment rate
33% of residents lack A/C
Hunts Point in the South Bronx is one of the most heat-vulnerable communities in New York City. On top of this severe climate risk, residents are also victims of numerous spatial inequalities such as massive highways that bypass and border their communities, lack of waterfront access and green spaces, zoning policies that favor heavy industrial activity, and the disproportionate amounts of waste handling in this part of the city.
Local community organizations are a critical resource for increasing the resiliency of Latinx communities. For example, The POINT CDC runs a program in partnership with NYC Emergency Management called Be A Buddy, which aims to build social cohesion and climate health awareness and education for those most vulnerable in the Hunts Point-Longwood community. THE POINT also manages Hunts Point Community Solar, a program that addresses the community’s long-standing energy burden, and Free Hunts Point Community WiFi, a network that can provide resilient communications during and after a climate-related severe weather event or other emergencies.
“Despite the many challenges that Hunts Point faces, we are resilient, tough and are at the forefront of our own climate solutions and just transition... We see the CCPA as a innovative solution since it aims to set aside 40 percent of the state’s Clean Energy Funds to be reinvested in frontline, environmental justice, and disadvantaged communities. The equity provisions of the bill make it the most progressive climate legislation in the country, because at its heart, the CCPA is about racial, climate and environmental justice.”
– Fernando Ortiz, Climate Preparedness and Resiliency Organizer for THE POINT CDC, excerpt from testimony at the NYS Senate Climate Change Hearings, February 2019.
Community-Based Disaster Preparedness
Climate resiliency is the ability of communities to prepare for and recover from climate disasters. Low-income communities of color who face the constant, slow-moving disasters of systemic racism and inequality may not have the resources or capacity to effectively prepare for a severe storm.
Studies have found that Latinx and African-American communities are at higher risk during disasters due to lower levels of disaster preparedness.24 One study found that foreign-born Latinx residents in Miami and Houston were less prepared for flooding, and either unaware of or ineligible for public assistance post-disaster.25 Language barriers can prevent residents with limited English proficiency from being fully prepared for an extreme weather event, and from taking advantage of resources to recover from disasters. In New York City, a community-led survey reported that 28 percent of Spanish speakers surveyed did not have access to information in their primary language prior to Superstorm Sandy.26 As noted earlier, Latinx families with mixed documentation status may also be less likely to trust public officials and agencies for fear of deportation.
How Good Old Lower East Side (GOLES) is Leading a Community Disaster Preparedness Plan for the Lower East Side in Manhattan
About this Community (Manhattan Community District 3)27
11.7% under 18 years old
28.6% limited English proficiency
18% below NYC poverty threshold
4.5% unemployment rate
38.2% rent burdened
From extreme heat to more frequent and intense storms, the Lower East Side (LES) is already suffering from the effects of climate change, the risks of which are more severe due to a mix of environmental and social conditions—including a high concentration of public housing residents, aging infrastructure, loss of utility services due to landlord negligence, and a large concentration of community members who would need extra support in the event of a disaster. The impacts of Superstorm Sandy showed the critical role that community-based organizations (CBOs) played in disaster relief efforts.
For example, immediately after the storm hit, Good Ole Lower East Side (GOLES) staff coordinated nearly 3,000 volunteers to canvass the area, assessing needs and providing residents with disaster assistance information, bringing relief and assistance to more than 15,000 households. In the months after the storm, GOLES convened other local CBOs to create a long-term recovery group called LES Ready, which has continued to work on increasing the resiliency and preparedness of the Lower East Side community.
GOLES continues to lead efforts for community resiliency in LES by offering trainings and technical assistance to support community members in the creation of disaster and resiliency plans for their homes, buildings, and neighborhood. GOLES also provides seasonal trainings (e.g. hurricane, winter, extreme heat) and trainings for audiences with specific needs (e.g. elders, pet-owners, etc). On a building-wide level, GOLES works with residents to improve resilience in the following categories: energy, communications, food and water, health and wellness, and mobility.
Socioeconomic Inequality and Community Resiliency
For Latinx communities in New York State, community resiliency is under siege from the impacts of climate change. Community vulnerability due to poor health and other climate change impacts only compounds the resiliency challenges associated with the socioeconomic inequities that have always been present in Latinx communities. Extreme racial wealth-gaps, for example, mean that most Latinx families do not have sufficient resources to purchase a home, pay for college, or offset major health events—all of which are necessary for upward mobility into the middle class.
In heavily Latinx Sunset Park, Brooklyn, home to the Latinx environmental justice organization UPROSE, the poverty rate is 25 percent, nearly double the national rate, and residents face an acute affordable housing crisis, with a majority of households being rent-burdened (paying rent equal to 30 percent or more of household income).
Climate change adds additional burdens in Latinx communities because of immigration. Hurricane Maria’s devastation of Puerto Rico, with recovery costs estimated at nearly $140 billion, almost certainly had a pronounced economic effect on New Yorkers of Puerto Rican descent, New York City’s largest Latinx community. While there is no empirical research in this area currently, it is safe to assume that, in response to Maria, significant family resources were diverted to the island from Puerto Rican communities in New York City, already among the poorest communities citywide. This is not to mention how Maria’s actual death toll of approximately 4,600, and other hurricane impacts such as disrupted communications, affected family members in New York City.28
Economic and Health Impacts Post-Disaster
Numerous studies have shown that Latinx residents also are more likely to experience hardships during and post-disaster—including personal loss, property damage, and lengthy loss of utility services such as electricity and water, and lack of other basic resources including food, shelter, and income.29 These disproportionate impacts are partly due to lower socioeconomic status30 and higher likelihood of living in poorly constructed and hazardous areas.31 After Hurricane Harvey hit Houston, one survey found that nearly 60 percent of Latinx respondents who were living below 200 percent of the federal poverty line reported job loss or reduced hours.32 Other evidence points to how climate-related disasters are substantially increasing racial wealth gaps. In counties experiencing the most severe storm damages, white household wealth has actually increased while households of color have lost significant wealth.33
Climate change disasters can also exacerbate existing mental health conditions. Research from the American Psychological Association has shown that people of color are more likely to exhibit post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and stress after disasters, largely due to economic status, outdated infrastructure in neighborhoods of color, and poor access to healthcare.34 Latinx communities in New York City have a higher prevalence of serious psychological distress, a measure of complex mental health issues, compared to non-Latinx adults.35For undocumented immigrants, job insecurity and living in fear of deportation in some cases may also increase vulnerability to depression and anxiety even as fear of deportation prevents them from accessing mental health services for themselves or their families.36
II. Health Risks of Climate Pollution in New York State’s Latinx Communities
Although New York State has a comparatively small greenhouse gas emissions footprint, our state is currently ranked number one in terms of both cancer and non-cancer health risks from hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) such as diesel emissions, and our state is ranked 8th-worst on health risks from criteria air pollutants such as ozone and particulate matter or “soot” (see Table 1 further below).37 New York also has more than 600 facilities tracked in the EPA’s Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), which release more than 10 million pounds of chemicals into the state’s air and water annually (as of 2017), in addition to producing nearly 400 million pounds of managed waste.38 In the electricity sector, fossil fuel-fired power in high population areas of New York State results in annual co-pollutant health damages of nearly $2700 per kilogram of combined criteria air pollutants including nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter.39 In New York City, health damages of particulate matter alone from electricity generation cost between $2 and $3.6 million per ton, and particulate matter emissions from all sources contribute to 3,200 premature deaths and more than 8,000 hospitalizations for respiratory and cardiovascular ailments city-wide. 40
Disproportionate Health Impacts in Latinx Communities
Climate pollution threatens all New Yorkers, but Latinx communities are disproportionately exposed and experience greater health risks from exposure to pollution. Co-pollutant emissions from burning fossil fuels—including carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and air toxics such as benzene—are a major factor in the state’s poor standing on environmental health. According to the American Lung Association, as of 2018, 8 New York counties are rated “F” for ground-level ozone, which is formed by chemical reactions between fossil fuel co-pollutants and sunlight. Seven of these eight counties—Bronx County, Queens County, New York County, Suffolk County, Westchester County, Richmond County, and Erie County–are home to more than 2.5 million Latinx residents. The total is more than 3 million if Kings County (Brooklyn) and Nassau County are included (these counties are not rated by the ALA due to insufficient monitoring).41 Ground-level ozone triggers asthma attacks and worsens other pulmonary problems, and it is causally associated with lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
One in 8 New Yorkers is diagnosed with asthma during his or her lifetime, including 1.3 million adults and nearly 400,000 children. Statewide, the asthma rate for Latinx children was 13.5 percent as of 2013, approximately 47 percent higher than the national asthma rate.42 In 2012-2013, asthma-related Medicaid costs in New York State totaled more than $530 million, and asthma’s effect in driving up insurance premiums totaled $1.3 billion.43
The state’s added cancer risk due to hazardous air pollutants—nearly 80 percent of which is caused by diesel emissions—is approximately 57 percent higher than the U.S. average, and the distribution of air pollution-related cancer risk across New York State varies substantially by race and ethnicity.44 As we can see in Figure 2, compared to low-income white people, low-income Latinx people in New York State bear cancer risks from HAPs at a much higher rate—a gap that narrows only at the upper end of the income spectrum. Further, across the state, people of color are disproportionately exposed to facilities emitting criteria air pollutants (“air-polluting facilities”) such as ozone and particulate matter—by a factor of 4.45
New York City Pollution Inequities
Pollution exposure inequities by race are particularly acute in New York City, home to nearly 2.4 million Latinx people and approximately 62 percent of the state’s total Latinx population. The following examples reveal sharp disparities by race:46
On average, residents of New York State’s 4 most Latinx-populated counties (Bronx, Kings, Queens, and New York) bear added cancer health risks from HAPs at a rate that is approximately 55 percent higher compared to the rest of New York State (see Figure 3) and these counties rank 1-4 in New York State for both cancer risks and non-cancer health risks due to HAPS (see Table 1 further below). Exposure to criteria air pollutants from air-polluting facilities is nearly 200 percent greater in New York’s four most Latinx-populated counties compared to the state as a whole (see Figure 4). Across New York State, as noted earlier, people of color face significantly more exposure to air-polluting facilities compared to white people (see Figure 5), and likewise significantly more added cancer risk from HAPs compared to white people (see Figure 6).
Nationally, New York’s four most Latinx-populated counties are among the top ten counties for cancer risk from HAPs; further, New York’s four most Latinx-populated counties comprise the top four counties nationally for non-cancer health risks from HAPs (see Table 1).
In New York’s nine most Latinx counties (Bronx, New York, Queens, Kings, Suffolk, Nassau, Westchester, Richmond, and Erie), the number of air-polluting facilities per square mile is approximately 50 times greater, on average, in these counties compared to the rest of the state. Seven of the nine most Latinx-populated counties in New York also comprise the state’s top seven counties for criteria air pollutant emissions, a major source of respiratory and other health problems (see Table 1). New York County is ranked sixth nationally for annual PM 2.5 (particulate matter) emissions.
Within majority-Latinx Bronx county, added cancer risk from air pollution is 9 percent higher for people of color compared to white people who live in the county. According to the Environmental Protection Agency’s Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), people of color who live in Bronx County are exposed to toxic chemical releases at nearly twice the rate of white people, and people of color are exposed to 57 percent more air-polluting facilities per square mile compared to white people in the Bronx.
TRI and other pollution data are often for stationary sources only and do not include transportation and other mobile sources of pollution, which are even more disproportionately burdensome in many Latinx communities, most notably in the South Bronx where diesel garbage and freight trucks literally clog the streets by the hundreds every hour.47In the South Bronx, 20-30 percent of children suffer from asthma at some point in their lives, more than 3 times the national rate.48
In Kings County (Brooklyn), home to more than 500,000 Latinx people, people of color are burdened with cancer risk from air pollution at a rate approximately 11 percent higher compared to white people, while the concentration of air-polluting facilities is 38 percent greater for people of color compared to white people in the county.
In New York County (Manhattan), home to more than 400,000 Latinx people, people of color are exposed to toxic releases at nearly twice the rate of white people.
Both Nassau and Suffolk Counties on Long Island, together home to more than 500,000 Latinx people, rank among the top 10 counties in New York State for added cancer risk from HAPs. People of color in Suffolk and Nassau Counties are exposed to 1.4 times the number of air-polluting facilities compared to white people in these counties (see Figure 7).
In Westchester County, where people of color comprise 27 percent of the population, added cancer risk from HAPs is approximately 18 percent greater for people of color as compared to white people, and people of color are exposed to air-polluting facilities at 4 times the rate of white people (See Figure 8).
Latinx populations bear similarly disproportionate pollution burdens in upstate New York.
In Erie County, which includes the city of Buffalo and is home to nearly 50,000 Latinx people as of 2017, cancer risk from HAPs is 38 percent higher for people of color compared to white people, and exposure to air-polluting facilities is approximately 2.8 times greater for people of color.
In Monroe County, which includes the city of Rochester and is home to more than 26,000 Latinx people, cancer risk from HAPs is more than 41 percent higher for people of color compared to white people, and people of color are exposed to polluting facilities at more than 5 times the rate of white people.
In Onondaga County, which includes the city of Syracuse and is home to more than 22,000 Latinx people, people of color face greater cancer risk from air pollution, by 29 percent, and they are 1.5 times more exposed to polluting facilities compared to white people in the county.
Disparities in Health Insurance Access
Communities that deal with disproportionate sources of pollution and the related negative health outcomes also face barriers to accessing adequate and affordable health care. Health disparities, often arising from pollution exposure disparities, are prevalent across New York State, especially by race. For example, in contrast with outcomes for white people, Latinx health outcomes for respiratory disease are worse on 33 percent of the state’s measures for respiratory health. On 4 out of 5 measures of being able to care for sick children, Latinx outcomes are worse than the outcomes for white people.49
These disparities are associated not only with pollution but with barriers to health insurance coverage, which are especially acute for immigrants in New York State, most of whom are Latinx. In New York City, nearly 94 percent of U.S.-born residents have health insurance, compared with only 81 percent of foreign-born New Yorkers. The disparity is particularly acute for undocumented immigrants, 58 percent of whom do not have health insurance. This gap also persists among children (under age 19) despite the fact that universal coverage is available under state law: 15 percent of undocumented children are uninsured, compared to 3 percent of U.S.-born children.50
Pollution from Transportation
New York’s transportation sector is its biggest source of air pollution, and our transportation densities combined with discriminatory siting of transportation hubs and corridors places an undue burden of traffic on communities of color.
With more than 11 million vehicles on its roads, including about 2.5 million mainly diesel-powered trucks and over 70,000 mainly diesel-powered buses, New York imports the equivalent more than 190 million barrels of oil per year, nearly 80 percent of which is used for transportation. A single diesel school bus annually produces approximately 1,300 pounds of criteria air pollutants, as well as 23 tons of greenhouse gases (GHGs)—while less than 1 percent of vehicles statewide are electric or utilize alternative fuels.51As we can see in Figure 9, New York City neighborhoods with significant Latinx populations are highly burdened by traffic proximity, with traffic exposure greater than that found in at least 70 percent of census tracts across the country as a whole.
In New York City, transportation emissions of particulate matter alone contribute to nearly 400 deaths and more than 800 hospital visits annually, accounting for more than 5800 years of lost life.52 As we can see in Figure 10, particulate matter emissions from transportation are concentrated in the Bronx, a majority-Latinx county. Northern Manhattan, also majority-Latinx in population, and, to a lesser extent, Central Brooklyn and North Brooklyn, also suffer from high levels of particulate matter from trucks, buses, and cars.
EL Puente Shows the Way on Greening Transportation Infrastructure in North Brooklyn
A major source of Particulate Matter 2.5 and high asthma prevalence in North Brooklyn is the Brooklyn Queens Expressway (BCE). El Puente, a leading Latinx social justice and cultural organization based in South Williamsburg and a member of New York Renews, has long led advocacy efforts to address the disproportionate pollution impacts of the BQE in this part of the city. Part of this effort has included citizen science projects involving air quality monitoring to better understand the risks in the community. Data from air quality monitoring is used to advocate for increased and improved open spaces and green infrastructure to mitigate poor air quality. One such project is the BQ Green, a proposal to deck over part of the BQE by connecting two existing parks adjacent to the BQE in Williamsburg. El Puente works with a coalition of organizations in North Brooklyn to raise awareness and build support for this project.
Health, Savings, and Jobs: The Benefits of a Renewable Energy Transformation for New York State
While there is no comprehensive research projecting the potential health benefits and savings from clean power and clean transportation in New York, there is some relevant research that points to very significant positive impacts. In general, clean air regulation is likely the most cost-effective public policy in modern history. Peer-reviewed EPA assessments of the Clean Air Act find a benefit-cost ratio of 30:1 for clean air rules.53 A study of New York State, focusing on projected health impacts of President Obama’s Clean Power Plan for reducing carbon emissions from power plants, finds significant reductions in soot and smog and related health benefits in New York State, particularly in the western part of the state (see Figure 11). These benefits include prevention of between 160 and 320 premature deaths each year between 2020 and 2030.54
A national study of the energy efficiency benefits of insulating houses found, in New York State, co-pollutant reductions from power plants and other emissions sources of at least 24 percent for nitrogen oxides and at least 17 percent for sulfur dioxide.55
As these studies suggest, health improvements can generate appreciable health care savings for New Yorkers. The energy efficiency study cited above estimates annual monetized benefits between $275 million and $1 billion in New York State. Recent market shifts in the electricity sector coupled with state investments in energy efficiency have generated modest reductions in fossil fuel pollution, with estimated health care savings for New Yorkers in a range between $800 million and $1.8 billion over the 5-year period of 2009-2014, mainly from reductions in pollution-related mortality.56 An emissions reduction policy that, like the CCPA, includes fossil fuel co-pollutants, is economy-wide (including transportation, buildings, and industry as well as electricity), and demands high levels of investment to achieve aggressive, and mandatory, emissions goals, will increase the health-related economic benefits of emissions reductions exponentially. Energy cost savings can also be a significant benefit of climate policy in New York. New York State investments in energy efficiency and renewable energy from 2010-2018 will generate an estimated $5.2 billion in lifetime savings for participating households.57 As with health savings, the CCPA promises substantially greater energy savings for New York State households, proportionate to the much higher levels of overall investment needed for the policy’s emissions goals.
Last but not least, job creation is another major benefit of investing in a renewable energy transformation for New York. CCPA-specific employment estimates have been calculated and we turn to that analysis in the following section.
III. Recommendations: A Bold Policy Solution for New York’s Climate-Impacted Latinx Communities
Latinx communities, other communities of color, and low-income communities that are disproportionately exposed to fossil fuel pollution could benefit the most from improvements in health and resiliency associated with emissions reductions and transitioning to renewable energy. However, this will only be the case if 1) emissions reduction targets also include harmful co-pollutants and cover transportation, buildings, and industry, and 2) these policies are well-targeted for the most impacted communities, both in terms of emissions reduction goals as well as programmatic investments in emissions-reducing projects and initiatives. Fortunately, we have a policy in New York State that is expansive and well-targeted in just these ways, promising significant benefits for Latinx communities across the state.
The Climate and Community Protection Act (CCPA) and a Just Transition for Frontline Communities
The Climate and Community Protection Act, which is currently before the New York State legislature, offers a solution for climate impacts, and climate inequities, that New York State needs—especially for its hardest hit communities. The CCPA puts New York State on a path to zero-greenhouse gas emissions economy-wide by 2050, with interim benchmarks of a 50 percent reduction by 2030 and an 80 percent reduction by 2040. It also has a benchmark of 50 percent renewables in the electricity sector by 2030. The CCPA codifies these targets into law, thereby inoculating the zero emissions goal from being subject to the discretion of the governor and state agencies.
More important than the particular emissions timeline and its legal status are 2 other aspects of the CCPA that are significant for Latinx communities: equity standards and labor standards. A key provision of the legislation that embodies its commitments to equity is the requirement that 40 percent of the state’s clean energy funds, including any revenue generated by emissions pricing if that is adopted in the future, be reinvested for the benefit of frontline, environmental justice, and disadvantaged communities. These funds can help support renewable energy and energy efficiency projects that move New York towards a Just Transition, including:
Community solar projects (see the UPROSE text box) often face financing barriers for start-up capital. CCPA-targeted funding can be used to replace private financing with outright grants, thereby securing the full benefit of the solar energy generated for residents of the community.
Weatherization and other energy efficiency upgrades for low-income housing are costly, but returns on investment are positive in terms of emissions reductions, energy savings for households, and improvements in health. CCPA-targeted investment can help low-income households gain access to energy efficiency upgrades, including helping to overcome the barrier of split incentives between landlords and residents in multi-family dwellings. For a great example of the kind of community-led, low-income energy efficiency access programs that CCPA-targeted investment could help bring to scale, see PUSH Buffalo’s Green Development Zone.58
Electrifying public or publicly-contracted fleets, particularly buses and garbage trucks–is a significant opportunity for Latinx and other communities of color, especially for improving health in densely trafficked neighborhoods.
Well-targeted and community-consulted climate change adaptation investments under the CCPA could help protect Latinx New Yorkers from the dangers of climate change as experienced in low-income communities with fewer resources to ensure resiliency.
Expanding community green spaces will bring multiple benefits, especially on emissions and both physical and mental health.
The CCPA will also bring also economic benefits in the form of job creation and high-road labor standards, among other benefits.
The CCPA’s programmatic investments are projected to create more than 200,000 jobs across the state in the first decade, generating more than $130 billion in income for the new clean energy workers over that period. More than half of these jobs are working- class, in construction, electrical work, and other occupations that typically employ people without a 4-year college degree.59
The CCPA’s hallmark is targeted investment for high-need communities. These communities have carried the burden of our pollution, but the CCPA puts them, instead, at the center of the renewable energy transition. Under the CCPA’s 40 percent investment mandate for environmentally vulnerable low-income communities, if even one-third of the overall investments needed to reach the 2050 target is publicly funded, approximately 21,000 jobs will be created in the most impacted communities, generating more than $14 billion in income over a decade for new clean energy workers in fossil fuel-impacted places like New York City, Long Island, and Buffalo. If a larger share of CCPA investment is public, or if the state adopts emissions pricing to finance its renewable energy transition, potentially many more thousands of jobs will be supported by renewable energy investments in New York State’s most vulnerable communities.
Government-funded investments under the CCPA come attached with high-road workforce and contracting standards, to ensure that the workers who carry out New York State’s renewable energy transformation can thrive, in their work and daily lives. In addition, communities can help prepare their members for this new clean energy employment by using CCPA-targeted funds for training and apprenticeship programs, which are required by the policy.
How UPROSE is Operationalizing the Just Transition in Sunset Park
Frontline communities that would benefit from the CCPA are not waiting to enact bold solutions to the climate crisis that are rooted in local leadership. For example, UPROSE, Brooklyn’s oldest Latinx community-based organization, has spent the last several decades organizing and leading around environmental justice and social justice issues, and, since 2006, has sharpened its focus on climate justice, social cohesion and the adaptation of its home community, Sunset Park, to the impacts of climate change. This includes a focus on community resilience and building and advocating for a Just Transition.
Here is an excerpt from testimony provided by UPROSE at the 2019 NYS Senate Hearings on the Climate and Community Protection Act:
“As one of New York City’s last manufacturing districts, Sunset Park is primed to become a climate resilience and green jobs hub to meet the city and state’s climate goals. The working waterfront has 20 million square feet of industrial space and holds 21,000 jobs along with nearly 40 percent of those in the industrial sector. As we speak, around 6 million square feet of industrial space in the waterfront is undergoing a rezoning process to allow for commercial, luxury hotel and recreational space. For years UPROSE has been advocating in favor of a working waterfront that meets New York State’s and the region’s needs for a transition to a renewable energy economy.
“Currently, among other climate adaptation initiatives UPROSE is developing New York State’s first community-owned solar cooperative on the roof of the Brooklyn Army Terminal (BAT). The Sunset Park Solar project, with an 80,000 square foot solar array, will serve about 200 residents and small businesses providing subscribers with up to 20% savings in their energy utility bills. It will also allow subscribers to own and manage the project. One of the challenges of the project has been securing funding. Since this is a community-led project, funding is limited and has pushed the project’s team to create creative partnerships to build capacity and tap into the often-limiting sources of tax equity and philanthropy.
“The CCPA will help provide the capacity to environmental justice and frontline communities to develop context-based strategies to address climate change. It will make funds available for communities to actively lead, build and succeed in developing community-owned solar projects like Sunset Park Solar. This project is a real, on-the-ground model that will pave the way for communities throughout the State to actively participate and build New York’s Just Transition, but we need the CCPA to do that.”
— Lourdes Pérez-Medina, Climate Justice Policy and Programs Coordinator, UPROSE
Centering Climate Policy Development on the Most Impacted Communities
The CCPA is also a big step forward in governance and decision-making for a Just Transition. Among other features that should be highlighted in this respect:
A Climate Justice Working Group will be established and charged with formulating a climate justice screen to identify “disadvantaged communities” based on a variety of criteria including income, unemployment, public health, energy burden, history of discrimination on the basis of race or ethnicity, cumulative environmental pollution, and vulnerability to climate change impacts. The working group’s membership rules give strong representation to environmental justice leaders, and the working group must be consulted on the planning process for implementation of the CCPA, which will be led by the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC). This consultation is inclusive of proposed regulations to achieve GHG emissions limits; investments of funds to benefit disadvantaged communities; and preparation of reports on implementation of the CCPA as well as a separate report on low-income accessibility of, or community ownership of, distributed energy generation and other programmatic aspects of the renewable energy transformation.
The CCPA’s required scoping plan includes co-pollutants and co-benefits. In developing a scoping plan to achieve GHG emission limits, the DEC must quantify environmental, economic, and public health co-benefits, including the reduction of co-pollutants from fossil fuels and other sources. Based on this quantification, the plan must identify measures to maximize reductions of both GHG emissions and co-pollutants in disadvantaged communities.
Implementation of the CCPA elevates equity criteria in all phases, including the issuing of regulations, agency actions, and reporting requirements to assess effectiveness on emissions as well as equitable implementation of GHG and co-pollutant emissions reductions in the most impacted communities.
The DEC is required to prepare a report on access barriers in disadvantaged communities. This report will focus on access to, or community ownership of, distributed renewable energy generation, energy efficiency and weatherization investments, zero-emissions and low-emission transportation options, adaptation measures, and other services and infrastructure.
New York State is one of America’s bluest states politically, yet its track record on climate policy and environmental justice falls well short of what is needed for a Just Transition away from fossil fuels. The CCPA is the opportunity New York State needs to leap to the forefront of climate action, creating jobs where they are needed most, improving public health in our most vulnerable communities, and helping to promote community-led solutions to the climate crisis.
As this report makes clear, the costs of inaction, particularly for Latinx and other communities of color, vastly outweigh any costs associated with reducing our dependence on fossil fuels. The combination of job creation, health benefits, and energy savings from transitioning to 100 percent renewable energy is not only critical for economic development across the state, it is also the key to a Just Transition centered on the most impacted communities.
As climate change, longstanding socioeconomic inequities, and anti-immigrant racism and backlash accelerate, New York has the opportunity to take a stand for social, racial, and climate justice by passing the most progressive climate policy in the nation. Now is the time for our elected leaders to act on behalf of all New Yorkers, but especially for the benefit Latinx New Yorkers and all New Yorkers of color.
This report and underlying research were produced by core members of the NY Renews coalition, with Lew Daly of Demos and Priya Mulgaonkar of the New York City Environmental Justice Alliance (NYC-EJA) as lead researchers and authors. Many thanks to Leslie Velasquez from El Puente, Julian Morales and Elizabeth Ortiz from Good Ole Lower East Side (GOLES), Jose Lopez from Make the Road NY, Annel Hernandez and Eddie Bautista from NYC-EJA, Fernando Ortiz and Angela Tovar from THE POINT CDC, and Lourdes Pérez-Medina and Elizabeth Yeampierre from UPROSE.
Founded in 1991, the New York City Environmental Justice Alliance (NYC-EJA) is a non-profit, 501(c)3 citywide membership network linking grassroots organizations from low-income neighborhoods and communities of color in their struggle for environmental justice. NYC-EJA empowers its member organizations to advocate for improved environmental conditions and against inequitable environmental burdens by the coordination of campaigns designed to inform City and State policies. Through our efforts, member organizations coalesce around specific common issues that threaten the ability for low-income communities of color to thrive. NYC-EJA is led by the community-based organizations that it serves, with its board elected by its member groups, who set policy and guide program development.
33Junia Howell and James R. Elliott, “Damages Done: The Longitudinal Impacts of Natural Hazards on Wealth Inequality in the United States,” Social Problems, August 14, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spy016.
36Alexia Elejalde-Ruiz, "Fear, Anxiety, Apprehension: Immigrants Fear Doctor Visits Could Leave Them Vulnerable to Deportation," Chicago Tribune, February 28, 2018. https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-immigration-fears-hurt-health-care-access-0225-story.html.
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Australian environment minister Tanya Plibersek has blocked a proposed open-pit coal mine just six miles from the Great Barrier Reef, raising hopes among advocates that she will block other potentially destructive projects.
“I have decided not to approve the Central Queensland Coal Project because the risks to the Great Barrier Reef, freshwater creeks, and groundwater are too great,” Plibersek said. “Freshwater creeks run into the Great Barrier Reef and onto seagrass meadows that feed dugongs and provide breeding grounds for fish.”
Plibersek is the first environment minister to use her powers under Australia’s Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act to block a coal mine, The Financial Review reports. The environment ministry is reviewing 18 other coal and gas projects.
The Central Queensland Coal Project would have consisted of two large open pits yielding up to 10 million metric tons of coal a year for 20 years or more. Environmentalists cheered its rejection.
“This is a victory for the Reef, for tourism, for communities that depend on the Reef for their livelihoods, and for all those who cherish this natural wonder,” Coral Rowston, of Environmental Advocacy in Central Queensland, said in a statement. “If the Central Queensland Coal Project had been in operation last month when we were in flood, it would have pumped millions of liters of toxic wastewater directly into the Broad Sound fish habitat area — a vital nursery for many species vital to the Reef’s health and our fishery industry.”
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Understanding Corns and Calluses
- Definition: Corns are calluses that form on the lesser digits, typically on joint areas where there is friction or rubbing.
- Appearance: As corns progress, they can present as round, unsightly lesions on the affected joint areas.
- Symptoms: Patients often experience pain or discomfort on these surfaces, leading them to seek medical advice.
Each type of corn and callus requires specific treatment approaches depending on its location and severity.
Type of Corns:
- Hard Corns: Small, concentrated areas of hardened skin, usually found on the tops or sides of toes.
- Soft Corns: Softer, rubbery corns that typically develop between toes due to moisture.
Type of Calluses:
- Plantar Calluses: Thickened skin on the bottom of the foot, usually on the heel or ball.
- Palmar Calluses: Calluses that develop on the hands due to repeated friction or pressure.
- Diffuse Calluses: Larger, spread-out areas of thickened skin, often found on weight-bearing parts of the feet.
Importance of Early Intervention
- Progression: Corns tend to worsen over time, with increased skin discoloration and thickening of the callus.
- Recommendation: It is crucial to consult with a medical professional as soon as a corn begins to form to discuss removal options.
When is a good time to have foot corn removal?
The best time to have foot corn removal is when you notice a corn starting to form.
Corns tend to worsen over time, leading to skin discoloration and thickening of the callus, which can increase discomfort.
Early consultation with a medical professional is key to preventing complications and exploring treatment options before the corn worsens.
Benefits of Surgical Removal vs. Non-Surgical Methods:
Surgical removal of corns provides a permanent solution by addressing the root cause, often correcting the underlying bone deformity.
Non-surgical methods like pads, shoe modifications, or topical treatments can relieve symptoms but don’t prevent corns from returning, especially if the cause isn’t fixed.
Here’s a visual comparison table for the surgical and non-surgical options for corn removal.
| Surgical Removal | Non-Surgical Methods |
Effectiveness | High – Addresses root cause, prevents return | Moderate – Manages symptoms, corn may return |
Permanence | Permanent solution | Temporary relief, requires ongoing treatment |
Recovery Time | Longer recovery period | Immediate relief, no recovery time needed |
Risk of Recurrence | Low | High if underlying cause isn’t addressed |
Invasiveness | Invasive, involves surgery | Non-invasive, involves external treatments |
Long-Term Results | Long-lasting, prevents future issues | Short-term management, corns may reoccur |
How is a corn removed?
Different techniques for corn and callus removal surgery include:
- Corn Excision Operation: The corn and underlying tissue are surgically removed, often with correction of any bone deformity.
- Laser Surgery: A laser is used to precisely remove the callus with minimal damage to surrounding tissue.
- Minimally Invasive Surgery: Small incisions are made to remove the corn, often leading to faster recovery and less scarring.
Patients can expect smoother, pain-free feet after these procedures.
The healing process varies but typically involves some swelling and tenderness.
Most patients see significant cosmetic and comfort improvements, with long-lasting results.
Optimal Applicants for a surgical corn removal
Surgery for a deep corn removal is ideal for those with persistent pain unresponsive to other treatments and for those seeking to improve the cosmetic appearance of their feet.
- Individuals with persistent pain from corns
- Those who haven’t responded to non-surgical treatments
- People with foot deformities like hammertoes or bunions
- Patients seeking a permanent solution to prevent recurrence
- Individuals in good overall health for surgery
- Those willing to undergo a short recovery period for long-term relief
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Before and After Foot Corn Removal
How do you get ready for corn removal surgery on your toes?
To prepare fora deep corn removal surgery, start with a consultation where you’ll discuss your medical history.
The procedure time typically lasts 30-45 minutes, making it a relatively quick surgery.
Practice proper foot care by keeping your feet clean and free of irritants.
After surgery, expect to be back to work in about a week, with full recovery taking approximately two weeks.
Make arrangements for a ride home and prepare a comfortable recovery space.
Following your doctor’s specific instructions is key to a smooth recovery.
What is the Recovery Time for Surgical Corn Removal?
Proper recovery and aftercare following surgical corn removal are essential to ensure smooth healing time and prevent complications.
By following the recommended steps, you can minimize discomfort and promote faster recovery, allowing you to get back to normal activities as soon as possible.
- Rest and Elevation: Keep your foot elevated to reduce swelling after surgery.
- Bandage Care: Regularly change bandages and keep the area clean and dry.
- Follow Prescriptions: Take prescribed antibiotics and pain medication as instructed.
- Limit Activity: Avoid putting weight on your foot and use crutches if necessary.
- First Week: Expect initial swelling and tenderness.
- One to Two Weeks: Return to work and light activities.
- Two Weeks Onward: Full recovery with minimal discomfort.
Choosing a Podiatrist
Guidance: When selecting a podiatrist, look for one with positive patient reviews.
Consider their experience with the specific procedure you need and ensure they have a good reputation in foot care.
Personal referrals from friends or family can also be valuable.
Cost and Insurance: Understand the costs involved in podiatrist care, including consultation fees, procedure costs, and follow-up visits.
Check with your insurance provider to see what services are covered, and whether the podiatrist is within your network, to minimize out-of-pocket expenses.
The Role of Dr. Ray Lopez DPM
Consultation: When dealing with corns, consulting a podiatrist is essential. Dr Ray will evaluate your specific condition, considering your foot structure, lifestyle, and medical history, to recommend the most effective treatment.
Expertise: Dr. Ray is a specialist in foot and ankle care. He performs procedures with minimally invasive techniques. With his expertise, you’ll receive personalized guidance on the best surgical or non-surgical options, including clear information on costs, ensuring you get the care that’s both effective and affordable.
How much is corn removal surgery?
The cost of corn removal surgery typically starts around $1,500 per corn, which includes all associated fees.
However, if you’re having multiple corns removed or if the procedure involves multiple toes, the cost per toe can decrease, making the overall expense more economical.
It’s best to discuss your specific situation with your podiatrist, as they can provide a more accurate estimate based on the number of corns and the complexity of the surgery.
Cost Comparison: Surgical vs. Non-Surgical Options
- Excision surgery typically costs around $1,500 per corn, which includes all associated fees.
- If multiple corns are removed or multiple toes are treated, the cost per corn decreases.
- Treatments like padding, shoe inserts, or topical creams are more affordable, usually ranging from $20 to $100. However, these methods are not permanent and may require continuous management.
Surgery offers a long-term solution, whereas non-surgical options are lower-cost but may not prevent recurrence.
Managing Out-of-Pocket Costs for Corn Removal Surgery
- Payment Plans: Many clinics offer flexible payment plans, allowing you to pay over time.
- Financing Options: Consider healthcare financing options like CareCredit, which provides financing for medical procedures with low or no interest.
- Savings: Set aside funds early for surgery and recovery.
- Consultation: Get a cost estimate during your initial visit to plan ahead financially.
Book Your Free Consultation
Corn Removal FAQS
No, corn removal surgeries are not painful. The procedure is pretty standard and straightforward, and it’s performed under local anesthesia, so the patient doesn’t feel anything.
You can walk, but wearing a special post-operative shoe for the first two weeks is essential.
A podiatrist removes a corn by numbing the area and trimming the thickened skin with a scalpel.
Yes, stitches are usually required after corn removal. The procedure involves cutting deeper into the skin or addressing underlying issues like bone deformities.
After corn removal surgery, driving is generally not recommended, especially if the surgery was performed on your driving foot.
To get rid of a corn on your pinky toe, try wearing properly fitted shoes, using protective padding, or applying over-the-counter treatments. If it persists, consult a podiatrist for removal.
To remove a corn on your big toe, use proper footwear, apply padding, and soften it by soaking. For persistent corns, see a podiatrist.
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Preventing lower back problems sounds great in theory but its probably not always possible.
Just like a common cold or upset stomach most back problems are an unpleasant fact of life.
Rather than focusing only on physical factors such as your posture or how you sit, it is usually more useful to address factors beneficial to your general health such as; getting good sleep, managing stress, stopping smoking and perhaps, most importantly, being physically active.
Physical activity is important for everyone. In general, the more time spent being physically active, the greater the health benefits. Physical activity is associated with living longer and a reduced likelihood of developing long-lasting pain (including low back pain), diabetes, heart disease and cancer.
For good physical and mental health aim to be physically active every day. Any activity is better than none. Examples of activities include heavy gardening, carrying heavy bags, running, brisk walking or resistance training such as weight training.
The current government physical activity guidelines suggest aiming for 150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise (2 ½ hours) or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity exercise per week for increased health benefits. But, like any activity, it can be sensible to build up slowly, be realistic, and chose activities that you enjoy.
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A major conference on superconductors and their applications gets under way today in Geneva. Organised by CERN in collaboration with the University of Geneva and EPFL-SPC (Swiss Plasma Center) under the auspices of the European Society for Applied Superconductivity, EUCAS 2017 will welcome more than 1000 scientists and engineers to share the latest advances in superconductor technology and its applications.
It’s no coincidence that CERN is co-organising this conference. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is quite simply the biggest application of superconductivity in the world, with 23 kilometres of superconducting magnets around its 27-kilometre circumference.
The phenomenon of superconductivity was discovered in 1911. Below a very low critical temperature, some materials lose all of their electrical resistance. This amazing property opens up many exciting possibilities. Since there is no resistance to stop the flow of current and the superconductor does not heat up, it can carry far stronger electrical currents than “normal” or resistive conductors. A coil made from superconducting material can produce stronger magnetic fields than resistive electromagnets. This is the property that is of particular interest to particle physicists.
In circular accelerators like the LHC, particles are kept in their orbits by a magnetic field. But the higher the energy (speed) of the particles, the stronger the field needs to be. The energy of circular accelerators is therefore limited by the power of their magnets. At the end of the 1960s, this limit began to stand in the way of progress and superconductivity was exactly the innovation required to overcome it.
At the start of the 1970s, the idea really started being taken seriously. At the time, the most advanced work on the technology was being carried out by the “Energy Doubler” project at the Fermilab laboratory in the United States. This project later became the Tevatron, the first superconducting collider, which started operation in 1983. Its success really accelerated the use of superconductors for high-energy physics and since then, superconductivity and particle physics have driven each other on. Following the extraordinary technological achievement of the LHC, the future of superconductors is now taking shape in accelerator projects such as the High-Luminosity LHC and, in the longer term, bigger colliders able to push back even further the boundaries of the energy levels that humanity is able to explore.
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An imbalance of salt and water in patients with cystic fibrosis makes their lungs clog up with sticky mucus that is prone to infection. The cause of the offending imbalance is a well-known genetic error, one that blocks the molecular expressway for tiny chloride ions to move across the surface of the lungs.
But how does that same gene mutation upset a parallel roadway controlling the flow of the other component of salt, sodium ions? Now, researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine have found the answer, demonstrating that the gene mutated in cystic fibrosis not only controls traffic on the chloride highway, but also keeps the sodium highway from being overused.
The finding suggests that the infamous mutation – in a gene called CFTR – is a double whammy, affecting the flow of two different ions that are important to keep the mucus on the surfaces of the airways hydrated. Clarifying this link between the genetic defect and the thick sticky mucus in cystic fibrosis lungs could help researchers develop better therapies.
“It is very important to slow down this sodium channel when it is overactive before it leads to dehydration of the mucus in patient airways,” said Martina Gentzsch, PhD, assistant professor of cell and developmental biology at UNC and lead author of a study published Oct. 15 in the Journal of Biological Chemistry. “If we can understand the mechanism of how CFTR does that, it might give us a new approach to treat the disease.”
Cystic fibrosis is one of the most common genetic diseases in Caucasians, affecting approximately 1 in 3500 births in the United States. It is caused by a defect in the gene that codes for a protein called cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator or CFTR. Cystic fibrosis patients with the most severe disease have very little of the CFTR protein, and this affects the way chloride ions move across many tissues in the body. A number of scientists have hypothesized that CFTR also controls the movement of other ions, such as through the epithelial sodium channel or ENaC.
This channel has been shown to be overactive in transporting sodium ions in the airways of cystic fibrosis patients, so Gentzsch and her colleagues set out to determine why. First, they looked at the effects of the CFTR gene on the sodium channel in xenopus oocytes, commonly known as frog eggs. They found that when the CFTR gene was intact, the sodium channel was kept in check.
The researchers followed up with a number of biochemical and electrophysiological experiments and showed that the chloride channel and the sodium channels interact. Gentzsch and her colleagues also confirmed their results in human primary airway epithelial cells from healthy volunteers and patients with cystic fibrosis, showing that the sodium channel was in fact more active when there was no functional CFTR.
Now that they know that the chloride channel can actually influence the function of the sodium channel, Gentzsch is trying to find out how.
“We don’t know if it is doing this by basically acting like a roadblock, physically interfering with the proteases that activate ENaC, or if it is doing it by some indirect means,” said Gentzsch. “That is what we are investigating at the moment, so there are a lot of more questions to be answered.”
The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health and performed at the Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center at the University of North Carolina, which also receives funding from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. Study co-authors include Richard C. Boucher, MD, director of the Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center; and M. Jackson Stutts, PhD, professor of medicine.
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Understanding portable biodetection technology for identifying suspcious substances
- January 29, 2015
- Homeland Security's Science & Technology Directorate
- The number of portable biodetectors has grown exponentially in the last decade. During this time, first responders could try different devices, but they didn’t have independent, standardized comparisons to determine which devices better met their needs. Now they do.
Every day, across the nation, first responders are called to investigate suspicious white powders. While nearly everything they respond to is a hoax, they must treat every incident as if the powder could be anthrax or other dangerous substances. Every sample must be sent to and analyzed at a public health laboratory, which takes a day or more. However, many first responders also use commercially available, portable biodetection equipment for analysis on the scene. This allows the responders to make an initial, rough assessment and provide preliminary guidance to individuals who might have come in contact with the substances.
The number of portable biodetectors has grown exponentially in the last decade. During this time, first responders could try different devices, but they didn't have independent, standardized comparisons to determine which devices better met their needs. To assist first responders, the Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate's (S&T) Chemical and Biological Defense Division (CBD), recently released the latest First Responder Biodetection Technology Report and survey to better determine biotechnology needs and operating procedures. CBD's partner, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, a Department of Energy laboratory, operates and updates the website. Continual research is done on devices and it is updated twice a year. The project works hand-in-hand to ensure first responders have the tools they need now and in the future.
On January 8, CBD and PNNL announced the release of the Biodetection Guide for First Responders mobile app designed to give first responders easy access to information on technologies and kits for the collection and detection of potential biological threats while in the field.
Responders can browse, search, and find product details. The app can be downloaded free from the iTunes store, but is currently only available for Apple mobile devices. "Our goal is to improve bioresponse capabilities and to advance overall effectiveness and safety," explained Anne Hultgren, CBD acting director and the program manager for the project. "What we've done is conduct independent performance tests on a broad range of technologies to determine the capabilities, strengths and weaknesses of each."
The report provides a comprehensive review of commercially available biodetection equipment. Each review includes Web links, equipment specifications, pricing and annotated references from peer-reviewed publications to assist first responders in making informed acquisition purchases. Each device is evaluated to ensure they can tell if biological material is present and if they can identify specific agents. They are also evaluated on ease of use, weight, size and cost. CBD's report can increase responders' confidence that the device they choose will quickly and accurate identify agents so they can take the correct next steps.
In the event of a white powder incident, Hultgren explained affected individuals generally want to know if they should seek medical attention, if the facility is safe to work in and how to safely and thoroughly clean the powder and facility. By using the portable biodetection equipment, first responders can feel more confident about the initial assessments of the powder and the guidance they provide while they wait for the official results to return from the public health lab.
"We're not replacing the requirement to have samples of every incident reviewed at a public health lab," Hultgren stressed. "We're giving responders enough information to make a decision on the ground, immediately, while they are waiting for that result to get back."
The ongoing survey will guide the next iteration of the report.
"The survey looks to the future," Hultgren said. "It is a means for us to understand what types of technologies people currently use, capability gaps or challenges and operational procedures, and it will inform how we provide information in the future."
Materials provided by Homeland Security's Science & Technology Directorate. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Cite This Page:
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Trooping the Colour is a traditional event that takes place annually in June to celebrate the official birthday of the British monarch, King Charles III. It is a magnificent display of pageantry and military precision conducted by the Household Division, which consists of the Queen's personal troops. The event typically occurs on the second Saturday of June, featuring a parade on Horse Guards Parade in London 4.
In 2024, the Trooping the Colour ceremony occurred on June 15 8. During this year's event, Kate Middleton made her first public appearance since announcing her cancer treatment 7. The parade is not only a celebration but also serves as a significant moment for the royal family to come together on the balcony of Buckingham Palace, as witnessed in previous years 19. Additionally, King Charles III, Queen Consort Camilla, The Prince and Princess of Wales, and their children were prominent figures at the event in 2024 10.
If you want to watch the Trooping the Colour ceremony, it is often broadcasted on BBC One and BBC iPlayer 18, giving viewers a chance to experience the grandeur of the occasion from the comfort of their homes. The event is steeped in tradition and history, making it a must-see spectacle for both the British public and royal enthusiasts alike.
What are the origins and significance of Trooping the Colour?
Trooping the Colour is a historic ceremony that dates back to the 18th century. Originally, it served as a practical way for soldiers to recognize their regiment's colors 30. The significance of Trooping the Colour today is mainly ceremonial, but it remains an important part of British military history and culture 24. The event involves the ceremonial marching of regiments and the display of regimental flags, historically referred to as 'Colours' 23.
Evolution of Trooping the Colour
Over the years, Trooping the Colour has evolved into a grand military ceremony to mark the official birthday of the British Sovereign 31. It is a tradition that has been observed for over 260 years 31. The ceremony itself traces its roots back to around 1700, showcasing the rich historical tapestry of the British military 26.
Royal Family Involvement
Members of the Royal Family play a significant role in Trooping the Colour, with the reigning monarch taking the salute during the parade. This event is steeped in tradition and adds to the cultural fabric of British society 27.
Future of Trooping the Colour
In recent discussions, the future and significance of Trooping the Colour in British culture have been pondered. Despite changes in society, this tradition continues to hold a special place in British history and culture 29. The ceremonial event and parade not only honor the monarch but also provide a connection to the nation's military heritage 28.
Trooping the Colour 2024
As for Trooping the Colour 2024, it signifies the continuation of this iconic tradition. The event remains a cherished part of the British calendar, blending history, pageantry, and military precision in a spectacle that captivates audiences both in the UK and around the world.
How has Trooping the Colour evolved over the years?
Trooping the Colour has a rich history that has evolved over the years. Initially established under the reign of King Charles II in the late 1600s, it has become a significant ceremonial event celebrating British sovereignty 35. The tradition has transformed into a grand celebration, symbolizing the monarch's birthday and the unity of the nation.
Throughout the years, Trooping the Colour has seen the participation of various members of the royal family. For example, in 2023, Prince George, Princess Charlotte, and Prince Louis joined their grandfather, King Charles III, at the event 40. This showcases the continuity of royal tradition and the passing down of ceremonial responsibilities through generations.
Fashion and Style Evolution
Trooping the Colour is not just a display of military pomp but also a notable event for royal fashion. Kate Middleton, known for her elegant style, has graced the event with unforgettable outfits that have left a mark in history 33. The event has witnessed the evolution of fashion trends, reflecting the changing times and preferences.
Beyond its ceremonial aspects, Trooping the Colour holds cultural significance as a celebration of British heritage and traditions. The event brings together the public, the military, and the royal family in a show of unity and national pride. This gathering highlights the importance of continuity and respect for history in modern times.
In conclusion, Trooping the Colour 2024 continues this legacy of tradition, celebration, and evolution, maintaining its place as a significant event in British history and culture.
Who participates in Trooping the Colour and what is their role?
Trooping the Colour is a traditional ceremony held annually in London to celebrate the monarch's official birthday. Various members of the royal family, military personnel, and key individuals participate in this grand event.
King Charles III recently participated in Trooping the Colour, marking his first official birthday parade as monarch 43. The ceremony typically involves the monarch inspecting the troops and participating in a carriage procession to Buckingham Palace. It is a significant event that showcases the royal family's connection with the military and the public.
In addition to the monarch, other prominent figures such as the Princess of Wales have also been known to participate in Trooping the Colour. For example, Kate Middleton, who holds the role of Colonel of the Irish Guards, was expected to take part in the ceremony but had to miss it due to health reasons 46.
The military personnel involved in Trooping the Colour play a crucial role in ensuring the safety of the event and protecting the royal family and other participants. They also participate in various ceremonial duties, showcasing the close ties between the military and the monarchy 47.
Overall, Trooping the Colour is a prestigious event that brings together members of the royal family, military personnel, and the public to celebrate the monarch's official birthday in a grand and traditional manner.
What is the schedule and timeline of events during Trooping the Colour?
Trooping the Colour is a traditional ceremony held annually in London to celebrate the British monarch's official birthday. In 2024, the Trooping the Colour event took place on June 15th 50. The ceremony typically includes a military parade, the Queen's inspection of the troops, and a flypast by the Royal Air Force. Here is a breakdown of the schedule and timeline of events during Trooping the Colour:
Major General's Review: This event usually occurs before the official Trooping the Colour ceremony. The Major General's Review of Trooping the Colour took place at Horse Guards Parade at 11am 53.
Trooping the Colour Ceremony: The main event includes the royal family travelling by carriage from Buckingham Palace to Horse Guards Parade, where the ceremony unfolds with the trooping of the regimental flags. The royals then return to the palace for a balcony appearance and the RAF flypast 51.
Public Appearance: The event provides an opportunity for the public to witness the spectacular ceremony free of charge, as mentioned in a TripAdvisor review 51.
Ceremony Details: Trooping the Colour is a historic event dating back to the 17th century and is an essential part of the British royal calendar, celebrating the monarch's birthday 54.
This detailed schedule and timeline offer a glimpse into the various components and traditions of the Trooping the Colour event in 2024.
How is Trooping the Colour celebrated and what traditions are involved?
Trooping the Colour is a significant annual event in the United Kingdom that celebrates the official birthday of the reigning monarch. The event involves a grand military parade, known as Trooping the Colour, where regiments and the Household Division of the British Army showcase their precision and horsemanship skills. The highlight of the ceremony is the Trooping the Colour itself, where the Queen's Guard's flag (Colour) is paraded through the ranks. This tradition dates back to the 17th century when flags were used as rallying points in battle.
Trooping the Colour 2024
In 2024, Trooping the Colour may see King Charles break from tradition due to his ongoing outpatient cancer treatment. While the specific details of any changes are not confirmed, it is possible that modifications to the ceremony may be made to accommodate the King's health needs while still upholding the spirit of the event.
Significance and Spectacle
Trooping the Colour is not merely a military display but also a cultural spectacle that includes vibrant displays of pageantry, music, and historical symbolism. The event attracts large crowds and is typically attended by members of the royal family.
Involvement of the Royal Family
Members of the royal family play key roles in the event, with the monarch taking the central position. The Queen or King usually participates in the carriage procession, inspecting the troops before the parade and then appearing on the balcony of Buckingham Palace to watch the Royal Air Force flypast.
In conclusion, Trooping the Colour is a longstanding tradition that showcases the military prowess and pageantry of the British armed forces. While 2024's ceremony may see some alterations due to King Charles's health, the core elements of the event, such as the parade and the royal family's participation, remain central to its celebration.
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Grassbirds and Allies (Locustellidae)
Bougainville Thicketbirds are found only in mountain forests on the island of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea, where very little is known about the species. The thicketbird was photographed in spectacular fashion in September 2024 by a group for Ornis Birding Expeditions. Prior to this, the most recent documented records of Bougainville Thicketbirds were published photographs from 2001 and a specimen collected in 2002, meaning that it was lost 22 years between documented records.
The most recent records of the species are photographs taken in 2024 and publicly available on eBird. The last record before 2024 appears to be a specimen at the University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute that was collected on 31 August 2002 in Bougainville's Crown Prince Range. D. Hadden published two photographs of Bougainville Thicketbird in his book Birds and Bird Lore of Bougainville and the North Solomons (Dove Publications, 2004), including one of a juvenile bird found by J. Toroura in September 2001.
- Search for Lost Birds
FOUND: Two Lost Birds in a week (almost!)
John C. Mittermeier / 29 Nov 2024
Read MoreBougainville: an island few could point to on a map, in the remote southwest corner of the Pacific. It was completely unknown to ornithology until an expedition led by Albert Meek in 1904, and largely neglected since due to challenging access and an extended period of political unrest. Two birds found only on the island, the Bougainville Thicketbird and Bougainville Thrush, were among those counted as lost to science by the Search for Lost Birds (with more than 20 years since the last documented records), and another, the Bougainville subspecies of Moustached Kingfisher, had never been photographed in the wild despite numerous recent searches. That is, until the end of our visit!
Several other birdwatching groups in recent years have visited Bougainville, an autonomous region within Papua New Guinea, though none were successful in finding the rare species.
From 1988 to 1998, Bougainville was embroiled in a bloody conflict (often referred to as the Bougainville Crisis or Civil War) triggered by disputes over mining operations in the island’s mountainous interior. While the political situation is improving, and Bougainville is on track to become an independent country in the next two-to-three years, distrust of outsiders remains high in parts of the island, and people are understandably suspicious of foreign visitors. As a result, accessing the montane forest has been extremely challenging or impossible in many areas. After months of careful planning and communication with local colleagues on Bougainville, I was able to coordinate a rare visit to the island’s mountains in September 2024.
With a keen group of Ornis Birding Expeditions tour participants joining me, we arrived early in September and together with Steven Tamiung, a birding guide from eastern Bougainville, set to work negotiating access to promising areas of forest with local communities and landowners. During the first 10 days we visited several tracts of forest, all of which had clearly been subject to heavy hunting and birds were difficult to find. Often a large, excited group of people would form around us when we pulled out the field guide in a village, pointing at the species we were looking for, which was our best method of assessing the prospective birdlife of an area.
In particular we were hoping to find the Bougainville subspecies of Moustached Kingfisher, a near-mythical bird which had been the main target of recent birding trips to the island. To the ornithological world, this kingfisher is known from a single specimen collected in 1904 along with two reported sightings in the 1900s. A photograph of a dead individual in 2023 and a few scattered reports of birds being heard were the only recent confirmation that this distinctive subspecies still exists. In 2015, a research team from the American Museum of Natural History found several pairs of the Guadalcanal subspecies of Moustached Kingfisher in the neighboring Solomon Islands. They acquired the first-ever sound recordings, which made it possible for us have a real chance at locating the birds on Bougainville.
However, as each day passed, the situation seemed to become increasingly hopeless. Local people would point us to where they thought they had seen the bird, but after a two-hour trek we would discover an area invariably inhabited by one of the other three kingfisher species found here. After interviewing nearly 100 people in the highlands, only three could accurately describe our target and none of them had seen it recently. Nobody we talked to recognized the lost Bougainville Thrush or Bougainville Thicketbird.
Finally, we were granted access to a forested ridge where the landowners assured us was no longer used for hunting, due to the proximity of a new road. As we climbed into the forest, it was quickly apparent that there were more birds here. Feeding flocks of monarchs and white-eyes moved through while dozens of lorikeets and pigeons passed overhead.
The kingfisher is said to only vocalize in the predawn darkness, so early the next morning our intrepid team was spread out along the ridge, listening intently. Twice I heard a very soft noise to my left; maybe a contact call, but maybe a frog. Nevertheless, we focused on this spot and crept down the slope as dawn began to break. We waited for a while, hearing nothing else. We carefully played the song from Guadalcanal, which suddenly prompted a loud and distinctive cackle to echo across the gully in response. Moments later, announced by a loud whoosh, an electric-blue male Moustached Kingfisher flew in and landed just meters from us. Ten seconds later he was gone. After the brief sighting and our disbelief faded, we high-fived.
Despite being darker orange with a slower and more drawn-out song than the Guadalcanal birds, for now the “Bougainville” Moustached Kingfisher remains lumped with birds from Guadalcanal and is thus technically not a lost bird. However, we suspect it will be recognized as a distinct species in the near future. Thankfully both photographs and sound recordings were obtained to help support research efforts, though getting these took a few more mornings of careful fieldcraft in the bird’s territory!
Now our attention turned to the cryptic duo of truly lost birds: Bougainville Thicketbird and Bougainville Thrush. Both these species were described in the 1980s, but since then the birds have only been found once or twice—most recently in 2002 when individuals of both species were caught in researchers’ mist nets.
At our new camp, one local hunter appeared who claimed to know the thrush, quite a distinctive bird with bold black and white markings. Walking us up to a dense gully where he used to see them regularly, we were pleased to see that indeed, the habitat looked perfect. We spent much time here, sitting quietly and slowly walking around, though Zoothera thrushes are always extremely furtive and shy.
After lunch on our second day, as I was walking around the gully I accidentally flushed a bird which subsequently began making a strange trilling song. I guessed it was Bougainville Island-Thrush, a relatively common endemic species that was recently split from the widespread Island Thrush found all across the west Pacific. I recorded the sound before hiding carefully and playing it back. For some time, the bird provided brief glimpses as it moved around in the understory, occasionally singing. Suddenly, it hopped onto a log only two meters in front of my face, almost close enough to touch, and I nearly fell over backwards. It was not a Bougainville Island-Thrush. It was a Bougainville Thicketbird!
This group of seldom-seen skulkers, which range from Timor to Fiji, can nonetheless be extremely inquisitive, and the Bougainville Thicketbird was no exception. After I had run down the mountain to find everybody else, we were treated to an absolutely amazing encounter with this lost bird as it walked circles around us. Like with the kingfisher, now having a sound recording proved key. During the coming days we would find a total of five territories, and obtain the first photos of the bird in its natural habitat.
Birding here was excellent. We were constantly entertained by the full suite of more common but nonetheless poorly-known highland endemics of the island. However, much of our time was spent creeping around in steep ravines or lush vegetation, hoping to encounter the remaining lost bird—the Bougainville Thrush. It wasn’t until our last evening at the camp that my colleague and co-leader, Julien Mazenauer, heard a sweet musical tune, of course emanating from the exact same gully we had been focusing on all week!
He recorded the song, but despite searching at night with thermal scopes and attempting one last dawn vigil at the spot, we never got our eyes on this bird. Based on the behavior and comparisons with related Zoothera species, we are almost certain that this was a Bougainville Thrush, but erring on the side of caution it may be best to wait until someone has unequivocal proof in the form of a photo or seeing the thrush singing before officially designating this a ‘found’ bird. Not quite a perfect finish, but a spectacular result nonetheless.
With these new sightings and sound recordings, hopefully future visitors will be able to better search for all the species found on Bougainville and stop them from becoming lost again! After our visit, the community leaders in Guava, where we had been, showed real enthusiasm, celebrating our departure with a ceremony where we gratefully thanked them for allowing us into their forest. Since our visit, a small ecotourism project has been set up to help coordinate cooperation between the landowners here, and several independent birdwatchers have already begun arranging their own trips to visit this exciting Melanesian island.
Joshua Bergmark is the director of Ornis Birding Expeditions, a company which specializes in taking birders to the most challenging destinations on the planet. In the last 12 months, he has led several tours which between them recorded six once lost birds and almost a dozen nearly-lost birds! To learn more about Josh’s recent trip to Bougainville, see the birding trip report.
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Share your expertise about a Lost Bird by completing its species profile.
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What is fiber laser cutting machine
What is fiber laser cutting machine.
Firstly,The Laser Principle
This is the same principle that applies in laser cutting: high-intensity light (focused sun’s rays and welding torch flame) melting almost anything on its path. Laser, as we know it, is an acronym for “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.” There are the application of the fiber laser cutting machine:
• Laser cutting and welding
• pointers for trainers and speakers
• Barcode scanning
• Law enforcement
Laser cutting has many uses, covering both industrial and non-commercial applications. By its particular characteristic, where a high-intensity light beam is consistently.The cutting process not only of hard objects like steel is amazingly with utmost precision. We know that it is laser-cut if it is more than razor-sharp.
Secondly,Fiber laser cutting works
The machine that for cutting is laser cutter. Using a beam of light coming from a laser resonator, the beam in different directions through mirrors or benders, each time enhancing its intensity before it is trained and focused towards the metal plate to be cut. This beam is actually a column of high-intensity single wavelength light. As it travels through the cutter’s nozzle, the beam is focusing into a fine line using a focusing lens before reaching the end of the nozzle tip where it hits the metal plate.
In this state, the beam hitting the material has such an extreme heat density as to result in rapid heating, melting and vaporising of the material. Due to the fine line of the laser beam and the high intensity of the heat, those actions seem to be happening simultaneously. Any molten material that remains is usually blown away using high-pressure nitrogen.
The more introduction will be in next blog.
Anymore you want to know,contact us:
Skype: Charry XTLASER Zhu
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- 120 migratory bird species use the forests of Guatemala as their main wintering or transiting habitat
- Over 1,000 people have benefited from health services through mobile clinics in an area that didn’t have access to regular health care in the past
- Aims to support nearly 720 jobs, 30% of which are to be held by women
With ecosystems ranging from lowland to pre-montane tropical forests, wetlands, mangroves and lagoons, the forests of the Guatemalan Caribbean are home to extraordinary beauty and biodiversity. The coastline is part of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor, a natural land bridge from South to North America and a migratory corridor for hundreds of species of birds. Agriculture and cattle ranching have reduced original forest cover by 65%. The project protects the remainder by addressing drivers of deforestation through law enforcement, land-use planning, education, economic development, and sustainable agroforestry. Hundreds of landowners, spanning the entire Caribbean coastline, have combined to protect almost 54,500 hectares of forest and to prevent the emissions of 18 million tonnes of CO2.
Frog photo credit: Carlos Vasquez.
The Mesoamerican Biological Corridor is vital to birds’ biannual migrations. 504 bird species have been documented in the project area, and 120 species depend on the corridor to sustain their journeys. The project also aims to improve law enforcement, continue ongoing biological monitoring, and raise awareness of biodiversity values through education.
The project is transforming the lives of 3,250 families, including over a hundred local and indigenous communities that actively participate in implementation. Farmers receive training, financing, and business support to develop sustainable agroforestry systems for crops such as xate, cardamom, pepper, cinnamon, lychee, and rambutan. Over 1,000 people have benefited from health services, and the project is helping locals to secure land titles, continue their education, and obtain job training. It is also developing a network of ecotourism sites and ecological reserves in the region.
Guatemala Caribbean Coast will prevent the emissions of 18 million tonnes of CO2 over its 30-year lifetime, validated and verified under the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS). It has also achieved CCB Gold status for exceptional biodiversity benefits.
The project protects the habitat of an abundance of mammals and reptiles, including thirty high conservation value (HCV) species such as the jaguar, Baird’s tapir, and the West Indian manatee, whose habitats are threatened by economic pressure on the region. The area is also home to 504 bird species and a corridor for 120 migratory bird species.
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History of the Ice Ages
Join the Geology Gents as they explore how Earth freezes over! Sure, the weather is getting cooler in Santa Cruz as we head into winter, but far cooler temperatures have prevailed on Earth during “ice age” climates. In this Rockin’ Pop-Up the Gents dive into the history of Earth’s ice ages. Some ice ages may have covered the entire planet with ice, while other periods are punctuated by cold “glacial” ice ages and warm “interglacial” periods — which is what our Earth is currently undergoing.
Graham Edwards and Gavin Piccione are PhD candidates in geochronology with the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at UC Santa Cruz.
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Prescription medications can be just as chemically complex as the individuals to whom they are prescribed. For this reason, it is difficult to predict exactly how a specific medication will affect the individual who is taking it. Prior to taking any prescription medication, patients are cautioned to always discuss the ingredients, dosage, and potential side effects with their physician. After having a thorough and straightforward conversation about the medication, your goals, and the possible side effects, it is important to note that prescription medications may impact hair health in the following ways: Hair thinning, hair loss, change in hair texture, and change in hair color.
Moreover, patients are urged to discuss how prescription medications may or may not have a lingering effect on their bodies. When a medication causes one of the above side effects, for example, it is not uncommon for the effects to last up to 1 year or more after regular dosage has ceased.
Types of Prescription Pills That May Cause Hair Loss
The following are the most common types of prescription medications (most commonly prescribed in pill form) that have an impact on the thickness, prevalence, texture, or color of hair (i):
Thyroid Medications. Thyroid medications may contribute to hair loss by encouraging the synthesis of DHT on the scalp. To learn more, please visit our article on hypothyroidism and hair loss.
Prescription Medications for Cancer Treatment. Cancer-fighting drugs have a simple goal: To kill fast-growing cancer cells. Unfortunately, these medications may also kill normal, healthy body cells like hair follicles. As a result, such medications may cause widespread hair loss, very quickly.
Drugs That Treat Epilepsy. Sodium valproate, a leading drug for the treatment of epilepsy, has been shown in recent studies to cause hair loss among up to 3.5% of patients.
Antidepressants. Drugs like Prozac, lithium, and other medications for mood disorders have been known to cause temporary hair loss among up to 15% of those prescribed.
Contraceptive Medicines. “The Pill”, as it’s most widely known, is a contraceptive medication and an anti-androgen. As such, it may restrict testosterone levels and prevent hair loss for women while taking the medication. It is thought that “coming off” The Pill may then make it more apparent that hair is thinning or balding, as an anti-androgen is no longer able to mask the signs.
Acne Medications. Vitamin A is known to protect hair follicles from damage and promote growth. Unfortunately, most acne medications contain a concentrated form of vitamin A called retinoid that may have the direct opposite effect. In some studies, retinoid has been shown to make hair follicles dormant, thereby causing hair to thin or shed.
Prevent Hair Loss in 3 Easy Steps
To prevent hair loss from becoming a serious issue, it is recommended that the following 3 steps be followed:
1. Monitor Your Hair for Changes
Early detection of hair loss symptoms is the key to maintaining a naturally beautiful head of hair. It’s easy task, and daily check-ups can highlight significant changes in texture, thickness, or density that can be clues that a prescription medication is causing side effects. In general:
Women: Check for a widening “part” when styling your hair. You may also want to review the top 4 signs of hair loss in women.
Men: Pay particular attention to the density and spread of the hair at the crown of the head (a spot where pattern-baldness most commonly originates).
2. If Changes Occur, Consult Your Physician Immediately
When taking a prescription medication, always consult your physician immediately after any side effects are observed. Patients are also cautioned to never stop taking a medication—or start taking a new medication—without first consulting their physician. When the physician who prescribed your medication is not a dermatologist or hair transplant surgeon, you may want to follow-up with a specialist regarding hair restoration.
3. Follow-up with a Specialist Regarding Hair Restoration
Finally, patients who experience hair loss due to a prescription medication may wish to discuss hair restoration options with a specialist. Hair transplant surgeons specialize in the treatment of thinning, shedding, or balding hair among men and women of any age. From subtle eyelash transplants to comprehensive FUE procedures that span the crown of the head, transplant surgeons are well equipped to treat nearly any form of hair loss.
Sources for this article include:
(i) Dobson, Roger. “Bad Hair Day? Blame it On Your Medicine.” URL: dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2214841/Bad-hair-day-Blame-medicine.html#ixzz290mYjVod. Accessed Oct. 9th, 2012.
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Raghuvir B. Gelot M.D. F.A.C.S. Otolaryngology, Vidant Roanoke Chowan Hospital About the author: Dr. Raghuvir B. Gelot graduated from the Baroda Medical College, Gujarat, India in 1967. He works in Ahoskie, NC and specializes in Otolaryngology. Dr. Gelot is affiliated with Vidant Roanoke Chowan Hospital. 202 NC Hwy 42 West Ahoskie, N.C. 27910 (252)332-5917 email@example.com |
Structure and function of ear:
Ear consists of three parts. 1. The outer ear (auricle, external auditory canal and tympanic membrane) 2. The middle ear- connected to the back of nose through a tube called Eustachian tube and 3. The inner ear (Labyrinth). It contains organ of hearing (Cochlea) and organ of equilibrium (Vestibule and Semicircular canals). Skin of cartilaginous part of ear canal has specialized glands called ceruminous glands which secretes cerumen or wax. The Eustachian tube remains closed until chewing, swallowing and yawning when a small air bubble enters the middle ear to equalize air pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane for comfortable hearing.
Care of auricle: Helmet must be worn during contact sports to avoid trauma resulting into lacerations and hematoma.
Care of External auditory canal: Ear wax is ear’s self-cleaning mechanism by preventing dirt and infection by its anti-bacterial property. If there is excessive accumulation of wax, it causes hearing loss. Foreign objects such as cotton applicators, hairpin, paper clips, match sticks or finger nails should not be used to clean it because of potential for trauma to skin of ear canal and tympanic membrane which can cause infection and hearing loss. Excessive wax can be best treated by softening and loosening it with Carbamide peroxide and then washing it out. A kit called Clear Canal is available for this manufactured by NeilMed Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Care of Middle Ear: Middle ear is at risk for infection with upper respiratory infection, most common cause, and conditions causing changes in the atmospheric pressure such as scuba diving and flying. A diver must learn to perform underwater technique and during descent a flier should equalize the pressure by swallowing, yawning and Valsalva movement (pinching both nostrils shut with thumb and index finger and forcing the air into back of nose). Use oral or topical decongestant in the presence of upper respiratory infection.
Care of Inner Ear: Inner ear is susceptible to damage by loud noise and some medicines toxic to inner ear. Ear should be protected from exposure to loud noise at home, work and while driving. Ear plugs and muffs should be worn during activities with loud noise such as hunting, firearm target practice, mowing lawn, using power tools or while attending concerts when noise level is above the comfortable level. Ototoxic medications which can affect hearing and equilibrium should be avoided unless prescribed by a physician. If you like to purchase products for skin care inside your ear you can visit some Walmart or CVS pharmacy weekly ads.
Reviews of weekly ads of some pharmacy stores.
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Article at a Glance
• Claims of a link between vaccines and autism are not supported by research. Additionally, a recent report shows that much of the data in the original supporting study was falsified.
• Vaccines have been so successful that parents often no longer see or understand the seriousness of the diseases they protect us against.
We all care about our kids… a lot. That’s why we read the safety reports when we buy a car seat, we don’t let our kids watch too much TV, and we make sure they wear their helmets when bike riding. We all want to make the best decisions for our child. So of course we take the decision to vaccinate our children very seriously.
The Case Against Vaccines Unravels
Many parents are understandably concerned about the claims they hear in the media from the special interest groups about vaccines. Nobody wants to put their child at risk for things like autism or attention deficit disorder. However, none of these claims have been supported by research.
British physician Andrew Wakefield first drew the connection between autism and vaccines in 1998. Since that time numerous scientific studies have been conducted specifically looking for a link between vaccines and autism. No link has been found.
Later it was discovered that Wakefield had multiple undeclared conflicts of interest, including receiving funding from a law firm that was putting a case together against vaccine manufacturers. In 2010, the General Medical Council in Britain revoked his medical license after he was found guilty of serious misconduct. Earlier this year, The British Medical Journal released a report showing that much of Wakefield’s research was fraudulent.
Studies have shown that vaccines are very safe, with only rare and mild side effects. Any risk of a serious reaction to a vaccine is extremely small when compared to the serious diseases they prevent.
A Look at Life Before Vaccines
The most convincing case for vaccines is a good look at the diseases they protect us from. However, many of us have never seen the effects of diseases like polio, pertussis, measles, and meningitis. Vaccines have become so successful that we no longer see the devastating diseases that they protect us against. So here is a good look at what we no longer have to worry about when we vaccinate our children.
Pneumococcus and Hib
• These are bacterial infections that can cause things like pneumonia, meningitis, bloodstream infections, or middle ear infections.
• They can be fatal and sometimes result in brain damage, hearing loss, and limb loss.
• One out of twenty children who get Hib meningitis die and 10 to 30 percent of those who survive have permanent brain damage.
• Before the pneumococcal vaccine, every year pneumococcus caused about 700 cases of meningitis, 17,000 cases of bloodstream infections, and 71,000 cases of pneumonia.
• Many strains of pneumococcus are now resistant to antibiotics, making the vaccine even more important.
• Both bacterium are still active and present in our communities—meaning our children are still at risk if left unvaccinated.
• Hepatitis B can cause severe damage to your liver.
• Many people are unaware that they are infected until much later in their lives when they start to experience symptoms like inflammation of the liver, severe liver disease, or cancer of the liver.
• In the United States, 5,000 people die every year soon after they contract the disease and 10,000 people develop long-term hepatitis.
More information on the Hepatitis B Vaccine
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
• Pertussis is highly contagious and is spread through coughing and sneezing.
• The symptoms are sometimes not overly serious in adults, but can be fatal to infants and toddlers.
• The name “whooping cough” comes from the sound children make when inhaling after they have coughed all the air out of their lungs.
• Fifty percent of babies who get pertussis require hospitalization.
• Before the vaccine, pertussis caused about 8,000 deaths in the U.S. every year. Now about 10 children die every year from pertussis.
• Recently there has been a reported increase in pertussis cases. Experts believe that the current increase in pertussis could stem from adults whose vaccine has worn off and are unaware that they have the disease. The vaccine generally only lasts five to ten years. Teens and adults can get the Tdap to protect themselves and any infants they come in contact with.
More information on the Pertussis Vaccine
• Measles is a virus that causes fever, pink eye, and a rash.
• While most people don’t realize it, measles often causes pneumonia, which can be deadly especially in small children.
• Measles can lead to an infection of the brain, sometimes resulting in permanent brain damage.
• Measles is highly contagious and recently we have started to see more outbreaks.
• Measles is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.
More information on the Measles Vaccine
• Polio is a highly contagious virus that resides in the throat and intestinal tract.
• The virus first reproduces in the intestines and can then travel though the bloodstream to attack the spinal cord and brain where it causes paralysis.
• Only 10 percent of people paralyzed by polio recover. Those who survived generally had to use a wheelchair or iron lung for the remainder of their lives.
• In the early 20th century, polio was one of the most feared diseases in the United States.
• An expensive international effort has almost eliminated polio around the world, but we are starting to see outbreaks in communities where the vaccination rates are low.
More information on the Polio Vaccine
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An Anonymous poster today added a comment to one of my posts written in January this year - Yet another newspaper article saying technology will change education. In my post I referred to the first time in 1972 that I experienced technology in education during French class with our teacher John Shanahan. The comment (with link to part of a speech by Mr Shanahan) is as follows:
You might like to hear John Shanahan give an account (September 2012) of how the Voix et Images teaching came into the classroom in 1967. You can listen to him below on Youtube. There is no picture because of no lighting. Worth two minutes though (www.youtube.com/watch?v=Owql2324OTE).
I suspect the "Anonymous" poster is a Cistercian College Roscrea man.
Anyway - the technology used by Mr Shanahan was quite basic, but brilliant and novel for a group of 12/13 yers olds learning French. He had a tape deck and a projector with which he could scroll slides on film by hand. In the video above a reference is made to "Voix et Image" and I was delighted and very nostalgic to discover the first lesson on YouTube (sound quality is poor). So here is "Voilà M. Thiboud....":
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Firefighter slang serves important roles in the world of firefighting. It enhances communication, allowing firefighters to exchange vital information quickly and clearly in high-pressure situations.
This unique lingo reflects not only the urgency of their work but also a strong sense of unity and camaraderie among firefighters.
Every term or phrase carries significance, often rooted in respect for traditions and shared experiences. Slang helps foster a bond among team members, reinforcing their collective identity while also highlighting the heroism involved in their daily efforts.
Understanding these terms deepens appreciation for the challenges fire crews face and the dedication they show.
For those curious about this specialized language, exploring firefighter slang offers insights into a culture built on teamwork, respect, and bravery in the face of danger.
Understanding Firefighting Jargon
Firefighting has a unique language that helps professionals communicate clearly and quickly, especially in emergencies. Knowing this jargon is essential for understanding their operations and improving team efficiency. Here are common terms used in firefighting.
Common Terms and Their Meanings
Firefighters use specific terms to convey vital information during operations. Some key jargon includes:
- PPE: Personal Protective Equipment that ensures safety while on duty.
- RIT/RIC: Rapid Intervention Team or Crew, responsible for rescuing firefighters in distress.
- Flashover: A rapid spread of fire throughout a room, which poses serious risks.
- Alpha Side: The front side of a structure, usually designated for communication during a fire.
Understanding these terms helps streamline actions on the fire ground.
For more detailed insights on firefighting, check out articles on Fire.
Slang for Equipment and Tools
Firefighters also use slang to refer to tools and equipment, which increases efficiency. Some common terms are:
- Ladder Truck: A vehicle equipped with a long ladder for accessing elevated areas.
- Nozzle: The end of the hose that directs and controls water flow.
- Halligan: A versatile tool for forcible entry and rescue.
- Pike Pole: A tool with a pointed end, used to pull down ceilings and walls.
Knowing these terms aids in effective communication during operations.
Terms like rig for the fire truck or truckie for a firefighter operating the aerial are also common in their daily language.
Roles and Response Protocols
Firefighter slang plays a crucial role in defining specific responsibilities and improving communication during emergencies. The terms used not only enhance efficiency but also establish clear roles within the firefighting team.
Specific Roles Defined by Slang
Slang terms help identify different roles firefighters assume during operations. For instance, the term “Can Man” refers to a firefighter responsible for carrying a fire extinguisher. This title highlights the importance of being equipped for quick action.
“IC” stands for Incident Commander, who directs the response at a scene. Their leadership is vital for coordinating efforts and ensuring safety.
Additionally, “J’s” or “jumpers” denote firefighters who quickly enter hazardous areas. Understanding these roles allows new recruits to assimilate faster, emphasizing the importance of teamwork and accountability.
Mnemonics, like “TIC” for Thermal Imaging Camera, aid in remembering specific equipment used for safety and efficiency.
Incident Command and On-Scene Coordination
Effective incident command is essential in managing firefighting operations. The Incident Command System (ICS) provides a structured method of coordinating resources and communication.
This systematic approach ensures that every team member knows their responsibilities.
Firefighters perform a “Size-Up” upon arrival to assess risks and determine the best action plan. This evaluation is crucial for identifying potential hazards, such as IDHL (Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health) areas.
MCI, or Mass Casualty Incident, requires specific strategies to manage numerous victims efficiently. Terms like “PAR” (Personnel Accountability Report) are used to track team members.
Communication tools like CAD (Computer-Aided Dispatch) support collaboration among different agencies, including EMS. Using proper jargon enhances clarity and speed during emergency situations, reinforcing the importance of protocols in saving lives.
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Badaun, – A significant archaeological discovery has emerged from Tilwada village in the Chhaprauli area of Badaun district, Uttar Pradesh, where the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has unearthed a royal war chariot during an ongoing excavation. The massive wheels of the chariot, now visibly protruding from the earth, have captured the attention of archaeologists, historians, and researchers worldwide, marking a pivotal moment in the study of ancient Indian history.
The excavation, which began in a planned manner at the Aala Teela mound in Tilwada on December 10, 2024, has revealed a range of artifacts, including a copper-crafted rectangular plate, daggers, beads, small and large pots, and a coffin-like structure positioned adjacent to the chariot. The chariot’s axle, wheels, and frame exhibit intricate copper engravings, with large clay pots placed at its four corners, suggesting the burial of a high-ranking individual, possibly a warrior or elite figure. Notably, the Tilwada chariot appears significantly larger than the three chariots previously discovered in Sinauli, a nearby site in Baghpat district, excavated by the ASI in 2018.
The discovery was first highlighted by Hindustan newspaper on April 16, 2025, igniting a wave of enthusiasm among the global archaeological community. While the upper copper layers of the chariot have deteriorated over time, the engraved designs on the wheels remain remarkably intact, showcasing the advanced craftsmanship of the era. However, the upper part of the chariot is missing, likely damaged during earlier excavations or soil mining activities in the area. Sources indicate that more than one war chariot may have been present at the site, but not all could be preserved, raising concerns about the handling of the excavation process.
Dr. Amit Rai Jain, a senior archaeologist involved in the project, expressed both excitement and concern over the findings. “The discovery of a royal war chariot and coffin in Tilwada, similar to those in Sinauli, underscores the presence of a warrior culture in this region. This could significantly alter our understanding of ancient history,” he stated. However, he also criticized the failure to preserve additional chariots at the site, calling it a “shameful oversight.” Dr. Jain urged the ASI to investigate the matter and take action against responsible officials, emphasizing the need for a larger-scale excavation to confirm whether Tilwada was a settlement of elite warriors, potentially linked to a significant battle over 5,000 years ago. He plans to meet Union Culture Minister Gajendra Singh Shekhawat to demand a formal inquiry.
The Tilwada excavation had initially been paused, but following the Hindustan report, the ASI team resumed work with renewed vigor to carefully extract the chariot. The findings draw parallels with the Sinauli site, which gained global attention in 2018 for its 4,000-year-old chariots and royal burials, dated to around 2000 BCE and associated with the Ochre-Coloured Pottery (OCP) culture. The Tilwada chariot, with its larger dimensions and intricate copper work, adds a new dimension to the study of ancient Indian warfare and societal structures, reinforcing the region’s historical significance in the Ganga-Yamuna Doab.
As the ASI continues its efforts to preserve and analyze the Tilwada findings, the site has once again become a focal point for scholars seeking to unravel the mysteries of India’s ancient past, potentially reshaping narratives around early warrior civilizations in the subcontinent.
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The Requested Operation Requires Elevation Fix
If you’ve ever received an error message that says “The requested operation requires elevation,” you’re not alone. This error message typically appears when you try to run a program or perform a task that requires administrative privileges, but your user account doesn’t have those privileges. Understanding elevation prompts is important for any computer user, and in this article, we’ll explain what elevation is, what causes elevation errors, and how to fix them.
What is Elevation?
Elevation is the process of granting administrative privileges to a user account temporarily. When a user account doesn’t have administrative privileges, it can’t perform certain actions, such as installing software or modifying system settings. In these cases, Windows prompts the user to provide an administrator username and password or click “yes” on a User Account Control (UAC) prompt. This is known as elevation.
Purpose of Elevation Prompts
Elevation prompts are a security feature that helps protect your computer from unauthorized changes. Without elevation prompts, any user with access to your computer could potentially install harmful software or make changes that could harm your system.
Common Examples of Elevation Prompts
Some common examples of elevation prompts include:
- Installing software
- Modifying system settings
- Running certain programs or scripts
Why Some Operations Require Elevation
Some operations require elevation because they have the potential to affect the entire system or other user accounts. For example, installing software affects all user accounts on the computer, not just the one that initiated the installation.
Causes of Elevation Errors
There are several reasons why you might receive an elevation error message.
Lack of Administrative Privileges
If your user account doesn’t have administrative privileges, you won’t be able to perform actions that require elevation.
User Account Control (UAC) Settings
If your UAC settings are too high, you might receive elevation prompts for even basic tasks, or your user account might not have sufficient privileges to perform certain tasks.
System Corruption or Malware
System corruption or malware can also cause elevation errors. Malware can modify system settings or disable UAC prompts, while system corruption can affect the ability of the system to recognize administrative privileges.
How to Fix “The Requested Operation Requires Elevation” Error
Fortunately, there are several ways to fix elevation errors:
Method 1: Run as Administrator
To run a program as an administrator, right-click the program and select “Run as Administrator” from the context menu. This will prompt you to provide administrator credentials or click “yes” on a UAC prompt.
Method 2: Disable User Account Control (UAC)
Disabling UAC will prevent elevation prompts from appearing, but it’s not recommended unless you have a good reason to do so. To disable UAC, go to the Control Panel, click on User Accounts, and then click on Change User Account Control Settings. Slide the bar down to “Never notify” and click OK.
Method 3: Modify Group Policy Settings
Group Policy settings can be modified to change the behavior of UAC prompts. This method is recommended only for advanced users. To modify Group Policy settings, press the Windows key + R, type “gpedit.msc” and hit enter. Navigate to Local Computer Policy > Computer Configuration > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > Security Options. Scroll down to “User Account Control: Behavior of the elevation prompt for administrators in Admin Approval Mode” and double-click it. Select “Elevate without prompting” and click OK.
Method 4: Check for Malware or System Corruption
If you suspect that malware or system corruption is causing elevation errors, run a full virus scan and use system tools such as sfc /scannow and DISM to repair any system files that may be corrupted.
Elevation prompts are an important security feature that protects your computer from unauthorized changes. However, elevation errors can be frustrating and prevent you from performing important tasks. By understanding what elevation is, what causes elevation errors, and how to fix them, you can ensure that your computer runs smoothly and stays protected.
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In an uncertain world, the capacity to respond properly to emergencies can conserve lives. First aid courses outfit individuals with crucial abilities and understanding to handle clinical dilemmas until specialist help arrives. Whether you're a parent, educator, or work environment security policeman, understanding first aid concepts is indispensable. This short article aims to give an extensive overview of first aid training courses, including what you can expect from them and exactly how to choose the ideal one for your needs.
First Aid Courses Explained: What to Anticipate and How to Choose
Understanding First Aid: The Basics
First aid describes the immediate help offered to a person suffering from ailment or injury. It includes a range of strategies aimed at preserving life, protecting against more harm, and promoting recovery.
Key Concepts of First Aid
- Preserve Life: Guaranteeing that the casualty's life is kept is paramount. Prevent Additional Injury: After making certain safety and security, procedures should be required to stop any worsening of existing injuries. Promote Healing: Motivating healing through confidence and suitable care.
What is Consisted of in a First Aid Course?
A common first aid training course covers numerous subjects vital for emergency action. Below's what you can typically anticipate:
1. Basic Life Support (BLS)
- Understanding CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) Performing chest compressions and rescue breaths Recognizing when BLS is necessary
2. The DRSABCD Activity Plan
- Dangers: Evaluating the scene for hazards Response: Examining if the individual responds Send for assistance: Calling emergency situation services Airway: Making certain the air passage is clear Breathing: Checking for typical breathing CPR: Carrying out CPR otherwise breathing Defibrillation: Using an AED (Automated External Defibrillator)
3. Taking Care Of Common Injuries
Learning exactly how to deal with scenarios like:
- Choking incidents Cuts and abrasions Burns and scalds
4. Mental Wellness First Aid
Understanding just how to support somebody experiencing a mental health situation is progressively included in first aid training.
Types of First Aid Gushes Available
There are various sorts of first aid programs customized for various requirements:
1. Standard First Aid Course
This comprehensive course covers all basic topics.
2. Advanced First Aid Course
A progressed training course that consists of much more intricate scenarios, ideal for health care professionals.
3. Childcare First Aid Course
Designed especially for caretakers working with children.
4. Mental Wellness First Aid Course
Focused on identifying mental wellness crises and giving ideal support.
Choosing the Right First Aid Course
Selecting the right first aid program entails https://cprcertificaionosborne.com.au a number of considerations:
1. Examine Your Needs
Identify why you require this training-- whether it's for personal understanding, work environment demands, or childcare responsibilities.
2. Inspect Accreditation
Ensure that the course supplier is accredited by pertinent companies like the Australian Resuscitation Council (ARC).
3. Contrast Course Content
Review curricula from various carriers; some may focus much more on particular areas like CPR or manual handling training than others.
What Do You Need Before Attending?
Before going to a first aid program, individuals usually need:
An open mind prepared to learn. Comfortable clothing ideal for practical exercises. A willingness to engage in hands-on method sessions. An understanding of fundamental health concepts (however not obligatory).The Relevance of CPR Training
Why Is CPR Essential?
CPR stands as an important life-saving measure throughout cardiac arrest situations where every 2nd hltaid011 near me Adelaide counts.
What Does CPR Stand For?
CPR stands for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation-- a method used when a person has quit taking a breath or their heart has actually stopped beating.
How Is CPR Taught?
Courses often include both academic expertise and sensible demonstrations: CPR Tasmania
- Learning concerning heart makeup and function. Practicing upper body compressions on mannequins. Understanding just how to utilize an AED effectively.
Mental Health and wellness in First Aid Courses
Why Mental Wellness Matters?
Recognizing psychological health and wellness concerns is vital as they can significantly affect individuals' general health during emergencies.
What Does Mental Wellness First Aid Include?
- Identifying signs of mental distress. Communicating effectively with afflicted individuals. Knowing when to refer a person for professional help.
Online vs In-Person Training: Pros & Cons
Both online programs and conventional class setups have their advantages:
- Flexibility in scheduling. Convenience of finding out at home.
- Limited communication with instructors. Less hands-on method opportunities.
- Direct communication with instructors. Hands-on experience with tools like mannequins and AEDs.
- Fixed routines might not match everybody's availability.
Duration of Educating Sessions
First aid courses differ in period depending on web content depth:
|Kind of Training course|Period|| --------------------------------|------------------|| Standard First Aid|1 day (8 hours)|| Advanced First Aid|2 days|| Childcare Focused|6 hours|| Mental Health And Wellness Focused|14 hours|
First Aid Certification Validity Periods
Most first aid certificates are valid for 3 years before needing revival with correspondence course or re-certification tests.
How Long Does a Certification Last?
It's essential to monitor your accreditation's expiry date since working without updated qualifications can lead you into legal difficulty during emergencies.
Frequently Asked Inquiries Regarding First Aid Courses
Q1: What is included in a basic first aid course?
A requirement first aid program commonly includes CPR training, injury management strategies, taking care of choking events, burns therapy, and mental wellness understanding components.
Q2: How do I find a first aid course near me?
You can look online utilizing key words like "first aid training course near me" or go to neighborhood recreation center that often provide these programs regularly.
Q3: For how long does it require to get certified?
Depending on the kind of course picked, certification can be acquired within one day or over numerous days if pursuing innovative options.
Q4: Are online first aid programs as effective as conventional ones?
While online programs supply foundational knowledge comfortably, hands-on method offered in traditional setups improves skill retention significantly better than theory alone could offer.
Q5: Can I teach others after finishing my certification?
Generally talking-- no! To teach formally calls for added qualifications past simply completing a basic program; nonetheless sharing understanding informally amongst friends/family doesn't posture issues!
Q6: Are there any type of correspondence course available?
Yes! Refresher courses are designed especially as brief sessions targeted at upgrading abilities learned formerly without having participants take back whole programs again!
Navigating with emergency situation circumstances needs not only courage yet additionally preparedness-- a lesson highlighted throughout this expedition right into "First Aid Courses Explained: What to Expect and How to Select." From understanding fundamental concepts such as DRSABCD procedures down via described aspects regarding psychological wellness understanding-- enrollment into these crucial trainings will most certainly furnish CPR courses near Darwin guests with lifesaving tools needed throughout important moments!
Whether you want gaining personal peace-of-mind while boosting work environment safety protocols-- attending any kind of form(s) mentioned above will verify invaluable!
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Gambling is an activity in which people risk money or something of value to predict the outcome of a game involving chance. The stakes can range from a small amount of cash to a life-changing jackpot. While gambling is legal in many countries, it can be addictive and lead to severe financial problems. However, if used responsibly, it can also provide enjoyment and entertainment.
The most common form of gambling is casino-based. This includes games such as poker, blackjack, roulette, baccarat, and slot machines. These are played in brick-and-mortar casinos as well as online. Alternatively, some people prefer to gamble at sporting events. They place bets on the results of a sporting event, such as a football match or horse race, and hope to win a prize.
Some studies have shown that gambling can improve mental health, as it provides a distraction and stress relief. In addition, it can help individuals earn income and improve their financial situation. This is especially important for those living in poverty. Furthermore, it can help individuals develop a sense of self-esteem and accomplishment when they win. Moreover, gambling can bring communities together and promote social awareness. For example, charity gambling events can raise money for charities and help them achieve their fundraising goals.
In the past, the psychiatric community viewed pathological gambling as more of an impulse control disorder than a behavioral addiction. However, in the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the American Psychiatric Association moved it to the chapter on addictions. This shift is a recognition that the disorder shares many features with other addictions, such as substance abuse and kleptomania.
While research into gambling is limited, it has been found that the brain releases dopamine when a person wins or loses. This chemical is released when a person is excited and can cause them to keep playing, even after they have lost all of their money.
For this reason, it is important to only gamble with money that you can afford to lose. It is also crucial to set limits for yourself and to stop gambling if you are losing money. Gambling can become a serious problem if it is not treated right away, so be sure to seek help if you are having difficulty controlling your spending. It is also a good idea to avoid chasing your losses, as this can result in even larger losses.
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General structure of machine vision system led lights products
Industrial automation promotes the rapid development of machine vision technology, due to the complex structure of machine vision system, most people don't know much about it, but the basic model architecture is consistent.
1. Optical imaging module
The module can be divided into two parts: lighting system design and lens optical system design.
Illumination design is to design the intensity, color, uniformity, structure and size of the light reasonably, and design the reasonable light path by studying the optical characteristics, distance, size and background characteristics of the measured object, so as to obtain the target related structural information.
Lens design is mainly based on the lighting conditions and the characteristics of the object to choose the lens focal length, aperture range. After determining the lens model, design the fixed structure of the rear end of the lens.
2. Image sensor module
The module is mainly responsible for the information photoelectric conversion and located on the image plane at the back of the lens. Mainstream image sensors can be divided into CCD(Charge-coupledDevice charge-coupled device) and CMOS image sensor. Because of the electrical signal source, a good and stable circuit drive is the key to design this module
3. Image processing module
This module is mainly responsible for image processing and information parameter proposal, which can be divided into two levels: hardware structure and software algorithm.
The hardware part is usually a CPU-Centrical circuit system. Pc-based machine vision uses a PC CPU and related peripherals. Based on embedded system, intelligent camera with independent data processing ability relies on information processing chips on board, such as DSP, ARM, FPGA, etc.
The software part includes a complete image processing scheme and decision cheme, including a series of algorithms. In the advanced image system, the database of data algorithms will be integrated to facilitate the transplantation and reuse of the system. When the algorithm library is large, the algorithm library is called through the graphical interface.
4. IO module
IO module is for output of operation results and machine vision system data. Pc-based machine vision system can be divided into internal interface and external interface. As long as the internal interface is responsible for the system to send signals to the PC high-speed communication port. External interface completes the communication and information exchange between the system and other systems or users. Smart cameras typically perform all their functions using universal IO and high-speed Ethernet.
5. Display module
The display module can be thought of as a special user IO, it gives users a more intuitive sense of how the system works. In pc-based machine vision system, data information of the system can be directly transmitted to the graphics card through PCI bus and transmitted to the computer screen through VGA interface. Smart cameras that process independently usually visualize images by extending the LCD screen and image display control chip.
The above five modules are the basic core components of machine vision system.
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I never expected to be writing about embroidery; it’s amazing what Sunday Stamps can get you into.
Christmas 1976 saw the issue of a set of stamps commemorating English embroidery or Opus Anglicanum as it was called. Much sort after by the Church and the State the Vatican inventory of 1295 lists more Opus Anglicanum than any others.
Only a fraction of Opus Anglicanum has survived. Despoiled for gain, the gold was melted down and seed pearls and gems carried off. The Reformation accounted for much destruction.
Mediaeval Embroidery - Opus Anglicanum |
The 6.1/2p stamp shows the Virgin and Child, from the Clare Chasuble 1272-1294. The section shown is from the centre of the chasuble; the ground is in blue satin worked with gold and silver thread and coloured silks.
The 8.1/2p stamp depicts an Angel holding a Crown 1340-1370 taken from a pair of panels found in a Hampshire chapel. The embroidery is in bronze green velvet worked in gold and silver and coloured threads.
The Angel appears to the Shepherds (1320-1340) which is on the 11p stamp comes from part of the decoration of a vestment known as an alb. The details give glimpses of life of the times – the shepherd playing his pipes, the howling dog, the master, in cloak and gloves staring up as he listens to the angel whose message is written in the sky.
One of the finest surviving examples of Opus Anglicanum in England is the Butler-Bowden Cope (1330-1350) which includes The Three Kings presenting Gifts shown on the 13p stamp. The cope is worked on rich crimson velvet with gold and pearl arcading.
The stamps were issued on 24th November 1976.
There are more stamps to see at Viridian's Sunday Stamps 20.
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