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why can you not take grapefruit with felodipine
Drinking grapefruit juice while taking Felodipine (Plendil), a medication for high blood pressure might cause your blood pressure to go too low, because grapefruit juice might increase how much Felodipine the body absorbs.
Grapefruit Bioflavonoid Complex Bioflavonoid Concentrate Bioflavonoid Extract Bioflavonoids Bioflavonoïdes Bioflavonoïdes d'grumes Citrus Bioflavones Citrus Bioflavonoid Citrus Bioflavonoid Extract Citrus Bioflavonoids Citrus Flavones Citrus Flavonoids Citrus Grandis Extract Citrus paradisi Citrus Seed Extract Cold-Pressed Grapefruit Oil Complexe Bioflavonoïde Complexe Bioflavonoïde de Pamplemousse Concentré de Bioflavonoïde CSE Expressed Grapefruit Oil Extrait de Bioflavonoïde Extrait de Bioflavonoïdes d'Agrumes Extrait de Graines de Pamplemousse Extrait de Pamplemousse Extrait Normalisé de Pamplemousse Flavonoïdes d'Agrumes Grapefruit Bioflavonoid Complex Grapefruit Extract Grapefruit Oil Grapefruit Seed Extract Grapefruit Seed Glycerate GSE Huile de Pamplemousse Huile de Pamplemousse Pressée à Froid Pamplemousse Pamplemousse Rose Paradisapfel Pink Grapefruit Pomelo Red Mexican Grapefruit Shaddock Oil Standardized Extract of Grapefruit Toronja. What is it? Grapefruit is a citrus fruit. People use the fruit, oil from the peel, and extracts from the seed as medicine. Grapefruit seed extract is processed from grapefruit seeds and pulp obtained as a byproduct from grapefruit juice production. Vegetable glycerin is added to the final product to reduce acidity and bitterness. Grapefruit is commonly taken by mouth for weight loss. It is also used for asthma, high cholesterol, and many other conditions, but there is not good scientific evidence to support these other uses. In food and beverages, grapefruit is consumed as a fruit, juice, and is used as a flavoring component. In manufacturing, grapefruit oil and seed extract are used as a fragrance component in soaps and cosmetics; and as a household cleaner for fruits, vegetables, meats, kitchen surfaces, dishes, and others. In agriculture, grapefruit seed extract is used to kill bacteria and fungus, fight mold growth, kill parasites in animal feeds, preserve food and disinfect water. It's important to remember that drug interactions with grapefruit juice are well documented. The chemistry of the grapefruit varies by the species, the growing conditions, and the process used to extract the juice. Before adding grapefruit to your diet or your list of natural medicines, check with your healthcare provider if you take medications. How effective is it? <i>Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database</i> rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate.The effectiveness ratings for <b>GRAPEFRUIT</b> are as follows: <h3>Possibly effective for...</h3> /h3> <b>Weight loss</b>. Taking a specific product containing sweet orange, blood orange, and grapefruit extracts seems to decrease body weight and body fat in overweight people. Some research also shows that eating fresh grapefruit daily increases weight loss in overweight people. <h3>Insufficient evidence to rate effectiveness for...</h3> /h3> <b>Asthma</b>. Some research shows that eating vitamin C-rich citrus fruits, including grapefruit and others, might improve lung function in people with asthma. But other studies have not shown this benefit.<b>Eczema (atopic dermatitis)</b>. Early research shows that grapefruit seed extract can decrease constipation, gas, and stomach discomfort in people with eczema. This benefit may be due to the effect of grapefruit on intestinal bacteria.<b>High cholesterol</b>. Early research suggest that taking grapefruit pectin daily for 16 weeks decreases total cholesterol and the ratio of low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad") cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (HDL or "good") cholesterol compared to baseline.<b>High blood fats called triglycerides</b>. Eating one grapefruit per day appears to reduce total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad") cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in people with high triglyceride levels.<b>Lice</b>. Early research shows that applying a shampoo containing grapefruit extract to the hair of children for 10-20 minutes kills lice. Applying the shampoo again 10 days later helps remove any remaining nits.<b>Depression</b>.<b>Digestive complaints in people with eczema</b>.<b>Hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis)</b>.<b>Infections</b>.<b>Muscle tiredness</b>.<b>Preventing cancer</b>.<b>Promoting hair growth</b>.<b>Psoriasis</b>.<b>Reducing acne and oily skin</b>.<b>Stress</b>.<b>Treating headaches</b>.<b>Toning the skin</b>.<b>Yeast infections (as a vaginal douche)</b>.<b>Other conditions</b>. More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of grapefruit for these uses. How does it work? Grapefruit is a source of vitamin C, fiber, potassium, pectin, and other nutrients. Some components might have antioxidant effects that might help protect cells from damage or reduce cholesterol. It is not clear how the oil might work for medicinal uses. Are there safety concerns? Grapefruit is <b>LIKELY SAFE</b> in the amounts normally used as food and <b>POSSIBLY SAFE</b> when taken by mouth for medicinal purposes. Grapefruit is <b>POSSIBLY UNSAFE</b> when taken by mouth in high amounts. If you take any medications, check with your healthcare provider before adding grapefruit to your diet or using it as a medicine. Grapefruit interacts with a long list of medications (see "Are there any interactions with medications?" below). <h4>Special precautions & warnings:</h4> <b>Pregnancy and breast-feeding</b>: Not enough is known about the use of grapefruit during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use. <b>Breast cancer</b>: There is concern about the safety of drinking excessive amounts of grapefruit juice. Some research suggests that postmenopausal women who consume a quart or more of grapefruit juice every day have a 25% to 30% increased chance of developing breast cancer. Grapefruit juice decreases how estrogen is broken down in the body and might increase estrogen levels in the body. More research is needed to confirm these findings. Until more is known, avoid drinking excessive amounts of grapefruit juice, especially if you have breast cancer or are at higher than usual risk for developing breast cancer. <b>Diseases of the heart muscle</b>: Consuming grapefruit juice might increase the potential for abnormal heart rhythm. People with these diseases should consume grapefruit juice in moderation. <b>Hormone sensitive cancers and conditions</b>: Consuming large amounts of grapefruit might increase hormone levels and therefore increase the risk of hormone sensitive conditions. Women with hormone sensitive conditions should avoid grapefruit. Are there interactions with medications? Major Do not take this combination. <b>Amiodarone (Cordarone)</b> Grapefruit juice can increase how much amiodarone (Cordarone) the body absorbs. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking amiodarone (Cordarone) might increase the effects and side effects. Avoid drinking grapefruit juice if you are taking amiodarone (Cordarone). <b>Artemether (Artenam, Paluther)</b> The body breaks down artemether (Artenam, Paluther) to get rid of it. Grapefruit juice can decrease how quickly the body breaks down artemether (Artenam, Paluther). Drinking grapefruit juice while taking artemether (Artenam, Paluther) might increase the effects and side effects of artemether (Artenam, Paluther). Do not drink grapefruit juice if you are taking artemether (Artenam, Paluther). <b>Atorvastatin (Lipitor)</b> Atorvastatin (Lipitor) is a type of cholesterol lowering medication known as a "statin." The body breaks down atorvastatin (Lipitor) to get rid of it. Grapefruit juice might decrease how quickly the body breaks down atorvastatin (Lipitor). Drinking grapefruit juice while taking atorvastatin (Lipitor) might increase the effects and side effects of this medication. <b>Buspirone (BuSpar)</b> Grapefruit juice might increase how much buspirone (BuSpar) the body absorbs. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking buspirone (BuSpar) might increase the effects and side effects of buspirone (BuSpar). <b>Carbamazepine (Tegretol)</b> Grapefruit juice might increase how much carbamazepine (Tegretol) the body absorbs. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking carbamazepine (Tegretol) might increase the effects and side effects of carbamazepine (Tegretol). <b>Carvedilol (Coreg)</b> The body breaks down carvedilol (Coreg) to get rid of it. Grapefruit juice seems to decrease how quickly the body breaks down carvedilol (Coreg). Drinking grapefruit juice while taking carvedilol (Coreg) might increase the effects and side effects of carvedilol (Coreg). <b>Celiprolol (Celicard)</b> Grapefruit appears to decrease how much celiprolol (Celicard) is absorbed. This might decrease the effectiveness of celiprolol (Celicard). Separating administration of celiprolol (Celicard) and consumption of grapefruit by at least 4 hours. <b>Cisapride (Propulsid)</b> Grapefruit juice might decrease how quickly the body gets rid of cisapride (Propulsid). Drinking grapefruit juice while taking cisapride (Propulsid) might increase the effects and side effects of cisapride (Propulsid). <b>Clomipramine (Anafranil)</b> The body breaks down clomipramine (Anafranil) to get rid of it. Grapefruit juice might decrease how quickly the body gets rid of clomipramine (Anafranil). Taking grapefruit juice along with clomipramine (Anafranil) might increase the effects and side effects of clomipramine (Anafranil). <b>Clopidogrel (Plavix)</b> Clopidogrel (Plavix) is a prodrug. Prodrugs need to be activated by the body to work. Grapefruit appears to decrease how much clopidogrel (Plavix) is activated by the body. This might lead to a decreased efficacy of clopidogrel. Do not take grapefruit with clopidogrel. <b>Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)</b> Grapefruit might increase how much cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) the body absorbs. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) might increase the side effects of cyclosporine. <b>Dextromethorphan (Robitussin DM, and others)</b> The body breaks down dextromethorphan (Robitussin DM, others) to get rid of it. Grapefruit might decrease how quickly the body breaks down dextromethorphan (Robitussin DM, others). Drinking grapefruit juice while taking dextromethorphan (Robitussin DM, others) might increase the effects and side effects of dextromethorphan (Robitussin DM, others). <b>Estrogens</b> The body breaks down estrogens to get rid of them. Grapefruit juice seems to decrease how quickly the body breaks down estrogens and increase how much estrogen the body absorbs. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking estrogens might increase estrogen levels and side effects associated with estrogen such as breast cancer. Some estrogen pills include conjugated equine estrogens (Premarin), ethinyl estradiol, estradiol (Climara, Vivelle, Estring), and others. <b>Etoposide (VePesid)</b> Grapefruit might decrease how much etoposide (VePesid) the body absorbs. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking etoposide (VePesid) might decrease the effectiveness of etoposide (VePesid). To avoid this interaction, separate taking this medication from consuming grapefruit by at least 4 hours. <b>Halofantrine</b> The body breaks down halofantrine to get rid of it. Grapefruit juice seems to decrease how quickly the body breaks down halofantrine. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking halofantrine might increase halofantrine levels and side effects associated with halofantrine, including abnormal heartbeat. <b>Lovastatin (Mevacor)</b> Lovastatin (Mevacor) is a type of cholesterol lowering medication known as a "statin." The body breaks down lovastatin (Mevacor) to get rid of it. Grapefruit juice might decrease how quickly the body breaks down lovastatin (Mevacor). Drinking grapefruit juice while taking lovastatin (Mevacor) might increase the effects and side effects of this medication. <b>Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates)</b> Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Grapefruit juice might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking some medications that are broken down by the liver can increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking grapefruit, talk to your healthcare provider if you are taking any medications that are changed by the liver. Some medications changed by the liver include lovastatin (Mevacor), ketoconazole (Nizoral), itraconazole (Sporanox), fexofenadine (Allegra), triazolam (Halcion), and many others. <b>Medications for high blood pressure (Calcium channel blockers)</b> Grapefruit juice might increase how much medication for high blood pressure the body absorbs. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking some medications for high blood pressure might cause your blood pressure to go too low. Some medications for high blood pressure include nifedipine (Adalat, Procardia), verapamil (Calan, Isoptin, Verelan), diltiazem (Cardizem), isradipine (DynaCirc), felodipine (Plendil), amlodipine (Norvasc), and others. <b>Medications moved by pumps in cells (Organic anion-transporting polypeptide substrates)</b> Some medications are moved by pumps in cells. Grapefruit might change how these pumps work and decrease how much of some medications get absorbed by the body. This could make these medications less effective. To avoid this interaction, separate taking these medications from consuming grapefruit by at least 4 hours. Some of these medications that are moved by pumps in cells include bosentan (Tracleer), celiprolol (Celicard, others), etoposide (VePesid), fexofenadine (Allegra), fluoroquinolone antibiotics, glyburide (Micronase, Diabeta), irinotecan (Camptosar), methotrexate, paclitaxel (Taxol), saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase), rifampin, statins, talinolol, torsemide (Demadex), troglitazone, and valsartan (Diovan). <b>Medications used for lowering cholesterol (Statins)</b> The body breaks down certain cholesterol-lowering medicines called "statins" to get rid of them. Grapefruit juice might decrease how quickly the body breaks down "statins". Drinking grapefruit juice while taking certain "statins" might increase the effects and side effects of these medications. Grapefruit seems to decrease how quickly the body breaks down certain "statins" including lovastatin (Mevacor), simvastatin (Zocor), and atorvastatin (Lipitor). <b>Methylprednisolone</b> The body breaks down methylprednisolone to get rid of it. Grapefruit juice can decrease how quickly the body gets rid of methylprednisolone. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking methylprednisolone might increase the effects and side effects of methylprednisolone. <b>Praziquantel (Biltricide)</b> The body breaks down praziquantel (Biltricide) to get rid of it. Grapefruit juice can decrease how quickly the body breaks down praziquantel (Biltricide). Drinking grapefruit juice while taking praziquantel (Biltricide) might increase the effects and side effects of praziquantel (Biltricide). <b>Quinidine</b> The body breaks down quinidine to get rid of it. Grapefruit juice might decrease how fast the body gets rid of quinidine. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking quinidine might increase the chance of side effects. <b>Scopolamine (Transderm Scop)</b> The body breaks down scopolamine to get rid of it. Grapefruit juice can decrease how fast the body breaks down scopolamine. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking scopolamine might increase the effects and side effects of scopolamine. <b>Sedative medications (Benzodiazepines)</b> Sedative medications can cause sleepiness and drowsiness. Grapefruit juice can decrease how quickly the body breaks some sedative medications. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking some sedative medications can increase the effects and side effects of some sedative medications. Some sedative medications (benzodiazepines) that might interact with grapefruit juice include diazepam (Valium), midazolam (Versed), quazepam (Doral), and triazolam (Halcion). <b>Sildenafil (Viagra)</b> The body breaks down sildenafil (Viagra) to get rid of it. Grapefruit can decrease how quickly the body breaks down sildenafil (Viagra). Drinking grapefruit juice while taking sildenafil (Viagra) can increase the effects and side effects of sildenafil (Viagra). <b>Simvastatin (Zocor)</b> The body breaks down simvastatin (Zocor) to get rid of it. Grapefruit juice might decrease how quickly the body breaks down simvastatin (Zocor). Drinking grapefruit juice while taking simvastatin (Zocor) might increase the effects and side effects of this medicine. <b>Tacrolimus (Prograf)</b> The body breaks down tacrolimus (Prograf) to get rid of it. Grapefruit can decrease how quickly the body breaks down tacrolimus (Prograf). Eating grapefruit or drinking grapefruit juice while taking tacrolimus (Prograf) can increase the effects and side effects of tacrolimus (Prograf). Avoid eating grapefruit or drinking grapefruit juice if you are taking tacrolimus. <b>Terfenadine (Seldane)</b> Grapefruit can increase how much terfenadine (Seldane) that the body absorbs. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking terfenadine (Seldane) might increase the effects and side effects of terfenadine (Seldane). <b>Ticagrelor (Brilinta)</b> The body breaks down ticagrelor (Brilinta) to get rid of it. Grapefruit can decrease how quickly the body breaks down ticagrelor (Brilinta). Drinking grapefruit juice while taking ticagrelor (Brilinta) can increase the effects and side effects of ticagrelor (Brilinta). Moderate Be cautious with this combination. <b>Aliskiren (Tekturna, Rasilez)</b> Aliskiren (Tekturna, Rasilez) is moved by pumps in cells in the body. Grapefruit might change how these pumps work and decrease how much aliskiren (Tekturna, Rasilez) gets absorbed by the body. This could make this medication less effective. To avoid this interaction, separate taking this medication from consuming grapefruit by at least 4 hours. <b>BUDESONIDE (Pulmicort)</b> The body breaks down budesonide (Pulmicort) to get rid of it. Grapefruit might decease how quickly the body gets rid of budesonide (Pulmicort). Drinking grapefruit while taking budesonide (Pulmicort) might increase the side effects of budesonide (Pulmicort). <b>Caffeine</b> The body breaks down caffeine to get rid of it. Grapefruit might decease how quickly the body gets rid of caffeine. Drinking grapefruit while taking caffeine might increase the side effects of caffeine including jitteriness, headache, and a fast heartbeat. <b>Colchicine</b> The body breaks down colchicine to get rid of it. Grapefruit might decrease how quickly the body gets rid of colchicine. But some research shows that grapefruit does not decrease how quickly the body gets rid of colchicine. Until more is known, follow any instructions on the colchicine label related to intake of grapefruit. <b>Dapoxetine (Priligy)</b> The body breaks down dapoxetine (Priligy) to get rid of it. Grapefruit juice can decrease how quickly the body gets rid of dapoxetine (Priligy). Taking grapefruit juice along with dapoxetine (Priligy) might increase the effects and side effects of dapoxetine. <b>Erythromycin</b> The body breaks down erythromycin to get rid of it. Grapefruit can decrease how quickly the body gets rid of erythromycin. Taking grapefruit juice along with erythromycin might increase the effects and side effects of erythromycin. <b>Fexofenadine (Allegra)</b> Grapefruit might decrease how much fexofenadine (Allegra) the body absorbs. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking fexofenadine (Allegra) might decrease the effectiveness of fexofenadine (Allegra). To avoid this interaction, separate taking this medication from consuming grapefruit by at least 4 hours. <b>Fluvoxamine (Luvox)</b> Grapefruit juice can increase how much fluvoxamine (Luvox) the body absorbs. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking fluvoxamine (Luvox) might increase the effects and side effects of fluvoxamine (Luvox). <b>Itraconazole (Sporanox)</b> Itraconazole (Sporanox) is used to treat fungal infections. Grapefruit juice might affect how much itraconazole (Sporanox) the body absorbs. But there is not enough information to know if this interaction is a major concern. <b>Levothyroxine (Synthroid, others)</b> Levothyroxine (Synthroid, others) is moved by pumps in cells in the body. Grapefruit might change how these pumps work and decrease how much levothyroxine (Synthroid, others) gets absorbed by the body. This could make this medication less effective. To avoid this interaction, separate taking this medication from consuming grapefruit by at least 4 hours. <b>Losartan (Cozaar)</b> The liver activates losartan (Cozaar) to make it work. Grapefruit juice might decrease how quickly the body activates losartan (Cozaar). Drinking grapefruit juice while taking losartan (Cozaar) might decrease the effectiveness of losartan. <b>Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) substrates)</b> Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Grapefruit juice might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking grapefruit juice along with some medications that are broken down by the liver can increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking grapefruit juice talk to your healthcare provider if you take any medications that are changed by the liver. Some medications that are changed by the liver include amitriptyline (Elavil), haloperidol (Haldol), ondansetron (Zofran), propranolol (Inderal), theophylline (Theo-Dur, others), verapamil (Calan, Isoptin, others), and others. <b>Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) substrates)</b> Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Grapefruit juice might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking grapefruit juice along with some medications that are broken down by the liver can increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking grapefruit juice talk to your healthcare provider if you take any medications that are changed by the liver. Some medications that are changed by the liver include omeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole (Prevacid), and pantoprazole (Protonix); diazepam (Valium); carisoprodol (Soma); nelfinavir (Viracept); and others. <b>Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) substrates)</b> Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Grapefruit juice might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking grapefruit juice along with some medications that are broken down by the liver can increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking grapefruit juice talk to your healthcare provider if you take any medications that are changed by the liver. Some medications that are changed by the liver include diclofenac (Cataflam, Voltaren), ibuprofen (Motrin), meloxicam (Mobic), and piroxicam (Feldene); celecoxib (Celebrex); amitriptyline (Elavil); warfarin (Coumadin); glipizide (Glucotrol); losartan (Cozaar); and others. <b>Methadone (Dolophine)</b> Grapefruit juice might increase how much methadone (Dolophine) the body absorbs. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking methadone (Dolophine) might increase the effects and side effects of methadone (Dolophine). <b>Nadolol (Corgard)</b> Nadolol (Corgard) is moved by pumps in cells in the body. Grapefruit might change how these pumps work and decrease how much nadolol (Corgard) gets absorbed by the body. This could make this medication less effective. However, some research shows that grapefruit does not affect how much nadolol (Corgard) gets absorbed by the body. Until more is known, follow any instructions on the nadolol (Corgard) label related to intake of grapefruit. <b>Nilotinib (Tasigna)</b> Grapefruit juice can increase how much Nilotinib (Tasigna) the body absorbs. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking Nilotinib (Tasigna) might increase the effects and side effects. Avoid drinking grapefruit juice if you are taking Nilotinib (Tasigna). <b>Oxycodone (Oxycontin)</b> The body breaks down oxycodone (Oxycontin) to get rid of it. Grapefruit juice can decrease how quickly the body breaks down oxycodone (Oxycontin). Drinking grapefruit juice while taking oxycodone (Oxycontin) might increase the effects and side effects of Oxycodone (Oxycontin). <b>Pitavastatin (Livalo)</b> The body breaks down pitavastatin (Livalo) to get rid of it. Grapefruit juice might decrease how quickly the body breaks down pitavastatin (Livalo). Drinking grapefruit juice while taking pitavastatin (Livalo) might increase the effects and side effects of this medicine. <b>Primaquine</b> Grapefruit juice can increase how much primaquine is available in the body. It is unclear what effects this might have. Be cautious with this combination. <b>Saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase)</b> Drinking grapefruit juice can increase how much saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase) the body absorbs. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase) might increase the effects and side effects of saquinavir. <b>Sertraline</b> The body breaks down sertraline to get rid of it. Grapefruit can decrease how quickly the body breaks down sertraline. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking sertraline can increase the effects and side effects of sertraline. <b>Sunitinib (Sutent)</b> The body breaks down sunitinib (Sutent) to get rid of it. Grapefruit juice might decrease how quickly the body breaks down sunitinib (Sutent). Drinking grapefruit juice while taking sunitinib (Sutent) might increase the effects and side effects of sunitinib (Sutent). But some research shows that the effect of grapefruit on sunitinib (Sutent) is not a big concern. Until more is known, follow any instructions on the sunitinib (Sutent) label related to intake of grapefruit. <b>Talinolol</b> Grapefruit juice can reduce how much talinolol is available in the body. Drinking grapefruit juice with talinolol might reduce the effects of talinolol. <b>Theophylline</b> Drinking grapefruit juice might decrease the effects of theophylline. There's not enough information to know if this is a big concern. <b>Tolvaptan (Samsca)</b> The body breaks down tolvaptan (Samsca) to get rid of it. Grapefruit can decrease how quickly the body breaks down tolvaptan (Samsca). Drinking grapefruit juice while taking tolvaptan (Samsca) can increase the effects and side effects of tolvaptan (Samsca). <b>Warfarin (Coumadin)</b> Warfarin (Coumadin) is used to slow blood clotting. Drinking grapefruit juice might increase the effects of warfarin (Coumadin) and increase the chances of bruising and bleeding. Be sure to have your blood checked regularly. The dose of your warfarin (Coumadin) might need to be changed. Minor Be watchful with this combination. <b>Acebutolol (Sectral)</b> Acebutolol (Sectral) is moved by pumps in cells in the body. Grapefruit might change how these pumps work and decrease how much acebutolol (Sectral) gets absorbed by the body. This could make this medication less effective. To avoid this interaction, separate taking this medication from consuming grapefruit by at least 4 hours. <b>Amprenavir (Agenerase)</b> Grapefruit might slightly decrease how much amprenavir (Agenerase) is absorbed by the body. But this interaction is probably not a major concern. Are there interactions with herbs and supplements? <b>Licorice</b> Drinking grapefruit juice when taking licorice might increase licorice's ability to cause potassium depletion. <b>Red yeast</b> Grapefruit (juice or fruit) changes the way the body processes red yeast. Grapefruit can increase the amount of lovastatin from red yeast in the blood. <b>Thunder god vine</b> Thunder god vine contains triptolide. The body breaks down triptolide to get rid of it. Grapefruit can decrease how quickly the body breaks down triptolide. Drinking grapefruit juice while taking thunder god vine containing triptolide might increase the effects and side effects of thunder god vine. Are there interactions with foods? <b>Tonic water</b> Grapefruit might interfere with the way the body processes the quinine that is contained in tonic water. People who have a heart rhythm disorder (long QT syndrome, for example) should avoid taking grapefruit and tonic water together, since that combination might worsen their heart condition. <b>Wine</b> Grapefruit juice might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. This might increase the side effects of these medications. Adding red wine to the mix can increase these side effects even more. White wine, however, does not seem to interact with grapefruit or medications that are broken down by the liver. What dose is used? The following doses have been studied in scientific research: <b>BY MOUTH:</b> /b> <b>For weight loss</b>: 450-700 mg of a specific product containing sweet orange, blood orange, and grapefruit extracts twice daily for 12 weeks has been used. Eating half a grapefruit three times daily, drinking 8 ounces of grapefruit juice three times daily, or taking capsules containing freeze-dried whole grapefruit 500 mg three times before meals for 12 weeks has also been used.
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Answer this question truthfully
Glycyrrhetinic acid is a substance that is naturally present in licorice, a plant used for medicinal and culinary purposes. It has been found to have a range of biological activities, including the ability to block the activity of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of the hormone cortisol to cortisone, and its inhibition by glycyrrhetinic acid can lead to an increase in cortisol levels in the body. This effect may have therapeutic applications in the treatment of conditions such as Addison's disease, in which cortisol levels are too low. However, the consumption of licorice or glycyrrhetinic acid in large amounts can also have negative effects on health, such as high blood pressure and potassium depletion.
What is glycyrrhetinic acid and where is it found? How does it affect the activity of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase?
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Answer this question truthfully
Ursodiol primarily works in Primary Biliary Cholangitis by protecting hepatocytes against apoptosis. It does so by reducing the toxic effects of hydrophobic bile acids on liver cells, which can trigger cell death. Ursodiol also has immunomodulatory effects, which can help to reduce the inflammation and damage to the liver that occurs in Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Overall, Ursodiol is an important treatment option for this condition, as it can help to slow disease progression and improve liver function.
What is the mechanism of action of Ursodiol in treating Primary Biliary Cholangitis and how does it protect hepatocytes?
| 26,465 | [
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Answer this question truthfully
The chemical formula is RCOO- CH 2 CH (-OOCR') CH 2 -OOCR", where R, R', and R" are longer alkyl chains. The three fatty acids RCOOH, R'COOH and R"COOH can be all different, all the same, or only two the same.
Chain lengths of the fatty acids in naturally occurring triglycerides can be of varying lengths but 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. Natural fatty acids found in plants and animals are typically composed only of even numbers of carbon atoms due to the way they are bio-synthesised from acetyl CoA. Bacteria, however, possess the ability to synthesise odd- and branched-chain fatty acids. Consequently, ruminant animal fat contains odd numbered fatty acids, such as 15, due to the action of bacteria in the rumen.
Most natural fats contain a complex mixture of individual triglycerides; because of this, they melt over a broad range of temperatures. Cocoa butter is unusual in that it is composed of only a few triglycerides, one of which contains palmitic, oleic and stearic acids in that order. This gives rise to a fairly sharp melting point, causing chocolate to melt in the mouth without feeling greasy.
General structure of a triglyceride Example of an unsaturated fat triglyceride. Left part: glycerol, right part from top to bottom: palmitic acid, oleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, chemical formula: C 55 H 98 O 6
Triglycerides are also split into their components via transesterification during the manufacture of biodiesel. The fatty acid mono alkyl ester can be used as fuel in diesel engines. The glycerin has many uses, such as in the manufacture of food and in the production of pharmaceuticals.
Other examples are the Triglyceride process in the decaffeination of coffee beans.
What is the role of biochemistry in relation to triglycerides?
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-0.469482... | 0 |
Answer this question truthfully
It is a hypersensitivity to dietary substances from soy causing an overreaction of the immune system which may lead to severe physical symptoms for millions of people.
Many fast-food restaurants commonly use soy protein in hamburger buns (soy flour) hamburger meat (soy protein) and hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP) in sauces. On their respective web sites, McDonald's, Burger King and Wendy's list soy flour as an ingredient in their hamburger buns. U.S. Nutrition Information Multi-grain breads, doughnuts, doughnut mix and pancake mix commonly contain soy flour.
Some products for reasons having to do with national regulation of soy products don't list soy protein or soy flour on their ingredients labels, yet they still contain soy. There are still many latent issues resolving how soy should be regulated.
Studies show that most individuals who are allergic to soy protein may be able to safely consume soybean oil (not cold pressed, expeller pressed, or extruded oil) and soy lecithin, as these products do not normally contain soy protein.
Products containing soy protein include:
Edamame Miso Natto Shoyu sauce Soy (soy albumin, soy fiber, soy flour, soy grits, soy milk, soy nuts, soy sprouts) Soya Soybean (curd, granules) Soybean butter Soy protein (concentrate, isolate) Soy sauce, tamari Tempeh Textured vegetable protein (TVP) Tofu
The following food additives may contain soy protein:
Hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP) Flavoring (including natural and artificial) Canned chicken broth Vegetable broth, gum, and starch Bouillon cubes (beef, chicken, vegetable, etc.)
What does a soy allergy mean?
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Answer this question truthfully
Troxerutin is a flavonol, a type of flavonoid. It is more accurately a hydroxyethylrutoside. It can be isolated from Sophora japonica, the Japanese pagoda tree
It is used as a vasoprotective. Troxerutin has been shown in mice to reverse CNS insulin resistance and reduce reactive oxygen species induced by a high-cholesterol diet.
What is Troxerutin and can you provide an overview of it?
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0.53125,
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Answer this question truthfully
After a program of high-throughput screening of a class of drugs targeting the first step, the farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) were developed (Reuter et al., 2000). A number of molecules were found to have FTI activity. Some earlier compounds were found to have major side effects, and their development was discontinued. The others have entered clinical trials for different cancers. SCH66336 (Lonafarnib) was the first to do so, followed by R115777 (Zarnestra, Tipifarnib) (Caponigro et al., 2003).
Unfortunately, the predicted “early potential of FTIs has not been realised” (Downward J, 2003). The anti-tumour properties of FTIs were attributed to their action on RAS processing; however this assumption has now been questioned. Of the three members (H, N and K) of the RAS family, K-RAS is the form found most often mutated in cancer. As noted above, as well as modification by FFTase an alternative route to creation of biologically active RAS is through GGTase modification. When FFTase is blocked by FFTase inhibitors this pathway comes in to operation – both K and N-RAS are able to be activated through this mechanism. In recognition of this a joint administration of FTIs and GTIs was tried, however this resulted in high toxicity. It is in fact thought that the lack of FTI toxicity may be due to a failure to fully inhibit RAS: FTIs actually target normal cells but alternative pathway allow these cells to surive (Downward J, 2003).
What is a substance that inhibits Farnesyltransferase?
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Answer this question truthfully
Dicoumarol (INN) or dicumarol (USAN) is a naturally occurring anticoagulant that functions as a functional vitamin K depleter (similar to warfarin, a drug that dicoumarol inspired). It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.
Dicoumarol is a natural chemical substance of combined plant and fungal origin. It is a derivative of coumarin, a bitter tasting but sweet-smelling substance made by plants that does not itself affect coagulation, but which is (classically) transformed in mouldy feeds or silages by a number of species of fungi, into active dicoumarol. Dicoumarol does affect coagulation, and was discovered in mouldy wet sweet-clover hay, as the cause of a naturally occurring bleeding disease in cattle. See warfarin for a more detailed discovery history.
Identified in 1940, dicoumarol became the prototype of the 4-hydroxycoumarin derivative anticoagulant drug class. Dicoumarol itself, for a short time, was employed as a medicinal anticoagulant drug, but since the mid-1950s has been replaced by its simpler derivative warfarin, and other 4-hydroxycoumarin drugs.
It is given orally, and it acts within two days.
What is dicumarol, and can you provide an overview of it?
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... | 0 |
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
B: Acidic pH, co-administration of antioxidant A, no administration of drug B
Q:A drug discovery team is conducting research to observe the characteristics of a novel drug under different experimental conditions. The drug is converted into the inactive metabolites by an action of an enzyme E. After multiple experiments, the team concludes that as compared to physiologic pH, the affinity of the enzyme E for the drug decreases markedly in acidic pH. Co-administration of an antioxidant A increases the value of Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) for the enzyme reaction, while co-administration of a drug B decreases the value of Km. Assume the metabolism of the novel drug follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics at the therapeutic dose, and that the effects of different factors on the metabolism of the drug are first-order linear. For which of the following conditions will the metabolism of the drug be the slowest??
{'A': 'Physiologic pH, co-administration of antioxidant A, no administration of drug B', 'B': 'Acidic pH, co-administration of antioxidant A, no administration of drug B', 'C': 'Acidic pH, co-administration of antioxidant A and of drug B', 'D': 'Acidic pH, co-administration of drug B, no administration of antioxidant A', 'E': 'Acidic pH, without administration of antioxidant A or drug B'},
| 60,300 | [
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-0.69873046875... | 0 |
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
E: Covalent bonds between carboxyl and amino groups
Q:Researchers are investigating the effects of an Amazonian plant extract as a novel therapy for certain types of tumors. When applied to tumor cells in culture, the extract causes widespread endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent cell death. Further experiments show that the extract acts on an important member of a protein complex that transduces proliferation signals. When this protein alone is exposed to the plant extract, its function is not recovered by the addition of chaperones. Which type of bond is the extract most likely targeting??
{'A': 'Hydrogen bonds', 'B': 'Ionic bonds', 'C': 'Hydrophobic interactions', 'D': 'Covalent bond between two sulfide groups', 'E': 'Covalent bonds between carboxyl and amino groups'},
| 60,722 | [
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Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
A: 0.04
Q:An investigator is studying the efficacy of preventative measures to reduce pesticide poisonings among Central American farmers. The investigator evaluates the effect of a ban on aldicarb, an especially neurotoxic pesticide of the carbamate class. The ban aims to reduce pesticide poisonings attributable to carbamates. The investigator followed 1,000 agricultural workers residing in Central American towns that banned aldicarb as well as 2,000 agricultural workers residing in communities that continued to use aldicarb over a period of 5 years. The results show:
Pesticide poisoning No pesticide poisoning Total
Aldicarb ban 10 990 1000
No aldicarb ban 100 1900 2000
Which of the following values corresponds to the difference in risk attributable to the ban on aldicarb?"?
{'A': '0.04', 'B': '0.2', 'C': '0.19', 'D': '90', 'E': '0.8'},
| 64,029 | [
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Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
B: Fatty acids with double bonds in the 3rd position adjacent to the terminal carbon are cardioprotective against the effects of IL-1β in post-MI cells.
Q:A researcher is investigating the relationship between inflammatory mediators and omega-3 fatty acids, namely docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), in post-MI patients. IL-1ß is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in fibrosis and arrhythmias in the post-MI period. Research indicates that it causes loss of function in the gap junction connexin 43 (Cx43), resulting in an arrhythmogenic state. They perform an experiment investigating the cardioprotective effect of DHA on patients after a recent MI. Their results are shown in a Western blot analysis. Which of the following is the most accurate conclusion from these results??
{'A': 'Fatty acids with double bonds in the 3rd position adjacent to the carboxy-terminus are cardioprotective against the effects of IL-1β in post-MI cells.', 'B': 'Fatty acids with double bonds in the 3rd position adjacent to the terminal carbon are cardioprotective against the effects of IL-1β in post-MI cells.', 'C': 'Fatty acids with 3 cis-double bonds provide minimal benefits against arrhythmias after myocardial infarctions.', 'D': 'Fatty acids with double bonds in the 3rd position adjacent to the carboxy-terminus provide minimal benefits against arrhythmias after myocardial infarctions.', 'E': 'Fatty acids with double bonds in the 3rd position adjacent to the terminal carbon provide minimal benefits against arrhythmias after myocardial infarctions.'},
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... | 0 |
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?
This is no advice
Although we did not measure miRNA expression levels by lutein/zeaxanthin intake, our study supports the notion that dietary lutein/zeaxanthin intake impacts DICER1 activity by regulating miRNA expression, thus affecting CRC risk via an underlying interaction between antioxidant effects and miRNA expression.
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Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?
This is no advice
Interestingly, 4-day feeding of doxycycline chow in DT (podocyte-specific constitutively active Nfatc1nuc) mice is characterized by altered cholesterol homeostasis, podocyte foot process effacement, and albuminuria that can be partially prevented by cholesterol depletion (Figure 8).
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of allergic rhinitis in children with traditional Chinese medicine.
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most common allergic diseases in children and it can lead to physical and mental health problems. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plays an important role in understanding the phenotypes and treatment of AR. However, there are currently no normative clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the treatment of AR in children. The study aimed to develop an evidence-based CPG for the treatment of AR in children with TCM. Systematic literature research, expert questionnaire, and clinical evaluation after three rounds of surveys were adopted to form recommendations for treating children with AR using the Delphi method. Depending on the clinical manifestations, we finally recommended two decoctions with two Chinese patent medicines for an acute attack of AR and two decoctions for a chronic period of AR. For the acute attack of AR in children, Xinyi Qingfei decoction, Wenfei Zhiliu decoction, Xinqin granules, and Xinyi Biyan pills were suggested, whereas for the chronic period of AR, Buzhong Yiqi and Jingui Shenqi decoctions were recommended. The four external treatment methods suggested for the prevention and care of AR were body acupuncture, moxibustion, auricular point pressing, and acupoint application. The recommended levels of the suggested TCM strategies ranged from Grade B to D, indicating the weakness of the recommendations. TCM has the potential to offer new insights into phenotypes and the management of AR worldwide; however, more high-quality clinical studies are needed to improve the quality of evidence.
| 77,223 | [
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-0.... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Troxerutin exerts neuroprotection against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation through targeting SIRT1/SIRT3 signaling pathway.
This study was conducted to clarify the potential mechanisms of Troxerutin neuroprotection against Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation through targeting the SIRT1/SIRT3 signaling pathway. To establish a model, a single dose of LPS (500μg/kg body weight) was injected to male Wistar rats intraperitoneally. Troxerutin (100 mg/kg body weight) was injected intraperitoneally for 5 days after induction of the model. Cognitive and behavioral evaluations were performed using Y-maze, single-trial passive avoidance, and novel object recognition tests. The expression of inflammatory mediators, SIRT1/SIRT3, and P53 was measured using the ELISA assay. Likewise, the expression levels of SIRT1/SIRT3 and NF-κB were determined using Western blot assay. Brain acetyl-cholinesterase activity was determined by utilizing the method of Ellman. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected using Fluorescent probe 2, 7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). Furthermore, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined. A single intraperitoneal injection of LPS was led to ROS production, acute neuroinflammation, apoptotic cell death, and inactivation of the SIRT1/SIRT3 signaling pathway. Likewise, ELISA assay demonstrated that post-treatment with Troxerutin considerably suppressed LPS-induced acute neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and subsequently memory impairments by targeting SIRT1/SIRT3 signaling pathway. Western blot assay confirmed ELISA results about SIRT1/SIRT3 and NF-κB proteins. These results suggest that Troxerutin can be a suitable candidate to treat neuroinflammation caused by neurodegenerative disorders.
| 77,253 | [
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0.00725... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Development of Carrot Nutraceutical Products as an Alternative Supplement for the Prevention of Nutritional Diseases
Nutraceuticals can serve as an alternative supplement to overcome nutritional deficiency for a healthy lifestyle. They can also play a key role in disease management. To develop carrot nutraceutical products, 64 genotypes from four different continents were evaluated for a range of morpho-nutrition variables. Genetic variability, heritability, strength and direction of association among variables, and direct and indirect relationships among physiochemical and nutritional traits with β-carotene content were evaluated. Core diameter, foliage weight, root weight and shoulder weight showed significant association with β-carotene accumulation. Principal component analysis for physiochemical and nutritional assessment divided these genotypes into two distinctive groups, Eastern carrots and Western carrots. Caloric and moisture content had high positive associations with β-carotene content while carbohydrate content was negatively associated. Five genotypes (T-29, PI 634658, PI 288765, PI 164798, and Ames 25043) with the highest β-carotene contents were selected for making three nutraceutical supplements (carrot-orange juice, carrot jam and carrot candies). These nutraceutical supplements retained high β-carotene content coupled with antioxidant properties. Carrot jam (6.5 mg/100 g) and carrot candies (4.8 mg/100 g) had greater concentrations of β-carotene than carrot-orange juice (1.017 mg/100 g). Carrot jam presented high antioxidant activity with the highest values in T-29 (39% inhibition of oxidation) followed by PI 634658 (37%), PI 164798 (36.5%), Ames 25043 (36%) and PI 288765 (35.5%). These nutraceutical products, with 4–6.5 mg/100 g β-carotene content, had higher values than the USDA recommended dietary intake of 3–6 mg β-carotene/day can be recommended for daily use to lower the risk of chronic disease.
| 77,415 | [
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Ingredients such as trehalose and hesperidin taken as supplements or foods reverse alterations in human T cells, reducing asbestos exposure-induced antitumor immunity
Exposure of human immune cells to asbestos causes a reduction in antitumor immunity. The present study aimed to investigate the recovery of reduced antitumor immunity by several ingredients taken as supplements or foods, including trehalose (Treh) and glycosylated hesperidin (gHesp). Peripheral blood CD4(+) cells were stimulated with IL-2, anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies for 3 days, followed by further stimulation with IL-2 for 7 days. Subsequently, cells were stimulated with IL-2 for an additional 28 days. During the 28 days, cells were cultured in the absence or presence of 50 μg/ml chrysotile asbestos fibers. In addition, cells were treated with 10 mM Treh or 10 μM gHesp. Following culture for 28 days, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was performed to assess the expression levels of transcription factors, cytokines and specific genes, including matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3, in unstimulated cells (fresh) and cells stimulated with PMA and ionomycin (stimuli). The results demonstrated that compared with the control group, chrysotile-exposure induced alterations in MMP-7, NNT and IL-17A expression levels were not observed in the 'Treh' and 'gHesp' groups in stimulated cells. The results suggested that Treh and gHesp may reverse asbestos exposure-induced reduced antitumor immunity in T helper cells. However, further investigation is required to confirm the efficacy of future trials involving the use of these compounds with high-risk human populations exposed to asbestos, such as workers involved in asbestos-handling activities.
| 77,481 | [
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0.0770263671875,
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-... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Global thrombosis test for assessing thrombotic status and efficacy of antithrombotic diet and other conditions
Because of the high mortality from myocardial infarction and stroke, there is a great demand for finding novel methods of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of these diseases. Most of the current tests measure important determinants of thrombosis such as platelet function, coagulation and fibrinolysis in isolation; therefore, a global test measuring the actual thrombotic status would be more useful in clinical conditions. We obtained considerable experience by using the global thrombosis test, which determines the actual thrombotic status by taking into account the measured platelet reactivity, coagulation and fibrinolytic activities. In animal experiments, we found significant correlation between the ex vivo global thrombosis test measurements and the in vivo thrombotic status. The published evidence for the benefit of an antithrombotic diet with regular physical exercise is also described.
| 77,521 | [
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-0... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial and Mucus Induction Properties of Selected Bacillus Strains against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Probiotics have been shown to bind to host receptors, which are important for pathogen adhesion and induce the host’s production of defence factors. They can activate the goblet-cell-derived production of mucins, a major component of the mucus layer and a physical barrier participating in limiting the proximity of microorganisms to the epithelial layer. In the last decade, Bacillus spp. strains have gained interest in human and animal health due to their tolerance and stability under gastrointestinal tract conditions. Moreover, Bacillus spp. strains can also produce various antimicrobial peptides that can support their use as commercial probiotic supplements and functional foods. The present study aimed to evaluate and determine the ability of selected Bacillus spp. strains to inhibit the growth of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4 and to reduce binding of ETEC F4 to HT29-16E (mucus-secreting and goblet-like) human intestinal cells. Moreover, mucus production in the HT29 cells in the presence of the Bacillus spp. strains was quantified by ELISA. Bacillus spp. strains (CHCC 15076, CHCC 15516, CHCC 15541, and CHCC 16872) significantly inhibited the growth of ETEC F4. Moreover, the ability of the probiotic Bacillus spp. strains to stimulate mucin release was highly strain dependent. The treatment with Bacillus subtilis CHCC 15541 resulted in a significant increase of both MUC2 and MUC3 in HT29-16E cells. Therefore, this strain could be an up-and-coming candidate for developing commercial probiotic supplements to prevent infections caused by ETEC F4 and, potentially, other pathogens.
| 77,569 | [
-0.111328125,
0.2373046875,
-0.338134765625,
0.206298828125,
-0.53466796875,
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0.404052734375,
0.1759033203125,
0.56640625,
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0.380615234375,
-0.74560546875,
-0.71240234375,
-0.038818359375,
0.1263427734375,
-0.9135... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Impact of Cannabinoid Compounds on Skin Cancer
SIMPLE SUMMARY: Recent research has suggested that the endocannabinoid system offers several pharmacotherapeutic targets for drug administration as new options for the treatment and prophylaxis of skin cancer. This review focused on the anticarcinogenic mechanisms of cannabinoids at the different levels of skin cancer progression, such as inhibition of tumour growth, proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis, as well as inducing apoptosis and autophagy. ABSTRACT: Drugs targeting the endocannabinoid system are of interest as potential systemic chemotherapeutic treatments and for palliative care in cancer. In this context, cannabinoid compounds have been successfully tested as a systemic therapeutic option in preclinical models over the past decades. Recent findings have suggested an essential function of the endocannabinoid system in the homeostasis of various skin functions and indicated that cannabinoids could also be considered for the treatment and prophylaxis of tumour diseases of the skin. Cannabinoids have been shown to exert their anticarcinogenic effects at different levels of skin cancer progression, such as inhibition of tumour growth, proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis, as well as inducing apoptosis and autophagy. This review provides an insight into the current literature on cannabinoid compounds as potential pharmaceuticals for the treatment of melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
| 77,664 | [
-0.1884765625,
-0.0280303955078125,
-0.280029296875,
0.06878662109375,
-0.3994140625,
-0.07244873046875,
-0.037322998046875,
0.5302734375,
0.323486328125,
0.87255859375,
0.87353515625,
-0.434326171875,
0.59130859375,
-0.4208984375,
-0.081787109375,
0.60888671875,
-0.6162109375,
-0.... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Pharmacokinetic Estimation Models-based Approach to Predict Clinical Implications for CYP Induction by Calcitriol in Human Cryopreserved Hepatocytes and HepaRG Cells
Calcitriol, a vitamin D(3) metabolite, is approved for various indications because it is the bioactive form of vitamin D in the body. The purpose of this study was to predict the clinical significance of cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction by calcitriol using in vitro human cryopreserved hepatocytes, HepaRG experimental systems, and various pharmacokinetic estimation models. CYP2B6, 3A4, 2C8, and 2C9 mRNA levels increased in a concentration-dependent manner in the presence of calcitriol in human cryopreserved hepatocytes and HepaRG cells. Using the half maximal effective concentration (EC(50)) and maximum induction effect (E(max)) obtained from the in vitro study, a basic kinetic model was applied, suggesting clinical relevance. In addition, a static mechanistic model showed the improbability of a clinically significant effect; however, the calculated area under the plasma concentration–time curve ratio (AUCR) was marginal for CYP3A4 in HepaRG cells. To clarify the effect of CYP3A4 in vivo, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling was applied as a dynamic mechanistic model, revealing a low clinically significant effect of CYP3A4 induction by calcitriol. Therefore, we conclude that CYP induction by calcitriol treatment would not be clinically significant under typical clinical conditions.
| 77,701 | [
-0.1181640625,
0.007366180419921875,
0.264404296875,
0.373291015625,
-0.47314453125,
-0.04486083984375,
-0.3359375,
0.68212890625,
0.026611328125,
0.6796875,
0.220947265625,
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0.48974609375,
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0.29150390625,
-0.33984375,
-0.7509765625,
... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Temporal patterns of tramadol in hair after a single dose
This controlled study aimed to measure concentrations of tramadol (TRA) and its two main metabolites, N-desmethyltramadol (NDMT) and O-desmethyltramadol (ODMT), in hair following a single dose ingestion and to investigate the distribution patterns in hair by segmental analysis of hair samples taken at several sampling time points after ingestion. An oral dose (50 or 100mg) of TRA was administered to 17 healthy volunteers. Hair samples were collected prior to drug administration and 14, 30, 60 and 120 days after ingestion. Each sample was segmented in 5mm segments and washed. The analytes were extracted from pulverized hair by incubation in extraction media for 18h at 37°C. A validated UHPLC-MS/MS method was used to quantify the analytes at a LLOQ of 0.001ng/mg. Hair segments corresponding to the time of ingestion were positive for TRA and the metabolites of each sampling time point, although neighboring segments also showed positive results. The highest concentrations for both dosage groups were observed in the proximal segment of hair collected 14 days after ingestion for all subjects: 0.061-0.95ng TRA/mg, 0.012-0.86ng NDMT/mg and 0.009-0.17ng ODMT/mg (n=16). Generally, the TRA concentration was higher than the metabolites concentrations but depended on the CYP2D6 phenotype. The metabolite to TRA ratios were stable within a subject over the sampling time points, however it varied greatly between subjects. No significant differences in hair concentrations were found between the two dosage groups at each sampling time. Several confounding factors were identified such as hair pigmentation and internal sweat. We showed that analysis of 5mm segments improved the determination of the exposure time after a single ingestion of TRA. In addition, in the later sampling time points the analytes were spread more between segments and the total drug amount of each later sampling time point declined up to a 100% (median: 75%) due to wash out. The presented results are important additions to the sparse literature reporting single dose of psychoactive drugs in hair.
| 77,747 | [
-0.0221710205078125,
0.070068359375,
-0.072509765625,
0.552734375,
-0.7197265625,
-0.5029296875,
0.06085205078125,
0.278076171875,
0.033050537109375,
0.79248046875,
0.264404296875,
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0.06781005859375,
-0.273681640625,
-0.112548828125,
0.55322265625,
-0.295654296875,
-... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Correction: Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis with the ethyl acetate fraction of Bungeanum ameliorated cognitive dysfunction in aged mice
Correction for 'Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis with the ethyl acetate fraction of Bungeanum ameliorated cognitive dysfunction in aged mice' by Meihuan Zhao et al., Food Funct., 2021, DOI: 10.1039/D1FO00876E.
| 77,891 | [
0.1815185546875,
-0.46728515625,
-0.40966796875,
0.8720703125,
-0.5341796875,
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0.1783447265625,
0.59521484375,
0.30419921875,
0.4189453125,
0.42626953125,
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0.603515625,
-0.3203125,
-0.275634765625,
0.3583984375,
-0.1761474609375,
-0.316650390625,
... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Evaluation of promotion of iron-rich foods for the prevention of nutritional anemia in India.
Background Nutritional anemia due to iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia in India. The average diet in India is low in iron and mostly of vegetable origin. This can be improved by increasing awareness of foodstuffs that are rich in iron and ensuring their availability. Objective The objective of the study was to assess the quality of information available on iron-rich foods and to assess their production and consumption in India. Methods This was a review of common textbooks for medical, nursing, and home science students; related policy and program documents; and government publications on production and consumption of various foodstuffs in India. Results Details of specific foods that are rich in iron have not been provided. Instead, food groups such as pulses, cereals, nuts, and green leafy vegetables (GLVs) have been mentioned that are good sources of non-heme iron. This is in spite of the fact that all the foodstuffs in these groups are not uniformly iron rich. Among cereals and pulses, rice and red gram dal (arhar) are the most commonly produced and consumed, though they have the lowest iron content. Spinach and mustard leaves believed to be iron rich and commonly consumed are among those GLVs having lowest iron content. Conclusion Details of 5-10 foodstuffs which have the highest iron content within each food group should be available in relevant books and documents meant for education, production, and consumption data.
| 78,001 | [
-0.1038818359375,
-0.260009765625,
0.199462890625,
0.32568359375,
-0.77783203125,
0.12939453125,
0.348876953125,
0.324951171875,
0.146728515625,
0.494873046875,
0.4013671875,
-0.7978515625,
0.382568359375,
-0.4609375,
-0.402587890625,
-0.1600341796875,
-0.44921875,
-0.495361328125,... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Evaluation of the Health-Promoting Properties of Selected Fruits
In this study, the health-promoting benefits of different fruits grown in Madeira Island, namely lemon (Citrus limon var. eureka), tangerine (Citrus reticulata var. setubalense), pitanga (Eugenia uniflora var. red), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. gordal) and uva-da-serra, an endemic blueberry (Vaccinium padifolium Sm.), were investigated. The phenolic composition (total phenolics and total flavonoids content) and antioxidant capacity (assessed through ABTS and DPPH assays) were measured revealing a high phenolic potential for all fruits, except tomato, while uva-da-serra is particularly rich in flavonoids. In relation to the antioxidant capacity, the highest values were obtained for pitanga and uva-da-serra extracts. The bioactive potential was also assessed through the ability of the extracts to inhibit digestive enzymes linked to diabetes (α-amylase, α- and β-glucosidases) and hypertension (angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE). The results obtained point to a very high bioactive potential with the selected samples exhibiting very important ACE anti-enzymatic capacities. A statistical analysis of the obtained data reveals a very strong correlation between ABTS and TPC, and a strong contribution of the fruit polyphenols for enzyme inhibition, and thus, presenting high antihypertensive and antidiabetic capacities. Overall, the results obtained clearly show a high bioactive potential of the selected fruits that should be further studied, in terms of specific phenolic composition. Moreover, these results strongly support the valorisation of pitanga seeds usually discarded as a waste, and uva-da-serra, an endemic and wild bush, as potential bioresources of bioactive compounds with impact in human diet.
| 78,240 | [
-0.08734130859375,
0.272216796875,
0.307373046875,
0.1365966796875,
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0.290283203125,
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0.6591796875,
0.283447265625,
0.6611328125,
0.37646484375,
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0.408447265625,
-0.658203125,
-0.0103759765625,
0.217041015625,
-0.1304931640625,
-0.4892578... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Novel Polysaccharide From Lycopi Herba
Lycopi Herba has been broadly used as a traditional medicinal herb in Asia due to its ability to strengthen immunity. However, it is still obscure for its material basis and underlying mechanisms. Polysaccharide, as one of the most important components of most natural herbs, usually contributes to the immunomodulatory ability of herbs. Here, we aimed to detect polysaccharides from Lycopi Herba and examine their potential immunomodulatory activity. A novel polysaccharide (LHPW) was extracted from Lycopi Herba and purified by DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography and G-100 sephadex. According to physicochemical methods and monosaccharide composition analysis, LHPW was mainly composed of galactose, glucose, fructose, and arabinose. NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. Immunological tests indicated that LHPW could activate macrophage RAW264.7 and promote splenocyte proliferation. This study discovered a novel polysaccharide from Lycopi Herba and showed it was a potential immunomodulator.
| 78,313 | [
-0.287109375,
-0.466064453125,
-0.0316162109375,
0.65087890625,
-0.7216796875,
-0.1307373046875,
-0.0848388671875,
0.57763671875,
0.51220703125,
0.377197265625,
0.38720703125,
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0.036865234375,
-0.759765625,
-0.398193359375,
-0.380126953125,
0.0672607421875,
-0.84375... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Curcuma longa L. Water Extract Enhances Endurance Exercise Capacity by Promoting Intramuscular Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Mice
We investigated the effect of Curcuma longa L. extract on endurance exercise capacity (EEC). EEC is the ability to exercise continuously and recover quickly, even when tired. C. longa contains antioxidants that contribute beneficial effects on the body. We separated groups of nonexercise (CON), exercise control (Ex-CON), branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) intake, and C. longa water extract (CLW) intake (Ex-CLW). EEC increased on the 28th day of BCAA and CLW intake. Both treatment groups exhibited decreased lactate levels with increased levels of nonesterified fatty acids and muscular glycogen compared with the Ex-CON group. Also, the Ex-CLW group possessed higher intramuscular antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) than the Ex-CON group. The expression of PGC-1α, NRF, and Tfam, which are factors related to mitochondrial biogenesis, increased in the Ex-CLW group. Results suggest that CLW intake elevated EEC by increasing intramuscular mitochondrial biogenesis through suppressing the accumulation of fatigue substances and increasing fat consumption, and antioxidant enzyme activity.
| 78,344 | [
-0.178466796875,
-0.047637939453125,
-0.10498046875,
0.69677734375,
-0.6171875,
0.54736328125,
-0.057098388671875,
0.339599609375,
0.298095703125,
0.56591796875,
0.69384765625,
-0.39208984375,
0.1939697265625,
-1.259765625,
0.053466796875,
0.08453369140625,
-0.10980224609375,
-1.01... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
First Discovery of Acetone Extract from Cottonseed Oil Sludge as a Novel Antiviral Agent against Plant Viruses
A novel acetone extract from cottonseed oil sludge was firstly discovered against plant viruses including Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Rice stripe virus (RSV) and Southern rice black streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV). Gossypol and β-sitosterol separated from the acetone extract were tested for their effects on anti-TMV and analysed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) assay. In vivo and field trials in different geographic distributions and different host varieties declared that this extract mixture was more efficient than the commercial agent Ningnanmycin with a broad spectrum of anti-plant-viruses activity. No phytotoxic activity was observed in the treated plants and environmental toxicology showed that this new acetone extract was environmentally friendly, indicating that this acetone extract has potential application in the control of plant virus in the future.
| 78,345 | [
-0.5517578125,
0.199951171875,
0.02130126953125,
-0.127197265625,
-0.489501953125,
-0.055084228515625,
-0.4873046875,
0.1602783203125,
0.2890625,
0.87548828125,
0.7333984375,
-0.66162109375,
-0.332763671875,
-0.482177734375,
-0.260009765625,
0.01305389404296875,
-0.0197906494140625,
... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Protective effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats: Study on intestine and liver
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Nanoparticles could represent a therapeutic approach for the treatment of various diseases. It has been reported that cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO(2) NPs) have potential useful effects. Therefore, we aimed to examine the protective effects of the CeO(2) NPs in two models of liver injury, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced liver fibrosis, in rats. METHODS: In this experimental study, male rats were randomly divided into different experimental groups including: Experiment 1; group1: healthy rats received normal saline, 2: CCl(4) group, 3: CCl(4) + nanoparticle. Experiment 2; group1: healthy rats received chow diet, 2: NAFLD group, 3: NAFLD + nanoparticle. The oxidative stress markers were determined in the liver and intestine. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were measured by ELISA. Histopathological changes of liver and intestine were evaluated by light microspore. RESULTS: Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and glutathione (GSH) levels significantly decreased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) and total oxidant status (TOS) were significantly increased in the liver, and intestine of the NAFLD and CCl(4) group compared with control rats. However, the use of nanoparticles significantly normalized these markers. The levels of the TNF-α were significantly reduced in the nanoparticle group as compared with NAFLD model and CCl(4)-treated rats. CeO(2) NPs also normalized the liver and intestinal histological changes. CONCLUSIONS: Our finding revealed that CeO(2) NPs has potential protective effects by increasing antioxidant activity, and reducing inflammation.
| 78,390 | [
-0.313232421875,
-0.332763671875,
0.025665283203125,
0.76318359375,
-0.56982421875,
0.396484375,
-0.444580078125,
0.79931640625,
0.266357421875,
0.66748046875,
0.447998046875,
-0.5439453125,
0.71142578125,
-0.6171875,
-0.300048828125,
0.63330078125,
0.06011962890625,
-0.6318359375,... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of indigo through regulating the IKKß/IκB/NF-κB pathway in mice
This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of indigo in mice and explored the possible related mechanisms. Xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability tests were used in investigating the anti-inflammatory activities. The anti-nociceptive effects of indigo were assessed through acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate test, and formalin test, and spontaneous locomotor activity and motor performance were evaluated. The mechanisms of activities of indigo were explored by evaluating the expression levels of IκB kinase (IKK)ß, p-IKKß, inhibitor κB (IκB)α, p-IκBα, p65 nuclear factor (NF)-kB, p-p65 NF-κB, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) through western blotting and the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that indigo significantly reduced xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and acetic acid-induced vascular permeation. In addition, indigo significantly inhibited nociception induced by acetic acid and formalin. However, the level of nociception was not decreased by indigo in the hot plate test, and indigo did not affect spontaneous locomotor activity and motor performance. The expression levels of p-IKKß, p-IκBα, p65 NF-kB, p-p65 NF-κB, COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, and PGE2 decreased, whereas the expression level of IκBα increased obviously after indigo treatment. In conclusion, indigo exerts significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in mice by inhibiting IKKß phosphorylation and reducing the production of important pain mediators, such as PGE2 and COX-2, via the IKKß/IκB/NF-κB pathway.
| 78,556 | [
-0.32568359375,
0.12176513671875,
-0.233154296875,
0.312255859375,
-0.62890625,
0.08660888671875,
-0.47998046875,
0.35888671875,
-0.0838623046875,
0.84765625,
0.452392578125,
-0.36279296875,
0.284423828125,
-0.468017578125,
0.1043701171875,
0.455322265625,
-0.1429443359375,
-0.3984... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Assay validation and determination of in vitro binding of mefloquine to plasma proteins from clinically normal and FIP-affected cats
The antimalarial agent mefloquine is currently being investigated for its potential to inhibit feline coronavirus and feline calicivirus infections. A simple, high pressure liquid chromatography assay was developed to detect mefloquine plasma concentrations in feline plasma. The assay's lower limit of quantification was 250 ng/mL. The mean ± standard deviation intra- and inter-day precision expressed as coefficients of variation were 6.83 ± 1.75 and 5.33 ± 1.37%, respectively, whereas intra- and inter-day accuracy expressed as a percentage of the bias were 11.40 ± 3.73 and 10.59 ± 3.88%, respectively. Accordingly, this validated assay should prove valuable for future in vivo clinical trials of mefloquine as an antiviral agent against feline coronavirus and feline calicivirus. However, the proportion of mefloquine binding to feline plasma proteins has not been reported. The proportion of drug bound to plasma protein binding is an important concept when developing drug dosing regimens. As cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) demonstrate altered concentrations of plasma proteins, the proportion of mefloquine binding to plasma proteins in both clinically normal cats and FIP-affected cats was also investigated. An in vitro method using rapid equilibrium dialysis demonstrated that mefloquine was highly plasma protein bound in both populations (on average > 99%).
| 78,562 | [
-0.27587890625,
0.0200958251953125,
0.11517333984375,
0.85888671875,
-0.60009765625,
0.08685302734375,
-0.1702880859375,
0.67919921875,
0.330810546875,
0.68701171875,
0.321044921875,
-0.278076171875,
-0.0038967132568359375,
-0.37060546875,
-0.0134429931640625,
0.448486328125,
-0.3493... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Non-Lethal Intoxication by Ingestion of 50 Castor Beans: Serial Measurement of Ricinine in Blood, Plasma, and Urine.
A 30-year-old woman presented to the emergency department 2 days after ingestion of 50 castor beans. Her symptoms on admission were vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, agitation and anxiety. Initial laboratory tests showed a slightly elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and mild liver and kidney dysfunction The patient was transferred to the medium care unit of our hospital where she was observed for possible organ failure. During the next days the kidney function improved and liver function started to recover. Four days after admission, the patient was transferred to the psychiatric ward. Urine, serum, plasma and whole-blood samples were analyzed for ricinine using a quantitative LC-MS-MS method. Initial values on admission (serum and urine) were very high in comparison with previously reported cases. Based on these values, the patient was monitored closely in the following days. The patient made a full recovery and during the course of hospitalization, concentrations of ricinine in plasma/serum, blood and urine gradually declined. The presence of ricinine in a patient's blood or plasma is proof of castor bean, hence, ricin exposure. However, based on this case and previous reported cases in literature, we can conclude that no clear correlation can be established between ricinine blood, plasma or urine levels and the severity of the intoxication. Clinicians should be aware of the potential danger of a ricin intoxication and patients should be monitored closely for several days due to the unpredictable outcome of the intoxication.
| 78,801 | [
-0.2958984375,
-0.1126708984375,
-0.103271484375,
0.4765625,
-0.41943359375,
-0.42236328125,
-0.06524658203125,
0.81787109375,
0.337646484375,
0.54052734375,
0.759765625,
-0.65185546875,
0.2420654296875,
-0.56787109375,
-0.235107421875,
0.0020999908447265625,
-0.32421875,
-0.585449... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Assay validation and determination of in vitro binding of mefloquine to plasma proteins from clinically normal and FIP-affected cats
The antimalarial agent mefloquine is currently being investigated for its potential to inhibit feline coronavirus and feline calicivirus infections. A simple, high pressure liquid chromatography assay was developed to detect mefloquine plasma concentrations in feline plasma. The assay's lower limit of quantification was 250 ng/mL. The mean ± standard deviation intra- and inter-day precision expressed as coefficients of variation were 6.83 ± 1.75 and 5.33 ± 1.37%, respectively, whereas intra- and inter-day accuracy expressed as a percentage of the bias were 11.40 ± 3.73 and 10.59 ± 3.88%, respectively. Accordingly, this validated assay should prove valuable for future in vivo clinical trials of mefloquine as an antiviral agent against feline coronavirus and feline calicivirus. However, the proportion of mefloquine binding to feline plasma proteins has not been reported. The proportion of drug bound to plasma protein binding is an important concept when developing drug dosing regimens. As cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) demonstrate altered concentrations of plasma proteins, the proportion of mefloquine binding to plasma proteins in both clinically normal cats and FIP-affected cats was also investigated. An in vitro method using rapid equilibrium dialysis demonstrated that mefloquine was highly plasma protein bound in both populations (on average > 99%).
| 78,912 | [
-0.27587890625,
0.0200958251953125,
0.11517333984375,
0.85888671875,
-0.60009765625,
0.08685302734375,
-0.1702880859375,
0.67919921875,
0.330810546875,
0.68701171875,
0.321044921875,
-0.278076171875,
-0.0038967132568359375,
-0.37060546875,
-0.0134429931640625,
0.448486328125,
-0.3493... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Hydrophilic prodrug approach for reduced pigment binding and enhanced transscleral retinal delivery of celecoxib.
Transscleral retinal delivery of celecoxib, an anti-inflammatory and anti-VEGF agent, is restricted by its poor solubility and binding to the melanin pigment in choroid-RPE. The purpose of this study was to develop soluble prodrugs of celecoxib with reduced pigment binding and enhanced retinal delivery. Three hydrophilic amide prodrugs of celecoxib, celecoxib succinamidic acid (CSA), celecoxib maleamidic acid (CMA), and celecoxib acetamide (CAA) were synthesized and characterized for solubility and lipophilicity. In vitro melanin binding to natural melanin (Sepia officinalis) was estimated for all three prodrugs. In vitro transport studies across isolated bovine sclera and sclera-choroid-RPE (SCRPE) were performed. Prodrug with the highest permeability across SCRPE was characterized for metabolism and cytotoxicity and its in vivo transscleral delivery in pigmented rats. Aqueous solubilities of CSA, CMA, and CAA were 300-, 182-, and 76-fold higher, respectively, than celecoxib. Melanin binding affinity and capacity were significantly lower than for celecoxib for all three prodrugs. Rank order for the % in vitro transport across bovine sclera and SCRPE was CSA > CMA ~ CAA ~ celecoxib, with the transport being 8-fold higher for CSA than celecoxib. CSA was further assessed for its metabolic stability and in vivo delivery. CSA showed optimum metabolic stability in all eye tissues with only 10-20% conversion to parent celecoxib in 30 min. Metabolic enzymes responsible for bioconversion included amidases, esterase, and cytochrome P-450. In vivo delivery in pigmented BN rats showed that CSA had 4.7-, 1.4-, 3.3-, 6.0-, and 4.5-fold higher delivery to sclera, choroid-RPE, retina, vitreous, and lens than celecoxib. CSA has no cytotoxicity in ARPE-19 cells in the concentration range of 0.1 to 1000 μM. Celecoxib succinamidic acid, a soluble prodrug of celecoxib with reduced melanin binding, enhances transscleral retinal delivery of celecoxib.
| 78,960 | [
0.08331298828125,
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0.736328125,
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-0.66162109375,... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids EPA and DHA as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Treatment of Periodontitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease that leads to the loss of supportive tissues around the teeth with gradual deterioration of masticatory function and esthetics, resulting eventually in the decrease of the life quality. Host immune response triggered by bacterial biofilm is responsible for the chronic periodontal inflammation and ongoing tissue loss. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have anti-inflammatory properties, thus may be used for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 PUFA in the patients with stage III and IV periodontitis. Thirty otherwise healthy patients were treated with scaling and root planning (SRP). In the test group (n = 16), patients were additionally supplemented with 2.6 g of EPA and 1.8 g of DHA. In the control group (n = 14), patients received only SRP. Periodontal examination was performed at baseline and three months following initial therapy. Salivary samples were taken twice at baseline and at the end of the experiment. We found that there was a statistically significant reduction in the bleeding on probing (BOP) and improvement of clinical attachment loss (CAL) at three months in the test group compared to the control group. Moreover, a statistically significant higher percentage of closed pockets (probing depth ≤ 4 mm without BOP) was achieved in the test group vs. control group after three months of treatment. Accordingly, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-17 were markedly lower, while the level of anti-inflammatory IL-10 was significantly higher in the salivary samples of the patients supplemented with omega-3 PUFA at three months in comparison to the patients treated with SRP alone. Our findings demonstrate that dietary intervention with high-dose of omega-3 PUFA during non-surgical therapy may have potential benefits in the management of periodontitis.
| 79,173 | [
-0.1241455078125,
0.346435546875,
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Application of Pomegranate by-Products in Muscle Foods: Oxidative Indices, Colour Stability, Shelf Life and Health Benefits
In recent years, considerable importance is given to the use of agrifood wastes as they contain several groups of substances that are useful for development of functional foods. As muscle foods are prone to lipid and protein oxidation and perishable in nature, the industry is in constant search of synthetic free additives that help in retarding the oxidation process, leading to the development of healthier and shelf stable products. The by-products or residues of pomegranate fruit (seeds, pomace, and peel) are reported to contain bioactive compounds, including phenolic and polyphenolic compounds, dietary fibre, complex polysaccharides, minerals, vitamins, etc. Such compounds extracted from the by-products of pomegranate can be used as functional ingredients or food additives to harness the antioxidant, antimicrobial potential, or as substitutes for fat, and protein in various muscle food products. Besides, these natural additives are reported to improve the quality, safety, and extend the shelf life of different types of food products, including meat and fish. Although studies on application of pomegranate by-products on various foods are available, their effect on the physicochemical, oxidative changes, microbial, colour stabilizing, sensory acceptability, and shelf life of muscle foods are not comprehensively discussed previously. In this review, we vividly discuss these issues, and highlight the benefits of pomegranate by-products and their phenolic composition on human health.
| 79,255 | [
-0.17919921875,
0.0258941650390625,
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0.6494140625,
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0.419189453125,
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-0.8... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Antiviral Substances in Raw Bovine Milk Active Against Bovine Rotavirus and Coronavirus.
After experimental contamination of bovine raw and heat-treated milks with bovine rotavirus and coronavirus strains, we observed a strong viral inhibition only with raw milks, from which virus recovery was 5 × 10-4%. Between 30% and 80% of the virus was recovered from the heat-treated milks, depending on the level of inoculation. The antiviral substance is heat-labile (destroyed within 30 min at 100°C), precipitated by ammonium sulfate and filtrable (0.45 μm Millipore membrane). It also has neutralizing activity on tissue culture.
| 79,305 | [
-0.292236328125,
0.27880859375,
-0.039398193359375,
0.69921875,
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0.0677490234375,
-0.67529296875,
-1.038085937... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Slime molds as a valuable source of antimicrobial agents
Given the emerging multidrug-resistant pathogens, the number of effective antimicrobial agents to deal with the threat of bacterial and fungal resistance has fallen dramatically. Therefore, the critical solution to deal with the missing effective antibiotics is to research new sources or new synthetic antibiotics. Natural products have different advantages to be considered antimicrobial agents. There are different natural sources for antimicrobial agents, such as bacteria, fungi, algae, slime molds, and plants. This article has focused on antibiotics from slime molds, especially Myxomycetes. The reason why slime molds have been chosen to be studied is their unique bioactive metabolites, especially over the past couple of decades. Some of those metabolites have been demonstrated to possess antibiotic activities. Hence, this article has focused on the potential of these creatures as an alternative source of antibiotics.
| 79,391 | [
-0.1904296875,
-0.2183837890625,
-0.378662109375,
0.455322265625,
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0.060211181640625,
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-1.021484375,
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0.08349609375,
-0.87... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
The Interplay of Ascorbic Acid with Quinones-Chelators—Influence on Lipid Peroxidation: Insight into Anticancer Activity
Ascorbic acid is a multifaceted compound that can perform both antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities in the redox reactions induced by transition metal ions, so its role in nature and especially in the human body is still the subject of debate. In the present study, we have examined the influence of ascorbic acid on lipid peroxidation in a model system that mimics the cell membrane, namely micelles of linoleic acid (LA), induced by chelate complexes of iron and copper ions with quinone-chelator 2-phenyl-4-(butylamino)-naphtholquinoline-7,12-dione (Q1). This quinone effectively generates reactive oxygen species and semiquinone radicals inside cancer cells via a cycling redox reaction. Here it was demonstrated that in the absence of quinone-chelator ascorbic acid significantly accelerates the lipid peroxidation induced by both Fe(II) and Cu(II) ions. It has been shown also that Q1 chelate complexes with Fe(II) and Cu(II) ions are redox active in the LA micelles oxidation. No effect of ascorbate was detected on the reactivity of chelate complex with Fe(II) ions. On the other hand, ascorbate performs pro-oxidant activity in Q1-Cu(II) complex induced reaction. We can conclude that ascorbate-driven redox cycling of Q1 may promote its anti-tumor activity.
| 79,523 | [
-0.21826171875,
-0.4375,
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0.681640625,
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0.03253... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Terpenes and terpenoids as main bioactive compounds of essential oils, their roles in human health and potential application as natural food preservatives
Essential oils (EOs) are volatile and concentrated liquids extracted from different parts of plants. Bioactive compounds found in EOs, especially terpenes and terpenoids possess a wide range of biological activities including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiallergic. Available literature confirms that EOs exhibit antimicrobial and food preservative properties that are considered as a real potential application in food industry. Hence, the purpose of this review is to present an overview of current knowledge of EOs for application in pharmaceutical and medical industries as well as their potential as food preservatives in food industry.
| 79,701 | [
-0.94873046875,
0.1607666015625,
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0.365478515625,
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... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Echinacea purpurea therapy for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
BACKGROUND Echinacea purpurea stimulates the immune response and is promoted to reduce symptom severity and the duration of upper respiratory tract infections. We sought to determine the efficacy of a standardized preparation of E purpurea in reducing symptom severity and duration of the common cold. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design was used. Patients received either 100 mg of E purpurea (freeze-dried pressed juice from the aerial portion of the plant) or a lactose placebo 3 times daily until cold symptoms were relieved or until the end of 14 days, whichever came first. Symptoms (sneezing, nasal discharge, nasal congestion, headache, sore or scratchy throat, hoarseness, muscle aches, and cough) were scored subjectively by the patient and recorded daily in a diary. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate the survival function of time to resolution in each group. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare time to resolution between the 2 groups. RESULTS One hundred twenty-eight patients were enrolled within 24 hours of cold symptom onset. Group demographic distribution was comparable for sex, age, time from symptom onset to enrollment in the study, average number of colds per year, and smoking history. No statistically significant difference was observed between treatment groups for either total symptom scores (P range,.29-.90) or mean individual symptom scores (P range,.09-.93). The time to resolution of symptoms was not statistically different (P =.73). CONCLUSIONS Some studies have concluded that Echinacea effectively reduces the symptoms and duration of the common cold. We were unable to replicate such findings. Further studies using different preparations and dosages of E purpurea are necessary to validate previous claims.
| 79,711 | [
-0.1573486328125,
-0.166015625,
-0.41845703125,
0.5087890625,
-0.74267578125,
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0.434814453125,
0.1744384765625,
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-1.158203... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Características Microbiológicas De Leite Integral E Bebida Láctea Processados Por Uat (ultra Alta Temperatura) Ao Longo Do Período De Validade
ABSTRACT UHT milk and dairy drinks are submitted to the same heat treatment, but they are different products, since the addition of up to 50% of whey is allowed in dairy drinks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological characteristics of these products in relation to current legislation, during the course of their shelf life. In the present study, 150 samples, 75 of each type of product, from 5 different national brands were analyzed. The 15 samples of each brand were separated into 3 lots containing 5 samples each, analyzed at the beginning, middle and end of the validity period. Upon microbiological analysis all UHT milk samples were in conformance with current legislation. After the samples were opened and chilled for 48 hours, 26.6% of them presented an increased psychrotrophic population. The dairy drink results showed that 12% of the samples were out of conformance with the current legislation. After the samples were opened and chilled for 48 hours, 36% of them presented an increased psychrotrophic population. These results should be considered as an alert in regard to the need for rigorous inspection of UHT milk and dairy drink products.
| 79,813 | [
-0.2459716796875,
0.166015625,
0.1256103515625,
0.552734375,
-0.2410888671875,
0.08709716796875,
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0.306396484375,
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1.1142578125,
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0.374755859375,
-0.81640625,
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0.373779296875,
-0.2197265625,
-0.6796875,
... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
EPA's pleiotropic mechanisms of action: a narrative review.
Treatment with icosapent ethyl 4 g/day, a highly purified and stable ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), demonstrated a significant reduction in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events and death in REDUCE-IT. However, analyses of REDUCE-IT and meta-analyses have suggested that this clinical benefit is greater than can be achieved by triglyceride reduction alone. EPA therefore may have additional pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory and anti-aggregatory mechanisms. EPA competes with arachidonic acid for cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, producing anti-inflammatory and anti-aggregatory metabolites rather than the more deleterious metabolites associated with arachidonic acid. Changing the EPA: arachidonic acid ratio may shift metabolic status from pro-inflammatory/pro-aggregatory to anti-inflammatory/anti-aggregatory. EPA also has antioxidant effects and increases synthesis of nitric oxide. Incorporation of EPA into phospholipid bilayers influences membrane structure and may help to prevent cardiac arrhythmias. Clinically, this may translate into improved vascular health, including regression of atherosclerotic plaque. Overall, EPA has a range of pleiotropic effects that contribute to a reduction in ASCVD.
| 79,872 | [
-0.2259521484375,
0.450927734375,
-0.35302734375,
0.76171875,
-1.01171875,
-0.12939453125,
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0.84130859375,
0.082763671875,
0.52783203125,
0.31103515625,
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0.6103515625,
0.049468994140625,
-0.6826171875... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Key parameter optimization using multivariable linear model for the evaluation of the in vitro estrogenic activity assay in T47D cell lines (CXCL-test)
In comparison to analytical tools, bioassays provide higher sensitivity and more complex evaluation of environmental samples and are indispensable tools for monitoring increasing in anthropogenic pollution. Nevertheless, the disadvantage in cellular assays stems from the material variability used within the assays, and an interlaboratory adaptation does not usually lead to satisfactory test sensitivities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of material variability on CXCL12 secretion by T47D cells, the outcome of an estrogenic activity assay, the CXCL-test. For this purpose, the cell line sources, sera suppliers, experimental and seeding media, and the amount of cell/well were tested. The multivariable linear model (MLM), employed as an innovative approach in this field for parameter evaluation, identified that all the tested parameters had significant effects. Knowledge of the contributions of each parameter has permitted step-by-step optimization. The most beneficial approach was seeding 20,000 cells/well directly in treatment medium and using DMEM for the treatment. Great differences in both basal and maximal cytokine secretions among the three tested cell lines and different impacts of each serum were also observed. Altogether, both these biologically based and highly variable inputs were additionally assessed by MLM and a subsequent two-step evaluation, which revealed a lower variability and satisfactory reproducibility of the test. This analysis showed that not only parameter and procedure optimization but also the evaluation methodology must be considered from the perspective of interlaboratory method adaptation. This overall methodology could be applied to all bioanalytical methods for fast multiparameter and accurate analysis.
| 79,886 | [
-0.0226593017578125,
0.29150390625,
-0.0193023681640625,
0.254638671875,
-0.83447265625,
0.035888671875,
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0.012908935546875,
0.1964111328125,
0.91064453125,
0.404541015625,
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0.041351318359375,
-0.927734375,
-0.170654296875,
0.06988525390625,
-0.1163330... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Baicalein Reduces Airway Injury in Allergen and IL-13 Induced Airway Inflammation
BACKGROUND: Baicalein, a bioflavone present in the dry roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, is known to reduce eotaxin production in human fibroblasts. However, there are no reports of its anti-asthma activity or its effect on airway injury. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In a standard experimental asthma model, male Balb/c mice that were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA), treated with baicalein (10 mg/kg, ip) or a vehicle control, either during (preventive use) or after OVA challenge (therapeutic use). In an alternate model, baicalein was administered to male Balb/c mice which were given either IL-4 or IL-13 intranasally. Features of asthma were determined by estimating airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), histopathological changes and biochemical assays of key inflammatory molecules. Airway injury was determined with apoptotic assays, transmission electron microscopy and assessing key mitochondrial functions. Baicalein treatment reduced AHR and inflammation in both experimental models. TGF-β(1), sub-epithelial fibrosis and goblet cell metaplasia, were also reduced. Furthermore, baicalein treatment significantly reduced 12/15-LOX activity, features of mitochondrial dysfunctions, and apoptosis of bronchial epithelia. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings demonstrate that baicalein can attenuate important features of asthma, possibly through the reduction of airway injury and restoration of mitochondrial function.
| 80,185 | [
-0.327392578125,
-0.0589599609375,
-0.2548828125,
0.54052734375,
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0.09063720703125,
0.1251220703125,
0.68603515625,
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0.53857421875,
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0.2900390625,
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0.16796875,
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-0.91894... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Assessment of the Diversity of Medico-Magic Knowledge on Four Herbaceous Species in Benin.
Background Ethnobotanical knowledge on four herbaceous species, Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass., Momordica charantia L., Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn., and Scoparia dulcis L., in Benin was investigated. Methods Herbal medicine traders in six different markets were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The linear regression test was performed to check for the influence of respondent's age on ethnobotanical uses they hold. Relative frequency citation, fidelity level, use value, and Rahman similarity index were calculated to assess the diversity of medico-magic knowledge. The Informant Consensus Factor is not applicable in this study since we are dealing neither with the diversity of medicinal plants used by a community of people nor with a great number of plant species used for medicinal purposes, nor the diversity of plant species used in the treatment of a specific or group of ailments. Results The respondent's age did not influence the ethnobotanical uses they hold on the species. All thirty-six informants surveyed traded Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn., Momordica charantia L., and Scoparia dulcis L., and the majority traded Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass. The respondent's age does not influence the diversity of ethnobotanical uses they hold on the study species. Purchase in traders' own markets was the predominant source of Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn., Momordica charantia L., and Scoparia dulcis L. while Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass. was mostly purchased in other more distant markets. A noticeable proportion of traders also collect Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. and Momordica charantia L. from wild populations. Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. was the species most demanded by customers followed by Momordica charantia L. Traders confirmed the scarcity of all species in recent years and climate change and destruction of natural habitats for logging were the most cited causes. The entire plant of Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. was used mainly to treat malaria, diabetes, and constipation, and decoction with oral administration was the most frequent preparation for malaria treatment. To treat diabetes, informants mixed Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. with Momordica charantia L. used as a decoction with oral administration. Momordica charantia L. was also used to treat measles and chicken pox. Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass. and Scoparia dulcis L. were mostly used for their spiritual use for luck, predominantly by chewing fresh leaves or flowers, and by bathing with the ground plant mixed with soap, respectively. Overall, Momordica charantia L. had the greatest use value followed by Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. The majority of traders do not plant the species. Conclusions The harvesting and trade of the species threaten their natural populations and urgent tools, including in situ and ex situ conservation, are needed to ensure their long-term sustainable exploitation.
| 80,221 | [
-0.1795654296875,
-0.1553955078125,
-0.037384033203125,
0.489990234375,
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0.4794921875,
0.6513671875,
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0.09918212890625,
-0.3720703125,
... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
12 Advances in Cancer Chemotherapeutic Drug Research in China
In this chapter, the history of cancer chemotherapy discipline in China is briefly reviewed. Some effective antitumor drugs discovered in China are introduced such as Gengshengmeisu (actinomycin K), hydroxycamptothecin, homoharringtonine, methoxysarcolysin, N-formyl sarcolysin, nitrocaphane, glyciphosphoramide, bimolane, sobuzoxane, Sb-71 (antimony ammonia triacetic acid), and so on. New inhibitors of topoisomerases I and II such as chimmitecan and salvicine are described in detail regarding to their chemistry, antitumor activity, mechanism of action, and clinical trial. A number of effective anticancer compounds including angiogenesis inhibitor pseudolaric acid B, EGFR inhibitor quinonazoline derivative BB, and others are presented. New results obtained in our institute on several series of derivatives of N-substituted-thiourea; 3,5-substituted indolin-2-one compounds; 3-nitroquinolines; and quercetin-3-O-amino acid-esters and triaminotriazine analogs related to their design, synthesis, and antitumor evaluation are also provided. Keywords cancer, chemotherapeutic, drug research, advances in China
| 80,350 | [
0.06256103515625,
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0.0008249282836914062,
0.295654296875,
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0.01035308837890625,
1.169921875,
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1.109375,
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0.32080078125,
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0.055938720703125,
0.2626953125,
-0.417236328125,
-0... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical use of trazodone and its active metabolite m‐chlorophenylpiperazine in the horse
Trazodone is a serotonin receptor antagonist and reuptake inhibitor used extensively as an anxiolytic in human and small animal veterinary medicine. The aims of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetics of oral trazodone in experimental horses and to evaluate the effect of oral trazodone in clinical horses. Six experimental horses were administered trazodone at 7.5 or 10 mg/kg. Plasma concentrations of trazodone and its metabolite (m‐CPP) were determined via UPLC‐MS/MS. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis, sedation and ataxia scores were determined. Trazodone was rapidly absorbed after oral administration with a maximum concentration of 2.5–4.1 μg/ml and half‐life of the terminal phase of approximately 7 hr. The metabolite was present at low levels in all horses, representing only 2.5% of the total area under the curve. In experimental horses, concentration‐dependent sedation and ataxia were noted, lasting up to 12 hr. For clinical cases, medical records of horses treated with trazodone for various abnormal behaviours were reviewed and data were summarized. Trazodone was successful in modifying behavioural problems to some degree in 17 of 18 clinical cases. Tolerance and subsequent lack of drug effect occurred in two of 18 clinical cases following 14 or 21 days of use. In both populations of horses, adverse effects attributed to trazodone include oversedation, muscle fasciculations and transient arrhythmias.
| 80,356 | [
0.1396484375,
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0.5537109375,
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-0.78... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Levamisole - A Toxic Adulterant in Illicit Drug Preparations: A Review.
Discovered in the 1960s, the common anthelminthic levamisole has seen widespread use in veterinary applications. Its use rapidly expanded thereafter to include human medical treatments for a variety of acute and chronic disorders. Due to reports of severe adverse effects, the US Food and Drug Administration withdrew levamisole's approval for human use in 2000; however, medical options outside the US and illicit options worldwide allow continued accessibility to levamisole. The compound is rapidly metabolized in the body, with at least two known active metabolites. Levamisole has a broad range of immunomodulatory effects, including both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on immune responses. It is generally well tolerated at therapeutic concentrations, although a variety of autoimmune-related adverse effects have been reported, including agranulocytosis, leukopenia, purpura, and visible necrotized skin tissue. Individuals with levamisole-compromised immune systems are more susceptible to infections, including COVID-19. Since the early 2000's, levamisole has been frequently used as an adulterating agent in illicit street drugs, especially cocaine, fentanyl, and heroin. Although its prevalence has varied over time and geographically, levamisole has been detected in up to 79% of the street supply of cocaine at levels up to 74% by weight. Its presence in illicit drug markets also raises concern over the potential for exposure of children and neonates, although this is supported by only limited anecdotal evidence. Levamisole is not currently included in routine drug testing panels, although a variety of confirmatory testing techniques exist across a range of antemortem and postmortem specimen options. Because of its varying presence in illicit drug markets, both the medical and forensic communities need to be aware of levamisole and its potential impact on toxicological investigations.
| 80,429 | [
-0.24560546875,
-0.1583251953125,
-0.11346435546875,
0.90185546875,
-0.8623046875,
-0.11981201171875,
-0.25732421875,
0.4501953125,
0.19384765625,
0.556640625,
0.152099609375,
-0.63134765625,
0.3251953125,
-0.35107421875,
-0.228271484375,
0.407958984375,
-0.279296875,
-0.794921875,... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Chronic Intestinal Disorders in Humans and Pets: Current Management and the Potential of Nutraceutical Antioxidants as Alternatives
SIMPLE SUMMARY: Chronic disorders of the intestinal tract (CID) are characterized by signs of inflammation of the intestine for a period of at least three weeks. Both humans and pets can be affected by these disorders. Different therapeutic approaches can be selected to treat patients and the use of natural products has been increased in the last decade, since oxidative stress plays a key role in the progression of the chronic intestinal disorders. In this review, the antioxidant proprieties of several natural products with potential for treatment of CID in human and veterinary medicine are highlighted. Unfortunately, few clinical trials report the use of these products for treating CID in humans and none in animals. ABSTRACT: Chronic intestinal disorders (CID) are characterized by persistent, or recurrent gastrointestinal (GI) signs present for at least three weeks. In human medicine, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic GI diseases and includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). On the other hand, the general term chronic enteropathies (CE) is preferred in veterinary medicine. Different therapeutic approaches to these diseases are used in both humans and pets. This review is focused on the use of traditional therapies and nutraceuticals with specific antioxidant properties, for the treatment of CID in humans and animal patients. There is strong evidence of the antioxidant properties of the nutraceuticals included in this review, but few studies report their use for treating CID in humans and none in animals. Despite this fact, the majority of the nutraceuticals described in the present article could be considered as promising alternatives for the regular treatment of CID in human and veterinary medicine.
| 80,453 | [
-0.1343994140625,
-0.29052734375,
0.0262603759765625,
0.442626953125,
-0.720703125,
0.2349853515625,
0.1331787109375,
0.2083740234375,
0.2802734375,
0.697265625,
0.319091796875,
-0.460693359375,
0.45751953125,
-0.470947265625,
-0.0743408203125,
0.08660888671875,
-0.1983642578125,
-... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Synergistic Activity of Minocycline and Rifampin in Combination with Antifungal Drugs against Candida auris
Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that spreads readily in healthcare settings and has caused numerous hospital outbreaks. Very few treatment options exist for C. auris infections. We evaluated the activity of all two-drug combinations of three antifungal agents (amphotericin B, caspofungin, and voriconazole) and two antibacterial agents (minocycline and rifampin) against a collection of 10 C. auris isolates using an automated, inkjet printer-assisted checkerboard array method. Three antibacterial-antifungal combinations (amphotericin B plus rifampin, amphotericin B plus minocycline, and caspofungin plus minocycline) demonstrated synergistic activity by checkerboard array against ≥90% of strains. The two amphotericin B-containing combinations were also synergistic using the time-kill synergy testing method. Our results suggest that combinations of antifungal and antibacterial agents may provide a promising avenue for treatment of this multidrug-resistant pathogen.
| 80,590 | [
-0.31591796875,
-0.138916015625,
0.197265625,
1.1162109375,
-0.6240234375,
-0.093505859375,
-0.1865234375,
0.25146484375,
0.6162109375,
0.85595703125,
0.52099609375,
-0.63818359375,
-0.2042236328125,
-0.99560546875,
-0.5927734375,
0.402099609375,
-0.489990234375,
-0.93212890625,
... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Phylloseptin-1 is Leishmanicidal for Amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis Inside Infected Macrophages.
Leishmania protozoans are the causal agents of neglected diseases that represent an important public health issue worldwide. The growing occurrence of drug-resistant strains of Leishmania and severe side effects of available treatments represent an important challenge for the leishmaniases treatment. We have previously reported the leishmanicidal activity of phylloseptin-1 (PSN-1), a peptide found in the skin secretion of Phyllomedusa azurea (=Pithecopus azureus), against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes. However, its impact on the amastigote form of L. amazonensis and its impact on infected macrophages are unknown. In this work, we evaluated the effects of PSN-1 on amastigotes of L. amazonensis inside macrophages infected in vitro. We assessed the production of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide, as well as the levels of inflammatory and immunomodulatory markers (TGF-β, TNF-α and IL-12), in infected and non-infected macrophages treated with PSN-1. Treatment with PSN-1 decreased the number of infected cells and the number of ingested amastigotes per cell when compared with the untreated cells. At 32 µM (64 µg/mL), PSN-1 reduced hydrogen peroxide levels in both infected and uninfected macrophages, whereas it had little effect on NO production or TGF-β release. The effect of PSN-1 on IL-12 and TNF-α secretion depended on its concentration, but, in general, their levels tended to increase as PSN-1 concentration increased. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms of action of PSN-1 and its interaction with the immune system aiming to develop pharmacological applications.
| 80,688 | [
-0.262939453125,
-0.05609130859375,
-0.7021484375,
0.84765625,
-0.61767578125,
0.378662109375,
-0.36376953125,
0.2037353515625,
1.0283203125,
0.61181640625,
0.33935546875,
-0.73974609375,
0.20361328125,
-0.1273193359375,
-0.0447998046875,
-0.1602783203125,
-0.359375,
-0.64404296875... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Chitosan oligosaccharide ameliorated obesity by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in diet-induced obese rats
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine whether chitosan oligosaccharide (COST) improves overweight by reducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the liver and liver cancer cells. METHODS: An obesity model was established by feeding Sprague-Dawley rats (ORs) a high-fat diet (HFD) and treating them with COST for 8 weeks. A model of lipid accumulation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells was established by treating HepG2 cells with free fatty acids and COST for 24 h. RESULTS: COST treatment of ORs reduced weight gain, inhibited adipose tissue hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and reduced the fat-to-weight ratio. COST improved dyslipidaemia, reduced liver weight and organ index, inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation, and prevented liver steatosis, and the high COST dose increased TC and TG excretion in the stool. Treatment of lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells with COST reduced lipid accumulation and TG levels. COST modulated the expression of genes related to fat metabolism and ER stress response pathway-related factors in liver tissue and HepG2 cells. CONCLUSIONS: COST can inhibit weight gain and improve dyslipidaemia and lipid metabolism in ORs. The COST-mediated regulation of hepatic and HepG2 cell lipid metabolism might be related to inhibition of fat synthesis, acceleration of lipid oxidative catabolism and reduction in ER stress.
| 80,750 | [
0.072265625,
-0.1455078125,
0.05718994140625,
0.463623046875,
-0.6181640625,
0.0654296875,
0.0054168701171875,
0.556640625,
0.313232421875,
0.267822265625,
0.81982421875,
-0.54345703125,
0.273193359375,
-0.54052734375,
-0.131591796875,
0.64013671875,
-0.0203399658203125,
-1.0429687... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Inhibitory effects of four active components in saffron on human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) K+ currents.
The main active components of saffron are crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranal. There are many studies on their cardioprotective effects, but their cardiotoxicities have not been reported. The human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) K+ channels are of considerable pharmaceutical interest as the target responsible for acquired long QT syndromes. The aim of this study is to explore the effects of crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranal on the K+ channels encoded by hERG. The interaction of these components with the rapid delayed rectification of K+ currents (IKr) were studied using the perforated patch recording technique. Crocin and picrocrocin had no significant effects on IKr, but crocetin and safranal inhibited hERG K+ currents in a concentration-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 36.35 μM and 37.86 μM, respectively. The maximum inhibitory effects were 37.74 ± 4.14% and 33.74 ± 4.81%, respectively, and the effects were reversible upon washout. The results demonstrate that crocetin and safranal significantly inhibit hERG K+ current, but crocin and picrocrocin do not. This suggests that crocetin and safranal may increase the risk of cardiac arrhythmias by inhibiting IKr.
| 80,828 | [
-0.4951171875,
-0.08837890625,
-0.2391357421875,
0.61279296875,
-0.71630859375,
-0.390625,
-0.4306640625,
0.416748046875,
0.171630859375,
0.810546875,
0.45361328125,
-0.6328125,
0.0126495361328125,
-1.0751953125,
-0.11737060546875,
0.274658203125,
-0.391845703125,
-0.7880859375,
... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Aflatoxin Contamination, Its Impact and Management Strategies: An Updated Review
Aflatoxin, a type of mycotoxin, is mostly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. It is responsible for the loss of billions of dollars to the world economy, by contaminating different crops such as cotton, groundnut, maize, and chilies, and causing immense effects on the health of humans and animals. More than eighteen different types of aflatoxins have been reported to date, and among them, aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 are the most prevalent and lethal. Early detection of fungal infection plays a key role in the control of aflatoxin contamination. Therefore, different methods, including culture, chromatographic techniques, and molecular assays, are used to determine aflatoxin contamination in crops and food products. Many countries have set a maximum limit of aflatoxin contamination (2–20 ppb) in their food and agriculture commodities for human or animal consumption, and the use of different methods to combat this menace is essential. Fungal infection mostly takes place during the pre- and post-harvest stage of crops, and most of the methods to control aflatoxin are employed for the latter phase. Studies have shown that if correct measures are adopted during the crop development phase, aflatoxin contamination can be reduced by a significant level. Currently, the use of bio-pesticides is the intervention employed in many countries, whereby atoxigenic strains competitively reduce the burden of toxigenic strains in the field, thereby helping to mitigate this problem. This updated review on aflatoxins sheds light on the sources of contamination, and the on occurrence, impact, detection techniques, and management strategies, with a special emphasis on bio-pesticides to control aflatoxins.
| 80,843 | [
-0.259033203125,
-0.0176239013671875,
-0.216796875,
0.2430419921875,
-0.318359375,
0.06732177734375,
0.1380615234375,
0.1944580078125,
0.43310546875,
0.455078125,
0.32421875,
-0.7744140625,
0.0242462158203125,
-0.947265625,
-0.8037109375,
0.03961181640625,
-0.1505126953125,
-0.8862... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Effects of inhalation exposure to a high-boiling (288 to 454°C) coal liquid
Abstract Coal liquids have been evaluated in a variety of short-term toxicological assays; however, few studies have been conducted to determine the systemic effects after inhalation exposure to these materials. To extend the data base on potential health effects from coal liquefaction materials, we performed a study with solvent refined coal (SRC)-II heavy distillate (HD). Fischer-344 rats were exposed for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 5 or 13 weeks to an aerosol of HD (boiling range, 288 to 454°C) at concentrations of 0.69, 0.14, 0.03, or 0.0 mg/liter of air for the high, middle, low, and control groups, respectively. Survival through 13 weeks of exposure was greater than 90% for all groups; body weights for exposed animals were decreased in a dose-dependent manner. significant increases in liver weights and decreases in thymus and ovary weights were observed for treated animals compared with controls. There were also significant treatment-related decreases in erythrocytes, hemoglobin, volume of packed red blood cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and total white blood cells. After 5 weeks of exposure serum cholesterol concentrations increased in a dose-dependent manner for both sexes and serum triglyceride amounts decreased for males but not for females. After 13 weeks of exposure, high-dose animals had significant increases in cholesterol (males only), triglycerides, blood urea nitrogen, and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT; males) and significant decreases in albumin, SGPT (females), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Examination of bone-marrow preparations from exposed animals demonstrated consistent decreases in the degree of cellularity, suggesting that this organ is a target for HD. Microscopic evaluation of organ sections indicated exposure-related changes for nasal mucosa, pulmonary macrophages, thymus, liver, kidney, bone marrow, ovaries, and cecum. Results from this study indicated dose-dependent increases in the severity of the lesions observed, with few effects in the low-exposure group that were attributable to the exposure.
| 80,858 | [
-0.1785888671875,
0.07342529296875,
0.1409912109375,
0.54150390625,
-0.60693359375,
0.30615234375,
-0.2066650390625,
0.281005859375,
0.2861328125,
0.4208984375,
0.74169921875,
-0.283447265625,
0.5185546875,
-0.78564453125,
-0.2376708984375,
0.1226806640625,
-0.259033203125,
-0.6108... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Critical roles of platelets in lipopolysaccharide-induced lethality: effects of glycyrrhizin and possible strategy for acute respiratory distress syndrome
Within a few minutes of an intravenous injection of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into mice, platelets accumulate, largely in the lung. At higher doses, LPS induces rapid shock (within 10 min), leading to death within 1 h. This type of shock differs from so-called endotoxin shock, in which shock signs and death occur several hours or more later. Here, we found that platelet depletion (by a monoclonal anti-platelet antibody) prevented LPS-induced rapid shock, but increased delayed lethality. In Japan, glycyrrhizin (GL), a compound isolated from licorice, is daily and slowly infused intravenously into chronic hepatitis C patients. A single bolus intravenous injection into mice of GL (200 mg/kg or less) shortly before (or simultaneously with) LPS injection reduced the pulmonary platelet accumulation and the severity of the rapid shock, and prevented death in both the early and later periods. GL itself, at 400 mg/kg, produced no detectable abnormalities in the appearance or activity of mice. Intraperitoneal injection of aspirin or dexamethasone had only marginal effects on LPS-induced platelet responses and lethality. These results suggest that platelets play important roles in the development of both the rapid and delayed types of shock induced by LPS. Although the mechanism by which GL suppresses platelet responses and delayed lethality remains to be clarified, GL might provide a strategy for alleviating the acute respiratory distress syndrome seen in sepsis. Our results may also support the proposal by Cinatl et al. [Cinatl J, Morgenstern B, Bauer G, Chandra P, Ravenau H, Doerr HW. Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus. Lancet 2003; 361: 2045–6.] that GL may be an effective drug against severe acute respiratory syndrome.
| 80,909 | [
-0.058624267578125,
-0.06512451171875,
0.259033203125,
0.689453125,
-0.486572265625,
-0.235107421875,
-0.2734375,
0.38134765625,
0.344482421875,
0.7646484375,
0.422607421875,
-0.7216796875,
0.3056640625,
-0.638671875,
-0.1514892578125,
0.1734619140625,
0.087646484375,
-0.48828125,
... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
ACE2 activation by xanthenone prevents leptin-induced increases in blood pressure and proteinuria during pregnancy in Sprague-Dawley rats.
This study investigates the effect of ACE2 activation on leptin-induced changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP), proteinuria, endothelial activation and ACE2 expression during pregnancy in Sprague-Dawley rats. Pregnant rats were given subcutaneous injection of either saline, or leptin, or leptin plus xanthenone (ACE2 activator), or xanthenone (XTN) alone. SBP, serum ACE, ACE2, endothelin-1, E-selectin and ICAM-1 levels were estimated; also their gene expressions were determined in the kidney and aorta respectively. Compared to control, SBP was higher in the leptin-only treated group (P<0.001) and lower in rats treated with xanthenone alone (P<0.01). Proteinuria, markers of endothelial activation were significantly higher than controls in leptin-only treated rats (P<0.05). ACE2 activity and expression were lower in leptin-only treated rats when compared to controls (P<0.05). It seems, leptin administration during pregnancy significantly increases SBP, proteinuria, endothelial activation, but decreases ACE2 level and expression. These effects are prevented by concurrent administration of xanthenone.
| 81,271 | [
-0.27880859375,
0.328125,
-0.1865234375,
0.09423828125,
-0.751953125,
0.0286102294921875,
-0.473388671875,
0.59423828125,
0.277099609375,
0.8154296875,
0.48681640625,
-0.347900390625,
0.6298828125,
-0.7763671875,
-0.0654296875,
0.64306640625,
-0.34521484375,
-1.0634765625,
0.3605... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
The protective effect of rosmarinic acid on myotube formation during myoblast differentiation under heat stress
High ambient temperature is one of the most important environmental factors that caused the reduction of livestock productivity and the increase of mortality. It has been shown that heat stress could affect the meat quality characteristics by physiological and metabolic perturbations in live livestock. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a natural polyphenolic phytochemical compound that has many important biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimutagenic, and antitumor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible function and mechanism of RA on myoblast proliferation and differentiation under heat stress condition. The results showed that heat stress reduced the viability of myoblast and increased the percentage of apoptotic cells, and it also disrupted myotube formation by altering the expression of myogenic regulatory factors MyoD, myogenin, and MyHC. However, pretreatment of RA can protect C2C12 cells from heat stress-induced apoptosis, and it also increased the expression level of MyoD, myogenin, and MyHC under heat stress, which indicated that RA have protective effect on heat stress-caused failure of myotube formation during myoblast differentiation. Above all, our finding demonstrated that RA can promote the differentiation of C2C12 myoblast and maintain the formation of myotubes even under heat stress condition.
| 81,307 | [
-0.2265625,
-0.1236572265625,
0.0782470703125,
0.76513671875,
-0.33251953125,
0.0975341796875,
-0.004665374755859375,
0.2724609375,
0.305908203125,
0.8310546875,
0.66796875,
-0.61181640625,
0.357666015625,
-1.2294921875,
-0.1776123046875,
-0.1298828125,
0.0836181640625,
-0.58642578... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Alginate nanocomposite biofilms containing sepiolite modified with polyphenols from myrtle berries extract.
Alginate nanocomposite films incorporating sepiolite (Sep) modified with myrtle berries extract (MBE) rich in polyphenols were prepared by solution casting method. The effects of different extract concentrations on the film properties were determined by measuring physicochemical, mechanical and antioxidant properties of the films. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated that strong interactions between the polyphenols present in the MBE and sepiolite were involved in the films. The results suggested that incorporation of Sep-MBE hybrids into the films improved elongation at break, tensile strength, water vapor and UV barrier properties compared to the control film. The antioxidant activity of the films was significantly improved and raised with increasing content of MBE. The release kinetics results of MBE polyphenols from the active films into alcoholic food simulant indicated that the addition of Sep-MBE hybrids to alginate film is able to slow the release of MBE polyphenols. This study revealed the benefits of incorporation of Sep-MBE hybrids into the alginate films and their potential application as active packaging films or coating material.
| 81,621 | [
-0.04638671875,
0.1947021484375,
0.10321044921875,
0.64013671875,
-0.5126953125,
0.0280914306640625,
0.0055999755859375,
0.2227783203125,
0.66357421875,
0.6865234375,
0.365478515625,
-0.337646484375,
-0.09368896484375,
-0.8896484375,
-0.325439453125,
0.1871337890625,
0.218505859375,
... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal analysis of wild medicinal plants traditionally used in Naâma, southwest Algeria
Algerian people largely rely on traditional medicine practices as part of a community’s identity. This first ethnobotanical study aimed to quantify and document the wild medicinal plant taxa from four family and the related traditional knowledge in Naâma province, Algeria. The survey was carried out between 2018 and 2020. The socio-demographic data and the use of medicinal species were recorded and collected randomly from 84 indigenous people using pre-prepared questionnaire. The result was evaluated using quantitative indices. A total of 27 medicinal plant species belonging to 21 genera used in the community were mostly recorded. The most represented families were Lamiaceae and Asteraceae (12 species for each of them). The aerial parts were the most frequently used plant part (73 %), while a decoction (34 %), and infusion (31 %) were the major modes of remedy preparation. The species with high UV were Rosmarinus officinalis L. (0.80), Artemisia herba-alba Asso (0.76), and Juniperus phoenicea L. subsp. phoenicea (0.75). Species with highest FL were: Ephedra alata subsp. alenda (Stapf) Trab (100 %), Teucrium polium L. (60 %), and Ballota hirsuta Benth (57.14.5 %). Atractylis caespitosa Desf and Nepeta nepetella subsp.amethystina (Poir.) Briq were newly cited as medicinal plants and have not been recorded previously in Algeria. Artemisia herba-alba Asso and Thymus algeriensis Boiss. & Reut were reported to treat COVID-19 symptoms. The results obtained indicate the richness of the area with medicinal plants as well as knowledge of alternative medicine. The most cited plants could be contained molecules that can be tested for therapeutic uses.
| 81,665 | [
-0.2021484375,
-0.1771240234375,
-0.298583984375,
0.84228515625,
-0.404541015625,
-0.345947265625,
-0.28515625,
0.6357421875,
0.64111328125,
0.36474609375,
0.38671875,
-0.67431640625,
-0.141845703125,
-0.56298828125,
-0.2174072265625,
0.1544189453125,
-0.449462890625,
-0.8359375,
... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Antioxidants other than vitamin C may be detected by glucose meters: Immediate relevance for patients with disorders targeted by antioxidant therapies
Owing to their ease of use, glucose meters are frequently used in research and medicine. However, little is known of whether other non-glucose molecules, besides vitamin C, interfere with glucometry. Therefore, we sought to determine whether other antioxidants might behave like vitamin C in causing falsely elevated blood glucose levels, potentially exposing patients to glycemic mismanagement by being administered harmful doses of glucose-lowering drugs. To determine whether various antioxidants can be detected by seven commercial glucose meters, human blood samples were spiked with various antioxidants ex vivo and their effect on the glucose results were assessed by Parkes error grid analysis. Several of the glucose meters demonstrated a positive bias in the glucose measurement of blood samples spiked with vitamin C, N-acetylcysteine, and glutathione. With the most interference-sensitive glucose meter, non-blood solutions of 1 mmol/L N-acetylcysteine, glutathione, cysteine, vitamin C, dihydrolipoate, and dithiothreitol mimicked the results seen on that glucose meter for 0.7, 1.0, 1.2, 2.6, 3.7 and 5.5 mmol/L glucose solutions, respectively. Glucose meter users should be alerted that some of these devices might produce spurious glucose results not only in patients on vitamin C therapy but also in those being administered other antioxidants. As discussed herein, the clinical relevance of the data is immediate in view of the current use of antioxidant therapies for disorders such as the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and coronavirus disease 2019.
| 81,830 | [
-0.159423828125,
-0.1097412109375,
0.1519775390625,
0.63623046875,
-0.68896484375,
-0.40087890625,
-0.038726806640625,
0.435302734375,
0.517578125,
0.85400390625,
0.46337890625,
-0.64892578125,
0.394287109375,
-0.81689453125,
-0.291748046875,
0.2431640625,
-0.433837890625,
-0.56591... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Chitin derivatives ameliorate DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by changing gut microbiota and restoring intestinal barrier function
Chitin derivatives (CDs), including chitosan (CS), chitooligosaccharides (COS), and glucosamine (GlcN), were administrated in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) mice. UC symptoms such as body weight loss, reduced food intake, and increased disease activity index were relieved (except GlcNL group). CDs (except GlcNL) exerted a strong protective effect on colon length and colonic structure. Treatment with CDs (except GlcNL) increased IL-10 level, reduced levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, myeloperoxidase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and enhanced expression of tight junction proteins significantly. CDs (except GlcNL) significantly upregulated IκB-α level, and downregulated p65 and p38 phosphory lation and TLR-4 mRNA transcription level, indicating inhibition of TRL-4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway activity. CD treatments increased relative abundance of gut microbiota, modulated its composition, and increased the concentrations of SCFAs. Our findings indicate that CDs exert an ameliorative effect on UC by change of gut microbiota composition and restoration of intestinal barrier function.
| 81,862 | [
-0.09783935546875,
0.09698486328125,
0.283203125,
0.1358642578125,
-0.693359375,
0.297607421875,
-0.307861328125,
0.28271484375,
0.07659912109375,
1.0029296875,
0.08966064453125,
-0.666015625,
0.7001953125,
-0.420654296875,
-0.53515625,
0.3671875,
-0.39306640625,
-0.71728515625,
... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Purification of rutin by supercritical fluid simulated moving bed chromatography
Recent studies have shown that rutin (Quercetin-3-O-rhamnosylglucoside) may have an inhibitory effect on COVID-19. Rutin can be extracted from Tartary buckwheat as an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Nevertheless, its purification is mainly hindered by Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (K3R) due to their similar molecular structures. This study intends to propose a simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography process of rutin and K3R to achieve continuous production. True moving bed (TMB) and SMB models were established to numerically analyze and optimize this process. The system consists of a four-zone SMB with two columns in each zone. The effects of the switch interval, feed flowrate, desorbent flowrate, extract flowrate, raffinate flowrate, and recycle flowrate on the purity and yield of rutin and K3R were investigated and the optimized conditions were chosen as 5 min, 3.5, 40, 34, 9.5, and 24.5 L/min, respectively. Consequently, the purities of 99.64% and 99.25%, and the yields of 99.81% and 99.37% for rutin and K3R were obtained, respectively. The simulation results can provide a guidance for the future industrial application of SF-SMB to separate rutin and K3R.
| 81,876 | [
0.022125244140625,
-0.283935546875,
0.182373046875,
0.5947265625,
-0.63525390625,
-0.3984375,
-0.323974609375,
0.303955078125,
0.08477783203125,
0.75634765625,
0.57861328125,
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0.308349609375,
-0.87548828125,
-0.287841796875,
0.284423828125,
-0.1446533203125,
-0.803222... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Supplementing cultured human myotubes with hibernating bear serum results in increased protein content by modulating Akt/FOXO3a signaling
Hibernating bears remain in their dens for 5-7 months during winter and survive without eating or drinking while staying inactive. However, they maintain their physical functions with minimal skeletal muscle atrophy and metabolic dysfunction. In bears, resistance to skeletal muscle atrophy during hibernation is likely mediated by seasonally altered systemic factors that are independent of neuromuscular activity. To determine whether there are components in bear serum that regulate protein and energy metabolism, differentiated human skeletal muscle cells were treated with bear serum (5% in DMEM/Ham's F-12, 24 h) collected during active summer (July) and hibernating winter (February) periods. The serum samples were collected from the same individual bears (Ursus thibetanus japonicus, n = 7 in each season). Total protein content in cultured skeletal muscle cells was significantly increased following a 24 h treatment with hibernating bear serum. Although the protein synthesis rate was not altered, the expression of MuRF1 protein, a muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase was significantly decreased along with a concomitant activation of Akt/FOXO3a signaling. Increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were also observed in hibernating bear serum. These observations suggest that protein metabolism in cultured human myotubes may be altered when incubated with hibernating bear serum, with a significant increase in serum IGF-1 and diminished MuRF1 expression, a potential target of Akt/FOXO3a signaling. A protein sparing phenotype in cultured muscle cells by treatment with hibernating bear serum holds potential for the development of methods to prevent human muscle atrophy and related disorders.
| 82,041 | [
-0.005168914794921875,
0.38232421875,
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0.90771484375,
-0.5966796875,
-0.10296630859375,
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0.5673828125,
0.262451171875,
0.6240234375,
0.2305908203125,
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0.10791015625,
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0.06781005859375,
0.291748046875,
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-0... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Opportunities for Health Promotion: Highlighting Herbs and Spices to Improve Immune Support and Well-being
Context: Consuming a balanced and varied diet is beneficial for health, especially when individuals feel stressed, scared, insecure, unequipped, or disempowered from maintaining their health during the COVID-19 pandemic Nutrient deficiencies from inadequate intake of healthful foods can contribute to a weakened immune system and greater susceptibility to infection Including herbs and spices in a balanced and diverse diet is one of the highlights of nutritious eating that supports health and immunity Objective: The review intended to examine ways to integrate specific herbs and spices into people's diets and to use them therapeutically in holistic, integrated health promotion Design: The research team performed a narrative review by searching PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases The team developed a search strategy focused on specific common names of spices and herbs in combination with other terms, such as health benefits, health promotion, immunity, inflammation Setting: This review was conducted in Muncie and Columbus, Indiana Results: This review uncovered studies documenting the many therapeutic properties of herbs within the lamiaceae family, particularly basil and spearmint, and spices, including cloves, ginger, and turmeric Substantial evidence suggests that consumption of a healthful diet, inclusive of herbs and spices, may strengthen the body's immune system against diseases including highly contagious viruses Conclusions: With respect to herbs and spices, the current review's findings can help to inform and support future recommendations for a standard within the professions of health to provide an improved, healthier, and well-educated dietary guidance for individuals More studies are needed on the consumption of herbs and spices in human trials to elicit evidence beyond preclinical and animal studies
| 82,062 | [
-0.46142578125,
-0.41064453125,
-0.217041015625,
0.417724609375,
-0.6533203125,
-0.29150390625,
0.052520751953125,
0.83251953125,
0.11944580078125,
0.60546875,
0.404052734375,
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0.29736328125,
-0.5478515625,
-0.09197998046875,
0.0809326171875,
-0.1956787109375,
-0.92... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
The effect of low ascorbic acid content on tomato fruit ripening.
MAIN CONCLUSION The oxidant/antioxidant balance affects the ripening time of tomato fruit. Ripening of tomato fruit is associated with several modifications such as loss of cell wall firmness and transformation of chloroplasts to chromoplasts. Besides a peak in H2O2, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are observed at the transition stage. However, the role of different components of oxidative stress metabolism in fruit ripening has been scarcely addressed. Two GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (GGP) Solanum lycopersicum L. cv Micro-Tom mutants which have fruit with low ascorbic acid content (30% of wild type) were used in this work to unravel the participation of ascorbic acid and H2O2 in fruit maturation. Both GGP mutants show delayed fruit maturation with no peak of H2O2; treatment with ascorbic acid increases its own concentration and accelerates ripening only in mutants to become like wild type plants. Unexpectedly, the treatment with ascorbic acid increases H2O2 synthesis in both mutants resembling what is observed in wild type fruit. Exogenous supplementation with H2O2 decreases its own synthesis delaying fruit maturation in plants with low ascorbic acid content. The site of ROS production is localized in the chloroplasts of fruit of all genotypes as determined by confocal microscopy analysis. The results presented here demonstrate that both ascorbic acid and H2O2 actively participate in tomato fruit ripening.
| 82,083 | [
-0.006015777587890625,
-0.145751953125,
-0.1099853515625,
0.2626953125,
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-0.552734375,
0.0037059783935546875,
0.21044921875,
0.61962890625,
0.65087890625,
0.2744140625,
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0.3486328125,
-1.091796875,
0.36279296875,
0.0265045166015625,
-0.3369140625,
-0.6... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Anti-inflammatory and In Silico Docking Studies of Heterophragma adenophyllum Seem Stem Constituents
Heterophragma adenophyllum is a traditional medicinal plant that has been used as anti-inflammatory and to relief muscular tension. In the current research, four isolated constitutes namely lapacho (1), peshawaraquinone (2), indanone derivatives (3), α-lapachone (4) of H. adenophyllum were tested for anti-inflammatory effect using the carrageenan- and histamine-induced paw edema paradigm. The tested compounds (1-4) were evaluated for anti-inflammatory effect during the early and late phase of edema induction. In the early phase, all tested compounds (0.5 2.5 mg/kg each i.p.) demonstrated less than 50% effect, while in the later phase, compounds (2 and 3) demonstrated 85.66 and 89.87% attenuation. In addition, compounds (1-4) were subjected to histamine-induced inflammation, where compounds 2 and 3 exhibited excellent effects 86.87 and 89.98%, respectively at 5 mg/kg after the 2nd hour of administration, whereas compounds 1 and 4 did not exhibit any significant effect as compared with the negative control. Molecular docking results revealed a very high potency of compound based on the protein-ligand interaction (PLI) profile, which was further evaluated through a molecular dynamic simulation study. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory effect of H. adenophyllum attributed to the presence of these bioactive compounds (1-4) strongly supports the traditional uses of H. adenophyllum for treatment of inflammation. However, compounds 2 and 3 which exerted anti-inflammatory effect must be subjected for further mechanistic studies.
| 82,131 | [
-0.355712890625,
0.0648193359375,
0.198486328125,
0.85888671875,
-0.370849609375,
0.042816162109375,
-0.238525390625,
0.19482421875,
0.6796875,
0.470458984375,
0.5673828125,
-0.71044921875,
0.09393310546875,
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0.64404296875,
0.1895751953125,
-0.926757... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Lychee Biology and Biotechnology
Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is one of the revered members of the soapberry family Sapindaceae which includes 150 genera and 2000 species. It is a tropical and subtropical fruit tree which is native to Fujian and Guangdong regions of China and is cultivated as an important commercial fruit crop in many parts of the world. It is famous for its fragrant and sugary flavour. After China, India is at the second position in the production of lychee in the world. The varieties with large pulp, small seeds and noteworthy flavour are of great interest among the consumers and farmers. Lychee fruit took tremendous attention of scientists as it contains ample amounts of anti-oxidants, vitamins and fibre. Moreover, the plant parts possess considerable anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-tumour and anti-oxidant properties. Propagation of lychee from seeds is difficult and not practicable because of longer juvenile period and non-viable, abortive and genetically diverse nature of the seedlings. However, the techniques such as cell, tissue and organ culture (micropropagation) can overcome the difficulties of lychee propagation. Very limited efforts have been made in its varietal improvement through hybridization and modern breeding techniques. In a nutshell, lychee is an important commercial fruit crop, and there is a need to develop technical research so as to sustain and enhance its yield, postharvest management, medicinal value and marketing. This chapter comprises of botanical description, cultivation, medicinal uses, micropropagation and trading of Litchi chinensis.
| 82,149 | [
-0.226318359375,
-0.06695556640625,
0.0218353271484375,
-0.0184783935546875,
-0.55029296875,
0.182373046875,
0.1156005859375,
0.21142578125,
0.6611328125,
0.54248046875,
0.2464599609375,
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-0.10662841796875,
-0.3002929... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
PEGylated human catalase elicits potent therapeutic effects on H1N1 influenza-induced pneumonia in mice
Therapeutic recombinant human catalase (rhCAT) can quench infection-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby alleviating the associated tissue damage. Although the intranasal route is efficient to deliver native rhCAT to the lung, the therapeutic effect is limited by rapid elimination from the blood. In this study, we modified rhCAT with the active polymer, polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (PEG)-5000, and analyzed the pharmacokinetics of PEGylated rhCAT in mice. The high tetra-PEGylation ratio was about 60 %, and PEGylation prolonged the half-life of rhCAT in serum (75 vs. 13.5 min for native rhCAT). The protective effects of PEG-rhCAT were investigated in a mouse model of influenza virus A (H1N1)-associated pneumonia. PEG-rhCAT was more effectively delivered than native rhCAT and was associated with higher survival ratio, less extensive lung injuries, reduced ROS levels, and lower viral replication. Collectively, these findings indicate that PEGylation can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of native rhCAT and suggest that PEGylated rhCAT may represent a novel complement therapy for H1N1 influenza-induced pneumonia. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00253-013-4775-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
| 82,183 | [
0.328857421875,
0.07183837890625,
-0.25146484375,
0.77685546875,
-0.284423828125,
0.115234375,
-0.55224609375,
0.1827392578125,
0.2039794921875,
0.83642578125,
0.6640625,
-0.60009765625,
-0.0762939453125,
-0.73193359375,
-0.27392578125,
0.42431640625,
-0.06103515625,
-0.5263671875,... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Candida albicans Genotyping and Relationship of Virulence Factors with Fluconazole Tolerance in Infected Pediatric Patients
Purpose: Candida albicans of different genotypes is a common cause of fungal infection in pediatric setting. This cross sectional study was designed to investigate ABC genotypes and the relationship between virulence factors and fluconazole tolerance among C. albicans isolates from infected pediatric patients. Materials and Methods: C. albicans isolates were identified by germ tube test and ABC typing using PCR. Antifungal susceptibility testing was done according to Clinical Laboratory Standard Institution recommendations. Testing for proteinase and phospholiase production were done using bovine serum albumin agar and egg yolk agar, respectively. All isolates were tested for biofilm formation. Fluconazole tolerance was detected by reading the fluconazole susceptibility testing after 48 hours. Candida albicans isoltes were considered as fluconazole tolerant if they exhibited a susceptible minimum inhibatory concentration (MIC) after 24 hours of incubation and a resistant MIC following 48 hours of incubation. Results: A total of 88 C. albicans isolates were collected. Genotype A was the most prevalent (46 isolates, 52.3%). Biofilm formation, proteinase and phospholipase enzymes activity were detected in 76.1% 77.3% and 65.9% of the C. albicans isolates, respectively. Fluconazole resistance was found in 36.4% of the isolated C. albicans. Fluconazole tolerance was detected in 29 isolates (33%). Fluconazole tolerance has significant positive correlation with proteinase production and biofilm formation. Conclusion: Genotype A was the most prevalent genotype. Biofilm and hydrolytic enzymes production are important Candida albicans virulence determinants in pediatric infections. Fluconazole tolerance has significant positive correlation with biofilm formation and proteinase production in C. albicans. More studies are recommended to investigate the molecular relationship between fluconazole tolerance and C. albicans virulence determinants. Also, to identify the effect of fluconazole tolerance on the clinical outcome of virulent Candida albicans infections.
| 82,249 | [
-0.319091796875,
0.30908203125,
0.0999755859375,
0.67138671875,
-0.310302734375,
0.0809326171875,
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0.2276611328125,
0.9365234375,
0.045440673828125,
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0.06854248046875,
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0.14208984375,
-0.399169921... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Immunomodulatory properties of triterpenes
The immune system is one of the main defence mechanisms of the human body. Inadequacy of this system or immunodeficiency results in increased risk of infections and tumours, whereas over-activation of the immune system causes allergic or autoimmune disorders. A well-balanced immune system is important for protection and for alleviation of these diseases. There is a growing interest to maintain a well-balanced immune system, especially after the Covid-19 pandemic. Many biological extracts, as well as natural products, have become popular due to their wide array of immunomodulatory effects and influence on the immune system. Triterpenes, one of the secondary metabolite groups of medicinal plants, exhibit immunomodulatory properties by various mechanisms. Different triterpenes, including components of commonly consumed plants, can promote some protection and alleviation of disease symptoms linked with immune responses and thus enhance overall well-being. This review aims to highlight the efficacy of triterpenes in light of the available literature evidence regarding the immunomodulatory properties of triterpenes. We have reviewed widely investigated immunomodulatory triterpenes; oleanolic acid, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, pristimerin, ursolic acid, boswellic acid, celastrol, lupeol, betulin, betulinic acid, ganoderic acid, cucumarioside, and astragalosides which have important immunoregulatory properties. In spite of many preclinical and clinical trials were conducted on triterpenes related to their immunoregulatory actions, current studies have several limitations. Therefore, especially more clinical studies with optimal design is essential.
| 82,310 | [
-0.331298828125,
-0.1510009765625,
0.1717529296875,
0.275146484375,
-0.5546875,
-0.1072998046875,
0.51220703125,
0.71240234375,
0.2088623046875,
0.449462890625,
0.20654296875,
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0.2227783203125,
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0.07440185546875,
-0.20458984375,
-0.05267333984375,
-0.5... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Green Tea Suppresses Brain Aging
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the intake of green tea is effective in reducing the risk of dementia. The most important component of green tea is epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Both EGCG and epigallocatechin (EGC) have been suggested to cross the blood–brain barrier to reach the brain parenchyma, but EGCG has been found to be more effective than EGC in promoting neuronal differentiation. It has also been suggested that the products of EGCG decomposition by the intestinal microbiota promote the differentiation of nerve cells and that both EGCG and its degradation products act on nerve cells with a time lag. On the other hand, the free amino acids theanine and arginine contained in green tea have stress-reducing effects. While long-term stress accelerates the aging of the brain, theanine and arginine suppress the aging of the brain due to their anti-stress effect. Since this effect is counteracted by EGCG and caffeine, the ratios between these green tea components are important for the anti-stress action. In this review, we describe how green tea suppresses brain aging, through the activation of nerve cells by both EGCG and its degradation products, and the reductions in stress achieved by theanine and arginine.
| 82,352 | [
-0.2305908203125,
0.106689453125,
0.09716796875,
1.056640625,
-0.6591796875,
-0.2230224609375,
0.159912109375,
0.55029296875,
0.0972900390625,
0.9013671875,
0.57177734375,
-0.5478515625,
0.30322265625,
-0.89208984375,
-0.0139617919921875,
-0.038421630859375,
-0.50048828125,
-0.6289... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Review on potential antiviral and immunomodulatory properties of Piper Longum
Piper longum traditionally known as Pippali is a climbing vine belonging to the Piperaceae family, which originated in northeastern India and the Western Ghats. It is majorly used in traditional and Ayurvedic system of medicines to treat bronchitis, diarrhea, viral hepatitis, respiratory infections, stomach pain, bronchitis, spleen diseases, coughs, colds and tumors. Articles indexed by Scopus, electronic search as Science Direct, PubMed, are used to collect information about Piper longum. There are many phytochemicals in Pippali, including alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids and steroids. The pharmacological properties reveal the anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, adulticidal, anti-obesity, anti-fungal, antipyretic and cardio protective effects of the plant. Pipili also has many antiviral activities, and helps to improve the immune system and effectively resist hepatitis B virus. This plant seems to be non-toxic, easy to obtain, inexpensive, and has no side effects. Although there are infinite traces for its medicinal use, however its use in treating viral influenza like diseases is not yet much explored. However, it has strong potential to treat symptoms such as cough, cold and fever. In the wake of the current situation of the global corona virus, it has become essential to look for alternatives that would be effective against the virus as well as provide the additional immunity boosting ability. Therefore, effective experimentation and investigations are essential to consider its competence. Researchers must study the plant in details for its huge potentialities.
| 82,375 | [
-0.19580078125,
-0.18994140625,
0.02447509765625,
0.3447265625,
-0.1336669921875,
0.04302978515625,
0.058197021484375,
0.5263671875,
0.274169921875,
0.70947265625,
0.423095703125,
-0.300048828125,
-0.330322265625,
-0.5693359375,
-0.3994140625,
0.09326171875,
-0.04559326171875,
-0.9... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Antibacterial activity evaluation of selected essential oils in liquid and vapor phase on respiratory tract pathogens
BACKGROUND: The increasing number of multidrug-resistant bacteria and the fact of antibiotic resistance is leading to a continuous need for discovering alternative treatments against infections, e.g. in the case of respiratory tract diseases. Essential oils (EOs), because of their volatility, can easily reach both the upper and lower parts of the respiratory tract via inhalation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was the antibacterial evaluation of clove, cinnamon bark, eucalyptus, thyme, scots pine, peppermint, and citronella EOs against respiratory tract pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. mutans, S. pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Furthermore, we wanted to compare the antibacterial effect of these EOs in two different test systems to provide data for the development of an appropriate product formulation. METHODS: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined with in vitro vapor phase test (VPT) and broth macrodilution test (BDT). The chemical and percentage compositions of the EOs were determined by GC-MS and GC-FID analysis. RESULTS: Among the EOs, thyme was the most effective against S. mutans (MIC: 0.04 mg/mL in BDT, but cinnamon bark and clove oils also presented high inhibition in liquid medium with MIC values of 0.06 mg/mL and 0.1 mg/mL against S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes, respectively. M. catarrhalis was the most sensitive to thyme EO (MIC: 0.09 mg/mL). Cinnamon bark EO was the most effective against Haemophilus spp. (MIC: 0.06 mg/mL). In the VPT, cinnamon bark was the most effective oil against all investigated pathogens with MIC values in the range of 15.62–90 μl/L. Surprisingly, the eucalyptus and scots pine showed weak activity against the test bacteria in both test systems. CONCLUSIONS: The EO of thyme, clove and cinnamon bark may provide promising antibacterial activity against respiratory tract pathogens either in liquid medium or in vapor phase. However, their effect is lower than that of the reference antibiotics. The combination of EOs and antibiotics may be beneficial in the alternative treatment of respiratory tract diseases. In vivo studies are necessary to calculate the effective dose of EOs in patients and determine their possible side effects and toxicity.
| 82,467 | [
-0.406494140625,
0.195068359375,
-0.000247955322265625,
0.37646484375,
-0.1865234375,
0.2100830078125,
-0.40478515625,
0.0955810546875,
0.24560546875,
0.755859375,
0.464111328125,
-0.14501953125,
0.0916748046875,
-0.7421875,
-0.5419921875,
0.0924072265625,
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-0.304... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Two Candida auris Cases in Germany with No Recent Contact to Foreign Healthcare—Epidemiological and Microbiological Investigations
Candida auris has become a global fungal public health threat. This multidrug-resistant yeast is associated with nosocomial intra- and interhospital transmissions causing healthcare-associated infections. Here, we report on two C. auris cases from Germany. The two patients stayed in Germany for a long time before C. auris was detected during their hospitalization. The patients were isolated in single rooms with contact precautions. No nosocomial transmissions were detected within the hospital. Both C. auris isolates exhibited high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of fluconazole and one isolate additionally high MICs against the echinocandins. Microsatellite genotyping showed that both strains belong to the South Asian clade. These two cases are examples for appropriate in-hospital care and infection control without further nosocomial spread. Awareness for this emerging, multidrug-resistant pathogen is justified and systematic surveillance in European health care facilities should be performed.
| 82,481 | [
-0.5224609375,
0.2076416015625,
-0.0745849609375,
0.8896484375,
-0.53076171875,
-0.246337890625,
-0.162841796875,
0.259521484375,
0.4814453125,
0.5693359375,
0.320068359375,
-0.392578125,
-0.1287841796875,
-0.67822265625,
-0.4423828125,
0.1522216796875,
-0.1636962890625,
-0.9755859... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Antiviral Properties of Phytochemicals
In recent years, significant progress has been achieved for the development of novel anti-viral drugs. These newly developed drugs belong to three groups of compounds, nucleoside analogues, thymidine kinase-dependent nucleotide analogues and specific viral enzyme inhibitors. It has been found that the natural products, like plant-derived compounds (phytochemicals) as well as traditional medicines, like traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), Ayurvedic medicines and so on, are the important sources for potential and novel anti-viral drugs. In this chapter, the history of natural products as antiviral drugs, the approaches to discover potential lead compounds, and the anti-viral properties of phytochemicals with different action mechanisms are discussed. The key conclusion is that natural products are most important sources for novel anti-viral drugs.
| 82,496 | [
-0.48681640625,
-0.177490234375,
0.04931640625,
0.0826416015625,
-0.44287109375,
0.10296630859375,
0.145263671875,
0.50146484375,
0.1458740234375,
0.61669921875,
0.2349853515625,
-0.50244140625,
0.1990966796875,
-0.39990234375,
-0.4443359375,
0.19091796875,
-0.371826171875,
-1.0468... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Polyherbal formula (ASILACT®) induces Milk production in lactating rats through Upregulation of α-Lactalbumin and aquaporin expression
BACKGROUND: Polyherbal formula (PHF) contains extract of Sauropus androgynous (L.) Merr., Trigonella foenum-graceum L., and Moringa oleifera Lam. considered to induce galactagogue activity. This research aimed to evaluate the galactagogue activity of PHF and its effects on α-lactalbumin (LALBA) as well as aquaporin (AQP) gene expression at messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels in mammary glands of lactating rats. METHODS: Thirty lactating Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6), each has 7 pups. Group I was treated orally with distilled water as negative control. Groups II, III, and IV were orally administered with PHF at 26.25, 52.5 and 105 mg/kg/day, respectively. Group V was treated with domperidone 2.7 mg/kg/day, orally as positive control. The treatment was performed at third day until fifteenth day of parturition. The observed parameters include the galactagogue activity indicating by milk yield of lactating rats, the pup weight changes and lactating rats body weight changes during lactating period, mRNA expression of LALBA and AQP using quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) and histopathological analysis of mammary glands at the end of treatment period. RESULT: The result showed that the PHF groups (52.5 and 105 mg/kg/day) and domperidone were significantly increased milk production of lactating rats (p < 0.05). The levels of mRNA expression of LALBA and AQPs were significantly upregulated by 105 mg/kg/day of PHF or 2.7 mg/kg of domperidone administration (p < 0.0001). Histopathological analysis of mammary glands shows that alveoli diameter was increase 14.59 and 19.33% at 105 mg/kg of PHF and 2.7 mg/kg of domperidone treatment, respectively. CONCLUSION: The study suggested that PHF has potentially to induce galactagogue activity on lactating period through upregulation of LALBA and AQP genes at the mRNA level.
| 82,568 | [
-0.108642578125,
0.16552734375,
0.04534912109375,
0.6923828125,
-0.1810302734375,
-0.166015625,
0.03936767578125,
0.67236328125,
0.1785888671875,
0.56591796875,
0.32275390625,
-0.473876953125,
0.058380126953125,
-0.6630859375,
-0.1827392578125,
0.451904296875,
0.1046142578125,
-1.0... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Virtual screening of functional foods and dissecting their roles in modulating gene functions to support post COVID‐19 complications
COVID‐19 has become the focal point since 2019 after the outbreak of coronavirus disease. Many drugs are being tested and used to treat coronavirus infections; different kinds of vaccines are also introduced as preventive measure. Alternative therapeutics are as well incorporated into the health guidelines of some countries. This research aimed to look into the underlying mechanisms of functional foods and how they may improve the long‐term post COVID‐19 cardiovascular, diabetic, and respiratory complications through their bioactive compounds. The potentiality of nine functional foods for post COVID‐19 complications was investigated through computational approaches. A total of 266 bioactive compounds of these foods were searched via extensive literature reviewing. Three highly associated targets namely troponin I interacting kinase (TNNI3K), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP‐4), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1) were selected for cardiovascular, diabetes, and respiratory disorders, respectively, after COVID‐19 infections. Best docked compounds were further analyzed by network pharmacological tools to explore their interactions with complication‐related genes (MAPK1 and HSP90AA1 for cardiovascular, PPARG and TNF‐alpha for diabetes, and AKT‐1 for respiratory disorders). Seventy‐one suggested compounds out of one‐hundred and thirty‐nine (139) docked compounds in network pharmacology recommended 169 Gene Ontology (GO) items and 99 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes signaling pathways preferably AKT signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, ACE2 receptor signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, and PPAR signaling pathway. Among the chosen functional foods, black cumin, fenugreek, garlic, ginger, turmeric, bitter melon, and Indian pennywort were found to modulate the actions. Results demonstrate that aforesaid functional foods have attenuating roles to manage post COVID‐19 complications. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Functional foods have been approaching a greater interest due to their medicinal uses other than gastronomic pleasure. Nine functional food resources have been used in this research for their traditional and ethnopharmacological uses, but their directive‐role in modulating the genes involved in the management of post COVID‐19 complications is inadequately studied and reported. Therefore, the foods types used in this research may be prioritized to be used as functional foods for ameliorating the major post COVID‐19 complications through appropriate science.
| 82,761 | [
-0.19873046875,
-0.28515625,
0.040802001953125,
0.63134765625,
-0.90625,
-0.290283203125,
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0.55908203125,
0.300537109375,
0.290283203125,
0.11956787109375,
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0.24609375,
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0.48291015625,
0.05364990234375,
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0.449... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Auranofin Has Advantages over First-Line Drugs in the Treatment of Severe Streptococcus suis Infections
Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS) likely occurs when an individual is infected with the Streptococcus suis (S. suis) epidemic strain and is characterized by a cytokine storm, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and a high incidence of mortality despite adequate treatment. A number of antibiotics exhibit excellent bactericidal effects in vivo, such as fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides (gentamicin) and β-lactams (penicillin G, ceftiofur, or amoxicillin), but are less effective for treating STSLS. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify new compounds that can reduce the damage caused by STSLS. In the present study, we identified auranofin, an orally bioavailable FDA-approved anti-rheumatic drug as a candidate repurposed drug to treat severe S. suis infections. Our results showed that auranofin can bind to the functional domain of bacterial thioredoxin reductase, decreasing the reducing redox-responsive capacity of target bacteria and allowing for the killing of S. suis cells. We also observed that auranofin has antibacterial activity against other gram-positive bacteria, such as multidrug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (MDRSP), Streptococcus agalactiae, and vancomycin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, auranofin is capable of eradicating intracellular S.suis present inside infected macrophage cells. Mouse model experimental results showed that auranofin could effectively reduce the mortality of mice infected with S. suis. Compared to the ampicillin treatment group, the survival rate of mice in the auranofin treatment group in severely infected model mice was significantly improved. These results suggest that auranofin has the potential for use as an effective antibiotic against S. suis.
| 82,836 | [
-0.044677734375,
0.322265625,
-0.187255859375,
0.75244140625,
-0.8046875,
0.051361083984375,
-0.9814453125,
0.344482421875,
0.278564453125,
0.66845703125,
0.406982421875,
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0.22216796875,
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-0.0426025390625,
0.1197509765625,
0.0195159912109375,
-0.994140... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Antipharyngitis Effects of Syringa oblata L. Ethanolic Extract in Acute Pharyngitis Rat Model and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ir-Idoids in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells
Acute pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharyngeal mucous membrane and submucous lymphoid tissues. Unsatisfactory treatment and repeated occurrences might cause chronic pharyngitis and other complications. Syringa oblata L. (S. oblata) is a traditional Chinese medicine that exhibited a significant therapeutic effect on various inflammatory diseases. Its commercial drug Yan Li Xiao (YLX) capsule is used as a cure for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as bacillary dysentery, tonsillitis, bronchitis, and acute gastroenteritis. However, studies about S. oblata relieving acute pharyngitis are rare. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the chemical profile of S. oblata, and the bioactive phytoconstituents were isolated and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry. An ammonia-induced acute pharyngitis rat model was established to estimate the protective effect of S. oblata in vivo for the first time. The severity of pharyngitis was observed by appearance index and HE staining. The cytokines expression was performed by ELISA. Crucial proteins expression associated with TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways were analyzed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effect of isolated compounds was evaluated by suppressing lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced NO generation and regulating the cytokines levels in RAW 264.7 cells. The results showed that S. oblata exhibited a protective effect in the ammonia-induced acute pharyngitis rat model, and the compounds exert potential anti-inflammatory properties against LPS-activated RAW 254.7 cells.
| 82,905 | [
-0.36181640625,
-0.087890625,
0.1072998046875,
0.775390625,
-0.00020325183868408203,
-0.026641845703125,
-0.10443115234375,
0.313232421875,
0.7685546875,
1.0322265625,
0.460205078125,
-0.951171875,
-0.034332275390625,
-0.482666015625,
-0.30517578125,
-0.08917236328125,
-0.22570800781... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Interindividual Differences in In Vitro Human Intestinal Microbial Conversion of 3-Acetyl-DON and 15-Acetyl-DON
In order to evaluate the potential differences between 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON in the human intestinal microbial metabolism, human fecal samples were anaerobically cultured in vitro. Quantitative fecal microbiota characteristics were obtained by 16S rRNA sequencing, and the data revealed several genera that may be relevant for the transformation of the acetylated DONs. Significant differences in the level of 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON conversion were observed among microbiota from different human individuals. 3-Ac-DON could be rapidly hydrolyzed; a ten-fold difference was observed between the highest and lowest in vitro conversion after 4 h. However, 15-Ac-DON was not fully transformed in the 4 h culture of all the individual samples. In all cases, the conversion rate of 3-Ac-DON was higher than that of 15-Ac-DON, and the conversion rate of 3-Ac-DON into DON varied from 1.3- to 8.4-fold that of 15-Ac-DON. Based on in vitro conversion rates, it was estimated that 45-452 min is required to convert all 3-Ac-DON to DON, implying that deacetylation of 3-Ac-DON is likely to occur completely in all human individuals during intestinal transit. However, for conversion of 15-Ac-DON, DON formation was undetectable at 4 h incubation in 8 out of the 25 human samples, while for 7 of these 8 samples conversion to DON was detected at 24 h incubation. The conversion rates obtained for these seven samples indicated that it would take 1925-4805 min to convert all 15-Ac-DON to DON, while the other 17 samples required 173-734 min. From these results it followed that for eight of the 25 individuals, conversion of 15-Ac-DON to DON was estimated to be incomplete during the 1848 min intestinal transit time. The results thus indicate substantial interindividual as well as compound specific differences in the deconjugation of acetylated DONs. A spearman correlation analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between deconjugation of both acetyl-DONs at 4 h and 24 h incubation. Based on the in vitro kinetic parameters and their scaling to the in vivo situation, it was concluded that for a substantial number of human individuals the deconjugation of 15-Ac-DON may not be complete upon intestinal transit.
| 82,966 | [
-0.047607421875,
0.172119140625,
-0.204833984375,
0.2705078125,
-0.447998046875,
-0.11273193359375,
-0.1119384765625,
0.1544189453125,
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0.1956787109375,
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0.5263671875,
-1,
-0.2017822265625,
0.225341796875,
-0.3291015625,
-0.7158203125,
... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Modulatory Effects of Huoxiang Zhengqi Oral Liquid on Gut Microbiome Homeostasis Based on Healthy Adults and Antibiotic-Induced Gut Microbial Dysbiosis Mice Model
Traditional herbal medicine (THM) is used worldwide for its safety and effectiveness against various diseases. Huoxiang Zhengqi (HXZQ) is an extensively used Chinese THM formula targeting gastrointestinal disordered gastroenteritis via regulating the intestinal microbiome/immuno-microenvironment. However, the specific mechanisms remain largely unexplored, besides as a lifestyle drug, its safety on the gut microbiome homeostasis has never been investigated. In this study, the effects of HXZQ on the gut microbiome of healthy adults were investigated for the first time, and the antibiotic-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis mice model was applied for verification. Based on healthy adults, our results revealed that HXZQ exhibited mild and positive impacts on the bacterial diversity and the composition of the gut microbiome in a healthy state. As for an unhealthy state of the gut microbiome (with low bacterial diversity and deficient compositions), HXZQ significantly restored the bacterial diversity and recovered the abundance of Bacteroidetes. In the antibiotic-induced mice model, HXZQ distinctly revived the deficient gut microbial compositions impaired by antibiotics. At the genus level, the abundances that responded most strongly and positively to HXZQ were Bifidobacterium in healthy adults and Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus, and Akkermansia in mice. In contrast, the abundance of Blautia in healthy adults, Enterococcus, and Klebsiella in mice showed inversely associated with HXZQ administration. At last, HXZQ might exhibit an anti-inflammatory effect by regulating the concentration of interleukin-6 in plasma while causing no significant changes in the colon tissue structure in mice. In conclusion, our results elucidate that the safety of HXZQ in daily use further reveals the modulatory effects of HXZQ on gut microbial community structure. These results will provide new insights into the interaction of THM and gut microbiome homeostasis and clues about the safe use of THM as a lifestyle drug for its further development.
| 83,006 | [
0.10760498046875,
0.23046875,
0.1654052734375,
0.411376953125,
-0.6650390625,
-0.039215087890625,
0.206787109375,
0.491943359375,
0.27587890625,
1.029296875,
0.2137451171875,
-0.88330078125,
0.2342529296875,
-0.63037109375,
-0.209716796875,
0.228271484375,
-0.1175537109375,
-0.9916... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Global metabolomic and lipidomic analysis reveals the potential mechanisms of hemolysis effect of Ophiopogonin D and Ophiopogonin D' in vivo
BACKGROUND: OPD and OPD' are the two main active components of Ophiopogon japonicas in Shenmai injection (SMI). Being isomers of each other, they are supposed to have similar pharmacological activities, but the actual situation is complicated. The difference of hemolytic behavior between OPD and OPD' in vivo and in vitro was discovered and reported by our group for the first time. In vitro, only OPD' showed hemolysis reaction, while in vivo, both OPD and OPD' caused hemolysis. In vitro, the primary cause of hemolysis has been confirmed to be related to the difference between physical and chemical properties of OPD and OPD'. In vivo, although there is a possible explanation for this phenomenon, the one is that OPD is bio-transformed into OPD' or its analogues in vivo, the other one is that both OPD and OPD' were metabolized into more activated forms for hemolysis. However, the mechanism of hemolysis in vivo is still unclear, especially the existing literature are still difficult to explain why OPD shows the inconsistent hemolysis behavior in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, the study of hemolysis of OPD and OPD' in vivo is of great practical significance in response to the increase of adverse events of SMI. METHODS: Aiming at the hemolysis in vivo, this manuscript adopted untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics technology to preliminarily explore the changes of plasma metabolites and lipids of OPD- and OPD'-treated rats. Metabolomics and lipidomics analyses were performed on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system tandem with different mass spectrometers (MS) and different columns respectively. Multivariate statistical approaches such as principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied to screen the differential metabolites and lipids. RESULTS: Both OPD and OPD' groups experienced hemolysis, Changes in endogenous differential metabolites and differential lipids, enrichment of differential metabolic pathways, and correlation analysis of differential metabolites and lipids all indicated that the causes of hemolysis by OPD and OPD' were closely related to the interference of phospholipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided a comprehensive description of metabolomics and lipidomics changes between OPD- and OPD'-treated rats, it would add to the knowledge base of the field, which also provided scientific guidance for the subsequent mechanism research. However, the underlying mechanism require further research.
| 83,014 | [
-0.71142578125,
-0.1456298828125,
0.1610107421875,
0.464111328125,
-0.5634765625,
-0.41650390625,
0.0950927734375,
0.09002685546875,
0.78759765625,
0.58984375,
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0.1390380859375,
-0.234130859375,
-0.59033203125,
0.1361083984375,
-0.191162109375,
-0.579... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Molecular Hydrogen: Is This a Viable New Treatment for Plants in the UK?
Despite being trialed in other regions of the world, the use of molecular hydrogen (H(2)) for enhanced plant growth and the postharvest storage of crops has yet to be widely accepted in the UK. The evidence that the treatment of plants and plant products with H(2) alleviates plant stress and slows crop senescence continues to grow. Many of these effects appear to be mediated by the alteration of the antioxidant capacity of plant cells. Some effects seem to involve heme oxygenase, whilst the reduction in the prosthetic group Fe(3+) is also suggested as a mechanism. Although it is difficult to use as a gaseous treatment in a field setting, the use of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) has the potential to be of significant benefit to agricultural practices. However, the use of H(2) in agriculture will only be adopted if the benefits outweigh the production and application costs. HRW is safe and relatively easy to use. If H(2) gas or HRW are utilized in other countries for agricultural purposes, it is tempting to suggest that they could also be widely used in the UK in the future, particularly for postharvest storage, thus reducing food waste.
| 83,039 | [
-0.09967041015625,
-0.050079345703125,
-0.1300048828125,
0.52880859375,
-1.265625,
-0.11187744140625,
0.126708984375,
0.505859375,
0.9853515625,
0.56103515625,
0.353271484375,
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-0.7626953125,
-0.30908203125,
0.28466796875,
0.0164642333984375,
-0.5859375,
... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Medicines for Malaria Venture COVID Box: a source for repurposing drugs with antifungal activity against human pathogenic fungi
BACKGROUND: Treatment of mycoses is often ineffective, usually prolonged, and has some side effects. These facts highlight the importance of discovering new molecules to treat fungal infections. OBJECTIVES: To search the Medicines for Malaria Venture COVID Box for drugs with antifungal activity. METHODS: Fourteen human pathogenic fungi were tested against the 160 drugs of this collection at 1.0 µM concentration. We evaluated the ability of the drugs to impair fungal growth, their fungicidal nature, and morphological changes caused to cells. FINDINGS: Thirty-four molecules (21.25%) presented antifungal activity. Seven are antifungal drugs and one is the agricultural fungicide cycloheximide. The other drugs with antifungal activity included antibiotics (n = 3), antimalarials (n = 4), antivirals (n = 2), antiparasitcs (n = 3), antitumor agents (n = 5), nervous system agents (n = 3), immunosuppressants (n = 3), antivomiting (n = 1), antiasthmatic (n = 1), and a genetic disorder agent (n = 1). Several of these drugs inhibited Histoplasma capsulatum and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis growth (15 and 20, respectively), while Fusarium solani was not affected by the drugs tested. Most drugs were fungistatic, but niclosamide presented fungicidal activity against the three dimorphic fungi tested. Cyclosporine affected morphology of Cryptococcus neoformans. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: These drugs represent new alternatives to the development of more accessible and effective therapies to treat human fungal infections.
| 83,051 | [
-0.018280029296875,
-0.07562255859375,
0.11846923828125,
0.433837890625,
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0.163330078125,
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0.448486328125,
0.556640625,
0.59814453125,
0.337646484375,
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-0.546875,
-0.71923828125,
0.181396484375,
-0.329833984375,
-0.849121... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Ocorrência De Aspergillus Spp., Penicillium Spp. E Aflatoxinas Em Amostras De Farinha De Milho Utilizadas No Consumo Humano, Piauí, Brasil
ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the presence of fungi and aflatoxin in a corn product intended for human consumption in the city of Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. Thirty corn flour samples (500 g) from six different trademarks were purchased from local supermarkets in the city of Piaui, Brazil, from January to March 2009. The mycological evaluation was performed immediately, and then aliquots were stored at -4° C, until the aflatoxins analysis. Fungal counts ranged between 2.42 and 4.10 CFU/g. There was no significant difference at p 0.05 between the brands used. The main Aspergillus species isolated were A. flavus (32.73%), A. oryzae (14.54%). A. niger aggregate (10.91%), A. parasiticus (5.45%), A. fumigatus (5.45%) and A. carbonarius (1.81%), while the Penicillium were P. citrinum (28.88%), P. funiculosum (25.67%) and P. verrucosum (16.22%). No aflatoxins were detected by thin-layer chromatography in corn flour samples. The fungal species potentially capable of producing mycotoxins such as Aspergillus and Penicillium are found in corn flour, but no aflatoxin was found in this kind of product.
| 83,278 | [
-0.69140625,
0.3701171875,
-0.01415252685546875,
0.298095703125,
-0.2366943359375,
0.135986328125,
0.0955810546875,
0.5,
0.437744140625,
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0.796875,
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-0.755859375,
0.0660400390625,
-0.409912109375,
-0.724609375,
-0.1413574218... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Evaluation of selected carotenoids of Lycopersicon esculentum variants as therapeutic targets for ‘Alzheimer’s disease: an in silico approach
The seriousness and menace of the worldwide weight of ‘Alzheimer’s disease have been related to a few factors, which incorporate antioxidant system depletion, mutation of proteins, and high expression of cholinesterases due to aging, environmental influence, diet, infectious agents, and hormonal imbalance. Overexpression of cholinesterases has been emphatically connected to ‘Alzheimer’s disease because of the unreasonable hydrolysis of acetylcholine and butyrylcholine. Certain plant phytochemicals, for example, beta-carotenoids, lutein, neoxanthin, and viola-xanthine from Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Var. esculentum (ESC) and Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Var. cerasiforme (CER) has been utilized altogether as a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of ‘Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, this research sought to investigate the drug-likeness of the individual carotenoids as detailed for cholinesterase inhibition in the treatment of ‘Alzheimer’s disease. Four potential cholinesterase inhibitors from ESC and CER were retrieved from the PubChem database. Investigation of their drug-likeness, toxicity prediction, molecular docking, and dynamic simulations were carried out using Molinspiration, PreADMET V.2.0, Patchdock server, and Schrodinger Maestro software respectively. Neoxanthin was ranked the safest with a greater tendency to inhibit the cholinesterases with high binding affinity. In addition, its stability after simulation in a mimicked biological environment suggests its relevance as a potential drug candidate for the treatment of ‘Alzheimer’s disease through the inhibition of cholinesterases.
| 83,324 | [
-0.29931640625,
-0.465087890625,
-0.1331787109375,
0.5595703125,
-0.748046875,
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0.38232421875,
0.34228515625,
0.5400390625,
0.53466796875,
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0.026275634765625,
-0.8154296875,
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0.318115234375,
-0.5673828125,
-0.34887695... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Morphology of Starch Particles along the Passage through the Gastrointestinal Tract in Laboratory Mice Fed Extruded and Pelleted Diets
Diet processing impacts on starch properties, such as the degree of starch gelatinization. This affects digestibility, as shown in laboratory mice fed either a pelleted or an extruded diet. In the present study, the morphology of starch particles throughout the digestive tract of mice was visualized. Thirty-two female C57BL/6J mice were used for a feeding trial. They were fed a commercial maintenance diet for laboratory mice, which was available in pelleted and extruded form, for seven weeks. The mice were sacrificed after the feeding period, and chyme samples were collected from five sites (stomach, anterior and posterior small intestine, caecum, colon). Samples of diets, chyme and faeces were analyzed via stereomicroscopy (stained with Lugol's iodine) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The starch granules appeared more compact in the pelleted diet, showing first signs of degradation only in the small intestine. The caecum content of both diets group was intensively stained, particles as well as fluid phase, indicating that it contained mainly starch. The SEM pictures of caecum content showed abundant bacteria near starch particles. This suggests selective retention of prae-caecally undigested starch in the murine caecum, likely the site of microbial fermentation.
| 83,519 | [
0.3310546875,
-0.1533203125,
0.28857421875,
0.11376953125,
-0.46044921875,
0.055938720703125,
-0.1676025390625,
0.83740234375,
0.240966796875,
0.58447265625,
0.23486328125,
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0.37548828125,
-0.96435546875,
-0.476806640625,
0.279296875,
0.28173828125,
-0.630859375,
-... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
N ew C9-monoterpenoid Alkaloids Featuring a Rare Skeleton with Anti-inflammatory and Anti-viral Activities from Forsythia suspensa
Forsyqinlingines C ( 1 ) and D ( 2 ), two C 9 -monoterpenoid alkaloids bearing a rare skeleton, were isolated from the ripe fruits of Forsythia suspensa . Their structures, including absolute configurations, were fully elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data and ECD experiments. The plausible biogenetic pathway for compounds 1 and 2 was also proposed. In vitro , two C 9 -monoterpenoid alkaloids showed anti-inflammatory activity performed by the inhibitory effect on the release of ß -glucuronidase in rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), as well as anti-viral activity against influenza A (H1N1) virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
| 83,666 | [
-0.01488494873046875,
0.1964111328125,
0.1749267578125,
0.55712890625,
0.0972900390625,
0.07672119140625,
-0.139892578125,
0.460205078125,
-0.04571533203125,
0.787109375,
0.3515625,
-0.58935546875,
-0.10052490234375,
-0.52685546875,
-0.63232421875,
0.3564453125,
0.010345458984375,
... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Chitosan elicitation of Isatis tinctoria L. hairy root cultures for enhancing flavonoid productivity and gene expression and related antioxidant activity
Elicitation for phytochemical enhancement via cost-effective elicitors can overcome the limitation of commercial application faced by plant cell and organ culture technology. Chitosan is a natural, low-cost, and nontoxic elicitor that can trigger plant defense responses with the concomitant enhancement in phytochemical biosynthesis. In this work, the elicitation of Isatis tinctoria L. hairy root cultures by chitosan was conducted to enhance the production of pharmacologically active flavonoids. In comparison with control (2.31 ± 0.29 mg/g DW), a 7.08-fold enhancement of total flavonoids (16.35 ± 0.88 mg/g DW) was achieved in 24 day-old I. tinctoria hairy root cultures elicited by 150 mg/L chitosan for 36 h. Interestingly, the multiple hydroxyl-substituted flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, isorhamnetin, and isoliquiritigenin) were noticed to increase significantly in chitosan-elicited I. tinctoria hairy root cultures. Moreover, the transcription of associated genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was significantly up-regulated underlying chitosan elicitation, among which chalcone synthase and flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase might play an important role in flavonoid enhancement. Additionally, extracts from chitosan-elicited I. tinctoria hairy root cultures exhibited higher antioxidant activities with lower IC(50) values as compared with control. Overall, a cost-effective strategy via the simple chitosan elicitation is provided here to enhance the production of high-added value flavonoids in I. tinctoria hairy root cultures, which paves the way toward the successful commercialization of this in vitro culture system in the future.
| 83,754 | [
-0.10137939453125,
0.15966796875,
-0.302490234375,
0.52392578125,
-0.079345703125,
0.13037109375,
-0.216064453125,
0.258056640625,
0.5693359375,
0.387939453125,
0.76171875,
-0.990234375,
0.1829833984375,
-0.7412109375,
-0.1055908203125,
0.3369140625,
-0.2763671875,
-0.8984375,
0.... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Augmenting Azoles with Drug Synergy to Expand the Antifungal Toolbox
Fungal infections impact the lives of at least 12 million people every year, killing over 1.5 million. Wide-spread use of fungicides and prophylactic antifungal therapy have driven resistance in many serious fungal pathogens, and there is an urgent need to expand the current antifungal arsenal. Recent research has focused on improving azoles, our most successful class of antifungals, by looking for synergistic interactions with secondary compounds. Synergists can co-operate with azoles by targeting steps in related pathways, or they may act on mechanisms related to resistance such as active efflux or on totally disparate pathways or processes. A variety of sources of potential synergists have been explored, including pre-existing antimicrobials, pharmaceuticals approved for other uses, bioactive natural compounds and phytochemicals, and novel synthetic compounds. Synergy can successfully widen the antifungal spectrum, decrease inhibitory dosages, reduce toxicity, and prevent the development of resistance. This review highlights the diversity of mechanisms that have been exploited for the purposes of azole synergy and demonstrates that synergy remains a promising approach for meeting the urgent need for novel antifungal strategies.
| 83,797 | [
-0.28515625,
-0.061767578125,
0.01428985595703125,
0.79638671875,
-0.43896484375,
0.17822265625,
0.1015625,
0.1700439453125,
0.478271484375,
0.712890625,
0.267578125,
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0.376220703125,
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0.006252288818359375,
0.404052734375,
0.1676025390625,
-0.69287109375... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Herbal Phytomedicine 'Irisolidone' in chronic diseases: Biological Efficacy and pharmacological activity
BACKGROUND: Plant derived products have been used in the medicine as a source of bioactive molecules due to its therapeutic potential. Nowadays plants derived products have been used for the development of novel drug leads. Polyphenols are an important class of secondary metabolites found to be present in plant material and their derived products. Polyphenols are having an important role in the nutrition for human beings. It also has a significant role in plant resistance against pests and diseases. Scientific studies have proven the biological importance of flavonoids in medicine and other allied health sectors. Anti-oxidant, analgesic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-tumor and anti-allergic activities are the important pharmacological features of flavonoids. Irisolidone is an important isoflavone found to be present in Pueraria lobata flowers. METHODS: In order to know the medicinal importance and therapeutic benefit of irisolidone, numerous scientific research data have been collected from Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. Pharmacological activities scientific data of irisolidone has been collected and analyzed in the present works to know the health beneficial aspects of irisolidone. Detailed pharmacological activities of irisolidone have been investigated through scientific data analysis of scientific research works. RESULTS: Scientific research data analysis of irisolidone revealed the anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, anti-cancer, anti-platelet, anti-oxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, immunomodulating, hepatoprotective and estrogenic activities. However biological effect of irisolidone on gastric system, aldose reductase enzymes, malignant gliomas and JC virus has been also investigated. Scientific data analysis revealed the significance of analytical tools for separation and identification of irisolidone. CONCLUSION: Present work signified the biological importance and therapeutic potential of irisolidone in the medicine.
| 83,798 | [
-0.61328125,
-0.07794189453125,
-0.2166748046875,
0.27685546875,
-0.69677734375,
0.487548828125,
0.04119873046875,
0.309814453125,
0.4521484375,
0.5947265625,
0.6044921875,
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0.280029296875,
-0.61279296875,
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0.412353515625,
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-1.003906... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Formulation and efficacy evaluation of the safe and efficient moisturizing snow mushroom hand sanitizer
OBJECTIVES: Snow fungus or snow mushroom or white jelly mushroom (Tremella fuciformis), the edible mushroom, was formulated into hand sanitizer in form of moisturizing alcohol‐based hand rubs (ABHR) gel. METHODS: The stable base ABHRs were developed. The preferred bases were incorporated with various concentrations of snow mushroom extract. The stable and preferred snow mushroom ABHR was moisturizing and sanitizing efficacies evaluated in 20 human volunteers in a comparison with its placebo. RESULTS: The stable hand sanitizer gel bases containing 66.5% of ethanol and 0.3% triclosan were developed and incorporated with the extract of snow mushroom polysaccharide. Of which, the preparations containing 10% of snow mushroom and 0.3% of gelling agent gained the highest preferences as assessed in 20 Thai volunteers. The snow mushroom hand sanitizer was proved to be none irritated in the same group of the volunteers as was the placebo. The snow mushroom gel significantly (P < 0.05) moist the skin better than the placebo at all time of the interval assessment until the end of the study at 180 min. The hand sanitizers were confirmed on their anti‐septic, at which the efficacies of the active and placebo ABHR were comparable (P = 0.90). CONCLUSIONS: Snow mushroom ABHR gel with its confirmed moisturizing and sanitizing efficacies is presented. It is meetings with the recommendation on hand hygienic improvement to combat the infections of diseases spreading. The preparation can be frequency applied with its proved skin hydrating efficacy co‐contributes in a good condition of hand hygiene.
| 83,822 | [
-0.1668701171875,
0.494873046875,
0.19775390625,
0.09515380859375,
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0.0260162353515625,
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0.6357421875,
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0.67822265625,
0.376953125,
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-0.301513671875,
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-... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Relationship between food consumption and improvements in circulating melatonin in humans: an integrative review.
Melatonin is an important hormone in the regulation of circadian rhythms and has great antioxidant power. Recent studies have demonstrated the benefits of its supplementation in the metabolic profile. Food sources have also been studied for complementary therapies. However, information on the bioavailability of food sources of melatonin is still scarce. Thus, the objective of this review is to gather in the literature studies that evaluate the relationship between food consumption and improvements in circulating melatonin in humans. In total, 178 studies were found, of which 11 were included in this review. The results show increases in the excretion of the melatonin metabolite (6‑sulfatoxymelatonin) or circulating melatonin for foods such as cherries, grapes, bananas, pineapples, dark green vegetables, Japanese vegetables and beer. Significant increases in melatonin were observed even after ingesting cultivars with low concentrations of this hormone. It was possible to assume that other nutrients that precede their synthesis (serotonin and tryptophan) could also have led to this increase. Although consumption of the foods found is beneficial in increasing circulating melatonin, further confirmatory studies are needed.
| 83,854 | [
-0.2015380859375,
0.05255126953125,
-0.435546875,
0.36767578125,
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-0.0256805419921875,
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0.8154296875,
0.294921875,
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0.280517578125,
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0.60302734375,
-0.84326171875,
-0.348876953125,
-0.07330322265625,
-0.03668212890625,
-0.7... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Fumonisin B2 Induces Mitochondrial Stress and Mitophagy in Human Embryonic Kidney (Hek293) Cells-A Preliminary Study
Ubiquitous soil fungi parasitise agricultural commodities and produce mycotoxins. Fumonisin B2 (FB2), the structural analogue of the commonly studied Fumonisin B1 (FB1), is a neglected mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species. Mycotoxins are known for inducing toxicity via mitochondrial stress alluding to mitochondrial degradation (mitophagy). These processes involve inter-related pathways that are regulated by proteins related to SIRT3 and Nrf2. This study aimed to investigate mitochondrial stress responses in human kidney (Hek293) cells exposed to FB2 for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed via the methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 = 317.4 µmol/L) was estimated using statistical software. Reactive oxygen species (ROS; H2DCFDA), mitochondrial membrane depolarisation (JC1-mitoscreen) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP; luminometry) levels were evaluated to assess mitochondrial integrity. The relative expression of mitochondrial stress response proteins (SIRT3, pNrf2, LONP1, PINK1, p62 and HSP60) was determined by Western blot. Transcript levels of SIRT3, PINK1 and miR-27b were assessed using quantitative PCR (qPCR). FB2 reduced ATP production (p = 0.0040), increased mitochondrial stress marker HSP60 (p = 0.0140) and suppressed upregulation of mitochondrial stress response proteins SIRT3 (p = 0.0026) and LONP1 (p = 0.5934). FB2 promoted mitophagy via upregulation of pNrf2 (p = 0.0008), PINK1 (p = 0.0014) and p62 (p < 0.0001) protein expression. FB2 also suppressed miR-27b expression (p < 0.0001), further promoting the occurrence of mitophagy. Overall, the findings suggest that FB2 increases mitochondrial stress and promotes mitophagy in Hek293 cells.
| 83,968 | [
-0.51318359375,
0.02239990234375,
0.2056884765625,
0.047332763671875,
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0.414306640625,
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-0.70703125,
-0.38916015625,
0.1746826171875,
-0.1256103515625,
-0.988281... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
MLR-1023 Treatment in Mice and Humans Induces a Thermogenic Program, and Menthol Potentiates the Effect
A glucose-lowering medication that acts by a different mechanism than metformin, or other approved diabetes medications, can supplement monotherapies when patients fail to meet blood glucose goals. We examined the actions underlying the effects of an insulin sensitizer, tolimidone (MLR-1023) and investigated its effects on body weight. Diet-induced obesity (CD1/ICR) and type 2 diabetes (db/db) mouse models were used to study the effect of MLR-1023 on metabolic outcomes and to explore its synergy with menthol. We also examined the efficacy of MLR-1023 alone in a clinical trial (NCT02317796), as well as in combination with menthol in human adipocytes. MLR-1023 produced weight loss in humans in four weeks, and in mice fed a high-fat diet it reduced weight gain and fat mass without affecting food intake. In human adipocytes from obese donors, the upregulation of Uncoupling Protein 1, Glucose (UCP)1, adiponectin, Glucose Transporter Type 4 (GLUT4), Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL), Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 beta (CPT1β), and Transient Receptor Potential Melastin (TRPM8) mRNA expression suggested the induction of thermogenesis. The TRPM8 agonist, menthol, potentiated the effect of MLR-1023 on the upregulation of genes for energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity in human adipocytes, and reduced fasting blood glucose in mice. The amplification of the thermogenic program by MLR-1023 and menthol in the absence of adrenergic activation will likely be well-tolerated, and bears investigation in a clinical trial.
| 84,198 | [
0.1859130859375,
-0.1322021484375,
-0.200927734375,
0.64208984375,
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0.325927734375,
0.1385498046875,
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0.1986083984375,
-0.6953125,
0.145263671875,
-0.755859375,
-0.391357421875,
0.42236328125,
0.01519012451171875,
-0... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Aronia melanocarpa Fruit Juice Modulates ACE2 Immunoexpression and Diminishes Age-Related Remodeling of Coronary Arteries in Rats
The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of Aronia melanocarpa fruit juice (AMJ) supplementation on age-related coronary arteries remodeled in aged rat hearts. Male Wistar rats (n = 24) were divided into three groups: (1) young controls (CY), aged 2 months, without AMJ supplementation; (2) old controls (CO), aged 27 months, without AMJ supplementation; and (3) the AMJ group (A), which used 27-month old animals, supplemented orally with AMJ for 105 days. AMJ supplementation did not influence the wall-to-diameter parameter (Kernohan index) of the coronary arteries of test animals. Aged rats supplemented with AMJ showed a significant decrease in the amount of collagen fibers in their coronary tunica media, as compared with the old controls. The intensity of the immunoreaction for alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) in the coronary tunica media was significantly lower in the supplemented group than in the old controls. The intensity of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) immunoreaction in the coronary tunica media of the supplemented group was significantly higher than the one observed in the old controls. These results indicate the positive effects of AMJ supplementation on the age-dependent remodeling of coronary arteries and support for the preventive potential of antioxidant-rich functional food supplementation in age-related diseases.
| 84,347 | [
0.235595703125,
0.22607421875,
0.2135009765625,
0.79736328125,
-0.5693359375,
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0.65966796875,
0.428466796875,
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0.189697265625,
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0.03515625,
0.2802734375,
0.060333251953125,
-0.615234375,
0.... | 0 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title
Ethnobotanical Documentation of Medicinal Plants Used by the Indigenous Panay Bukidnon in Lambunao, Iloilo, Philippines
The Panay Bukidnon is a group of indigenous peoples living in the interior highlands of Panay Island in Western Visayas, Philippines. Little is known about their ethnobotanical knowledge due to limited written records, and no recent research has been conducted on the medicinal plants they used in ethnomedicine. This study aims to document the medicinal plants used by the indigenous Panay Bukidnon in Lambunao, Iloilo, Panay Island. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 75 key informants from June 2020 to September 2021 to determine the therapeutic use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine. A total of 131 medicinal plant species distributed in 121 genera and 57 families were used to address 91 diseases in 16 different uses or disease categories. The family Fabaceae was best represented with 13 species, followed by Lamiaceae with nine species and Poaceae with eight species. The leaf was the most frequently used plant part and decoction was the most preferred form of preparation. To evaluate the plant importance, use value (UV), relative frequency citation (RFC), relative important index (RI), informant consensus factor (ICF), and fidelity level (FL) were used. Curcuma longa L. had the highest UV (0.79), Artemisia vulgaris L. had the highest RFC value (0.57), and Annona muricata L. had the highest RI value (0.88). Diseases and symptoms or signs involving the respiratory system and injury, poisoning, and certain other consequences of external causes recorded the highest ICF value (0.80). Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. and Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob were the most relevant and agreed species for the former and latter disease categories, respectively. C. odorata had the highest FL value (100%) and was the most preferred medicinal plant used for cuts and wounds. The results of this study serve as a medium for preserving cultural heritage, ethnopharmacological bases for further drug research and discovery, and preserving biological diversity.
| 84,375 | [
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-0.4765625,
-0.426513671875,
-0.245361328125,
-0.11767578125,
-0.8876953125,
... | 0 |
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