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README.md
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---
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dataset_info:
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features:
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- name: text
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dtype: string
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- name: corpus_id
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dtype: int64
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- name: external_ids
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dtype: string
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- name: source
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dtype: string
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- name: title
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dtype: string
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- name: authors
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sequence: string
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- name: abstract
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dtype: string
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- name: sections
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sequence: string
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- name: figures
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sequence: string
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- name: references
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sequence: string
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splits:
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- name: train
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num_examples: 14515649
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size_categories:
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- 10M<n<100M
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license: odc-by
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task_categories:
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- text-generation
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- feature-extraction
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- text-classification
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language:
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- en
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tags:
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- scientific-papers
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- academic
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- s2orc
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- semantic-scholar
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- nlp
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- full-text
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pretty_name: S2ORC Full (Semantic Scholar Open Research Corpus)
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---
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# S2ORC Full — Semantic Scholar Open Research Corpus
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A complete redistribution of the [S2ORC](https://github.com/allenai/s2orc) dataset in Parquet format on Hugging Face, containing **14.5 million** academic papers with full text, structured metadata, and citation information.
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## Dataset Description
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S2ORC (Semantic Scholar Open Research Corpus) is a general-purpose corpus for NLP and text mining research over scientific papers, originally developed by the [Allen Institute for AI](https://allenai.org/). This version provides the full dataset in a convenient, ready-to-use format via the Hugging Face Hub.
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The corpus spans all major academic disciplines — computer science, biomedicine, physics, mathematics, social sciences, and more — making it suitable for large-scale scientific language modeling, information extraction, citation analysis, and document understanding tasks.
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| | |
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|---|---|
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| **Papers** | 14,515,649 |
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| **Format** | 2,690 Parquet shards |
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| **Total Size** | ~1.4 TB |
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| **Language** | English |
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| **License** | [ODC-By 1.0](https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1-0/) |
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## Schema
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| Field | Type | Description |
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|-------|------|-------------|
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| `text` | `string` | Full text of the paper (4 – 856k chars) |
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| `corpus_id` | `int64` | Semantic Scholar corpus identifier |
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| `external_ids` | `dict` | External identifiers: ArXiv, MAG, ACL, PubMed, PubMedCentral, DBLP, DOI |
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| `source` | `dict` | Source PDF URL, content hash, and open-access status |
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| `title` | `string` | Paper title |
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| `authors` | `list` | List of author names |
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| `abstract` | `string` | Paper abstract |
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| `sections` | `list` | Structured full-text sections |
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| `figures` | `list` | Figure and table metadata |
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| `references` | `list` | Cited references |
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## Quick Start
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### Stream (no full download required)
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```python
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from datasets import load_dataset
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ds = load_dataset("AlgorithmicResearchGroup/s2orc_full", split="train", streaming=True)
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for paper in ds:
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print(paper["title"])
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print(paper["abstract"][:200])
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break
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```
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### Load with Hugging Face Datasets
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```python
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from datasets import load_dataset
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# Full dataset (~1.4 TB) — make sure you have enough disk space
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ds = load_dataset("AlgorithmicResearchGroup/s2orc_full", split="train")
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```
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### Load with Dask (for distributed processing)
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```python
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import dask.dataframe as dd
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df = dd.read_parquet("hf://datasets/AlgorithmicResearchGroup/s2orc_full/data/")
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```
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### Load with Polars
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```python
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import polars as pl
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df = pl.read_parquet("hf://datasets/AlgorithmicResearchGroup/s2orc_full/data/train-00000-of-02690.parquet")
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```
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## Use Cases
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- **Scientific language modeling** — Pre-train or fine-tune language models on academic text
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- **Citation analysis** — Study citation networks and reference patterns across disciplines
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- **Information extraction** — Extract entities, relations, and structured knowledge from papers
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- **Document summarization** — Train abstractive or extractive summarization models on paper/abstract pairs
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- **Bibliometric research** — Analyze publication trends, authorship patterns, and cross-disciplinary connections
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- **Retrieval-augmented generation** — Build retrieval systems over the scientific literature
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## Citation
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If you use this dataset, please cite the original S2ORC paper:
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```bibtex
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@inproceedings{lo-etal-2020-s2orc,
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title = "{S2ORC}: The Semantic Scholar Open Research Corpus",
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author = "Lo, Kyle and Wang, Lucy Lu and Neumann, Mark and Kinney, Rodney and Weld, Daniel",
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booktitle = "Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
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year = "2020",
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publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
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url = "https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.447",
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doi = "10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.447",
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pages = "4969--4983"
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}
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```
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## License
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This dataset is released under the [Open Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-By 1.0)](https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1-0/). You are free to share and adapt the data, provided you give appropriate attribution.
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