text stringlengths 146 7.1k | conversation_id int64 84 898k | embedding list | cluster int64 78 78 |
|---|---|---|---|
We have 14 siblings in our family , at least 10 of us has had a frozen shoulder. We are wondering why? should we be concerned?
Frozen shoulder may develop without a known cause. It is more likely to occur in people who have thyroid disease, diabetes, had shoulder injury, are unable to move their arm due to cast or stroke, and in women undergoing menopause. Most people have a full recovery with full range of motion.
Frozen shoulder - aftercare: A frozen shoulder is shoulder pain that leads to stiffness of your shoulder. Often the pain and stiffness are present all the time. The capsule of the shoulder joint is made of strong tissue (ligaments) that hold the shoulder bones to each other. When the capsule becomes inflamed, the shoulder bones cannot move freely in the joint. This condition is called frozen shoulder. Frozen shoulder may develop with no known cause. It can also occur in people who: - Have thyroid disease, diabetes, or are going through menopause - Have a shoulder injury - Have had a stroke that makes them unable to use their arm - Have a cast on their arm that holds their arm in one position Symptoms of frozen shoulder often follow this pattern: - At first, you have a lot of pain, or a freezing feeling that prevents you from moving your arm. - Then your shoulder becomes very stiff and hard to move, but the pain lessens. It becomes hard to reach over your head or behind you. - Finally, the pain goes away and you can use your arm again. This is the thawing phase and can take months to end. It can take a few months to go through these stages of frozen shoulder. The shoulder can get very painful and stiff before it starts to loosen. It can take as long as 18 to 24 months for complete healing. To help speed healing, your health care provider will likely do the following: - Teach you exercises to restore motion in your shoulder joint. - Refer you to a physical therapist. - Prescribe medicines for you to take by mouth. These include drugs to reduce pain and inflammation in the shoulder joint. You may also receive a shot of anti-inflammatory drug directly into the joint. Most people have a full recovery with full range of motion without surgery. Using moist heat on your shoulder 3 to 4 times a day may help relieve some pain and stiffness. For pain, you can use ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn), or acetaminophen (Tylenol). You can buy these pain medicines at the store. - Talk with your provider before using these medicines if you have heart disease, high blood pressure, kidney disease, or have had stomach ulcers or internal bleeding in the past. - DO NOT take more than the amount recommended on the bottle or by your provider. Get help setting up your home so that you can get to everything you need without reaching above your shoulders or behind your back. - Keep the clothes that you wear most often in drawers and shelves that are between your waist and shoulder level. - Store food in cupboards, drawers, and refrigerator shelves that are between your waist and shoulder level. Get help with house cleaning, taking out the garbage, gardening, and other household tasks. DO NOT lift heavy things or do activities that require a lot of shoulder and arm strength. You will learn some simple exercises and stretches for your shoulder. - At first, try to do these exercises once every hour, or at least 4 times a day. - It is more important to do the exercises often than to do them for a long time each time you do them. - Use moist heat before the exercises to help lessen pain and increase movement. - The exercises should focus on stretching of the shoulder and range of motion. - Avoid exercises to strengthen your shoulder until the range of motion has returned. Some of the exercises are: - Shoulder stretches - Pendulum - Wall crawl - Rope and pulley stretches - Movements to help with internal and external rotation, such as hand behind back Your provider or physical therapist will show you how to do these exercises. Call your doctor if: - The pain in your shoulder is getting worse - You re-injure your arm or shoulder - Your frozen shoulder is making you feel sad or depressed Updated by: C. Benjamin Ma, MD, Assistant Professor, Chief, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, UCSF Department of Orthopaedic Surgery. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
| 84 | [
-0.304931640625,
0.331298828125,
-0.364990234375,
0.80419921875,
-0.2548828125,
-0.031982421875,
0.153076171875,
0.6904296875,
0.4267578125,
0.65625,
0.5546875,
-0.435302734375,
0.286865234375,
-0.60986328125,
-0.190673828125,
0.78662109375,
-0.50146484375,
-0.9697265625,
-0.6235... | 78 |
Stem Cell Therapy for Muccular Dystrophy I have read the Medline Abstracts 98,99 of 'Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy'. Please could you tell me how I contact a specialist to enquire further with this...Thank you...
resources address the diagnosis or management of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy
What are the treatments for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy?: These resources address the diagnosis or management of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy: - Cleveland Clinic - Gene Review: Gene Review: Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Overview - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1A - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1B - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1C - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1E - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1F - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1G - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1H - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2A - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2B - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2D - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2E - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2F - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2G - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2J - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2L - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type C1 - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type C2 - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type C3 - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type C4 - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type C5 - Johns Hopkins Medicine - LGMD-Diagnosis.org These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions: - Diagnostic Tests - Drug Therapy - Surgery and Rehabilitation - Genetic Counseling - Palliative Care
| 237 | [
0.2310791015625,
-0.1427001953125,
-0.12939453125,
0.95947265625,
-0.650390625,
-0.378173828125,
0.274658203125,
0.044677734375,
0.57763671875,
0.28466796875,
0.422119140625,
-0.338623046875,
0.08270263671875,
-0.75830078125,
-0.381103515625,
0.5791015625,
0.09112548828125,
-0.7182... | 78 |
Stem Cell Therapy for Muccular Dystrophy I have read the Medline Abstracts 98,99 of 'Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy'. Please could you tell me how I contact a specialist to enquire further with this...Thank you...
Management of Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy depends on each individual and the specific type of LGMD. The guidelines for treatment of LGMD developed by the American Academy of Neurology include: weight control to avoid obesity, physical therapy and stretching exercises to promote mobility and prevent tightening of the muscles, use of mechanical aids such as canes, walkers, orthotics, and wheelchairs as needed to help ambulation and mobility Monitoring and surgical intervention as needed for orthopedic complications, such as foot deformity and scoliosis cardiomyopathy A team approach to treatment is recommended including a neurologist , pulmonologist , cardiologist , orthopedic surgeon, physiatrist , physical/occupational/ speech therapist , nutritionist , orthopedist , mental health counselors, and geneticist / genetic counselor . While not a currently available treatment option, some studies have shown promising results with the use of gene therapy . More research is needed to prove the safety and efficacy of this treatment approach.
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy is a group of disorders which affect the voluntary muscles around the hips and shoulders. The conditions are progressive, leading to a loss of muscle strength and bulk over a number of years. Onset may occur in childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, or even later. Males and females are affected in equal numbers. [1] Most forms of limb girdle muscular dystrophy are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Several rare forms are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. [2] While there are no treatments which directly reverse the muscle weakness associated with this condition, supportive treatment can decrease the complications. [3] There are at least 20 different types of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. [1] Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) is most often inherited in an autosomal recessive manner; less commonly, rare sub-types may be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. There may be difficulties diagnosing the condition accurately, and often the mode of inheritance cannot be determined. Therefore, it may be challenging to determine the exact recurrence risks for some families. Establishing the type of LGMD in an affected individual can be useful for discussing the clinical course of the disease as well as for determining who else in the family may be at risk for the condition. [4] Making a diagnosis for a genetic or rare disease can often be challenging. Healthcare professionals typically look at a person’s medical history, symptoms, physical exam, and laboratory test results in order to make a diagnosis. The following resources provide information relating to diagnosis and testing for this condition. If you have questions about getting a diagnosis, you should contact a healthcare professional. Testing Resources Orphanet lists international laboratories offering diagnostic testing for this condition. Unfortunately, no definitive treatments for LGMD exist. Management depends on each individual and the specific type of LGMD that the individual has. However, the American Academy of Neurology has developed guidelines for treatment of LGMD including: [5] [6] Weight control to avoid obesity Physical therapy and stretching exercises to promote mobility and prevent contractures (fixed tightening of the muscles) Use of mechanical aids such as canes, walkers, orthotics, and wheelchairs as needed to help ambulation and mobility Monitoring and surgical intervention as needed for orthopedic complications, such as foot deformity and scoliosis cardiomyopathy A team approach to treatment is recommended including a neurologist , pulmonologist , cardiologist , orthopedic surgeon, physiatrist , physical/occupational/ speech therapist , nutritionist , orthopedist , mental health counselors, and geneticist / genetic counselor . [5] [6] While not a currently available treatment option, some studies have shown promising results with the use of gene therapy . More research is needed to prove the safety and efficacy of this treatment approach. [6] Management Guidelines The American Academy of Neurology (AAN), the medical specialty society of neurologists, offers a summary of recommended guidelines for Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy GeneReviews provides current, expert-authored, peer-reviewed, full-text articles describing the application of genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients with specific inherited conditions. Project OrphanAnesthesia is a project whose aim is to create peer-reviewed, readily accessible guidelines for patients with rare diseases and for the anesthesiologists caring for them. The project is a collaborative effort of the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Orphanet, the European Society of Pediatric Anesthesia, anesthetists and rare disease experts with the aim to contribute to patient safety. The following diseases are related to Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. If you have a question about any of these diseases, you can contact GARD. Epidermolysa bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1A Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1B Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1C Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1D Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1E Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1F Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1G Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1H Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2E Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2F Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2I Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2J Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2K Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2L Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2M Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2N Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2O Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2Q Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2S Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2T Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2B Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2C Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2D Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2G Muscular dystrophy Progressive muscular dystrophy
| 239 | [
0.1204833984375,
-0.28857421875,
-0.52734375,
0.99072265625,
-0.85107421875,
0.1331787109375,
0.035797119140625,
0.58251953125,
0.2021484375,
0.13232421875,
0.291748046875,
-0.387451171875,
0.241943359375,
-0.52490234375,
-0.6240234375,
0.56689453125,
-0.267333984375,
-0.6796875,
... | 78 |
Stem Cell Therapy for Muccular Dystrophy I have read the Medline Abstracts 98,99 of 'Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy'. Please could you tell me how I contact a specialist to enquire further with this...Thank you...
Management of Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy depends on each individual and the specific type of LGMD. The guidelines for treatment of LGMD developed by the American Academy of Neurology include: weight control to avoid obesity, physical therapy and stretching exercises to promote mobility and prevent tightening of the muscles, use of mechanical aids such as canes, walkers, orthotics, and wheelchairs as needed to help ambulation and mobility Monitoring and surgical intervention as needed for orthopedic complications, such as foot deformity and scoliosis cardiomyopathy A team approach to treatment is recommended including a neurologist , pulmonologist , cardiologist , orthopedic surgeon, physiatrist , physical/occupational/ speech therapist , nutritionist , orthopedist , mental health counselors, and geneticist / genetic counselor . While not a currently available treatment option, some studies have shown promising results with the use of gene therapy . More research is needed to prove the safety and efficacy of this treatment approach.
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (Treatment): Unfortunately, no definitive treatments for LGMD exist. Management depends on each individual and the specific type of LGMD that the individual has. However, the American Academy of Neurology has developed guidelines for treatment of LGMD including: [5] [6] Weight control to avoid obesity Physical therapy and stretching exercises to promote mobility and prevent contractures (fixed tightening of the muscles) Use of mechanical aids such as canes, walkers, orthotics, and wheelchairs as needed to help ambulation and mobility Monitoring and surgical intervention as needed for orthopedic complications, such as foot deformity and scoliosis cardiomyopathy A team approach to treatment is recommended including a neurologist , pulmonologist , cardiologist , orthopedic surgeon, physiatrist , physical/occupational/ speech therapist , nutritionist , orthopedist , mental health counselors, and geneticist / genetic counselor . [5] [6] While not a currently available treatment option, some studies have shown promising results with the use of gene therapy . More research is needed to prove the safety and efficacy of this treatment approach. [6] Management Guidelines The American Academy of Neurology (AAN), the medical specialty society of neurologists, offers a summary of recommended guidelines for Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy GeneReviews provides current, expert-authored, peer-reviewed, full-text articles describing the application of genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients with specific inherited conditions. Project OrphanAnesthesia is a project whose aim is to create peer-reviewed, readily accessible guidelines for patients with rare diseases and for the anesthesiologists caring for them. The project is a collaborative effort of the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Orphanet, the European Society of Pediatric Anesthesia, anesthetists and rare disease experts with the aim to contribute to patient safety.
| 240 | [
0.41552734375,
-0.2646484375,
-0.62841796875,
1.126953125,
-0.89697265625,
-0.014007568359375,
0.1796875,
0.4736328125,
0.2479248046875,
-0.00519561767578125,
0.51416015625,
-0.3671875,
0.40380859375,
-0.6767578125,
-0.583984375,
0.51904296875,
-0.3134765625,
-0.79541015625,
-0.6... | 78 |
Stem Cell Therapy for Muccular Dystrophy I have read the Medline Abstracts 98,99 of 'Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy'. Please could you tell me how I contact a specialist to enquire further with this...Thank you...
resources address the diagnosis or management of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy
What are the treatments for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy?: These resources address the diagnosis or management of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy: - Cleveland Clinic - Gene Review: Gene Review: Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Overview - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1A - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1B - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1C - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1E - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1F - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1G - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1H - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2A - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2B - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2D - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2E - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2F - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2G - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2J - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2L - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type C1 - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type C2 - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type C3 - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type C4 - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type C5 - Johns Hopkins Medicine - LGMD-Diagnosis.org These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions: - Diagnostic Tests - Drug Therapy - Surgery and Rehabilitation - Genetic Counseling - Palliative Care
| 789 | [
0.2310791015625,
-0.1427001953125,
-0.12939453125,
0.95947265625,
-0.650390625,
-0.378173828125,
0.274658203125,
0.044677734375,
0.57763671875,
0.28466796875,
0.422119140625,
-0.338623046875,
0.08270263671875,
-0.75830078125,
-0.381103515625,
0.5791015625,
0.09112548828125,
-0.7182... | 78 |
Stem Cell Therapy for Muccular Dystrophy I have read the Medline Abstracts 98,99 of 'Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy'. Please could you tell me how I contact a specialist to enquire further with this...Thank you...
Management depends on each individual and the specific type of LGMD that the individual has. However, the American Academy of Neurology has developed guidelines for treatment of LGMD including: Weight control to avoid obesity Physical therapy and stretching exercises to promote mobility and prevent contractures (fixed tightening of the muscles) Use of mechanical aids such as canes, walkers, orthotics, and wheelchairs as needed to help ambulation and mobility Monitoring and surgical intervention as needed for orthopedic complications, such as foot deformity and scoliosis cardiomyopathy A team approach to treatment is recommended including a neurologist , pulmonologist , cardiologist , orthopedic surgeon, physiatrist , physical/occupational/ speech therapist , nutritionist , orthopedist , mental health counselors, and geneticist / genetic counselor . While not a currently available treatment option, some studies have shown promising results with the use of gene therapy . More research is needed to prove the safety and efficacy of this treatment approach.
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (Treatment): Unfortunately, no definitive treatments for LGMD exist. Management depends on each individual and the specific type of LGMD that the individual has. However, the American Academy of Neurology has developed guidelines for treatment of LGMD including: [5] [6] Weight control to avoid obesity Physical therapy and stretching exercises to promote mobility and prevent contractures (fixed tightening of the muscles) Use of mechanical aids such as canes, walkers, orthotics, and wheelchairs as needed to help ambulation and mobility Monitoring and surgical intervention as needed for orthopedic complications, such as foot deformity and scoliosis cardiomyopathy A team approach to treatment is recommended including a neurologist , pulmonologist , cardiologist , orthopedic surgeon, physiatrist , physical/occupational/ speech therapist , nutritionist , orthopedist , mental health counselors, and geneticist / genetic counselor . [5] [6] While not a currently available treatment option, some studies have shown promising results with the use of gene therapy . More research is needed to prove the safety and efficacy of this treatment approach. [6] Management Guidelines The American Academy of Neurology (AAN), the medical specialty society of neurologists, offers a summary of recommended guidelines for Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy GeneReviews provides current, expert-authored, peer-reviewed, full-text articles describing the application of genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients with specific inherited conditions. Project OrphanAnesthesia is a project whose aim is to create peer-reviewed, readily accessible guidelines for patients with rare diseases and for the anesthesiologists caring for them. The project is a collaborative effort of the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Orphanet, the European Society of Pediatric Anesthesia, anesthetists and rare disease experts with the aim to contribute to patient safety.
| 792 | [
0.41259765625,
-0.1988525390625,
-0.6337890625,
1.140625,
-0.892578125,
-0.053497314453125,
0.1920166015625,
0.43798828125,
0.2452392578125,
0.07745361328125,
0.51025390625,
-0.431884765625,
0.33740234375,
-0.63916015625,
-0.61572265625,
0.467529296875,
-0.349609375,
-0.75732421875... | 78 |
Subcutaneous retrocalcaneal bursitis Haglund's deformity of the calcaneum. I have this problem. Can you please help to overcome this?
Your provider may recommend that you do the following: - Avoid activities that cause pain. - Put ice on the heel several times a day. - Take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen. - Try using over-the-counter or custom heel wedges in your shoe to help decrease stress on the heel. - Try ultrasound treatment during physical therapy to reduce inflammation. Have physical therapy to improve flexibility and strength around the ankle. The focus will be on stretching your Achilles tendon. This can help the bursitis improve and prevent it from coming back. If these treatments DO NOT work, your provider may inject a small amount of steroid medicine into the bursa. After the injection, you should avoid overstretching the tendon because it can break open (rupture). If the condition is connected to Achilles tendinitis, you may need to wear a cast on the ankle for several weeks. Very rarely, surgery may be needed to remove the inflamed bursa. This condition most often gets better in several weeks with the proper treatment. Call your provider if you have heel pain or symptoms of retrocalcaneal bursitis that DO NOT improve with rest. Things you can do to prevent the problem include: - Use proper form when exercising. - Maintain as good flexibility and strength around the ankle to help prevent this condition. - Stretch the Achilles tendon to help prevent injury. - Wear shoes with enough arch support to decrease the amount of stress on the tendon and inflammation in the bursa.
Bursitis of the heel: Bursitis of the heel is swelling of the fluid-filled sac (bursa) at the back of the heel bone. A bursa acts as a cushion and lubricant between tendons or muscles sliding over bone. There are bursas around most large joints in the body, including the ankle. The retrocalcaneal bursa is located in the back of the ankle by the heel. It is where the large Achilles tendon connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. Repeated or too much use of the ankle can cause this bursa to become irritated and inflamed. It may be caused by too much walking, running, or jumping. This condition is very often linked to Achilles tendinitis. Sometimes retrocalcaneal bursitis may be mistaken for Achilles tendinitis. Risks for this condition include: - Starting a very intense workout schedule - Suddenly increasing activity level without the right conditioning - Changes in activity level - History of arthritis that is caused by inflammation Symptoms include: - Pain in the heel, especially with walking, running, or when the area is touched - Pain may get worse when rising on the toes (standing on tiptoes) - Red, warm skin over the back of the heel Your health care provider will take a history to find out if you have symptoms of retrocalcaneal bursitis. An exam will be done to find the location of the pain. The provider will also look for tenderness and redness in the back of the heel. The pain may be worse when your ankle is bent upward (dorsiflex). Or, the pain may be worse when you rise on your toes. Most of the time, you will not need imaging studies such as x-ray and MRI at first. You may need these tests later if the first treatments DO NOT lead to improvement. Inflammation may show on a MRI. Your provider may recommend that you do the following: - Avoid activities that cause pain. - Put ice on the heel several times a day. - Take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen. - Try using over-the-counter or custom heel wedges in your shoe to help decrease stress on the heel. - Try ultrasound treatment during physical therapy to reduce inflammation. Have physical therapy to improve flexibility and strength around the ankle. The focus will be on stretching your Achilles tendon. This can help the bursitis improve and prevent it from coming back. If these treatments DO NOT work, your provider may inject a small amount of steroid medicine into the bursa. After the injection, you should avoid overstretching the tendon because it can break open (rupture). If the condition is connected to Achilles tendinitis, you may need to wear a cast on the ankle for several weeks. Very rarely, surgery may be needed to remove the inflamed bursa. This condition most often gets better in several weeks with the proper treatment. Call your provider if you have heel pain or symptoms of retrocalcaneal bursitis that DO NOT improve with rest. Things you can do to prevent the problem include: - Use proper form when exercising. - Maintain as good flexibility and strength around the ankle to help prevent this condition. - Stretch the Achilles tendon to help prevent injury. - Wear shoes with enough arch support to decrease the amount of stress on the tendon and inflammation in the bursa. Updated by: C. Benjamin Ma, MD, Assistant Professor, Chief, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, UCSF Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco, CA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
| 793 | [
-0.21875,
0.587890625,
0.0863037109375,
0.349609375,
-0.496826171875,
0.302490234375,
0.059906005859375,
0.46337890625,
0.5986328125,
0.33154296875,
1.0458984375,
-0.41357421875,
0.65234375,
-0.73583984375,
-0.52490234375,
0.67822265625,
-0.57470703125,
-1.19140625,
-0.595703125,... | 78 |
We have 14 siblings in our family , at least 10 of us has had a frozen shoulder. We are wondering why? should we be concerned?
A physical therapist can teach you exercises to recover mobility in your shoulder.
Frozen shoulder Overview Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a condition characterized by stiffness and pain in your shoulder joint. Signs and symptoms typically begin gradually, worsen over time and then resolve, usually within one to three years. Your risk of developing frozen shoulder increases if you're recovering from a medical condition or procedure that prevents you from moving your arm - such as a stroke or a mastectomy. Treatment for frozen shoulder involves range-of-motion exercises and, sometimes, corticosteroids and numbing medications injected into the joint capsule. In a small percentage of cases, arthroscopic surgery may be indicated to loosen the joint capsule so that it can move more freely. It's unusual for frozen shoulder to recur in the same shoulder, but some people can develop it in the opposite shoulder. Symptoms Frozen shoulder typically develops slowly, and in three stages. Each stage can last a number of months. - Freezing stage. Any movement of your shoulder causes pain, and your shoulder's range of motion starts to become limited. - Frozen stage. Pain may begin to diminish during this stage. However, your shoulder becomes stiffer, and using it becomes more difficult. - Thawing stage. The range of motion in your shoulder begins to improve. For some people, the pain worsens at night, sometimes disrupting sleep. Causes The bones, ligaments and tendons that make up your shoulder joint are encased in a capsule of connective tissue. Frozen shoulder occurs when this capsule thickens and tightens around the shoulder joint, restricting its movement. Doctors aren't sure why this happens to some people, although it's more likely to occur in people who have diabetes or those who recently had to immobilize their shoulder for a long period, such as after surgery or an arm fracture. Risk factors Certain factors may increase your risk of developing frozen shoulder. Age and sex People 40 and older, particularly women, are more likely to have frozen shoulder. Immobility or reduced mobility People who've had prolonged immobility or reduced mobility of the shoulder are at higher risk of developing frozen shoulder. Immobility may be the result of many factors, including: - Rotator cuff injury - Broken arm - Stroke - Recovery from surgery Systemic diseases People who have certain diseases appear more likely to develop frozen shoulder. Diseases that might increase risk include: - Diabetes - Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) - Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) - Cardiovascular disease - Tuberculosis - Parkinson's disease Diagnosis During the physical exam, your doctor may ask you to move in certain ways to check for pain and evaluate your range of motion (active range of motion). Your doctor might then ask you to relax your muscles while he or she moves your arm (passive range of motion). Frozen shoulder affects both active and passive range of motion. In some cases, your doctor might inject your shoulder with a numbing medicine (anesthetic) to determine your passive and active range of motion. Frozen shoulder can usually be diagnosed from signs and symptoms alone. But your doctor may suggest imaging tests - such as X-rays or an MRI - to rule out other problems. Treatment Most frozen shoulder treatment involves controlling shoulder pain and preserving as much range of motion in the shoulder as possible. Medications Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), can help reduce pain and inflammation associated with frozen shoulder. In some cases, your doctor may prescribe stronger pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory drugs. Therapy A physical therapist can teach you range-of-motion exercises to help recover as much mobility in your shoulder as possible. Your commitment to doing these exercises is important to optimize recovery of your mobility. Surgical and other procedures Most frozen shoulders get better on their own within 12 to 18 months. For persistent symptoms, your doctor may suggest: - Steroid injections. Injecting corticosteroids into your shoulder joint may help decrease pain and improve shoulder mobility, especially in the early stages of the process. - Joint distension. Injecting sterile water into the joint capsule can help stretch the tissue and make it easier to move the joint. - Shoulder manipulation. In this procedure, you receive a general anesthetic, so you'll be unconscious and feel no pain. Then the doctor moves your shoulder joint in different directions, to help loosen the tightened tissue. - Surgery. Surgery for frozen shoulder is rare, but if nothing else has helped, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove scar tissue and adhesions from inside your shoulder joint. Doctors usually perform this surgery with lighted, tubular instruments inserted through small incisions around your joint (arthroscopically). Lifestyle and home remedies Continue to use the involved shoulder and extremity as much as possible given your pain and range-of-motion limits. Applying heat or cold to your shoulder can help relieve pain. Alternative medicine Acupuncture Acupuncture involves inserting extremely fine needles in your skin at specific points on your body. Typically, the needles remain in place for 15 to 40 minutes. During that time they may be moved or manipulated. Because the needles are hair thin and flexible and are generally inserted superficially, most acupuncture treatments are relatively painless. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) A TENS unit delivers a tiny electrical current to key points on a nerve pathway. The current, delivered through electrodes taped to your skin, isn't painful or harmful. It's not known exactly how TENS works, but it's thought that it might stimulate the release of pain-inhibiting molecules (endorphins) or block pain fibers that carry pain impulses.
| 1,191 | [
-0.5546875,
-0.1368408203125,
-0.2822265625,
0.98486328125,
-0.10693359375,
-0.1976318359375,
0.037384033203125,
0.7763671875,
0.1767578125,
0.7626953125,
0.346923828125,
-0.3125,
0.11376953125,
-0.494873046875,
-0.1630859375,
0.88916015625,
-0.5849609375,
-0.85400390625,
-1.0205... | 78 |
We have 14 siblings in our family , at least 10 of us has had a frozen shoulder. We are wondering why? should we be concerned?
A physical therapist can teach you range-of-motion exercises to help recover as much mobility in your shoulder as possible. Your commitment to doing these exercises is important to optimize recovery of your mobility.
Frozen shoulder Overview Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a condition characterized by stiffness and pain in your shoulder joint. Signs and symptoms typically begin gradually, worsen over time and then resolve, usually within one to three years. Your risk of developing frozen shoulder increases if you're recovering from a medical condition or procedure that prevents you from moving your arm - such as a stroke or a mastectomy. Treatment for frozen shoulder involves range-of-motion exercises and, sometimes, corticosteroids and numbing medications injected into the joint capsule. In a small percentage of cases, arthroscopic surgery may be indicated to loosen the joint capsule so that it can move more freely. It's unusual for frozen shoulder to recur in the same shoulder, but some people can develop it in the opposite shoulder. Symptoms Frozen shoulder typically develops slowly, and in three stages. Each stage can last a number of months. - Freezing stage. Any movement of your shoulder causes pain, and your shoulder's range of motion starts to become limited. - Frozen stage. Pain may begin to diminish during this stage. However, your shoulder becomes stiffer, and using it becomes more difficult. - Thawing stage. The range of motion in your shoulder begins to improve. For some people, the pain worsens at night, sometimes disrupting sleep. Causes The bones, ligaments and tendons that make up your shoulder joint are encased in a capsule of connective tissue. Frozen shoulder occurs when this capsule thickens and tightens around the shoulder joint, restricting its movement. Doctors aren't sure why this happens to some people, although it's more likely to occur in people who have diabetes or those who recently had to immobilize their shoulder for a long period, such as after surgery or an arm fracture. Risk factors Certain factors may increase your risk of developing frozen shoulder. Age and sex People 40 and older, particularly women, are more likely to have frozen shoulder. Immobility or reduced mobility People who've had prolonged immobility or reduced mobility of the shoulder are at higher risk of developing frozen shoulder. Immobility may be the result of many factors, including: - Rotator cuff injury - Broken arm - Stroke - Recovery from surgery Systemic diseases People who have certain diseases appear more likely to develop frozen shoulder. Diseases that might increase risk include: - Diabetes - Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) - Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) - Cardiovascular disease - Tuberculosis - Parkinson's disease Diagnosis During the physical exam, your doctor may ask you to move in certain ways to check for pain and evaluate your range of motion (active range of motion). Your doctor might then ask you to relax your muscles while he or she moves your arm (passive range of motion). Frozen shoulder affects both active and passive range of motion. In some cases, your doctor might inject your shoulder with a numbing medicine (anesthetic) to determine your passive and active range of motion. Frozen shoulder can usually be diagnosed from signs and symptoms alone. But your doctor may suggest imaging tests - such as X-rays or an MRI - to rule out other problems. Treatment Most frozen shoulder treatment involves controlling shoulder pain and preserving as much range of motion in the shoulder as possible. Medications Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), can help reduce pain and inflammation associated with frozen shoulder. In some cases, your doctor may prescribe stronger pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory drugs. Therapy A physical therapist can teach you range-of-motion exercises to help recover as much mobility in your shoulder as possible. Your commitment to doing these exercises is important to optimize recovery of your mobility. Surgical and other procedures Most frozen shoulders get better on their own within 12 to 18 months. For persistent symptoms, your doctor may suggest: - Steroid injections. Injecting corticosteroids into your shoulder joint may help decrease pain and improve shoulder mobility, especially in the early stages of the process. - Joint distension. Injecting sterile water into the joint capsule can help stretch the tissue and make it easier to move the joint. - Shoulder manipulation. In this procedure, you receive a general anesthetic, so you'll be unconscious and feel no pain. Then the doctor moves your shoulder joint in different directions, to help loosen the tightened tissue. - Surgery. Surgery for frozen shoulder is rare, but if nothing else has helped, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove scar tissue and adhesions from inside your shoulder joint. Doctors usually perform this surgery with lighted, tubular instruments inserted through small incisions around your joint (arthroscopically). Lifestyle and home remedies Continue to use the involved shoulder and extremity as much as possible given your pain and range-of-motion limits. Applying heat or cold to your shoulder can help relieve pain. Alternative medicine Acupuncture Acupuncture involves inserting extremely fine needles in your skin at specific points on your body. Typically, the needles remain in place for 15 to 40 minutes. During that time they may be moved or manipulated. Because the needles are hair thin and flexible and are generally inserted superficially, most acupuncture treatments are relatively painless. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) A TENS unit delivers a tiny electrical current to key points on a nerve pathway. The current, delivered through electrodes taped to your skin, isn't painful or harmful. It's not known exactly how TENS works, but it's thought that it might stimulate the release of pain-inhibiting molecules (endorphins) or block pain fibers that carry pain impulses.
| 1,743 | [
-0.548828125,
-0.07391357421875,
-0.297119140625,
1.0322265625,
-0.1373291015625,
-0.249755859375,
0.036376953125,
0.79833984375,
0.157958984375,
0.85791015625,
0.395751953125,
-0.358154296875,
0.1910400390625,
-0.67529296875,
-0.1739501953125,
0.9794921875,
-0.587890625,
-0.871093... | 78 |
Subcutaneous retrocalcaneal bursitis Haglund's deformity of the calcaneum. I have this problem. Can you please help to overcome this?
Your provider may recommend that you do the following: - Avoid activities that cause pain. - Put ice on the heel several times a day. - Take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen. - Try using over-the-counter or custom heel wedges in your shoe to help decrease stress on the heel. - Try ultrasound treatment during physical therapy to reduce inflammation. Have physical therapy to improve flexibility and strength around the ankle. The focus will be on stretching your Achilles tendon. This can help the bursitis improve and prevent it from coming back. If these treatments DO NOT work, your provider may inject a small amount of steroid medicine into the bursa. After the injection, you should avoid overstretching the tendon because it can break open (rupture). If the condition is connected to Achilles tendinitis, you may need to wear a cast on the ankle for several weeks. Very rarely, surgery may be needed to remove the inflamed bursa. This condition most often gets better in several weeks with the proper treatment. Call your provider if you have heel pain or symptoms of retrocalcaneal bursitis that DO NOT improve with rest. Things you can do to prevent the problem include: - Use proper form when exercising. - Maintain as good flexibility and strength around the ankle to help prevent this condition. - Stretch the Achilles tendon to help prevent injury. - Wear shoes with enough arch support to decrease the amount of stress on the tendon and inflammation in the bursa.
Bursitis of the heel Insertional heel pain Retrocalcaneal bursitis Summary Bursitis of the heel is swelling of the fluid-filled sac (bursa) at the back of the heel bone. Causes A bursa acts as a cushion and lubricant between tendons or muscles sliding over bone. There are bursas around most large joints in the body, including the ankle. The retrocalcaneal bursa is located in the back of the ankle by the heel. It is where the large Achilles tendon connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. Repeated or too much use of the ankle can cause this bursa to become irritated and inflamed. It may be caused by too much walking, running, or jumping. This condition is very often linked to Achilles tendinitis. Sometimes retrocalcaneal bursitis may be mistaken for Achilles tendinitis. Risks for this condition include: Starting a very intense workout schedule Suddenly increasing activity level without the right conditioning Changes in activity level History of arthritis that is caused by inflammation Symptoms Symptoms include: Pain in the heel, especially with walking, running, or when the area is touched Pain may get worse when rising on the toes (standing on tiptoes) Red, warm skin over the back of the heel Exams and Tests Your health care provider will take a history to find out if you have symptoms of retrocalcaneal bursitis. An exam will be done to find the location of the pain. The provider will also look for tenderness and redness in the back of the heel. The pain may be worse when your ankle is bent upward (dorsiflex). Or, the pain may be worse when you rise on your toes. Most of the time, you will not need imaging studies such as x-ray and MRI at first. You may need these tests later if the first treatments DO NOT lead to improvement. Inflammation may show on a MRI. Treatment Your provider may recommend that you do the following: Avoid activities that cause pain. Put ice on the heel several times a day. Take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen. Try using over-the-counter or custom heel wedges in your shoe to help decrease stress on the heel. Try ultrasound treatment during physical therapy to reduce inflammation. Have physical therapy to improve flexibility and strength around the ankle. The focus will be on stretching your Achilles tendon. This can help the bursitis improve and prevent it from coming back. If these treatments DO NOT work, your provider may inject a small amount of steroid medicine into the bursa. After the injection, you should avoid overstretching the tendon because it can break open (rupture). If the condition is connected to Achilles tendinitis, you may need to wear a cast on the ankle for several weeks. Very rarely, surgery may be needed to remove the inflamed bursa. Outlook (Prognosis) This condition most often gets better in several weeks with the proper treatment. When to Contact a Medical Professional Call your provider if you have heel pain or symptoms of retrocalcaneal bursitis that DO NOT improve with rest. Prevention Things you can do to prevent the problem include: Use proper form when exercising. Maintain as good flexibility and strength around the ankle to help prevent this condition. Stretch the Achilles tendon to help prevent injury. Wear shoes with enough arch support to decrease the amount of stress on the tendon and inflammation in the bursa. Review Date 9/22/2016 Updated by: C. Benjamin Ma, MD, Assistant Professor, Chief, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, UCSF Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco, CA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
| 1,897 | [
-0.216552734375,
0.58984375,
0.1287841796875,
0.334228515625,
-0.51171875,
0.325927734375,
0.047393798828125,
0.471923828125,
0.623046875,
0.35546875,
1.0322265625,
-0.4140625,
0.60205078125,
-0.70556640625,
-0.5390625,
0.6572265625,
-0.55078125,
-1.203125,
-0.58740234375,
0.04... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The Still technique is a specific non-repetitive articulatory technique that is used in osteopathic medicine to diagnose and treat musculoskeletal conditions. It is characterized by an indirect, then direct approach, meaning that the practitioner first engages the restrictive barrier of the affected joint or tissue in an indirect manner, and then applies a direct force to correct the dysfunction. The Still technique is named after its founder, Dr. Andrew Taylor Still, who developed it as part of his overall approach to osteopathic medicine. The technique is believed to be effective in promoting the body's natural healing processes and restoring proper function to the musculoskeletal system.
What is the Still technique?
| 8,374 | [
-0.020111083984375,
0.2841796875,
-0.65283203125,
0.73046875,
-0.5302734375,
-0.5576171875,
0.1651611328125,
0.0213165283203125,
0.233154296875,
0.42919921875,
0.325927734375,
-0.21630859375,
0.1143798828125,
-0.304931640625,
-0.357421875,
0.319580078125,
-0.1297607421875,
-0.79443... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The sensitivity of an X-ray taken at the time of injury for detecting scaphoid fracture is low. This is because scaphoid fractures may not be visible on X-ray immediately after the injury, and it may take several days or weeks for the fracture line to become visible. In some cases, a scaphoid fracture may not be visible on X-ray at all and may require further imaging, such as MRI or CT scan, for diagnosis. Therefore, if a scaphoid fracture is suspected based on symptoms and physical examination, but X-ray appears normal, the patient may need to be immobilized and re-evaluated with repeat imaging or clinical follow-up.
What is the sensitivity of an X-ray taken at the time of injury for detecting scaphoid fracture?
| 10,590 | [
-0.0521240234375,
0.1925048828125,
-0.257568359375,
0.489501953125,
-0.91455078125,
-0.5244140625,
-0.258544921875,
0.14306640625,
0.2474365234375,
0.759765625,
0.7314453125,
-0.66455078125,
0.537109375,
-0.61083984375,
-0.66162109375,
0.615234375,
-0.30224609375,
-0.8525390625,
... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Stress fractures typically present with point tenderness upon palpation, whereas shin splints may present with diffuse tenderness along the tibia.
Between shin splints and stress fractures, which tibial pathology presents with point tenderness upon palpation?
| 11,272 | [
-0.079345703125,
0.1873779296875,
0.1912841796875,
0.587890625,
-1.2451171875,
-0.469970703125,
-0.177490234375,
0.051483154296875,
0.0250091552734375,
0.3515625,
0.15966796875,
-0.62255859375,
0.25390625,
-0.60498046875,
0.1695556640625,
0.263427734375,
-0.403076171875,
-0.4233398... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Stress fractures are more commonly found in underweight individuals than shin splints.
Between shin splints and stress fractures, which tibial pathology is more commonly found in underweight individuals?
| 11,275 | [
-0.07830810546875,
-0.23291015625,
0.1253662109375,
0.61572265625,
-0.939453125,
-0.15185546875,
-0.0153656005859375,
0.1796875,
-0.01053619384765625,
0.341064453125,
0.7705078125,
-0.89990234375,
0.2462158203125,
-1.044921875,
-0.00368499755859375,
0.34423828125,
-0.50341796875,
-... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The second metatarsal bone is the most commonly injured bone by stress fractures. Stress fractures are tiny cracks in the bone that develop over time due to repetitive stress or overuse. They are a common injury among athletes and runners, especially those who engage in high-impact activities such as jumping and running. The second metatarsal bone is particularly vulnerable to stress fractures because it is the longest and thinnest of the metatarsals, and it bears the most weight during activities such as running and jumping. Other metatarsals can also be affected by stress fractures, but the second metatarsal is the most frequently involved. Symptoms of a stress fracture in the second metatarsal can include pain, swelling, and tenderness on the top of the foot, which can worsen with activity and improve with rest.
Among the metatarsal bones, which one is most commonly affected by stress fractures?
| 11,908 | [
-0.086669921875,
-0.033966064453125,
-0.2626953125,
0.6796875,
-0.91845703125,
-0.1396484375,
-0.02294921875,
0.24755859375,
0.7578125,
0.12408447265625,
0.6357421875,
-0.68798828125,
0.7666015625,
-0.96923828125,
-0.546875,
0.505859375,
-0.4091796875,
-0.642578125,
-0.3132324218... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The fifth metatarsal bone has an increased risk of non-union following a stress fracture, which may require more aggressive treatment. A stress fracture is a common injury that can occur in any of the metatarsal bones, but the fifth metatarsal is particularly vulnerable due to its location and blood supply. The fifth metatarsal is divided into three zones, and stress fractures in the fifth metatarsal base (zone 2) have the highest risk of non-union. Non-union is a condition where the bone fails to heal properly, and it can result in chronic pain, deformity, and disability. Treatment for a stress fracture in the fifth metatarsal may include immobilization with a cast or walking boot, non-weight-bearing, or even surgery in severe cases. It is important to seek prompt medical attention if you suspect you have a stress fracture, as early treatment can help prevent complications and reduce the risk of non-union.
Among the metatarsal bones, which one has an increased risk of non-union following a stress fracture, requiring more aggressive treatment?
| 11,909 | [
0.00086212158203125,
-0.206298828125,
-0.697265625,
0.85400390625,
-1.0224609375,
-0.6826171875,
-0.0732421875,
0.377685546875,
0.484130859375,
0.381103515625,
0.8662109375,
-0.310302734375,
0.376953125,
-0.5126953125,
-0.154541015625,
0.0479736328125,
-0.51220703125,
-0.724609375,... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Osteoarthritis commonly affects the proximal interphalangeal joints (PIPs), distal interphalangeal joints (DIPs), and the first carpometacarpal joint (1st CMC) in the fingers and hands.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that can affect any joint in the body, including those in the fingers and hands. In osteoarthritis, the cartilage that cushions the joints wears away, leading to pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion.
In the fingers and hands, osteoarthritis commonly affects the PIPs, which are the joints between the middle and proximal phalanges of the fingers, and the DIPs, which are the joints between the distal and middle phalanges. The 1st CMC, which is the joint at the base of the thumb where it meets the wrist, is also commonly affected in osteoarthritis.
Symptoms of osteoarthritis in the fingers and hands can include pain, swelling, stiffness, and a decreased range of motion. In severe cases, bone spurs or deformities of the fingers and hands can develop. Treatment for osteoarthritis may include pain relief medications, physical therapy, and in some cases, surgery.
What finger/hand joints are commonly affected in osteoarthritis?
| 12,462 | [
0.203857421875,
0.316650390625,
-0.06646728515625,
0.333740234375,
-0.548828125,
-0.68603515625,
0.1357421875,
0.157470703125,
0.5830078125,
1.1181640625,
0.64501953125,
-0.1785888671875,
0.20361328125,
-0.82763671875,
-0.298828125,
0.580078125,
-0.058074951171875,
-0.93701171875,
... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
A meniscal tear is the knee injury that presents with acute onset of "catching/locking" sensation and reduced range of motion.
Which knee injury is characterized by acute onset of "catching/locking" sensation and reduced range of motion?
| 14,872 | [
-0.273193359375,
-0.2366943359375,
-0.3251953125,
0.490234375,
-0.76123046875,
-0.53564453125,
0.14990234375,
0.10125732421875,
0.58447265625,
0.74169921875,
0.84130859375,
-0.2423095703125,
0.30419921875,
-0.85498046875,
-0.6279296875,
0.77099609375,
-0.165283203125,
-0.6948242187... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The femoral head is the most common site for osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis). Osteonecrosis is a condition in which bone tissue dies due to a lack of blood supply. It can occur in any bone in the body, but the femoral head is the most commonly affected site. The femoral head is the top part of the thigh bone that connects to the hip socket. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head can lead to pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion in the hip joint. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, excessive alcohol consumption, and long-term use of corticosteroid medications. Treatment may involve medications to relieve pain, physical therapy, and surgery in more severe cases. The prognosis for osteonecrosis depends on the extent of the damage and the underlying cause of the condition.
In cases of osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis), which site is the most common location for occurrence?
| 16,298 | [
-0.403076171875,
0.058197021484375,
-0.293701171875,
0.8251953125,
-0.182373046875,
-0.501953125,
0.529296875,
0.6015625,
0.69482421875,
-0.0399169921875,
0.7275390625,
-0.7978515625,
0.371337890625,
-0.6279296875,
-0.5068359375,
0.11865234375,
-0.60595703125,
-0.8818359375,
-1.0... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
A common management approach for patients who are under 6 years old and have refractory Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is casting and bracing. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is a condition that affects the hip joint and occurs when blood flow to the femoral head (the rounded top of the thigh bone that fits into the hip socket) is disrupted, leading to bone death and collapse. Refractory Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease refers to cases that do not respond to initial treatment and continue to progress. Casting and bracing involve the use of a special device to immobilize the affected hip joint and promote healing. This approach can help to reduce pain and inflammation, prevent further damage to the joint, and improve the patient's overall function and mobility. Other treatment options may include non-weight-bearing exercises, physical therapy, and pain management. The specific treatment plan will depend on the patient's age, the severity of the disease, and other individual factors, and should be developed in consultation with a healthcare provider.
What is a common management approach for patients who are under 6 years old and have refractory Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease?
| 16,770 | [
0.01849365234375,
-0.2132568359375,
-0.421142578125,
0.8466796875,
-0.499267578125,
0.09283447265625,
0.402587890625,
0.313232421875,
0.482421875,
0.08599853515625,
0.67138671875,
-0.4619140625,
0.393310546875,
-0.5146484375,
-0.306640625,
0.459228515625,
-0.7978515625,
-0.74023437... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
A common management approach for patellofemoral pain syndrome during the recovery phase is physical therapy and strength training, which may include cycling. Patellofemoral pain syndrome is a condition that affects the knee joint and is characterized by pain and discomfort around the patella (kneecap). During the recovery phase, the focus of treatment is on restoring strength, flexibility, and range of motion to the affected knee. Physical therapy may involve a variety of exercises and techniques, such as stretching, strengthening, and balance training, to help improve muscle function and reduce pain. Cycling may be a useful form of exercise for patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome, as it is low-impact and can help to improve cardiovascular fitness without putting excessive stress on the knee joint. Other treatment options may include pain management, such as the use of ice or anti-inflammatory medications, and modifications to activity levels or footwear. The specific treatment plan will depend on the patient's individual needs and should be developed in consultation with a healthcare provider.
What is a common management approach for patellofemoral pain syndrome during the recovery phase?
| 16,771 | [
0.09130859375,
-0.08013916015625,
-0.442626953125,
0.9638671875,
-0.81298828125,
-0.1790771484375,
0.436279296875,
0.232177734375,
0.45556640625,
0.5537109375,
0.473388671875,
-0.0760498046875,
0.38134765625,
-0.59765625,
-0.69873046875,
0.441162109375,
-0.5263671875,
-0.91796875,
... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
A common management approach for older and/or mildly symptomatic patients with meniscal tears is rest and activity modification. Meniscal tears are a common knee injury that can occur as a result of trauma or degenerative changes in the knee joint. In older patients or those with mild symptoms, conservative management may be appropriate. This can involve rest and modification of activities that may exacerbate symptoms, such as running or jumping. This approach can help to reduce pain and inflammation in the affected knee and allow the tear to heal on its own. Other treatment options may include physical therapy to improve strength and flexibility in the knee joint, as well as pain management, such as the use of ice or anti-inflammatory medications. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or remove the damaged meniscus. The specific treatment plan will depend on the patient's individual needs and should be developed in consultation with a healthcare provider.
What is a common management approach for older and/or mildly symptomatic patients with meniscal tears?
| 16,772 | [
-0.039520263671875,
0.10687255859375,
-0.401123046875,
0.75244140625,
-0.63623046875,
-0.2047119140625,
0.27490234375,
0.147705078125,
0.74853515625,
0.4697265625,
0.41015625,
-0.13818359375,
0.419921875,
-0.75439453125,
-0.91748046875,
0.556640625,
-0.27490234375,
-0.798828125,
... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Musculoskeletal ultrasound is the recommended diagnostic test for a patient with a positive drop arm test. The drop arm test is a physical exam maneuver used to assess the integrity of the rotator cuff muscles in the shoulder. A positive test occurs when the patient is unable to maintain shoulder abduction after actively lifting the arm to 90 degrees. This can indicate a tear or other injury to the rotator cuff muscles. Musculoskeletal ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging test that can be used to evaluate the rotator cuff muscles and surrounding structures in real-time. It can provide detailed information about the size, location, and severity of any tears or other injuries. Other diagnostic tests such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans may also be used in some cases. The specific diagnostic approach will depend on various factors, such as the patient's age, overall health, and other medical conditions. It is important for patients with a positive drop arm test to receive appropriate medical evaluation and follow-up to prevent complications and improve their overall health outcomes.
What diagnostic test is recommended for a patient with a positive drop arm test?
| 16,796 | [
0.10333251953125,
0.12060546875,
-0.468017578125,
0.458984375,
-0.2861328125,
-0.1890869140625,
-0.264892578125,
0.4296875,
0.429443359375,
0.8349609375,
0.51611328125,
-0.261474609375,
0.373779296875,
-0.80419921875,
-0.80712890625,
0.818359375,
0.0251007080078125,
-0.380859375,
... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The recommended course of action is to monitor the patient with serial X-rays to rule out osteonecrosis of the proximal segment and non-union of the fracture.
What is the recommended course of action after immobilization with a cast for a non-displaced scaphoid fracture?
| 18,396 | [
0.0289459228515625,
-0.261474609375,
-0.939453125,
0.83251953125,
-0.74609375,
-0.58544921875,
0.0523681640625,
0.222412109375,
1.0244140625,
0.66162109375,
0.8173828125,
0.0853271484375,
0.77001953125,
-0.7138671875,
-0.57861328125,
0.6025390625,
-0.298095703125,
-1.423828125,
-... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
An MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is considered the best imaging modality for confirming a meniscal tear.
Which imaging modality is considered the best for confirming the presence of a meniscal tear?
| 18,596 | [
0.484130859375,
-0.223388671875,
-0.06573486328125,
0.218017578125,
-0.424072265625,
-0.4208984375,
0.283203125,
0.323486328125,
0.6884765625,
0.6865234375,
0.75390625,
-0.448974609375,
0.54443359375,
-0.6904296875,
-0.8125,
0.765625,
-0.10406494140625,
-0.61474609375,
-0.0788574... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The Anterior Inferior Tibiofibular Ligament (AITFL) is the most commonly sprained ligament in a high ankle sprain. A high ankle sprain is a type of ankle sprain that involves injury to the ligaments that connect the tibia and fibula bones in the lower leg. Unlike a traditional ankle sprain, which typically involves injury to the ligaments on the outside of the ankle, a high ankle sprain occurs when the ligaments between the tibia and fibula are stretched or torn. The AITFL is the ligament that is most commonly injured in a high ankle sprain, although other ligaments in the area can also be affected. Symptoms of a high ankle sprain can include pain, swelling, and difficulty bearing weight on the affected leg. Treatment may involve rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE), as well as physical therapy and in some cases, surgery.
Which specific ligament is commonly sprained in the most common type of high ankle sprain?
| 20,200 | [
-0.429443359375,
0.26171875,
-0.3095703125,
0.38818359375,
-0.380615234375,
-0.256591796875,
0.296630859375,
0.061279296875,
0.80517578125,
0.5185546875,
1.1484375,
-0.75537109375,
0.65380859375,
-1.1083984375,
-0.88134765625,
0.9765625,
-0.380126953125,
-0.87060546875,
-0.350830... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The different grades used to assess the motor response in the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) are: 6 - Obeys commands, 5 - Localizes pain stimulus, 4 - Withdraws from pain, 3 - Decorticate posture, 2 - Decerebrate posture, and 1 - No response.
What are the different grades used to assess the motor response in the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)?
| 21,416 | [
0.428955078125,
0.337890625,
0.24951171875,
0.10772705078125,
-1.1259765625,
-0.285888671875,
0.609375,
0.1851806640625,
-0.09893798828125,
0.71142578125,
0.6142578125,
0.2498779296875,
-0.2203369140625,
-1.1650390625,
-0.10601806640625,
0.5341796875,
-0.92626953125,
-0.81640625,
... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The posterior drawer test is performed to test for PCL injury, and the knee is typically positioned at a 90 degree angle during the test.
What is the purpose of performing the posterior drawer test, and at what angle is the knee typically positioned during the test?
| 21,618 | [
0.5390625,
-0.322265625,
-0.06646728515625,
0.62109375,
-0.68017578125,
-0.0262603759765625,
-0.2188720703125,
0.6142578125,
0.395263671875,
0.666015625,
0.6923828125,
-0.398193359375,
0.043212890625,
-0.515625,
-0.1827392578125,
0.994140625,
0.27197265625,
-0.306396484375,
-0.57... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The anterior drawer test is performed with the knee at a 90 degree angle to test for ACL injury.
What is the anterior drawer test and at what degree angle is the knee positioned during the test?
| 21,733 | [
0.09747314453125,
-0.05877685546875,
-0.265380859375,
0.62451171875,
-0.9482421875,
-0.1353759765625,
0.031280517578125,
0.418701171875,
0.320068359375,
0.779296875,
0.693359375,
-0.2281494140625,
-0.0648193359375,
-0.4619140625,
-0.273193359375,
0.7197265625,
0.1552734375,
-0.0617... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The Varus test is performed with the knee at a 30 degree angle while a medial (varus) force is applied.
What is the procedure for performing the Varus test and what force is applied during the test?
| 21,771 | [
0.1400146484375,
0.1842041015625,
-0.460693359375,
0.49365234375,
-0.87646484375,
0.03204345703125,
0.09368896484375,
0.273681640625,
0.0299072265625,
0.53955078125,
0.82763671875,
0.0303192138671875,
0.301025390625,
-0.82861328125,
-0.53564453125,
0.591796875,
-0.2359619140625,
-0... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The Valgus test is performed with the knee at a 30 degree angle while a lateral (valgus) force is applied.
What is the procedure for performing the Valgus test and what force is applied during the test?
| 21,772 | [
0.04754638671875,
0.1043701171875,
-0.49169921875,
0.685546875,
-1.0224609375,
-0.038482666015625,
-0.00534820556640625,
0.439453125,
-0.0158843994140625,
0.783203125,
0.65283203125,
0.27392578125,
0.16357421875,
-0.57373046875,
-0.260986328125,
0.9365234375,
-0.368896484375,
-0.20... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The Valgus test is most commonly used to identify MCL injury.
What is the most common use of the Valgus test and what type of injury does it identify?
| 21,773 | [
0.11163330078125,
-0.2978515625,
-0.3388671875,
1.1494140625,
-0.6416015625,
-0.25048828125,
-0.1480712890625,
0.1888427734375,
0.43212890625,
0.65869140625,
0.369384765625,
0.00647735595703125,
0.481689453125,
-1.23046875,
-0.4462890625,
0.81005859375,
-0.17919921875,
-0.719726562... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The anterior drawer test and lachman test are both orthopedic tests that are used to evaluate the stability of the knee joint. These tests are commonly used to assess for injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), which is a key stabilizing ligament in the knee. The anterior drawer test involves the examiner pulling the tibia forward while stabilizing the femur, while the lachman test involves the examiner pulling the tibia forward while stabilizing the femur with one hand and applying a slight upward pressure on the tibia with the other hand. These tests are useful in diagnosing ACL injuries, which can cause pain, swelling, and instability in the knee joint.
What are the anterior drawer test and lachman test, and what type of injury are they used to test for?
| 22,113 | [
0.299560546875,
0.207275390625,
0.26025390625,
0.76123046875,
-0.97314453125,
-0.26123046875,
-0.07427978515625,
0.460205078125,
0.5537109375,
0.60546875,
0.40478515625,
-0.55029296875,
-0.0948486328125,
-1.02734375,
-0.178955078125,
0.60693359375,
0.1524658203125,
-0.1790771484375... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The T score in DEXA scanning is a comparison of a patient's bone density to a young adult. DEXA scanning, also known as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, is a diagnostic test that measures bone mineral density. The T score is a standard deviation-based comparison of a patient's bone density to the mean bone density of a healthy young adult of the same sex. A T score of -1 or higher is considered normal, while a T score between -1 and -2.5 indicates osteopenia, a condition in which bone mineral density is lower than normal but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis. A T score of -2.5 or lower indicates osteoporosis, a condition in which bone mineral density is significantly reduced, leading to an increased risk of fractures. The T score is an important tool in the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis and other bone-related conditions.
In DEXA scanning, what is the T score a comparison of a patient's bone density to?
| 22,313 | [
0.34375,
0.0168304443359375,
0.21484375,
0.55517578125,
-0.72021484375,
0.05316162109375,
0.1910400390625,
0.08465576171875,
-0.2109375,
0.82568359375,
0.1290283203125,
-0.034576416015625,
0.5625,
-1.0810546875,
-0.69287109375,
0.6640625,
-0.486328125,
-0.42724609375,
-0.68896484... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The proximal radioulnar joint is stabilized by the annular ligament.
What structure stabilizes the proximal radioulnar joint?
| 22,537 | [
0.5859375,
0.18017578125,
-0.4365234375,
0.75390625,
0.0401611328125,
-0.319091796875,
-0.2490234375,
0.62890625,
0.2421875,
0.66845703125,
1.0947265625,
-0.1175537109375,
0.270751953125,
-0.765625,
-0.27197265625,
1.1943359375,
-0.1351318359375,
-0.64794921875,
-0.260009765625,
... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The purpose of the Ottawa Ankle Rules, a clinical decision model, is to determine whether or not an ankle injury needs an x-ray.
What is the purpose of the Ottawa Ankle Rules, a clinical decision model?
| 22,693 | [
0.314453125,
0.0258026123046875,
-0.06304931640625,
0.49365234375,
-0.619140625,
-0.37939453125,
-0.0254364013671875,
0.58935546875,
-0.0080413818359375,
0.89208984375,
0.427978515625,
-0.1776123046875,
0.57666015625,
-0.489501953125,
-0.66259765625,
0.84716796875,
-0.469970703125,
... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The iliotibial band is a fibrous band that originates from the iliac crest to the proximal tibia and provides lateral knee stability.
What is the origin and function of the iliotibial band?
| 23,198 | [
0.2156982421875,
-0.04046630859375,
-0.274169921875,
0.75,
-0.0985107421875,
0.04730224609375,
0.1505126953125,
0.74365234375,
1.076171875,
0.293212890625,
0.50341796875,
-0.2041015625,
0.026611328125,
-0.83740234375,
-0.4501953125,
0.88623046875,
-0.66748046875,
-0.7822265625,
-... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Significant degrees of angulation after a fracture in a child may not lead to permanent deformity. However, it may affect the healing process and cause functional deficits. Management may include immobilization, reduction, and surgical intervention if necessary, depending on the severity of the fracture and the degree of angulation.
What is the potential impact of significant degrees of angulation after a fracture in a child, and how can it be managed?
| 24,664 | [
0.0364990234375,
0.23876953125,
-0.50634765625,
0.79296875,
-0.84130859375,
-0.282470703125,
0.40625,
0.2978515625,
0.040802001953125,
0.193359375,
0.23974609375,
-0.0031757354736328125,
-0.10882568359375,
-0.79541015625,
-0.331298828125,
0.408203125,
-0.31787109375,
-0.48022460937... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Scar formation typically results in 70-80% of tensile strength regained by 3 months.
What percentage of tensile strength is typically regained in a scar by 3 months after formation?
| 24,995 | [
0.2288818359375,
0.423828125,
-0.364990234375,
0.2078857421875,
-0.853515625,
-0.306884765625,
0.0301513671875,
0.02886962890625,
0.337158203125,
0.58251953125,
0.5771484375,
-0.2430419921875,
-0.346923828125,
-1.25390625,
0.270263671875,
0.5068359375,
-0.1307373046875,
-0.57568359... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Refractory osteoarthritis is managed with surgery, specifically total knee arthroplasty.
What is the recommended management for refractory osteoarthritis?
| 25,411 | [
0.5283203125,
0.14306640625,
-0.9453125,
0.68310546875,
-0.43359375,
-0.33935546875,
-0.004390716552734375,
0.11981201171875,
0.405517578125,
0.48046875,
0.383544921875,
-0.0101470947265625,
0.2122802734375,
-0.52490234375,
-0.154052734375,
0.58544921875,
-0.3154296875,
-0.55371093... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Patients with scaphoid fractures should have their wrists immobilized, and serial X-rays should be taken to rule out osteonecrosis.
What is the recommended management for patients with scaphoid fractures, and what complication should be ruled out with serial X-rays?
| 26,719 | [
0.3095703125,
-0.11419677734375,
-0.70166015625,
0.490234375,
-0.476806640625,
-0.51611328125,
-0.167236328125,
0.406982421875,
0.8076171875,
0.388671875,
0.74853515625,
-0.341796875,
0.78564453125,
-0.6474609375,
-0.482421875,
0.6474609375,
-0.501953125,
-1.517578125,
-0.5859375... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Patients with septic arthritis of the knee should generally avoid bearing weight on the affected joint, as this can worsen the damage and lead to further complications.
Is it safe for patients with septic arthritis of the knee to bear weight, or should they avoid putting weight on the affected joint?
| 26,977 | [
-0.137939453125,
0.09033203125,
-0.68310546875,
0.77099609375,
-0.264404296875,
-0.0595703125,
0.34423828125,
0.689453125,
0.4501953125,
0.08984375,
0.5537109375,
-0.22119140625,
0.483154296875,
-0.89453125,
-0.265625,
0.4794921875,
-0.50537109375,
-1.3828125,
-1.1220703125,
-0... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) can also be used to evaluate rotator cuff tears.
What is another suitable method for assessing rotator cuff tears besides X-ray?
| 27,276 | [
-0.023651123046875,
-0.115966796875,
-0.286376953125,
0.032257080078125,
-0.5546875,
0.2919921875,
-0.705078125,
0.349853515625,
0.438720703125,
1.119140625,
0.76416015625,
-0.028472900390625,
0.580078125,
-0.6611328125,
-0.371826171875,
0.59716796875,
0.086669921875,
-0.669921875,... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Osteoporosis is defined with a DEXA scan T-score < -2.5.
What is the T-score threshold used to define osteoporosis in a DEXA scan?
| 27,298 | [
0.943359375,
0.173828125,
0.240234375,
0.5107421875,
-0.71728515625,
0.26025390625,
-0.0833740234375,
0.36962890625,
-0.1632080078125,
0.771484375,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.200927734375,
0.40087890625,
-0.93994140625,
-0.74169921875,
0.7685546875,
-0.31689453125,
-0.51513671875,
-0... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Joint stiffness in cases of osteoarthritis typically improves with rest.
What is the typical pattern of improvement for joint stiffness in cases of osteoarthritis?
| 27,355 | [
0.42626953125,
0.5234375,
-0.408935546875,
0.404296875,
-0.420654296875,
-0.6318359375,
0.266357421875,
0.3310546875,
0.7080078125,
0.935546875,
0.640625,
0.137939453125,
-0.293701171875,
-0.662109375,
0.0078277587890625,
0.31494140625,
-0.4345703125,
-0.8037109375,
-0.8056640625... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Yes, neonatal clavicular fractures usually heal rapidly.
Do neonatal clavicular fractures typically heal quickly?
| 28,250 | [
-0.309814453125,
-0.1207275390625,
-0.0517578125,
1.267578125,
-0.48828125,
-0.09808349609375,
0.0740966796875,
0.6708984375,
0.52734375,
0.09991455078125,
0.25146484375,
-0.23583984375,
0.1376953125,
-0.356689453125,
-0.369873046875,
0.443603515625,
-0.64501953125,
-0.77099609375,... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
An initial management option for knee osteoarthritis may include exercises to strengthen the quadriceps muscle.
What is an initial management option for knee osteoarthritis and what muscle may be targeted with exercises?
| 30,322 | [
0.364013671875,
0.1937255859375,
-0.464111328125,
0.474853515625,
-0.798828125,
-0.1466064453125,
0.33935546875,
0.399658203125,
0.966796875,
0.45361328125,
0.61962890625,
0.0005168914794921875,
-0.0014247894287109375,
-0.29345703125,
0.3701171875,
0.91455078125,
-0.65380859375,
-0... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
In scoliosis, a Cobb angle of 10-30 degrees is treated with clinical monitoring every 6 months.
What is the recommended course of action for scoliosis when the Cobb angle ranges from 10-30 degrees?
| 30,913 | [
0.39697265625,
0.3515625,
-0.8408203125,
0.6357421875,
-1.431640625,
0.05755615234375,
0.353759765625,
0.1910400390625,
0.370849609375,
0.908203125,
1.1142578125,
0.0038299560546875,
-0.263916015625,
-0.6181640625,
-0.40673828125,
0.767578125,
-0.82470703125,
-0.51318359375,
-0.8... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
In knee osteoarthritis, exercises to strengthen the quadriceps muscles can reduce abnormal loading on the joint and protect the articular cartilage from further stress.
How can exercises to strengthen the quadriceps muscles help in knee osteoarthritis?
| 31,103 | [
0.351318359375,
0.312255859375,
-0.00830841064453125,
0.8173828125,
-0.30859375,
-0.041015625,
0.315673828125,
0.352783203125,
0.71728515625,
0.845703125,
1.1298828125,
0.06201171875,
0.1025390625,
-0.837890625,
0.45703125,
0.6513671875,
-0.1463623046875,
-0.73974609375,
-1.11914... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
A greenstick fracture is a type of bone fracture that occurs most commonly in children, whose bones are more flexible than those of adults. In a greenstick fracture, the bone bends and cracks, but does not completely break. This is because the bone on the compression side of the bend remains intact, while the bone on the tension side fails and breaks. This type of fracture is different from other types of bone fractures, such as complete or displaced fractures, in which the bone breaks all the way through. Greenstick fractures are often treated with immobilization of the affected limb, such as with a cast or splint, to allow the bone to heal properly. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign the bone and ensure proper healing.
What is a greenstick fracture, and how does it differ from other types of bone fractures?
| 31,410 | [
-0.2298583984375,
-0.310791015625,
-0.55517578125,
0.884765625,
-0.1978759765625,
0.0894775390625,
0.2330322265625,
0.322998046875,
0.404052734375,
0.630859375,
0.382080078125,
-0.4970703125,
0.7236328125,
-1.07421875,
-0.87451171875,
0.82470703125,
-0.67919921875,
-0.39453125,
-... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
When a humerus fracture is complicated by an open wound, significant displacement of the bone, or damage to the surrounding nerves and blood vessels, it may be necessary to perform surgery to realign the bone and stabilize it with internal fixation. This procedure, known as open reduction internal fixation, involves making an incision to access the broken bone, repositioning it into its proper alignment, and securing it with screws, plates, or other hardware. This approach can help to promote healing, reduce pain and swelling, and restore function to the affected arm. In some cases, additional treatments such as physical therapy or medication may also be recommended to support the healing process and manage symptoms.
What is the recommended treatment for a humerus fracture that involves an open fracture, displacement, or neurovascular compromise?
| 31,952 | [
-0.6162109375,
-0.317138671875,
-0.70947265625,
0.65478515625,
-0.77685546875,
-0.2489013671875,
-0.198486328125,
0.401611328125,
0.275634765625,
0.5146484375,
0.424072265625,
-0.63623046875,
0.56298828125,
-0.95458984375,
-0.494873046875,
0.68408203125,
-0.63623046875,
-0.35205078... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Non-displaced scaphoid fractures can be managed with a thumb spica splint. This type of splint immobilizes the wrist and thumb while allowing for some finger movement, which can help reduce pain and promote healing. The splint should be worn continuously for several weeks, and the patient should avoid any activities that could put stress on the wrist or thumb. Follow-up imaging may be needed to monitor healing and determine if further treatment is necessary. In some cases, surgery may be required if the fracture does not heal properly or if there is a risk of long-term complications such as arthritis. It is important for patients with scaphoid fractures to work closely with their healthcare provider to ensure appropriate management and follow-up care.
What is the recommended management approach for non-displaced scaphoid fractures?
| 31,993 | [
-0.0919189453125,
0.11285400390625,
-0.939453125,
0.74951171875,
-0.880859375,
-0.258544921875,
0.144287109375,
0.07904052734375,
0.81591796875,
0.5869140625,
0.5634765625,
-0.471923828125,
0.2296142578125,
-0.5546875,
-0.66357421875,
0.60498046875,
-0.265625,
-0.94873046875,
-0.... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Displaced scaphoid fractures are typically managed with surgical intervention. This may involve the use of screws or other hardware to stabilize the fracture and promote healing. Surgery may be recommended for displaced fractures because they have a higher risk of non-union, which can lead to long-term complications such as arthritis. After surgery, the patient may need to wear a cast or splint for several weeks to allow for proper healing. It is important for patients with scaphoid fractures to work closely with their healthcare provider to ensure appropriate management and follow-up care.
What is the recommended management approach for displaced scaphoid fractures?
| 31,996 | [
-0.2005615234375,
-0.0660400390625,
-1.3525390625,
0.8544921875,
-1.025390625,
-0.24462890625,
-0.060943603515625,
0.0280609130859375,
0.8837890625,
0.58837890625,
0.62890625,
-0.51904296875,
0.36865234375,
-0.7451171875,
-0.43798828125,
0.7626953125,
-0.349365234375,
-0.9536132812... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
An avulsion fracture of the medial malleolus is the most common bone injury that occurs as a result of forced eversion of the ankle.
In cases of forced eversion of the ankle, which bone is most commonly affected by an avulsion fracture?
| 33,436 | [
-0.10296630859375,
0.393798828125,
-0.84130859375,
0.66455078125,
-0.98583984375,
-0.1312255859375,
-0.2379150390625,
0.220458984375,
0.8330078125,
0.39111328125,
0.59228515625,
-0.72802734375,
0.7412109375,
-1.271484375,
-1.03125,
0.71337890625,
-0.49365234375,
-0.7431640625,
-0... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Joint involvement in osteoarthritis is typically asymmetric.
Is joint involvement in osteoarthritis typically asymmetric or symmetric?
| 34,655 | [
0.658203125,
0.325439453125,
-0.52294921875,
0.281494140625,
-0.40625,
-0.1729736328125,
0.60205078125,
0.70263671875,
0.55517578125,
0.935546875,
0.51904296875,
0.11346435546875,
-0.07354736328125,
-0.66162109375,
0.13623046875,
0.5458984375,
-0.251220703125,
-0.2607421875,
-0.8... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The next step for a child with a fracture involving the growth plate may be ORIF, which stands for open reduction and internal fixation. This surgical procedure involves realigning the broken bone and using screws, plates, or rods to hold it in place while it heals. The goal of ORIF is to prevent stunted growth and other complications that can occur when the growth plate is damaged. However, the decision to perform ORIF depends on the severity and location of the fracture, as well as the child's age and overall health. Your child's doctor will determine the most appropriate treatment plan based on these factors.
What is the next step for a child with a fracture involving the growth plate?
| 36,564 | [
-0.356201171875,
-0.4404296875,
-0.61962890625,
0.82470703125,
-0.94677734375,
-0.55908203125,
-0.290283203125,
0.654296875,
0.5751953125,
0.347900390625,
0.16796875,
0.060211181640625,
0.0219573974609375,
-1.1318359375,
-0.474609375,
0.91748046875,
-0.436767578125,
-0.371337890625... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Ankle fractures with displacement of fragments are managed with ORIF (Open Reduction Internal Fixation).
What is the management approach for ankle fractures that involve displacement of fragments?
| 38,313 | [
-0.1151123046875,
-0.19384765625,
-1.146484375,
0.73828125,
-1.244140625,
-0.44189453125,
-0.2529296875,
0.52001953125,
0.76708984375,
0.492431640625,
0.041534423828125,
-0.16064453125,
0.3505859375,
-1.2099609375,
-0.7080078125,
0.68603515625,
-0.7021484375,
-0.2196044921875,
-0... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Adhesive capsulitis is associated with passive and active range of motion issues, while rotator cuff issues are associated with active range of motion issues.
What types of range of motion issues are associated with adhesive capsulitis and rotator cuff issues?
| 38,883 | [
-0.34765625,
-0.12152099609375,
-0.302001953125,
0.88427734375,
-0.07525634765625,
-0.0853271484375,
0.10382080078125,
0.255615234375,
0.295166015625,
1.119140625,
0.057891845703125,
-0.06494140625,
-0.138427734375,
-0.978515625,
-0.1636962890625,
0.89697265625,
-0.14013671875,
-0.... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
A greenstick fracture is a type of bone fracture that occurs when the bone bends and partially breaks, rather than completely fracturing. It is an incomplete fracture through the width of the bone that follows bending stress. This type of fracture is most commonly seen in children, whose bones are more flexible and less brittle than adult bones. The term "greenstick" refers to the fact that the bone appears to have the consistency of a green stick that has been bent, rather than a dry stick that snaps cleanly in two. Greenstick fractures can be difficult to diagnose, as they may not show up on X-rays or other imaging tests. Treatment for a greenstick fracture typically involves immobilizing the affected limb with a cast or splint, and allowing the bone to heal naturally over time. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign the bone and ensure proper healing.
What is a greenstick fracture and how does it occur?
| 39,407 | [
-0.37939453125,
-0.374267578125,
-0.45751953125,
1.0126953125,
-0.344970703125,
-0.026611328125,
0.3369140625,
0.450927734375,
0.267578125,
0.6591796875,
0.61376953125,
-0.458984375,
0.744140625,
-0.8779296875,
-0.9306640625,
1.08203125,
-0.75830078125,
-0.48291015625,
-0.4270019... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
A Salter-Harris type III fracture is characterized by a fracture of the distal tibial epiphysis and lateral physis. This type of fracture is a specific type of growth plate fracture that occurs in children and adolescents whose bones are still growing. The Salter-Harris classification system is used to describe the different types of growth plate fractures, and a type III fracture occurs when the growth plate is partially or completely separated from the bone. In a type III fracture, the bone is broken in a way that involves the growth plate and the joint surface. Treatment for a Salter-Harris type III fracture may involve immobilization with a cast or brace, or surgery in more severe cases. It is important to seek prompt medical attention for any suspected fracture, especially in children and adolescents, to ensure proper healing and prevent long-term complications.
What bones are affected in a Salter-Harris type III fracture?
| 39,483 | [
-0.1268310546875,
0.0670166015625,
-0.05059814453125,
0.693359375,
-0.4580078125,
-0.306396484375,
0.0771484375,
0.350830078125,
0.404052734375,
0.352294921875,
-0.1822509765625,
-0.2076416015625,
0.30126953125,
-1.2265625,
-0.68701171875,
0.457763671875,
-0.55224609375,
-0.5844726... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Bone grafts are used to:
Fuse joints to prevent movement Repair bone loss from broken bones (fractures) or cancers Repair injured bone that has not healed
Why is a bone graft performed?
| 45,859 | [
0.6982421875,
-0.2384033203125,
-0.389892578125,
0.904296875,
-0.517578125,
-0.61279296875,
-0.11871337890625,
0.478515625,
0.974609375,
0.35498046875,
0.53466796875,
-0.290283203125,
0.76171875,
-0.57275390625,
-0.446044921875,
0.9755859375,
-0.334228515625,
-0.67724609375,
-0.2... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Outlook for a bone graft is very good. Most bone grafts help the bone defect to heal with little risk of graft rejection.
What to expect if I have Bone grafting (Outlook/Prognosis)?
| 45,860 | [
0.39794921875,
-0.1431884765625,
-0.64892578125,
0.49951171875,
-1.22265625,
-0.24072265625,
0.254638671875,
0.90234375,
0.9091796875,
0.52294921875,
0.5595703125,
-0.697265625,
0.0833740234375,
-0.02862548828125,
-0.728515625,
0.397705078125,
-0.399169921875,
-0.75439453125,
-0.... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Practitioners and advocates of alternative therapies often recommend eye exercises and relaxation techniques such as the Bates method. However, the efficacy of these practices is disputed by scientists and eye care practitioners. A 2005 review of scientific papers on the subject concluded that there was "no clear scientific evidence" that eye exercises were effective in treating myopia.
In the eighties and nineties, there was a flurry of interest in biofeedback as a possible treatment for myopia. A 1997 review of this biofeedback research concluded that "controlled studies to validate such methods... have been rare and contradictory." It was found in one study that myopes could improve their visual acuity with biofeedback training, but that this improvement was "instrument-specific" and did not generalise to other measures or situations. In another study an "improvement" in visual acuity was found but the authors concluded that this could be a result of subjects learning the task Finally, in an evaluation of a training system designed to improve acuity, "no significant difference was found between the control and experimental subjects"
Various methods have been employed in an attempt to decrease the progression of myopia. Altering the use of eyeglasses between full-time, part-time, and not at all does not appear to alter myopia progression. Bifocal and progressive lenses have not shown significant differences in altering the progression of myopia.
What is the management of myopia?
| 45,985 | [
0.5322265625,
-0.21826171875,
-0.34228515625,
0.50927734375,
-1.2255859375,
-0.055389404296875,
-0.27783203125,
0.403076171875,
0.05279541015625,
0.65771484375,
0.52685546875,
-0.2259521484375,
0.497314453125,
-0.89013671875,
-0.2034912109375,
0.0025730133056640625,
-0.18701171875,
... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Immediate stabilization of patients is the first step. Then the radial fracture and the DRUJ stabilization is recommended in these cases. Open forearm fractures considered as a surgical emergency. Humerus fracture occurs in younger patients who are skeletally immature; the normally they treated using a closed reduction and casting. Since closed reduction and cast application have led to unsatisfactory results. Then, Almost always the open reduction are necessary for the Humerus fracture. There are controversies regarding the indications for intramedullary nailing of forearm fractures.
What kind of injury is classified as an avulsion fracture?
| 46,104 | [
-0.5732421875,
-0.2481689453125,
-0.264404296875,
0.12322998046875,
-0.63916015625,
-0.10858154296875,
0.061614990234375,
0.1419677734375,
0.167236328125,
0.61865234375,
0.5791015625,
-0.486083984375,
0.7841796875,
-0.79296875,
-0.51318359375,
0.91650390625,
-0.64208984375,
-0.3134... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The Pilon fracture may be classified based on the exact location of fracture:
AO/OTA classification for the distal tibial Fracture:
According to Pilon, what is a fracture?
| 47,466 | [
0.284912109375,
0.2498779296875,
-0.61376953125,
0.09857177734375,
-0.7333984375,
-0.53515625,
0.07720947265625,
0.0838623046875,
0.8037109375,
0.58154296875,
0.7236328125,
0.1517333984375,
0.353515625,
-0.759765625,
-0.5859375,
0.42236328125,
-0.08111572265625,
-0.27880859375,
-... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
CT-scan in the case of the Humerus fractureis the best modality if you can not have an exclusive diagnosis by X-ray itself can not be made.
The oblique fracture through the capitellum is clearly demonstrated on the CT. Comminuted T- condylar fracture of the left distal humerus is noted with intra-articular extension. Posterior displacement of the distal fragment is seen in the sagittal plane; with mild lateral/valgus displacement and rotation is noted in the coronal plane. No radial or ulnar fracture is noted.Soft tissue swelling is noted around the elbow. Mild joint effusion with likely lipohemarthrosis. Comminuted T- condylar fracture of the left distal humerus is noted with intra-articular extension. Posterior displacement of the distal fragment is seen in the sagittal plane; with mild lateral/valgus displacement and rotation is noted in the coronal plane. No radial or ulnar fracture is noted.Soft tissue swelling is noted around the elbow. Mild joint effusion with likely lipohemarthrosis. Comminuted T- condylar fracture of the left distal humerus is noted with intra-articular extension. Posterior displacement of the distal fragment is seen in the sagittal plane; with mild lateral/valgus displacement and rotation is noted in the coronal plane. No radial or ulnar fracture is noted.Soft tissue swelling is noted around the elbow. Mild joint effusion with likely lipohemarthrosis. Comminuted T- condylar fracture of the left distal humerus is noted with intra-articular extension. Posterior displacement of the distal fragment is seen in the sagittal plane; with mild lateral/valgus displacement and rotation is noted in the coronal plane. No radial or ulnar fracture is noted.Soft tissue swelling is noted around the elbow. Mild joint effusion with likely lipohemarthrosis. Comminuted T- condylar fracture of the left distal humerus is noted with intra-articular extension. Posterior displacement of the distal fragment is seen in the sagittal plane; with mild lateral/valgus displacement and rotation is noted in the coronal plane. No radial or ulnar fracture is noted.Soft tissue swelling is noted around the elbow. Mild joint effusion with likely lipohemarthrosis. Comminuted T- condylar fracture of the left distal humerus is noted with intra-articular extension. Posterior displacement of the distal fragment is seen in the sagittal plane; with mild lateral/valgus displacement and rotation is noted in the coronal plane. No radial or ulnar fracture is noted.Soft tissue swelling is noted around the elbow. Mild joint effusion with likely lipohemarthrosis. Comminuted T- condylar fracture of the left distal humerus is noted with intra-articular extension. Posterior displacement of the distal fragment is seen in the sagittal plane; with mild lateral/valgus displacement and rotation is noted in the coronal plane. No radial or ulnar fracture is noted.Soft tissue swelling is noted around the elbow. Mild joint effusion with likely lipohemarthrosis. Displaced intercondylar fracture extending from the medial distal metaphysis into the trochlea with an intra-articular gap of 3 mm showing tiny interposed bone fragments. Displaced intercondylar fracture extending from the medial distal metaphysis into the trochlea with an intra-articular gap of 3 mm showing tiny interposed bone fragments.
What type of fracture is a distal humerus fracture?
| 47,733 | [
-0.09564208984375,
-0.2332763671875,
-0.0128631591796875,
0.4296875,
-0.491943359375,
-0.260498046875,
0.5029296875,
0.1348876953125,
0.255126953125,
0.76513671875,
0.5888671875,
-0.5146484375,
0.69677734375,
-0.990234375,
-0.705078125,
0.312744140625,
-0.204345703125,
-0.475585937... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
There are six main components of the TMJ.
Mandibular condyles Articular surface of the temporal bone Capsule Articular disc Ligaments Lateral pterygoid
The capsule is a fibrous membrane that surrounds the joint and incorporates the articular eminance. It attaches to the articular eminance, the articular disc and the neck of the mandibular condyle.
The articular disc is a fibrous extension of the capsule in between the two bones of the joint. The disk functions as articular surfaces against both the temporal bone and the condyles and divides the joint into two sections, as described in more detail below. It is biconcave in structure and attaches to the condyle medially and laterally. The anterior portion of the disc splits in the vertical dimension, coincident with the insertion of the superior head of the lateral pterygoid. The posterior portion also splits in the vertical dimension, and the area between the split continues posteriorly and is referred to as the retrodiscal tissue. Unlike the disc itself, this piece of connective tissue is vascular and innervated, and in some cases of anterior disc displacement, the pain felt during movement of the mandible is due to the condyle pressing on this area.
There are three ligaments associated with the TMJ: one major and two minor ligaments.
The major ligament, the temporomandibular ligament, is really the thickened lateral portion of the capsule, and it has two parts: an outer oblique portion (OOP) and an inner horizontal portion (IHP).
The minor ligaments, the stylomandibular and sphenomandibular ligaments are accessory and are not directly attached to any part of the joint. The stylomandibular ligament separates the infratemporal region (anterior) from the parotid region (posterior), and runs from the styloid process to the angle of the mandible. The sphenomandibular ligament runs from the spine of the sphenoid bone to the lingula of the mandible.
These ligaments are important in that they define the border movements, or in other words, the farthest extents of movements, of the mandible. However, movements of the mandible made past the extents functionally allowed by the muscular attachments will result in painful stimuli, and thus, movements past these more limited borders are rarely achieved in normal function.
What is the Temporomandibular joint?
| 47,920 | [
-0.186767578125,
0.0904541015625,
-0.2420654296875,
0.4072265625,
0.0977783203125,
-0.398193359375,
-0.1768798828125,
0.205322265625,
0.54248046875,
0.69921875,
0.505859375,
-0.181640625,
0.1480712890625,
-0.69580078125,
-0.211181640625,
0.8291015625,
0.083740234375,
-0.85302734375... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Fractional Laser resurfacing is a procedure which wounds the skin using microscopic pulses of light to wound the skin. Over the course of several treatments scars are softened as the body regenerates the areas of microthermal wounding. Several lasers are now on the market such as the Fraxel Laser, Affirm Laser, and Pixel Laser.
Laser resurfacing is a technique used during laser surgery wherein molecular bonds of a material are dissolved by a laser.
What are some treatments available for treating acne scars?
| 48,325 | [
0.1383056640625,
-0.330322265625,
-0.6025390625,
0.56787109375,
-0.491943359375,
-0.380859375,
-0.580078125,
-0.58154296875,
0.153564453125,
0.841796875,
0.8125,
-0.485595703125,
0.432861328125,
-1.060546875,
-0.013763427734375,
0.6630859375,
-0.59423828125,
-0.63232421875,
-0.57... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Incidence of septic arthritis approximately varies between 2 to 10 cases per 100,000 per year in the general population. Incidence of septic arthritis in patients with history of rheumatoid arthritis and patients with joint prostheses is ~30–70 cases per 100,000 per year. Incidence of septic arthritis in patients with joint prostheses is 40-68 cases per 100,000 per year. The case-fatality rate of septic arthritis is estimated to be 10-25%. Even after survival from septic arthritis, 25-50% of the patients suffer from irreversible loss of joint function.
Can you provide a summary of Septic arthritis?
| 48,582 | [
-0.19287109375,
0.6640625,
-0.8896484375,
0.462158203125,
-0.599609375,
-0.56884765625,
-0.392333984375,
0.413330078125,
0.419921875,
0.9033203125,
0.734375,
-0.2548828125,
0.057861328125,
-0.0287628173828125,
-0.50341796875,
0.791015625,
-0.460205078125,
-1.0302734375,
-0.768554... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
In 1863, Foucher JT was the first person who described the injuries affecting the epiphyseal plate.
In 1895, Poland J, classified the injuries affecting the epiphyseal plat into the four types.
In 1936, Aitken AP, defined the specific differences of different types of physes based on their differences in: structure, location, weightbearing status, and susceptibility to injury.
In 1963, two Canadian orthopaedic surgeons, Robert B. Salter (1924–2010) and W. Robert Harris (1922–2005), introduced a physeal fracture classification system according to the anatomy, fracture pattern, and prognosis of bone fracture.
Then, various researchers and physicians tried to expanded the original work of Salter and Harris in order to make it to be to be more comprehensive:
In 1968, Rang M, added a different sixth type of physeal injuries describing the caused damage to the perichondral ring due to the direct open injuries to the affected bone.
In 1981, Ogden JA, described nine types of injuries such as injuries affecting the developing bone’s other growth mechanisms.
What is the classification system called Salter-Harris known for?
| 48,683 | [
-0.2529296875,
-0.056243896484375,
0.1104736328125,
0.15869140625,
-0.60400390625,
0.1390380859375,
-0.0703125,
0.367431640625,
0.6953125,
0.049530029296875,
-0.13232421875,
-0.52783203125,
0.416015625,
-0.939453125,
-0.57666015625,
0.244384765625,
-0.6865234375,
-0.381103515625,
... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Fracture of Proximal Phalanx of Great Toe – nondisplaced Buddy tape the toe to adjacent toe Stiff shoes or a short-leg walking cast for 2 weeks Fracture of Lesser Toes – nondisplaced Buddy tape the toe to adjacent larger toe with cotton placed in toe web Wide toe-box shoes until healed Fracture of Metatarsals 1-4 – nondisplaced Ice, elevation, analgesia Short-leg walking cast for fractures of metatarsals 2-4 First metatarsal fractures requires non-weightbearing casting for 2-3 weeks, then short-leg walking cast for 2-3 weeks more (total immobilization ~5 weeks) Fracture of 5th Metatarsal Dancer’s Fracture Short-leg walking cast Immobilization for 3-4 weeks to allow tendon reattachment Jones’ Fracture Bulky Jones dressing for 24-36 hours; no weightbearing Then short-leg walking cast for 3-4 weeks Transverse Fracture of Shaft Short-leg walking cast; at risk for nonunion despite immobilization Calcaneal Fracture – extra-articular Strict bedrest for 5-6 days with leg elevation (reduce swelling) Jones compression dressing for 2-3 days Short-leg walking cast Non-weightbearing ambulation only (crutches) until union seen on follw-up X-rays – usually takes weeks Gradual resumption of weightbearing thereafter Ligament Strain For the first 72 hours "ICE": ice, compression and elevation Range of Motion Depending upon the severity of the strain, reduced activity to non weight bearing for 4-6 weeks Use of a splint prn Ankle and foot intrinsic strengthening and balance exercises
Great Toe Hallux Valgus (bunion) Cotton or rubber spacer between 1st and 2nd toes Wide-toe-box shoes Felt ring or bunion shield to protect medial joint from shoe irritation Ice to side/top of toe for pain relief +/- nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), elevation during flare Steroid injection (periarticular) at 4-6 weeks if above measures fail Podiatry/ortho referral for chronic cases (palliative bunionectomy) Adventitial Bursitis Wide-toe-box shoes Felt ring or bunion shield over medial aspect of joint Consider steroid injection for pain relief after rule out infection (caution in diabetic (DM) patients) NSAIDs often ineffective Gout (podagra) Ice, elevation, NSAIDs, +/- colchicine or prednisone taper Joint aspiration prone to confirm diagnosis and rule out infection Steroid injection (periarticular) if other treatment contraindicated Sesamoid Disorders Stiff-soled, low-heeled shoe with soft innersole – reduce stress on sesamoids Orthotics if above measures inadequate If sesamoid fracture, short-leg walking cast for 3-4 weeks, then stiff shoes Forefoot Metatarsalgia Soft innersoles, molded shoes, or metatarsal bars to disperse weight from MT Surgery needed in some cases, e.g. metatarsal head resection in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Morton’s Neuroma Wide-toe-box shoes Soft, padded insoles with cotton or rubber spacer between involved toes Nerve block NSAIDs often ineffective Steroid injection may be beneficial if no relief with above measures Surgical neurectomy if above fails – may cause permanent toe numbness Metatarsal Stress Fracture Wide-toe-box shoes (decrease medial/lateral pressure) Padded insoles, walking with shortened stride to reduce impact Restricted weightbearing (standing/walking) till pain much improved Short-leg walking cast if persistent symptoms Hindfoot – plantar region Plantar Fasciitis Padded arch supports, weight loss if obese Soft heel pads or heel cups may relieve pain Ice to heel, massage of heel with tennis ball or frozen water bottle Achilles tendon stretching exercises NSAIDs may have limited benefit (2-3 week course) Steroid injection along plantar fascia can provide short-term relief Judicious use of injections given risk heel pad atrophy and fascial rupture Short-leg walking cast for 4-8 weeks may be beneficial Percutaneous Tenotomy for recalcitrant cases{{Diagnostic musculoskeletal ultrasound Open surgery rarely indicated Infracalcaneal Bursitis Ice, massage, NSAIDs Soft heel pad or heel cup to reduce impact Calcaneal Periostitis NSAIDs, heel lifts, treat any underlying inflammatory conditions Calcaneal Spurs Rarely requires treatment; consider heel pad or custom orthotic Surgery if painful spur palpable beneath heel pad Heel Pad Syndrome Ice during acute phase Rubber heel cups or padded arch supports worn for 1-2 weeks Limited weight bearing during first few days (crutches if needed) Avoidance of hard surfaces Ankle ROM and Achilles tendon stretching exercises during recovery Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Cushioned soles, arch supports; orthoses if significant pronation NSAIDs Steroid injection with variable response Nerve blocks can be helpful Surgery may be beneficial, especially if anatomic deformity, e.g. ganglion Ligament Strain Ankle and foot intrinsic strengthening exercises Balance exercises Therapeutic modalities Orthotics Prolotherapy Hindfoot – posterior region Achilles Tendinitis Crutches/non-weightbearing for 7-10 days if severe, acute symptoms +/- Short-leg walking cast or air cast for moderate/severe cases Ice +/- NSAIDs (3-4 week course) Daily gentle stretching in dorsiflexion after acute symptoms to improve Padded heel cups or heel lift; double socks to decrease friction over tendon Vigorous stretches (goal 30° painless dorsiflexion) 3-4 weeks after symptoms resolve Local injection with either steriod, Prolotherapy Persistent tendinitis requires ortho referral (may need surgery) Achilles Tendon Rupture Orthopedics referral Posterior Tibial Tenosynovitis Correct ankle pronation with arch supports or high top shoes Correct pes planus with arch supports Limit standing and walking; use Velcro pull-on ankle brace Ice +/- NSAID (4 week course) Persistent symptoms may require injection, rigid immobilization Ankle stretching exercises during recovery phase Local injection with either steriod or Prolotherapy Retrocalcaneal Bursitis Restriction of repetitive ankle motion (jogging, stair-climbing) Ice, NSAIDs, elevation Avoidance of high heels Padded heel cups, shortened walking stride +/- High top shoes or velcro ankle brace to control heel motion Steroid injection can be very effective Achilles tendon stretching exercises during recovery phase Pre-Achilles Bursitis Padded heel cups, double socks or felt ring to decrease heel friction Avoidance of rigid-backed shoes; shortened walking/running stride Ice for analgesia Injection + immobilization (air or walking cast) for severe/recurrent cases Achilles tendon stretching exercises Ligament Strain Ankle and foot intrinsic strengthening exercises Balance exercises Therapeutic modalities Orthotics Prolotherapy
What are the foot-related problems within the musculoskeletal system?
| 49,473 | [
0.38525390625,
0.64794921875,
-0.2095947265625,
0.58642578125,
-0.89990234375,
-0.126708984375,
0.1329345703125,
0.60888671875,
0.70068359375,
0.416259765625,
0.7763671875,
-0.39111328125,
0.76611328125,
-0.89501953125,
-0.43115234375,
0.70849609375,
-0.4482421875,
-0.9638671875,
... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Foot therapy has been studied as part of a broader intervention to improve multiple diabetic measures .
What is comprehensive therapy for diabetic foot?
| 49,592 | [
0.55615234375,
0.5068359375,
-0.8447265625,
0.48291015625,
-0.69580078125,
-0.22705078125,
0.38623046875,
0.1961669921875,
0.320068359375,
0.275634765625,
0.68115234375,
0.040802001953125,
0.74658203125,
-0.7275390625,
-0.1888427734375,
0.0672607421875,
-0.44873046875,
-0.504394531... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The injuries of the ball-and-socket shoulder joint considered as the Distal humerus fracture. It is more common among the elderly population following a low energy trauma such as falling. Meanwhile, A few people experience the axillary nerve damage such as reduced sensation around the middle deltoid and/or axillary artery involvement.
In the orthopedic medicine its important to know that the forearm fracture should be evaluated using radiography for both confirming diagnosis and also for evaluating the surrounding tissues. Other injuries such as possible shoulder fracture-dislocation; radial head or coronoid fractures or lateral collateral ligament injury. If the mechanism of injury suggests particularly low energy then the Osteoporosis should be considered. The pathological Fractures occurring in a bone with a tumor or Paget's disease) are rare but possible. Also it should be noted that the both bone fractures can be complicated by acute compartment syndrome of the forearm. Signs suggesting compartment syndrome are pain on extension of digits, and marked edema. As another important fact in orthopedic fracture is if both-bone fractures were found in pediatric which is common after accidental trauma, but it may also be the due to the of child abuse; and in these cases a careful attention and evaluation should be considered if a child abuse is suspected Differential Diagnoses for the Distal humerus fracture:
Elbow Fracture Elbow Dislocation
What does the term "avulsion fracture" mean?
| 49,858 | [
-0.137939453125,
-0.2235107421875,
-0.32421875,
0.8017578125,
-0.607421875,
-0.6298828125,
0.255126953125,
-0.039093017578125,
0.63134765625,
0.88671875,
0.52001953125,
-0.4287109375,
0.30615234375,
-0.74560546875,
-0.712890625,
0.78564453125,
-0.319580078125,
-0.5390625,
-0.2949... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
There can be one or more joints made of different materials in the tips of guidewires. The number of joints and the nature of the joints can influence the clinical performance of the wires. These joints can serve as hinge points and bend during guidewire passage.
Do you have any tips for using Guidewire?
| 50,019 | [
0.392578125,
0.08441162109375,
-0.6455078125,
1.0361328125,
-0.650390625,
-0.2432861328125,
0.19140625,
0.5556640625,
0.69189453125,
0.8544921875,
0.81396484375,
0.138427734375,
0.034515380859375,
-0.90966796875,
-0.419677734375,
0.84765625,
-0.5,
-0.65234375,
-0.86572265625,
0... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The Distal humerus fracture is caused by a fall on the outstretched hands. The form and severity of this fracture depends on the position of the shoulder joint at the moment of hitting the ground. The width of this mentioned angle affects the localization of the fracture. Pronation, supination and abduction positions leads the direction of the force and the compression of carpus and different appearances of injury.
Its known that the Distal humerus fracture in normal healthy adults can be caused due to the high-energy trauma (e.g., motor vehicle accidents), sport related injuries, falling from height. But it should be noted that the most important Risk factors for insufficiency fractures is chronic metabolic disease such as steoporosis, osteopenia, eating-disordered behavior, higher age, prolonged corticosteroid usage, female gender, lower BMI, history of a recent falling, and prior fracture.
The pattern of bone fracture and severity of injury depends on variety of factors such as: Patients age Patients Weight Patients past medical history specifically any bone diseases affecting the quality of bone (such as osteoporosis, malignancies) Energy of trauma Bone quality Position of the specific organ during the trauma The below-mentioned processes cause decreased bone mass density: Autophagy is the mechanism through which osteocytes evade oxidative stress. The capability of autophagy in cells decreases as they age, a major factor of aging. As osteocytes grow, viability of cells decrease thereby decreasing the bone mass density.
Can you explain what an avulsion fracture is?
| 50,100 | [
-0.5615234375,
-0.031402587890625,
-0.1199951171875,
0.64892578125,
-0.57861328125,
0.0755615234375,
0.273193359375,
0.59423828125,
0.298095703125,
0.865234375,
0.48291015625,
-0.7021484375,
0.73583984375,
-0.822265625,
-0.6806640625,
0.841796875,
0.004474639892578125,
-0.355224609... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The Gartland classification of supracondylar fractures of the humerus Type I no displacement or minimally displaced Ia: undisplaced in both projections Ib: minimal displacement, medial cortical buckle, capitellum remains intersected by anterior humeral line Supracondylar fracture: Gartland classification Type II displaced but with intact cortex IIa: posterior angulation with intact posterior cortex; anterior humeral line does not intersect capitellum IIb: rotatory or straight displacement but fracture remains in contact Type III completely displaced IIIa: complete posterior displacement with no cortical contact IIIb: complete displacement with soft tissue gap (i.e. bone ends held apart by interposed soft tissues)
According to Gartland, what is the classification?
| 50,329 | [
-0.2408447265625,
-0.067626953125,
-0.310302734375,
0.08514404296875,
-0.235595703125,
-0.1146240234375,
0.0958251953125,
0.04986572265625,
0.046875,
0.4326171875,
0.4638671875,
-0.1505126953125,
-0.006053924560546875,
-1.0869140625,
-0.6123046875,
0.55322265625,
-0.671875,
-0.2386... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
There are two main markers regarding the calcaneal fracture in orthopedic medicine called:
Gissane’s angle (critical angle) : Is located directly through the inferior process to the lateral process of the talus bone and in normal healthy non-fractured calcaneal bone is ranged from 120° to 145°. The Gissane’s angle consisted of the downward and upward slopes of the calcaneal superior surface. The lateral plain film of the calcaneus and hindfoot gives the b est view of this angle.
Böhler’s angle (Bohler angle, Boehler angle, calcaneal angle, or tuber joint angle) : Is located through two lines tangent to the calcaneus: the anterior and posterior aspects of the superior calcaneus and in normal healthy non-fractured calcaneal bone is ranged from 20° to 40°. The lateral radiograph gives the best view of this angle. A value less than 20° can be seen in calcaneal fracture. In calcaneal fracture this angle decreases.
These two angles are useful for the calcaneal fracture severity evaluations and the related surgical managements.
The orthopedic surgeon should consider to have at least two radiographic projections (ie, anteroposterior AP and lateral) of the ankle. These show the fracture, the extent of displacement, and the extent of comminution. The orthopedic surgeon should pay serious attention toward finding any foreign bodies in open fractures and gunshot injuries. Also imperative is to include the elbow and wrist joint in the radiographs of calcaneus bone fracture to ensure that the distal radioulnar joint injuries are not missed.
Calcaneal fracture with decreased Bohler's angle. Calcaneal fracture with decreased Bohler's angle. Avulsion fracture at the insertion of the Achilles tendon, with marked separation of fragments.
Could you provide me the original sentence please? It already appears to be proper English.
| 50,377 | [
0.267822265625,
0.10137939453125,
-0.230224609375,
0.284912109375,
-1.1025390625,
-0.031982421875,
0.3388671875,
0.3935546875,
0.378662109375,
0.428466796875,
0.89404296875,
-0.45458984375,
0.38525390625,
-0.96435546875,
-0.454345703125,
0.3876953125,
-0.1405029296875,
-0.674316406... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an expensive technique that should not be used routinely. MRI is a powerful diagnostic tool to assess the abnormalities of the bone, ligaments and soft tissues associated with the Pilon fracture, but it is known as a limited utility in radioulnar injuries and is not indicated in uncomplicated foankle earm fractures. Meanwhile, the MRI can be useful in in following mentioned evaluations: Evaluation of occult fractures Evaluation of the post-traumatic or avascular necrosis of carpal bones Evaluation of tendons Evaluation of nerve Evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome
PD Subchondral fracture of the talar dome. Note the intact overlying cartilage. T2 fat sat Subchondral fracture of the talar dome. Note the intact overlying cartilage.
To what does the term Pilon fracture refer?
| 51,131 | [
0.52734375,
0.34521484375,
-0.31689453125,
0.2384033203125,
-0.76513671875,
-0.1915283203125,
-0.16162109375,
0.37890625,
0.4765625,
0.939453125,
1.189453125,
-0.63134765625,
0.412353515625,
-0.89208984375,
-0.61279296875,
0.9794921875,
-0.1866455078125,
-0.837890625,
0.251708984... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The calcaneus bone known as the largest tarsal bone.
In the orthopedic medicine its important to know that the ankle fracture should be evaluated using radiography for both confirming diagnosis and also for evaluating the surrounding tissues.
Acute compartment syndrome of ankle joint Ankle Dislocation Soft tissue Injury around the ankle, Deep Venous thrombosis Thrombophlebitis Foot Fracture Gout Pseudogout Rheumatoid Arthritis Tibia Fracture Fibula Fracture bimalleolar fracture trimalleolar fracture triplane fracture Tillaux fracture Bosworth fracture pilon fracture Wagstaffe-Le Forte fracture Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: in cases with repeated ankle fractures
What does the term "Don Juan fracture" refer to?
| 51,901 | [
0.48681640625,
0.10748291015625,
0.05157470703125,
0.5068359375,
-0.77783203125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.1085205078125,
0.253173828125,
0.8251953125,
0.45068359375,
0.52734375,
-0.61962890625,
0.650390625,
-0.64697265625,
-0.89501953125,
0.6806640625,
-0.405517578125,
-0.425537109375,... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
In cases with untreated Humeral shaft fracture the malunion and deformity of arm can be occurred.
The overall complication rate in the treatment of Humeral shafts fracture were found in around 40% of cases:
Each treatment methods for the humeral shaft fracture is associated with a 90% of rate union. Successful treatment of Humeral shaftshaft depends on the on-time interventions such as: reduction of the radius and DRUJ and the restoration of the forearm axis. The incidence of nonunion of Humeral shafts fracture is very low. Previous researches showed that the loss of strength at the supination and pronation were found in 12.5% and 27.2%, respectively.
Could you please provide me the statement that needs to be rephrased?
| 52,297 | [
-0.369873046875,
-0.07244873046875,
-0.5751953125,
0.61474609375,
-0.6533203125,
-0.2900390625,
-0.48193359375,
0.310791015625,
0.408935546875,
0.5849609375,
0.83251953125,
-0.11871337890625,
0.5078125,
-0.759765625,
-0.82666015625,
0.8505859375,
-0.09600830078125,
-0.60888671875,
... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Worldwide, the incidence of septic arthritis ranges from a low of 2 per 100,000 persons/ year to a high of 10 per 100,000 persons/ year Worldwide, the Incidence of septic arthritis in patients with history of rheumatoid arthritis and patients with joint prostheses ranges from a low of 30 per 100,000 persons/ year to a high of 70 per 100,000 persons/ year. Worldwide, the Incidence of septic arthritis in patients with joint prostheses ranges from a low of 40 per 100,000 persons/ year to a high of 68 per 100,000 persons/ year.
The case-fatality rate of septic arthritis is estimated to be 10-25%.
Even after survival from septic arthritis, 25-50% of the patients suffer from irreversible loss of joint function.
What are the epidemiological and demographic characteristics of septic arthritis?
| 52,866 | [
-0.025390625,
0.6962890625,
-0.9501953125,
0.47802734375,
-0.469482421875,
-0.5751953125,
-0.1649169921875,
0.326416015625,
0.493896484375,
0.7509765625,
0.57958984375,
-0.285400390625,
-0.037322998046875,
-0.09930419921875,
-0.716796875,
0.810546875,
-0.5185546875,
-0.990234375,
... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
In the United States the frequency of the musculoskeletal injuries in pediatric was 12% of all emergency department visits due to this type of injuries. Monteggia fracture can be found in any age group but it is common in pediatric population under 10 years. Meanwhile,it has an equal incidence rate in both genders.
What does the term "Monteggia fracture" refer to?
| 52,918 | [
0.035614013671875,
-0.0806884765625,
-0.486083984375,
0.68505859375,
-0.363037109375,
-0.1329345703125,
-0.0750732421875,
0.60498046875,
0.4169921875,
0.390869140625,
0.564453125,
-0.2388916015625,
-0.018402099609375,
-0.61474609375,
-0.76025390625,
0.91650390625,
-0.578125,
-0.847... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Incisions across the groove turned out to be ineffective. Excision of the groove followed by z-plasty could relieve pain and prevent autoamputation in Grade I and Grade II lesions. Grade III lesions are treated with disarticulating the metatarsophalangeal joint. This also relieves pain, and all patients have a useful and stable foot.
v t e Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (integumentary system) (L, 680-709) Infections Template:Navbox subgroup Bullous disorders acantholysis (Pemphigus, Transient acantholytic dermatosis) · Pemphigoid (Bullous, Cicatricial, Gestational) · Dermatitis herpetiformis Inflammatory Template:Navbox subgroup Radiation -related disorders Sunburn · actinic rays (Actinic keratosis, Actinic cheilitis) · Polymorphous light eruption (Acne aestivalis) · Radiodermatitis · Erythema ab igne Pigmentation disorder hypopigmentation (Albinism, Vitiligo) · hyperpigmentation (Melasma, Freckle, Café au lait spot, Lentigo / Liver spot, Acanthosis nigricans, Acral acanthotic anomaly) Other skin keratosis / hyperkeratosis (Seborrheic keratosis, Callus) · other epidermal thickening (Ichthyosis acquisita, Palmoplantar keratoderma) skin ulcer (Pyoderma gangrenosum, Bedsore) Cutaneous Markers of Internal Malignancy (Florid cutaneous papillomatosis, acanthosis nigricans, sign of Leser-Trelat) atrophic (Lichen sclerosus, Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans) necrobiosis (Granuloma annulare, Necrobiosis lipoidica) · other granuloma (Granuloma faciale, Pyogenic granuloma) cutaneous vasculitis (Livedoid vasculitis, Erythema elevatum diutinum) Connective tissues collagen disease: Keloid localized connective tissue disorders: Lupus erythematosus (Discoid lupus erythematosus, Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus) · Scleroderma / Morphea · Linear scleroderma · Calcinosis cutis · Sclerodactyly · Ainhum see also congenital, neoplasia
Template:WH Template:WS
What is Ainhum and how is it treated?
| 53,557 | [
0.0947265625,
0.1287841796875,
0.09539794921875,
0.397216796875,
-0.9375,
-0.2393798828125,
0.0709228515625,
-0.045257568359375,
0.45751953125,
0.66796875,
0.65478515625,
-0.5390625,
0.50634765625,
-0.64111328125,
0.108642578125,
0.52001953125,
-0.4306640625,
-0.94287109375,
-0.3... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The secondary prevention of diabetic foot ulcer includes the following along with the use of primary preventive strategies:
Pressure offloading Elevation of the involved foot For total pressure offloading, crutches or wheelchairs could be used. Total contact casting (TCC) is the ideal way of pressure offloading. Nevertheless to avoid any iatrogenic complication it should be monitored weekly by an expert physician. Removable walking braces and half shoes could be used as well. Rest Appropriate footwear (such as pressure -relieving footwear) Prevention of infection Appropriate and complete infection treatment Debridement Early amputation Reconstruction of the damaged vessels
A major randomized controlled trial of specialized footwear showed no benefit for patients with a prior foot ulceration (see table below). A small and non-randomized trial showed the benefits of custom footwear in patients with a prior foot ulceration, with a number needed to treat of 4 patients.
What is the secondary prevention of diabetic foot?
| 54,880 | [
0.1685791015625,
0.599609375,
-0.3486328125,
0.28564453125,
-0.90234375,
-0.314697265625,
0.29150390625,
0.2489013671875,
0.55078125,
0.2958984375,
0.6279296875,
-0.677734375,
0.736328125,
-0.67236328125,
-0.34326171875,
0.104248046875,
-0.2342529296875,
-0.48291015625,
-0.621582... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
WikiDoc Resources for Oral torus Articles Most recent articles on Oral torus Most cited articles on Oral torus Review articles on Oral torus Articles on Oral torus in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ Media Powerpoint slides on Oral torus Images of Oral torus Photos of Oral torus Podcasts & MP3s on Oral torus Videos on Oral torus Evidence Based Medicine Cochrane Collaboration on Oral torus Bandolier on Oral torus TRIP on Oral torus Clinical Trials Ongoing Trials on Oral torus at Clinical Trials.gov Trial results on Oral torus Clinical Trials on Oral torus at Google Guidelines / Policies / Govt US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Oral torus NICE Guidance on Oral torus NHS PRODIGY Guidance FDA on Oral torus CDC on Oral torus Books Books on Oral torus News Oral torus in the news Be alerted to news on Oral torus News trends on Oral torus Commentary Blogs on Oral torus Definitions Definitions of Oral torus Patient Resources / Community Patient resources on Oral torus Discussion groups on Oral torus Patient Handouts on Oral torus Directions to Hospitals Treating Oral torus Risk calculators and risk factors for Oral torus Healthcare Provider Resources Symptoms of Oral torus Causes & Risk Factors for Oral torus Diagnostic studies for Oral torus Treatment of Oral torus Continuing Medical Education (CME) CME Programs on Oral torus International Oral torus en Espanol Oral torus en Francais Business Oral torus in the Marketplace Patents on Oral torus Experimental / Informatics List of terms related to Oral torus
Oral Torus is a legion made of compact bone and occurs along the palate or the mandible inside the mouth. The palatal torus or torus palatinus occurs along the palate, close to the midline, where as the mandibular torus or torus mandibularis occur along the lingual side of the mandible.
Occurrences of tori are more frequent in women then they are in men. Tori are associated with adulthood and rarely appear before the age of 15. The palatal version of tori have a higher occurrence in Native American and Inuit populations.
Treatment is not necessary unless they become an obstruction to chewing or prosthetic appliances.
Could you explain what a torus is in oral anatomy?
| 54,932 | [
0.244140625,
-0.4501953125,
-0.83251953125,
0.47509765625,
-0.2442626953125,
-0.31884765625,
0.3388671875,
0.17822265625,
0.50341796875,
0.705078125,
0.7138671875,
-0.3896484375,
0.423583984375,
-1.0146484375,
-0.354248046875,
0.72900390625,
-0.59521484375,
-0.84912109375,
-0.951... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Galeazzi fractures account for around 3-7% of all forearm fractures in adults. Normally, 25% of the radial shaft fractures are true Galeazzi type injuries. The most common risk factors for the Galeazzi fracture are: sports (football and wrestling), osteoporosis, and post-menopausal time; consequently, These risk factors cause the highest occurrence in young males (10:10,000) and elderly females (5:10,000). The peak incidence in children is the age of 9 to 12.
What is the definition of a Galeazzi fracture?
| 55,000 | [
-0.2119140625,
-0.058319091796875,
-0.02508544921875,
0.609375,
-0.6240234375,
-0.43212890625,
-0.0775146484375,
0.448974609375,
0.607421875,
0.6708984375,
0.5986328125,
-0.4521484375,
0.31298828125,
-0.52490234375,
-0.56103515625,
0.92041015625,
-1.0400390625,
-0.4755859375,
-0.... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
Classification of fractures is an important factor in patients management. Meanwhile the classification of ulnar fracture is important factor in orthopedic medicine.
What is a fracture of the ulnar bone?
| 55,487 | [
0.296142578125,
-0.226318359375,
-0.49267578125,
0.5625,
-0.91015625,
-0.43212890625,
0.368896484375,
-0.2440185546875,
0.1910400390625,
0.76171875,
0.68115234375,
-0.35693359375,
0.31591796875,
-0.8896484375,
-0.59619140625,
0.474609375,
-0.330810546875,
-0.11236572265625,
0.117... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
There are no established method for secondary prevention of bursitis. However, adjustment of participation in physical activities, using foam for kneeling or elbow pads, and resting while doing repetitive tasks may facilitate a fast recovery.
What does secondary prevention for bursitis entail?
| 55,711 | [
-0.272216796875,
0.1431884765625,
-0.442138671875,
0.6376953125,
-0.4208984375,
0.13330078125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.36279296875,
0.497314453125,
0.366943359375,
0.64404296875,
-0.345458984375,
0.4873046875,
-0.430908203125,
-0.44140625,
0.09552001953125,
-0.64404296875,
-0.918945312... | 78 |
Answer this question truthfully
The distal humerus fracture may be classified based on the exact location of fracture:
Distal third of humerus Intercodylar (Intra articular) Supracondylar (High and low supracondylar; flexion and extension)
Jupiter and Mehne Classification of Distal Humeral Fractures Grade I Intra-articular Single column: 1. Low medial 2. High medial 3. Low lateral 4. High lateral 5. Capitellum 6. Trochlea Grade I Intra-articular (single column) Bi - column: 1. High T intercondylar 2. Low T intercondylar 3. Y intercondylar 4. H intercondylar 5. Lambda pattern (lateral) 6. Lambda pattern (medial) Grade I Intra-articular (Bi-column) Grade II Extra-articular - intracapsular 1. High transcolumn 1a. extension, 1b. flexion 2. Low transcolumn 2a extension, 2b flexion 3. Abduction 4. Adduction Grade II Extra-articular - intracapsular Grade III Extra-capsular 1. Medial epicondyle 2. Lateral epicondyle Grade III Extra-articular - intracapsular
The Gartland classification of supracondylar fractures of the humerus Type I no displacement or minimally displaced Ia: undisplaced in both projections Ib: minimal displacement, medial cortical buckle, capitellum remains intersected by anterior humeral line Supracondylar fracture: Gartland classification Type II displaced but with intact cortex IIa: posterior angulation with intact posterior cortex; anterior humeral line does not intersect capitellum IIb: rotatory or straight displacement but fracture remains in contact Type III completely displaced IIIa: complete posterior displacement with no cortical contact IIIb: complete displacement with soft tissue gap (i.e. bone ends held apart by interposed soft tissues)
Could you please clarify? The original sentence is already in proper English.
| 55,873 | [
-0.1893310546875,
-0.138671875,
-0.350341796875,
0.09393310546875,
-0.56787109375,
-0.127685546875,
0.321044921875,
-0.0784912109375,
0.0819091796875,
0.7001953125,
0.66064453125,
0.034423828125,
-0.006763458251953125,
-1.2275390625,
-0.61962890625,
0.332763671875,
-0.3203125,
-0.4... | 78 |
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
C: Medial collateral ligament
Q:A 20-year-old male comes into your office two days after falling during a pick up basketball game. The patient states that the lateral aspect of his knee collided with another player's knee. On exam, the patient's right knee appears the same size as his left knee without any swelling or effusion. The patient has intact sensation and strength in both lower extremities. The patient's right knee has no laxity upon varus stress test, but is more lax upon valgus stress test when compared to his left knee. Lachman's test and posterior drawer test both have firm endpoints without laxity. Which of the following structures has this patient injured??
{'A': 'Posterior cruciate ligament', 'B': 'Anterior cruciate ligament', 'C': 'Medial collateral ligament', 'D': 'Lateral collateral ligament', 'E': 'Medial meniscus'},
| 58,400 | [
0.258544921875,
0.0701904296875,
0.206787109375,
0.6435546875,
-0.62890625,
-0.42041015625,
0.375,
0.1671142578125,
0.342041015625,
0.4375,
0.381103515625,
-0.186767578125,
0.481689453125,
-1.2646484375,
-0.900390625,
0.82568359375,
-0.1778564453125,
-0.703125,
-0.56103515625,
... | 78 |
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
B: Intention-to-treat analysis
Q:A pharmaceutical company conducts a randomized clinical trial in an attempt to show that their new anticoagulant drug, Aclotsaban, prevents more thrombotic events following total knee arthroplasty than the current standard of care. However, a significant number of patients are lost to follow-up or fail to complete treatment according to the study arm to which they were assigned. Despite this, the results for the patients who completed the course of Aclotsaban are encouraging. Which of the following techniques is most appropriate to use in order to attempt to prove the superiority of Aclotsaban??
{'A': 'Per-protocol analysis', 'B': 'Intention-to-treat analysis', 'C': 'As-treated analysis', 'D': 'Sub-group analysis', 'E': 'Non-inferiority analysis'},
| 59,109 | [
0.1663818359375,
0.186279296875,
-0.58740234375,
0.35986328125,
-0.76513671875,
-0.414794921875,
-0.16845703125,
0.449951171875,
0.22509765625,
0.293701171875,
0.0455322265625,
0.14892578125,
-0.12286376953125,
-0.533203125,
-0.2156982421875,
0.434326171875,
-0.461181640625,
-0.569... | 78 |
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
C: Anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral radiographs of hips, knees, lumbar, and cervical area
Q:A 36-year-old male is taken to the emergency room after jumping from a building. Bilateral fractures to the femur were stabilized at the scene by emergency medical technicians. The patient is lucid upon questioning and his vitals are stable. Pain only at his hips was elicited. Cervical exam was not performed. What is the best imaging study for this patient??
{'A': 'Lateral radiograph (x-ray) of hips', 'B': 'Computed tomagraphy (CT) scan of his hips and lumbar area', 'C': 'Anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral radiographs of hips, knees, lumbar, and cervical area', 'D': 'Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of hips, knees, lumbar, and cervical area', 'E': 'AP and lateral radiographs of hips'},
| 59,197 | [
0.427734375,
-0.130859375,
-0.410888671875,
0.195556640625,
-0.54345703125,
-0.1600341796875,
0.1485595703125,
0.78466796875,
0.6064453125,
0.3037109375,
0.65771484375,
-0.46435546875,
0.29541015625,
-0.6103515625,
-0.5107421875,
0.5556640625,
-0.395751953125,
-0.611328125,
-0.38... | 78 |
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
A: Ventral white commissure
Q:A 37-year-old man presents to his primary care provider complaining of bilateral arm numbness. He was involved in a motor vehicle accident 3 months ago. His past medical history is notable for obesity and psoriatic arthritis. He takes adalimumab. His temperature is 99.3°F (37.4°C), blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, superficial skin ulcerations are found on his fingers bilaterally. His strength is 5/5 bilaterally in shoulder abduction, arm flexion, arm extension, wrist extension, finger abduction, and thumb flexion. He demonstrates loss of light touch and pinprick response in the distal tips of his 2nd and 5th fingertips and over the first dorsal web space. Vibratory sense is intact in the bilateral upper and lower extremities. Which of the following nervous system structures is most likely affected in this patient??
{'A': 'Ventral white commissure', 'B': 'Ventral horns', 'C': 'Cuneate fasciculus', 'D': 'Anterior corticospinal tract', 'E': 'Spinocerebellar tract'},
| 59,233 | [
0.0433349609375,
0.297607421875,
-0.31201171875,
1.15234375,
-0.57763671875,
-0.380126953125,
-0.310302734375,
0.318359375,
-0.058807373046875,
0.7607421875,
0.38720703125,
-0.58251953125,
0.262939453125,
-0.94384765625,
-0.1536865234375,
0.340087890625,
-0.5693359375,
-0.770996093... | 78 |
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
D: Figure-of-eight splinting
Q:A 17-year-old boy comes to the emergency department following an injury during football practice. He fell and landed on the lateral aspect of his right shoulder. He is holding his right arm supported by his left arm, with his right arm adducted against his side. He is tender to palpation directly over the middle third of his clavicle. Radiographs reveal a non-displaced fracture of the middle third of the clavicle. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment at this time??
{'A': 'Open reduction and internal fixation with a compression plate', 'B': 'Open reduction and internal fixation with an intramedullary nail', 'C': 'Open reduction and internal fixation with lag screws', 'D': 'Figure-of-eight splinting', 'E': 'Mobilization'},
| 59,272 | [
-0.036041259765625,
-0.339111328125,
-0.424560546875,
0.556640625,
-1.044921875,
-0.25341796875,
0.12005615234375,
0.364013671875,
0.63720703125,
0.48193359375,
0.33837890625,
-0.395751953125,
0.02752685546875,
-0.68896484375,
-0.55322265625,
0.69677734375,
-0.391357421875,
-0.5751... | 78 |
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
C: Fibular neck fracture
Q:A 25-year-old man presents to the emergency department after a car accident. He was the front seat restrained driver in a head-on collision. He has no significant past medical history. The patient’s vitals are stabilized and he is ultimately discharged with his injuries appropriately treated. At the patient’s follow up primary care appointment, he complains of being unable to lift his left foot. He otherwise states that he feels well and is not in pain. His vitals are within normal limits. Physical exam is notable for 1/5 strength upon dorsiflexion of the patient’s left foot, and 5/5 plantarflexion of the same foot. Which of the following initial injuries most likely occurred in this patient??
{'A': 'Calcaneal fracture', 'B': 'Distal femur fracture', 'C': 'Fibular neck fracture', 'D': 'Lisfranc fracture', 'E': 'Tibial plateau fracture'},
| 59,751 | [
-0.04693603515625,
-0.265869140625,
-0.3955078125,
0.90673828125,
-0.833984375,
-0.21435546875,
-0.0134429931640625,
0.31982421875,
0.9248046875,
0.454345703125,
0.8828125,
-0.37646484375,
0.896484375,
-1.20703125,
-0.63916015625,
0.70947265625,
-0.5322265625,
-0.50830078125,
0.0... | 78 |
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
A: ANOVA
Q:A surgeon is interested in studying how different surgical techniques impact the healing of tendon injuries. In particular, he will compare 3 different types of suture repairs biomechanically in order to determine the maximum load before failure of the tendon 2 weeks after repair. He collects data on maximum load for 90 different repaired tendons from an animal model. Thirty tendons were repaired using each of the different suture techniques. Which of the following statistical measures is most appropriate for analyzing the results of this study??
{'A': 'ANOVA', 'B': 'Chi-squared', 'C': 'Pearson r coefficient', 'D': 'Student t-test', 'E': 'Wilcoxon rank sum'},
| 59,898 | [
0.0308837890625,
0.52099609375,
-0.226806640625,
0.1943359375,
-0.87939453125,
0.1107177734375,
-0.165283203125,
0.00934600830078125,
0.68212890625,
0.515625,
0.50537109375,
0.110107421875,
0.1551513671875,
-0.7353515625,
-0.290771484375,
0.4677734375,
-0.3046875,
-0.72607421875,
... | 78 |
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
D: Posteromedial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle
Q:A 19-year-old collegiate football player sustains an injury to his left knee during a game. He was running with the ball when he dodged a defensive player and fell, twisting his left knee. He felt a “pop” as he fell. When he attempts to bear weight on his left knee, it feels unstable, and "gives way." He needs assistance to walk off the field. The pain is localized diffusely over the knee and is non-radiating. His past medical history is notable for asthma. He uses an albuterol inhaler as needed. He does not smoke or drink alcohol. On exam, he has a notable suprapatellar effusion. Range of motion is limited in the extremes of flexion. When the proximal tibia is pulled anteriorly while the knee is flexed and the patient is supine, there is 1.5 centimeter of anterior translation. The contralateral knee translates 0.5 centimeters with a similar force. The injured structure in this patient originates on which of the following bony landmarks??
{'A': 'Lateral aspect of the lateral femoral condyle', 'B': 'Lateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle', 'C': 'Medial aspect of the medial femoral condyle', 'D': 'Posteromedial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle', 'E': 'Tibial tubercle'},
| 59,943 | [
0.1185302734375,
-0.2454833984375,
-0.1414794921875,
0.271728515625,
-0.53271484375,
0.1649169921875,
0.3837890625,
0.473388671875,
0.283935546875,
0.1597900390625,
0.27001953125,
-0.486083984375,
0.229248046875,
-0.54052734375,
-0.56005859375,
0.8466796875,
-0.314453125,
-0.627929... | 78 |
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
A: Anterior cruciate ligament
Q:A 20-year-old man presents to the family medicine clinic with left knee pain. He is the star running back for his college football team with a promising future in the sport. He states he injured his knee 2 days ago during the final game of the season while making a cutting move, where his foot was planted and rotated outward and his knee buckled inward. He admits to feeling a ‘pop’ and having immediate pain. He denies any locking, clicking, or giving way since the event. Physical examination reveals an antalgic gait with avoidance of active knee extension. His left knee demonstrates moderate, diffuse swelling and is very tender to palpation along the joint line. Which of the following structures is most likely damaged in this patient??
{'A': 'Anterior cruciate ligament', 'B': 'Lateral meniscus', 'C': 'Medial collateral ligament', 'D': 'Medial meniscus', 'E': 'Posterior cruciate ligament'},
| 60,261 | [
0.07867431640625,
-0.37109375,
-0.239990234375,
0.7509765625,
-0.467041015625,
0.054718017578125,
0.59521484375,
0.284423828125,
0.78173828125,
0.443359375,
0.62646484375,
-0.2587890625,
0.724609375,
-0.80908203125,
-0.85205078125,
0.67236328125,
0.0180816650390625,
-0.80517578125,... | 78 |
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
A: Surgical release
Q:A 35-year-old man is referred to a physical therapist due to limitation of movement in the wrist and fingers of his left hand. He cannot hold objects or perform daily activities with his left hand. He broke his left arm at the humerus one month ago. The break was simple and treatment involved a cast for one month. Then he lost his health insurance and could not return for follow up. Only after removing the cast did he notice the movement issues in his left hand and wrist. His past medical history is otherwise insignificant, and vital signs are within normal limits. On examination, the patient’s left hand is pale and flexed in a claw-like position. It is firm and tender to palpation. Right radial pulse is 2+ and left radial pulse is 1+. The patient is unable to actively extend his fingers and wrist, and passive extension is difficult and painful. Which of the following is a proper treatment for the presented patient??
{'A': 'Surgical release', 'B': 'Needle fasciotomy', 'C': 'Corticosteroid injections', 'D': 'Collagenase injections', 'E': 'Botulinum toxin injections'},
| 60,267 | [
0.1708984375,
0.023284912109375,
-0.3828125,
1.1826171875,
-0.94384765625,
-0.5517578125,
-0.0809326171875,
0.109130859375,
0.2900390625,
0.335693359375,
0.358154296875,
-0.1107177734375,
0.60205078125,
-0.87890625,
-0.35595703125,
0.8583984375,
-0.50390625,
-0.875,
-0.4370117187... | 78 |
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
D: Medial meniscal tear
Q:A 23-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for knee pain. The pain started yesterday and has not improved since then. The patient is generally in good health. She attends college and plays soccer for her school's team. Three days ago, she was slide tackled during a game and her leg was struck from the outside. She fell to the ground and sat out for the rest of the game. It was not until yesterday that she noticed swelling in her knee. She also feels as if her knee is unstable and does not feel confident bearing weight on her leg during athletic activities. Her past medical history is notable for asthma, which is currently treated with an albuterol inhaler. On physical exam, you note bruising over her leg, knee, and lateral thigh, and edema of her knee. Passive range of motion of the knee is notable only for minor clicking and catching of the joint. The patient's gait appears normal, though the patient states that her injured knee does not feel stable. Further physical exam is performed and imaging is ordered. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Anterior cruciate ligament tear', 'B': 'Posterior cruciate ligament tear', 'C': 'Medial collateral ligament tear', 'D': 'Medial meniscal tear', 'E': 'Iliotibial band syndrome'},
| 60,438 | [
0.337890625,
-0.192138671875,
-0.1685791015625,
0.70654296875,
-0.47509765625,
-0.406005859375,
0.5771484375,
0.456298828125,
0.876953125,
0.1878662109375,
0.7021484375,
-0.2279052734375,
0.92529296875,
-0.8876953125,
-0.9306640625,
0.544921875,
-0.243896484375,
-0.77783203125,
-... | 78 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.