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- fgvc-aircraft-2013b/README.html +314 -0
- fgvc-aircraft-2013b/README.md +261 -0
- fgvc-aircraft-2013b/data/families.txt +70 -0
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fgvc-aircraft-2013b/README.html
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| 1 |
+
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
| 2 |
+
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
| 3 |
+
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
|
| 4 |
+
<head>
|
| 5 |
+
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
|
| 6 |
+
<title>FGVC-Aircraft</title>
|
| 7 |
+
<style type="text/css">
|
| 8 |
+
html {
|
| 9 |
+
font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Sans ;
|
| 10 |
+
}
|
| 11 |
+
body {
|
| 12 |
+
max-width: 60em ;
|
| 13 |
+
margin: 0 auto ;
|
| 14 |
+
padding: 1em ;
|
| 15 |
+
}
|
| 16 |
+
pre {
|
| 17 |
+
background-color: #fafafa ;
|
| 18 |
+
border: 1px solid #ccc ;
|
| 19 |
+
padding: 1em ;
|
| 20 |
+
}
|
| 21 |
+
p {
|
| 22 |
+
line-height: 1.4em ;
|
| 23 |
+
}
|
| 24 |
+
</style>
|
| 25 |
+
</head>
|
| 26 |
+
<body>
|
| 27 |
+
|
| 28 |
+
<h1>FGVC-Aircraft Benchmark</h1>
|
| 29 |
+
|
| 30 |
+
<p><strong>Fine-Grained Visual Classification of Aircraft (FGVC-Aircraft)</strong> is
|
| 31 |
+
a benchmark dataset for the fine grained visual categorization of
|
| 32 |
+
aircraft.</p>
|
| 33 |
+
|
| 34 |
+
<ul>
|
| 35 |
+
<li><a href="archives/fgvc-aircraft-2013b.tar.gz">Data, annotations, and evaluation code</a> [2.75 GB | <a href="archives/fgvc-aircraft-2013b.html">MD5 Sum</a>].</li>
|
| 36 |
+
<li><a href="archives/fgvc-aircraft-2013b-annotations.tar.gz">Annotations and evaluation code only</a> [375 KB | <a href="archives/fgvc-aircraft-2013b-annotations.html">MD5 Sum</a>].</li>
|
| 37 |
+
<li>Project <a href="http://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/data/fgvc-aircraft/">home page</a>.</li>
|
| 38 |
+
<li>This data was used as part of the fine-grained recognition challenge
|
| 39 |
+
<a href="https://sites.google.com/site/fgcomp2013/">FGComp 2013</a> which ran
|
| 40 |
+
jointly with the ImageNet Challenge 2013
|
| 41 |
+
(<a href="https://sites.google.com/site/fgcomp2013/results">results</a>). Please
|
| 42 |
+
note that <em>the evaluation code provided here may differ</em> from the
|
| 43 |
+
one used in the challenge.</li>
|
| 44 |
+
</ul>
|
| 45 |
+
|
| 46 |
+
<p>Please use the following citation when referring to this dataset:</p>
|
| 47 |
+
|
| 48 |
+
<p><em>Fine-Grained Visual Classification of Aircraft</em>, S. Maji, J. Kannala,
|
| 49 |
+
E. Rahtu, M. Blaschko, A. Vedaldi, <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.5151">arXiv.org</a>, 2013</p>
|
| 50 |
+
|
| 51 |
+
<pre><code>@techreport{maji13fine-grained,
|
| 52 |
+
title = {Fine-Grained Visual Classification of Aircraft},
|
| 53 |
+
author = {S. Maji and J. Kannala and E. Rahtu
|
| 54 |
+
and M. Blaschko and A. Vedaldi},
|
| 55 |
+
year = {2013},
|
| 56 |
+
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
|
| 57 |
+
eprint = {1306.5151},
|
| 58 |
+
primaryClass = "cs-cv",
|
| 59 |
+
}
|
| 60 |
+
</code></pre>
|
| 61 |
+
|
| 62 |
+
<p>For further information see:</p>
|
| 63 |
+
|
| 64 |
+
<ul>
|
| 65 |
+
<li><a href="#quick">Quick start</a>
|
| 66 |
+
<ul>
|
| 67 |
+
<li><a href="#aircraft">About aircraft</a></li>
|
| 68 |
+
</ul></li>
|
| 69 |
+
<li><a href="#format">Data and annotation format</a></li>
|
| 70 |
+
<li><a href="#evaluation">Evaluation</a>
|
| 71 |
+
<ul>
|
| 72 |
+
<li><a href="#metric">Evaluation metric</a></li>
|
| 73 |
+
<li><a href="#code">Evaluation code</a></li>
|
| 74 |
+
</ul></li>
|
| 75 |
+
<li><a href="#ack">Ackwonledgments</a></li>
|
| 76 |
+
<li><a href="#release">Release notes</a></li>
|
| 77 |
+
</ul>
|
| 78 |
+
|
| 79 |
+
<p><strong>Note.</strong> This data has been used as part of the <em>ImageNet FGVC
|
| 80 |
+
challenge in conjuction with the International Conference on Computer
|
| 81 |
+
Vision (ICCV) 2013</em>. Test labels were not made available until the
|
| 82 |
+
challenge due to the ImageNet challenge policy. They have now been
|
| 83 |
+
released as part of the download above. If you arelady downloaded the
|
| 84 |
+
iamge archive and want to have access to the test labels, simply
|
| 85 |
+
download the annotations archive again.</p>
|
| 86 |
+
|
| 87 |
+
<p><strong>Note.</strong> Images in the benchmark are generously made available <strong>for
|
| 88 |
+
non-commercial research purposes only</strong> by a number of <em>airplane
|
| 89 |
+
spotters</em>. Please note that the original authors retain the copyright
|
| 90 |
+
of the respective photographs and should be contacted for any other
|
| 91 |
+
use. For further details see the <a href="#ack">copyright note</a> below.</p>
|
| 92 |
+
|
| 93 |
+
<h1><a id=quick></a> Quick start</h1>
|
| 94 |
+
|
| 95 |
+
<p>The dataset contains 10,200 images of aircraft, with 100 images for
|
| 96 |
+
each of 102 different aircraft model variants, most of which are
|
| 97 |
+
airplanes. The (main) aircraft in each image is annotated with a tight
|
| 98 |
+
bounding box and a hierarchical airplane model label.</p>
|
| 99 |
+
|
| 100 |
+
<p>Aircraft models are organized in a four-levels hierarchy. The four
|
| 101 |
+
levels, from finer to coarser, are:</p>
|
| 102 |
+
|
| 103 |
+
<ul>
|
| 104 |
+
<li><strong>Model</strong>, e.g. <em>Boeing 737-76J</em>. Since certain models are nearly visually
|
| 105 |
+
indistinguishable, this level is not used in the evaluation.</li>
|
| 106 |
+
<li><strong>Variant</strong>, e.g. <em>Boeing 737-700</em>. A variant collapses all the
|
| 107 |
+
models that are visually indistinguishable into one class. The
|
| 108 |
+
dataset comprises 102 different variants.</li>
|
| 109 |
+
<li><strong>Family</strong>, e.g. <em>Boeing 737</em>. The dataset comprises 70 different
|
| 110 |
+
families.</li>
|
| 111 |
+
<li><strong>Manufacturer</strong>, e.g. <em>Boeing</em>. The dataset comprises 41
|
| 112 |
+
different manufacturers.</li>
|
| 113 |
+
</ul>
|
| 114 |
+
|
| 115 |
+
<p>The data is divided into three equally-sized <em>training</em>, <em>validation</em>
|
| 116 |
+
and <em>test</em> subsets. The first two sets can be used for development,
|
| 117 |
+
and the latter should be used for final evaluation only. The format of
|
| 118 |
+
the data is described <a href="#format">next</a>.</p>
|
| 119 |
+
|
| 120 |
+
<p>The performance of a fine-grained classification algorithm is
|
| 121 |
+
evaluated in term of average class-prediction accuracy. This is
|
| 122 |
+
defined as the average of the diagonal of the row-normalized confusion
|
| 123 |
+
matrix, as used for example in Caltech-101. Three classification
|
| 124 |
+
challenges are considered: variant, family, and manufacturer. An
|
| 125 |
+
<a href="#software">evaluation script</a> in MATLAB is provided.</p>
|
| 126 |
+
|
| 127 |
+
<h2><a href=aircraft></a> About aircraft</h2>
|
| 128 |
+
|
| 129 |
+
<p>Aircraft, and in particular airplanes, are alternative to objects
|
| 130 |
+
typically considered for fine-grained categorization such as birds and
|
| 131 |
+
pets. There are several aspects that make aircraft model recognition
|
| 132 |
+
particularly interesting. Firstly, aircraft designs span a hundred
|
| 133 |
+
years, including many thousand different models and hundreds of
|
| 134 |
+
different makes and airlines. Secondly, aircraft designs vary
|
| 135 |
+
significantly depending on the size (from home-built to large
|
| 136 |
+
carriers), destination (private, civil, military), purpose
|
| 137 |
+
(transporter, carrier, training, sport, fighter, etc.), propulsion
|
| 138 |
+
(glider, propeller, jet), and many other factors including
|
| 139 |
+
technology. One particular axis of variation, which is is not shared
|
| 140 |
+
with categories such as animals, is the fact that the <em>structure</em> of
|
| 141 |
+
the aircraft changes with their design (number of wings,
|
| 142 |
+
undercarriages, wheel per undercarriage, engines, etc.). Thirdly, any
|
| 143 |
+
given aircraft model can be re-purposed or used by different
|
| 144 |
+
companies, which causes further variations in appearance
|
| 145 |
+
(livery). These, depending on the identification task, may be consider
|
| 146 |
+
as noise or as useful information to be extracted. Finally, aircraft
|
| 147 |
+
are largely rigid objects, which simplifies certain aspects of their
|
| 148 |
+
modeling (compared to highly-deformable animals such as cats),
|
| 149 |
+
allowing one to focus on the core aspects of the fine-grained
|
| 150 |
+
recognition problem.</p>
|
| 151 |
+
|
| 152 |
+
<h1><a id=format></a> Data format</h1>
|
| 153 |
+
|
| 154 |
+
<p>The directory <code>data</code> contains the images as well as a number of text
|
| 155 |
+
files with the data annotations.</p>
|
| 156 |
+
|
| 157 |
+
<p>Images are contained in the <code>data/images</code> sub-directory. They are in
|
| 158 |
+
JPEG format and have a name composed of seven digits and the <code>.jpg</code>
|
| 159 |
+
suffix (e.g. <code>data/images/1187707.jpg</code>). The image resolution is about
|
| 160 |
+
1-2MP. Each image has at the bottom a banner 20 pixels high containing
|
| 161 |
+
<a href="#ack">copyright</a> information. Please make sure to remove this banner
|
| 162 |
+
when using the images to train and evaluate algorithms.</p>
|
| 163 |
+
|
| 164 |
+
<p>The annotations come in a number of text files. Each line of these
|
| 165 |
+
files contains an image name optionally followed by an image
|
| 166 |
+
annotation, either a textual label or a sequence of numbers.</p>
|
| 167 |
+
|
| 168 |
+
<p><code>data/images_train.txt</code> contains the list of training images:</p>
|
| 169 |
+
|
| 170 |
+
<pre>
|
| 171 |
+
0787226
|
| 172 |
+
1481091
|
| 173 |
+
1548899
|
| 174 |
+
0674300
|
| 175 |
+
...
|
| 176 |
+
</pre>
|
| 177 |
+
|
| 178 |
+
<p>Similar files <code>data/images_val.txt</code> and <code>data/images_test.txt</code> contain the list
|
| 179 |
+
of validation and test images.</p>
|
| 180 |
+
|
| 181 |
+
<p><code>data/images_variant_train.txt</code>, <code>data/images_family_train.txt</code>, and
|
| 182 |
+
<code>data/images_manufacturer_train.txt</code> contain the list of training
|
| 183 |
+
images annotated with the model variant, family, and manufacturer
|
| 184 |
+
names respectively:</p>
|
| 185 |
+
|
| 186 |
+
<pre>
|
| 187 |
+
0787226 Abingdon Spherical Free Balloon
|
| 188 |
+
1481091 AEG Wagner Eule
|
| 189 |
+
1548899 Aeris Naviter AN-2 Enara
|
| 190 |
+
0674300 Aeritalia F-104S Starfighter
|
| 191 |
+
...
|
| 192 |
+
</pre>
|
| 193 |
+
|
| 194 |
+
<p>Similar files are provided for the validation and test subsets.</p>
|
| 195 |
+
|
| 196 |
+
<p>Finally, <code>data/images_box.txt</code> contains the aircraft bounding
|
| 197 |
+
boxes, one per image. The bounding box is specified by four numbers:
|
| 198 |
+
<em>xmin</em>, <em>ymin</em>, <em>xmax</em> and <em>ymax</em>. The top-left pixel of an image has
|
| 199 |
+
coordinate (1,1).</p>
|
| 200 |
+
|
| 201 |
+
<h1><a id=evaluation></a> Evaluation</h1>
|
| 202 |
+
|
| 203 |
+
<p>The performance of a classifier is measured in term of its average
|
| 204 |
+
classification accuracy, as detailed next.</p>
|
| 205 |
+
|
| 206 |
+
<h2><a id=metric></a> Evaluation metric</h2>
|
| 207 |
+
|
| 208 |
+
<p>The output of a classification algorithm must be a list of triplets of
|
| 209 |
+
the type (<em>image</em>,<em>label</em>,<em>score</em>), where</p>
|
| 210 |
+
|
| 211 |
+
<ul>
|
| 212 |
+
<li><em>image</em> is an image label, i.e. a seven-digit number,</li>
|
| 213 |
+
<li><em>label</em> is an image label, i.e.. an aircraft model variant, family, or manufacturer, and</li>
|
| 214 |
+
<li><em>score</em> is a real number expressing the belief in the judgment.</li>
|
| 215 |
+
</ul>
|
| 216 |
+
|
| 217 |
+
<p>When computing the classification accuracy, an image is assigned the
|
| 218 |
+
label contained in its highest-scoring triplet. An image that has no
|
| 219 |
+
triplets is considered unclassified and always count as a
|
| 220 |
+
classification error (therefore it is better to guess at least one
|
| 221 |
+
label for each image rather than leaving it unclassified).</p>
|
| 222 |
+
|
| 223 |
+
<p>The quality of the predictions is measured in term of <em>average
|
| 224 |
+
accuracy</em>, obtained as follows:</p>
|
| 225 |
+
|
| 226 |
+
<ul>
|
| 227 |
+
<li>The confusion matrix is square, with one row per class.</li>
|
| 228 |
+
<li>Each element of the confusion matrix is the number of time aircraft
|
| 229 |
+
of a given class (specified by the row) are classified as a second
|
| 230 |
+
class (column). Ideally, the confusion matrix should be diagonal.</li>
|
| 231 |
+
<li>The confusion matrix is row-normalized by the number of images of
|
| 232 |
+
the corresponding aircraft class (each row therefore sums to one if
|
| 233 |
+
there are no unclassified images).</li>
|
| 234 |
+
<li>The average accuracy is computed as the average of the diagonal of
|
| 235 |
+
the confusion matrix.</li>
|
| 236 |
+
</ul>
|
| 237 |
+
|
| 238 |
+
<p>There are three challenges: classifying the aircraft variant, family, and manufacturer.</p>
|
| 239 |
+
|
| 240 |
+
<h2><a id=code></a> Evaluation code</h2>
|
| 241 |
+
|
| 242 |
+
<p>The evaluation protocol has been implemented in the MATLAB m-file
|
| 243 |
+
<code>evaluation.m</code>. This function takes the path to the <code>data</code> folder, a
|
| 244 |
+
composite name indicating the evaluation subset and challenge
|
| 245 |
+
(e.g. <code>'manufacturer_test'</code> or <code>'family_val'</code>), and the list of
|
| 246 |
+
triplets, and returns the confusion matrix. For example</p>
|
| 247 |
+
|
| 248 |
+
<pre>
|
| 249 |
+
images = {'2074164'} ;
|
| 250 |
+
labels = {'McDonnell Douglas MD-90-30'} ;
|
| 251 |
+
scores = 1 ;
|
| 252 |
+
confusion = evaluate('/path/fgcv-aircraft/data', 'test', images, labels, scores) ;
|
| 253 |
+
accuracy = mean(diag(confusion)) ;
|
| 254 |
+
</pre>
|
| 255 |
+
|
| 256 |
+
<p>evaluates a classifier output containing exactly one triplet (image,
|
| 257 |
+
label, score), where the image is <code>'2074164'</code>, its predicted class is
|
| 258 |
+
<code>'McDonnell Douglas MD-90-30'</code>, and the score of the prediction is
|
| 259 |
+
<code>1</code>. In practice, a complete set of predictions (one for each
|
| 260 |
+
image-class pair) is usually evaluated.</p>
|
| 261 |
+
|
| 262 |
+
<p>See the builtin help of the <code>evaluation</code> MATLAB functions for further
|
| 263 |
+
practical details. See also <code>example_evaluation.m</code> for examples on how
|
| 264 |
+
to use this function.</p>
|
| 265 |
+
|
| 266 |
+
<h1><a id=ack></a> Acknowledgments</h1>
|
| 267 |
+
|
| 268 |
+
<p>The creation of this dataset started during the <em>Johns Hopkins CLSP
|
| 269 |
+
Summer Workshop 2012</em>
|
| 270 |
+
<a href="http://www.clsp.jhu.edu/workshops/archive/ws-12/groups/tduosn/">Towards a Detailed Understanding of Objects and Scenes in Natural Images</a>
|
| 271 |
+
with, in alphabetical order, Matthew B. Blaschko, Ross B. Girshick,
|
| 272 |
+
Juho Kannala, Iasonas Kokkinos, Siddharth Mahendran, Subhransu Maji,
|
| 273 |
+
Sammy Mohamed, Esa Rahtu, Naomi Saphra, Karen Simonyan, Ben Taskar,
|
| 274 |
+
Andrea Vedaldi, and David Weiss.</p>
|
| 275 |
+
|
| 276 |
+
<p>The CLSP workshop was supported by the National Science Foundation via
|
| 277 |
+
Grant No 1005411, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence
|
| 278 |
+
via the JHU Human Language Technology Center of Excellence; and Google
|
| 279 |
+
Inc.</p>
|
| 280 |
+
|
| 281 |
+
<p>A special thanks goes to Pekka Rantalankila for helping with the
|
| 282 |
+
creation of the airplane hieararchy.</p>
|
| 283 |
+
|
| 284 |
+
<p>Many thanks to the photographers that kindly made available their
|
| 285 |
+
images for research purposes. Each photographer is listed below, along
|
| 286 |
+
with a link to his/her <a href="http://airliners.net">airlners.net</a> page:</p>
|
| 287 |
+
|
| 288 |
+
<ul>
|
| 289 |
+
<li><a href="http://www.airliners.net/profile/dendrobatid">Mick Bajcar</a></li>
|
| 290 |
+
<li><a href="http://www.airliners.net/profile/aldobid">Aldo Bidini</a></li>
|
| 291 |
+
<li><a href="http://www.airliners.net/profile/minoeke">Wim Callaert</a></li>
|
| 292 |
+
<li><a href="http://www.airliners.net/profile/tommypilot">Tommy Desmet</a></li>
|
| 293 |
+
<li><a href="http://www.airliners.net/profile/snorre">Thomas Posch</a></li>
|
| 294 |
+
<li><a href="http://www.airliners.net/profile/lemonkitty">James Richard Covington</a></li>
|
| 295 |
+
<li><a href="http://www.airliners.net/profile/stegi">Gerry Stegmeier</a></li>
|
| 296 |
+
<li><a href="http://www.airliners.net/profile/aal151heavy">Ben Wang</a></li>
|
| 297 |
+
<li><a href="http://www.airliners.net/profile/dazbo5">Darren Wilson</a></li>
|
| 298 |
+
<li><a href="http://www.airliners.net/profile/fly-k">Konstantin von Wedelstaedt</a></li>
|
| 299 |
+
</ul>
|
| 300 |
+
|
| 301 |
+
<p>Please note that the images are made available <strong>exclusively for
|
| 302 |
+
non-commercial research purposes</strong>. The original authors retain the
|
| 303 |
+
copyright on the respective pictures and should be contacted for any
|
| 304 |
+
other usage of them.</p>
|
| 305 |
+
|
| 306 |
+
<h1><a id=release></a> Release notes</h1>
|
| 307 |
+
|
| 308 |
+
<ul>
|
| 309 |
+
<li><em>FGVC-Aircraft 2013b</em> - The same as 2013a, but with test annotations included.</li>
|
| 310 |
+
<li><em>FGVC-Aircraft 2013a</em> - First public release of the data.</li>
|
| 311 |
+
</ul>
|
| 312 |
+
|
| 313 |
+
</body>
|
| 314 |
+
</html>
|
fgvc-aircraft-2013b/README.md
ADDED
|
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|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
# FGVC-Aircraft Benchmark
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
**Fine-Grained Visual Classification of Aircraft (FGVC-Aircraft)** is
|
| 4 |
+
a benchmark dataset for the fine grained visual categorization of
|
| 5 |
+
aircraft.
|
| 6 |
+
|
| 7 |
+
* [Data, annotations, and evaluation code](archives/fgvc-aircraft-2013b.tar.gz) [2.75 GB | [MD5 Sum](archives/fgvc-aircraft-2013b.html)].
|
| 8 |
+
* [Annotations and evaluation code only](archives/fgvc-aircraft-2013b-annotations.tar.gz) [375 KB | [MD5 Sum](archives/fgvc-aircraft-2013b-annotations.html)].
|
| 9 |
+
* Project [home page](http://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/data/fgvc-aircraft/).
|
| 10 |
+
* This data was used as part of the fine-grained recognition challenge
|
| 11 |
+
[FGComp 2013](https://sites.google.com/site/fgcomp2013/) which ran
|
| 12 |
+
jointly with the ImageNet Challenge 2013
|
| 13 |
+
([results](https://sites.google.com/site/fgcomp2013/results)). Please
|
| 14 |
+
note that *the evaluation code provided here may differ* from the
|
| 15 |
+
one used in the challenge.
|
| 16 |
+
|
| 17 |
+
Please use the following citation when referring to this dataset:
|
| 18 |
+
|
| 19 |
+
*Fine-Grained Visual Classification of Aircraft*, S. Maji, J. Kannala,
|
| 20 |
+
E. Rahtu, M. Blaschko, A. Vedaldi, [arXiv.org](http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.5151), 2013
|
| 21 |
+
|
| 22 |
+
@techreport{maji13fine-grained,
|
| 23 |
+
title = {Fine-Grained Visual Classification of Aircraft},
|
| 24 |
+
author = {S. Maji and J. Kannala and E. Rahtu
|
| 25 |
+
and M. Blaschko and A. Vedaldi},
|
| 26 |
+
year = {2013},
|
| 27 |
+
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
|
| 28 |
+
eprint = {1306.5151},
|
| 29 |
+
primaryClass = "cs-cv",
|
| 30 |
+
}
|
| 31 |
+
|
| 32 |
+
For further information see:
|
| 33 |
+
|
| 34 |
+
* [Quick start](#quick)
|
| 35 |
+
* [About aircraft](#aircraft)
|
| 36 |
+
* [Data and annotation format](#format)
|
| 37 |
+
* [Evaluation](#evaluation)
|
| 38 |
+
* [Evaluation metric](#metric)
|
| 39 |
+
* [Evaluation code](#code)
|
| 40 |
+
* [Ackwonledgments](#ack)
|
| 41 |
+
* [Release notes](#release)
|
| 42 |
+
|
| 43 |
+
**Note.** This data has been used as part of the *ImageNet FGVC
|
| 44 |
+
challenge in conjuction with the International Conference on Computer
|
| 45 |
+
Vision (ICCV) 2013*. Test labels were not made available until the
|
| 46 |
+
challenge due to the ImageNet challenge policy. They have now been
|
| 47 |
+
released as part of the download above. If you arelady downloaded the
|
| 48 |
+
iamge archive and want to have access to the test labels, simply
|
| 49 |
+
download the annotations archive again.
|
| 50 |
+
|
| 51 |
+
**Note.** Images in the benchmark are generously made available **for
|
| 52 |
+
non-commercial research purposes only** by a number of *airplane
|
| 53 |
+
spotters*. Please note that the original authors retain the copyright
|
| 54 |
+
of the respective photographs and should be contacted for any other
|
| 55 |
+
use. For further details see the [copyright note](#ack) below.
|
| 56 |
+
|
| 57 |
+
# <a id=quick></a> Quick start
|
| 58 |
+
|
| 59 |
+
The dataset contains 10,200 images of aircraft, with 100 images for
|
| 60 |
+
each of 102 different aircraft model variants, most of which are
|
| 61 |
+
airplanes. The (main) aircraft in each image is annotated with a tight
|
| 62 |
+
bounding box and a hierarchical airplane model label.
|
| 63 |
+
|
| 64 |
+
Aircraft models are organized in a four-levels hierarchy. The four
|
| 65 |
+
levels, from finer to coarser, are:
|
| 66 |
+
|
| 67 |
+
* **Model**, e.g. *Boeing 737-76J*. Since certain models are nearly visually
|
| 68 |
+
indistinguishable, this level is not used in the evaluation.
|
| 69 |
+
* **Variant**, e.g. *Boeing 737-700*. A variant collapses all the
|
| 70 |
+
models that are visually indistinguishable into one class. The
|
| 71 |
+
dataset comprises 102 different variants.
|
| 72 |
+
* **Family**, e.g. *Boeing 737*. The dataset comprises 70 different
|
| 73 |
+
families.
|
| 74 |
+
* **Manufacturer**, e.g. *Boeing*. The dataset comprises 41
|
| 75 |
+
different manufacturers.
|
| 76 |
+
|
| 77 |
+
The data is divided into three equally-sized *training*, *validation*
|
| 78 |
+
and *test* subsets. The first two sets can be used for development,
|
| 79 |
+
and the latter should be used for final evaluation only. The format of
|
| 80 |
+
the data is described [next](#format).
|
| 81 |
+
|
| 82 |
+
The performance of a fine-grained classification algorithm is
|
| 83 |
+
evaluated in term of average class-prediction accuracy. This is
|
| 84 |
+
defined as the average of the diagonal of the row-normalized confusion
|
| 85 |
+
matrix, as used for example in Caltech-101. Three classification
|
| 86 |
+
challenges are considered: variant, family, and manufacturer. An
|
| 87 |
+
[evaluation script](#software) in MATLAB is provided.
|
| 88 |
+
|
| 89 |
+
## <a href=aircraft></a> About aircraft
|
| 90 |
+
|
| 91 |
+
Aircraft, and in particular airplanes, are alternative to objects
|
| 92 |
+
typically considered for fine-grained categorization such as birds and
|
| 93 |
+
pets. There are several aspects that make aircraft model recognition
|
| 94 |
+
particularly interesting. Firstly, aircraft designs span a hundred
|
| 95 |
+
years, including many thousand different models and hundreds of
|
| 96 |
+
different makes and airlines. Secondly, aircraft designs vary
|
| 97 |
+
significantly depending on the size (from home-built to large
|
| 98 |
+
carriers), destination (private, civil, military), purpose
|
| 99 |
+
(transporter, carrier, training, sport, fighter, etc.), propulsion
|
| 100 |
+
(glider, propeller, jet), and many other factors including
|
| 101 |
+
technology. One particular axis of variation, which is is not shared
|
| 102 |
+
with categories such as animals, is the fact that the *structure* of
|
| 103 |
+
the aircraft changes with their design (number of wings,
|
| 104 |
+
undercarriages, wheel per undercarriage, engines, etc.). Thirdly, any
|
| 105 |
+
given aircraft model can be re-purposed or used by different
|
| 106 |
+
companies, which causes further variations in appearance
|
| 107 |
+
(livery). These, depending on the identification task, may be consider
|
| 108 |
+
as noise or as useful information to be extracted. Finally, aircraft
|
| 109 |
+
are largely rigid objects, which simplifies certain aspects of their
|
| 110 |
+
modeling (compared to highly-deformable animals such as cats),
|
| 111 |
+
allowing one to focus on the core aspects of the fine-grained
|
| 112 |
+
recognition problem.
|
| 113 |
+
|
| 114 |
+
# <a id=format></a> Data format
|
| 115 |
+
|
| 116 |
+
The directory `data` contains the images as well as a number of text
|
| 117 |
+
files with the data annotations.
|
| 118 |
+
|
| 119 |
+
Images are contained in the `data/images` sub-directory. They are in
|
| 120 |
+
JPEG format and have a name composed of seven digits and the `.jpg`
|
| 121 |
+
suffix (e.g. `data/images/1187707.jpg`). The image resolution is about
|
| 122 |
+
1-2MP. Each image has at the bottom a banner 20 pixels high containing
|
| 123 |
+
[copyright](#ack) information. Please make sure to remove this banner
|
| 124 |
+
when using the images to train and evaluate algorithms.
|
| 125 |
+
|
| 126 |
+
The annotations come in a number of text files. Each line of these
|
| 127 |
+
files contains an image name optionally followed by an image
|
| 128 |
+
annotation, either a textual label or a sequence of numbers.
|
| 129 |
+
|
| 130 |
+
`data/images_train.txt` contains the list of training images:
|
| 131 |
+
<pre>
|
| 132 |
+
0787226
|
| 133 |
+
1481091
|
| 134 |
+
1548899
|
| 135 |
+
0674300
|
| 136 |
+
...
|
| 137 |
+
</pre>
|
| 138 |
+
Similar files `data/images_val.txt` and `data/images_test.txt` contain the list
|
| 139 |
+
of validation and test images.
|
| 140 |
+
|
| 141 |
+
`data/images_variant_train.txt`, `data/images_family_train.txt`, and
|
| 142 |
+
`data/images_manufacturer_train.txt` contain the list of training
|
| 143 |
+
images annotated with the model variant, family, and manufacturer
|
| 144 |
+
names respectively:
|
| 145 |
+
<pre>
|
| 146 |
+
0787226 Abingdon Spherical Free Balloon
|
| 147 |
+
1481091 AEG Wagner Eule
|
| 148 |
+
1548899 Aeris Naviter AN-2 Enara
|
| 149 |
+
0674300 Aeritalia F-104S Starfighter
|
| 150 |
+
...
|
| 151 |
+
</pre>
|
| 152 |
+
Similar files are provided for the validation and test subsets.
|
| 153 |
+
|
| 154 |
+
Finally, `data/images_box.txt` contains the aircraft bounding
|
| 155 |
+
boxes, one per image. The bounding box is specified by four numbers:
|
| 156 |
+
*xmin*, *ymin*, *xmax* and *ymax*. The top-left pixel of an image has
|
| 157 |
+
coordinate (1,1).
|
| 158 |
+
|
| 159 |
+
# <a id=evaluation></a> Evaluation
|
| 160 |
+
|
| 161 |
+
The performance of a classifier is measured in term of its average
|
| 162 |
+
classification accuracy, as detailed next.
|
| 163 |
+
|
| 164 |
+
## <a id=metric></a> Evaluation metric
|
| 165 |
+
|
| 166 |
+
The output of a classification algorithm must be a list of triplets of
|
| 167 |
+
the type (*image*,*label*,*score*), where
|
| 168 |
+
|
| 169 |
+
* *image* is an image label, i.e. a seven-digit number,
|
| 170 |
+
* *label* is an image label, i.e.. an aircraft model variant, family, or manufacturer, and
|
| 171 |
+
* *score* is a real number expressing the belief in the judgment.
|
| 172 |
+
|
| 173 |
+
When computing the classification accuracy, an image is assigned the
|
| 174 |
+
label contained in its highest-scoring triplet. An image that has no
|
| 175 |
+
triplets is considered unclassified and always count as a
|
| 176 |
+
classification error (therefore it is better to guess at least one
|
| 177 |
+
label for each image rather than leaving it unclassified).
|
| 178 |
+
|
| 179 |
+
The quality of the predictions is measured in term of *average
|
| 180 |
+
accuracy*, obtained as follows:
|
| 181 |
+
|
| 182 |
+
* The confusion matrix is square, with one row per class.
|
| 183 |
+
* Each element of the confusion matrix is the number of time aircraft
|
| 184 |
+
of a given class (specified by the row) are classified as a second
|
| 185 |
+
class (column). Ideally, the confusion matrix should be diagonal.
|
| 186 |
+
* The confusion matrix is row-normalized by the number of images of
|
| 187 |
+
the corresponding aircraft class (each row therefore sums to one if
|
| 188 |
+
there are no unclassified images).
|
| 189 |
+
* The average accuracy is computed as the average of the diagonal of
|
| 190 |
+
the confusion matrix.
|
| 191 |
+
|
| 192 |
+
There are three challenges: classifying the aircraft variant, family, and manufacturer.
|
| 193 |
+
|
| 194 |
+
## <a id=code></a> Evaluation code
|
| 195 |
+
|
| 196 |
+
The evaluation protocol has been implemented in the MATLAB m-file
|
| 197 |
+
`evaluation.m`. This function takes the path to the `data` folder, a
|
| 198 |
+
composite name indicating the evaluation subset and challenge
|
| 199 |
+
(e.g. `'manufacturer_test'` or `'family_val'`), and the list of
|
| 200 |
+
triplets, and returns the confusion matrix. For example
|
| 201 |
+
|
| 202 |
+
<pre>
|
| 203 |
+
images = {'2074164'} ;
|
| 204 |
+
labels = {'McDonnell Douglas MD-90-30'} ;
|
| 205 |
+
scores = 1 ;
|
| 206 |
+
confusion = evaluate('/path/fgcv-aircraft/data', 'test', images, labels, scores) ;
|
| 207 |
+
accuracy = mean(diag(confusion)) ;
|
| 208 |
+
</pre>
|
| 209 |
+
|
| 210 |
+
evaluates a classifier output containing exactly one triplet (image,
|
| 211 |
+
label, score), where the image is `'2074164'`, its predicted class is
|
| 212 |
+
`'McDonnell Douglas MD-90-30'`, and the score of the prediction is
|
| 213 |
+
`1`. In practice, a complete set of predictions (one for each
|
| 214 |
+
image-class pair) is usually evaluated.
|
| 215 |
+
|
| 216 |
+
See the builtin help of the `evaluation` MATLAB functions for further
|
| 217 |
+
practical details. See also `example_evaluation.m` for examples on how
|
| 218 |
+
to use this function.
|
| 219 |
+
|
| 220 |
+
# <a id=ack></a> Acknowledgments
|
| 221 |
+
|
| 222 |
+
The creation of this dataset started during the *Johns Hopkins CLSP
|
| 223 |
+
Summer Workshop 2012*
|
| 224 |
+
[Towards a Detailed Understanding of Objects and Scenes in Natural Images](http://www.clsp.jhu.edu/workshops/archive/ws-12/groups/tduosn/)
|
| 225 |
+
with, in alphabetical order, Matthew B. Blaschko, Ross B. Girshick,
|
| 226 |
+
Juho Kannala, Iasonas Kokkinos, Siddharth Mahendran, Subhransu Maji,
|
| 227 |
+
Sammy Mohamed, Esa Rahtu, Naomi Saphra, Karen Simonyan, Ben Taskar,
|
| 228 |
+
Andrea Vedaldi, and David Weiss.
|
| 229 |
+
|
| 230 |
+
The CLSP workshop was supported by the National Science Foundation via
|
| 231 |
+
Grant No 1005411, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence
|
| 232 |
+
via the JHU Human Language Technology Center of Excellence; and Google
|
| 233 |
+
Inc.
|
| 234 |
+
|
| 235 |
+
A special thanks goes to Pekka Rantalankila for helping with the
|
| 236 |
+
creation of the airplane hieararchy.
|
| 237 |
+
|
| 238 |
+
Many thanks to the photographers that kindly made available their
|
| 239 |
+
images for research purposes. Each photographer is listed below, along
|
| 240 |
+
with a link to his/her [airlners.net](http://airliners.net) page:
|
| 241 |
+
|
| 242 |
+
* [Mick Bajcar](http://www.airliners.net/profile/dendrobatid)
|
| 243 |
+
* [Aldo Bidini](http://www.airliners.net/profile/aldobid)
|
| 244 |
+
* [Wim Callaert](http://www.airliners.net/profile/minoeke)
|
| 245 |
+
* [Tommy Desmet](http://www.airliners.net/profile/tommypilot)
|
| 246 |
+
* [Thomas Posch](http://www.airliners.net/profile/snorre)
|
| 247 |
+
* [James Richard Covington](http://www.airliners.net/profile/lemonkitty)
|
| 248 |
+
* [Gerry Stegmeier](http://www.airliners.net/profile/stegi)
|
| 249 |
+
* [Ben Wang](http://www.airliners.net/profile/aal151heavy)
|
| 250 |
+
* [Darren Wilson](http://www.airliners.net/profile/dazbo5)
|
| 251 |
+
* [Konstantin von Wedelstaedt](http://www.airliners.net/profile/fly-k)
|
| 252 |
+
|
| 253 |
+
Please note that the images are made available **exclusively for
|
| 254 |
+
non-commercial research purposes**. The original authors retain the
|
| 255 |
+
copyright on the respective pictures and should be contacted for any
|
| 256 |
+
other usage of them.
|
| 257 |
+
|
| 258 |
+
# <a id=release></a> Release notes
|
| 259 |
+
|
| 260 |
+
* *FGVC-Aircraft 2013b* - The same as 2013a, but with test annotations included.
|
| 261 |
+
* *FGVC-Aircraft 2013a* - First public release of the data.
|
fgvc-aircraft-2013b/data/families.txt
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
|
|
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|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
A300
|
| 2 |
+
A310
|
| 3 |
+
A320
|
| 4 |
+
A330
|
| 5 |
+
A340
|
| 6 |
+
A380
|
| 7 |
+
ATR-42
|
| 8 |
+
ATR-72
|
| 9 |
+
An-12
|
| 10 |
+
BAE 146
|
| 11 |
+
BAE-125
|
| 12 |
+
Beechcraft 1900
|
| 13 |
+
Boeing 707
|
| 14 |
+
Boeing 717
|
| 15 |
+
Boeing 727
|
| 16 |
+
Boeing 737
|
| 17 |
+
Boeing 747
|
| 18 |
+
Boeing 757
|
| 19 |
+
Boeing 767
|
| 20 |
+
Boeing 777
|
| 21 |
+
C-130
|
| 22 |
+
C-47
|
| 23 |
+
CRJ-200
|
| 24 |
+
CRJ-700
|
| 25 |
+
Cessna 172
|
| 26 |
+
Cessna 208
|
| 27 |
+
Cessna Citation
|
| 28 |
+
Challenger 600
|
| 29 |
+
DC-10
|
| 30 |
+
DC-3
|
| 31 |
+
DC-6
|
| 32 |
+
DC-8
|
| 33 |
+
DC-9
|
| 34 |
+
DH-82
|
| 35 |
+
DHC-1
|
| 36 |
+
DHC-6
|
| 37 |
+
DR-400
|
| 38 |
+
Dash 8
|
| 39 |
+
Dornier 328
|
| 40 |
+
EMB-120
|
| 41 |
+
Embraer E-Jet
|
| 42 |
+
Embraer ERJ 145
|
| 43 |
+
Embraer Legacy 600
|
| 44 |
+
Eurofighter Typhoon
|
| 45 |
+
F-16
|
| 46 |
+
F/A-18
|
| 47 |
+
Falcon 2000
|
| 48 |
+
Falcon 900
|
| 49 |
+
Fokker 100
|
| 50 |
+
Fokker 50
|
| 51 |
+
Fokker 70
|
| 52 |
+
Global Express
|
| 53 |
+
Gulfstream
|
| 54 |
+
Hawk T1
|
| 55 |
+
Il-76
|
| 56 |
+
King Air
|
| 57 |
+
L-1011
|
| 58 |
+
MD-11
|
| 59 |
+
MD-80
|
| 60 |
+
MD-90
|
| 61 |
+
Metroliner
|
| 62 |
+
PA-28
|
| 63 |
+
SR-20
|
| 64 |
+
Saab 2000
|
| 65 |
+
Saab 340
|
| 66 |
+
Spitfire
|
| 67 |
+
Tornado
|
| 68 |
+
Tu-134
|
| 69 |
+
Tu-154
|
| 70 |
+
Yak-42
|
fgvc-aircraft-2013b/data/images/0034309.jpg
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|
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|
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