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Most brickwork is laid with "normal" mortar joints about 10mm thick. The AS3700 Masonry Code also allows for "thin bed" joints, which are used in some systems with very accurately made bricks or blocks. It also allows for hollow block masonry units, which are not a common form but are occasionally manufactured in clay masonry; and for cored units, which are normal bricks with holes through them. The Code refers to joints:
For other than thin-bed mortar, the design thickness or mortar joints, including bed joints and perpends, shall not exceed 10 mm unless the effects of greater thickness on compression and flexural strength are taken into account in the design.
The design thickness of thin-bed mortar joints shall be not less than 2 mm and not greater than 4 mm.
With the exception of thin-bed mortar, the surfaces of joints in exposure environments 4 (c), 5, 6, 7 and 8, as given in Table 5.1, shall be tooled to give a dense water-shedding finish. [these environments are more severe than normal].
Joints in walls constructed with hollow unit, ungrouted masonry shall not be raked. In other masonry, the depth of raking, if any, shall be not closer than 5mm to any perforation in cored unit masonry or 20mm in hollow unit masonry.
Table 8.1 specifies the following tolerances:
"(g) Deviation from specified thickness of bed joint: ± 3mm average in any 3 m length.
(h) Deviation from specified thickness of perpend: - 5, + 10mm."
However, C8.8 of the Commentary on the Code suggests that:
"to achieve a satisfactory appearance, designers may need to reduce the tolerances specified in Table 8.1 when products of regular dimensions are used. Similarly, when using products with uneven surfaces or varying dimensions in non-structural applications, the specified tolerances may need to be relaxed."
Apart from engineered loadbearing brickwork and walls below the dampcourse, much brickwork is laid in 1:1:6 cement, lime and sand mortar. A large colour range is possible within a 1:1:6 mix. To whiten mortar, the use of white cement (rare, due to cost) and off-white cement is common, together with a light sand. Ready-mix mortars tend to use whiter sands than most bricklayers' site-mixed mortars, which are between 50% and 75% bush sand. The introduction of yellow ochre colour is possible by raising the bush sand content. After a point, the only way to match brick colour in the mortar is to add oxide colouring, a process which may not be successful unless the whole job batch is dry mixed in one operation.
Insistence upon fine texture sand only (e.g. all Sydney sand) results in too sloppy a mix, fickle in its hardening patterns and prone to cracking. (See Appendix C.)
Type of joint
Flush, or very lightly tooled joints are popular with smooth-faced and polychromatic bricks. This tends to 'hold' brick colour areas together in a band or panel, and simplifies planes and crisp detail. Raked joints are more common with heavily textured bricks.
Commonly, joints separating brick colours are also raked to sharpen the colour contrast. Flush joints have their own bricklaying challenges. They bear upon the brick selection process, as the arris quality and trueness of shape greatly affects the evenness of joint appearance. Different effects can be achieved by raking the bed joints and flushing up the perpends (which emphasises the horizontal lines of the brickwork), or by raking an occasional bed joint.
This subtle banding at the Royal Agricultural Society building, Homebush Bay, is achieved by raking every seventh bed joint and lightly tooling the others. The bricks are all the same colour.
In cases where bands of different coloured bricks are being used, and the 'e' values of the different brick types vary by more than 0.3 mm/metre, the recommended practice is to use two layers of coated aluminium DPC material, 80 mm wide, as a slip joint to permit differential movement. Where the 'e' values are of borderline concern an alternative is to use deep raked joints in a lime rich mortar mix (e.g. 1:2:9).
The likelihood of efflorescence (lime and other salts formation on the face of brickwork, common in the first 12 months), should be taken into account at the design stage. Overly subtle brick colour combinations will be considerably compromised by efflorescence in the short term, and by pollution build-up in the long term. Omission of water-shedding details such as sill overhangs and copings increase the chances of such problems, as the efflorescence is a result of dissolved salts being deposited when water from within the brickwork evaporates on the surface.
There is a consensus held by many in the building industry that brick cleaning is a problem. That is, bad brick cleaning too often damages the results of good brickwork design, brick selection and laying. In the past, bricklayers cleaned their work, but for some time brick cleaning has operated as a separate trade. It is a mark of a good bricklayer that they will tend to keep brickwork clean while laying, leaving little mortar on the face. However, only a minority show that care, but even with skilled bricklayers, some cleaning down will be required to get rid of mortar droppings or other stains that can accumulate during the building processes.
An attitude can develop that mortar stains on face brickwork are not of great consequence, as the brick cleaner will fix it. This sloppy attitude, combined with the open surface of most extruded bricks, results in much ingrained mortar left on face brickwork. As brick cleaning has developed as a separate trade, the head contractor will, in many cases, be more anxious about mortar staining than the bricklayer. Every supervising architect will be familiar with the damage caused to brick faces, fretting of joints and damage to other elements by excessive cleaning at high pressure. The problem will only be resolved when the brick cleaning trade becomes trained and licensed or the trade eliminated and cleaning revert to bricklayers.
Techniques such as bagging mortar flush joints (by carpet or polystyrene), while very successful in the short term, can create difficulties by masking the whole face of brickwork with mortar smears. It becomes very difficult for the architect or bricklayer to see the brick quality and check for brick batch colour problems until cleaning is done and when rectification may be too late.
Common problems include: excessive mortar smears, water jet pressures that are too high, too much acid in the cleaning solution and inadequate washing down after acid cleaning. The presence of acid in the brickwork will hasten corrosion of any metalwork built in or attached to the surface. Acid left on internal face brickwork will never be removed by rain, and can result in corrosion of metal furniture placed against the walls.
The Code of Practice "Cleaning of Clay Masonry" prepared by the Clay Brick Association of NSW and attached as Appendix B (link) has detailed guidelines on good cleaning practices.
Erosion of joints and bricks by excessive water jet pressure
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Definition of RSV
RSV: RSV in clinical medicine is the abbreviation for respiratory syncytial virus. See: Respiratory syncytial virus.. See: Respiratory syncytial virus. Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 5/13/2014
Drug Medical Dictionary of Terms by Letter
Medical Dictionary Term:
Medically reviewed by Martin Zipser, MD; Board Certified: Surgery
Parenting and Pregnancy
Get tips for baby and you.
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Linked by Thom Holwerda on Fri 15th Jun 2007 12:08 UTC, submitted by cragnotil
Researchers at Intel are working on ways to mask the intricate functionality of massive multicore chips to make it easier for computer makers and software developers to adapt to them. These multicore chips will also likely contain both x86 processing cores, as well as other types of cores. A 64-core chip, for instance, might contain 42 x86 cores, 18 accelerators and four embedded graphics cores. In addition, Intel has updated its Itanium roadmap.
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Abraham Lincoln (18091865). Political Debates Between Lincoln and Douglas 1897.
created equal. They did not mean negro, nor the savage Indians, nor the Fejee Islanders, nor any other barbarous race. They were speaking of white men. They alluded to men of European birth and European descent,to white men, and to none others,when they declared that doctrine. I hold that this Government was established on the white basis. It was established by white men for the benefit of white men and their posterity forever, and should be administered by white men, and none others. But it does not follow, by any means, that merely because the negro is not a citizen, and merely because he is not our equal, that, therefore, he should be a slave. On the contrary it does follow that we ought to extend to the negro race, and to all other dependent races, all the rights, all the privileges, and all the immunities which they can exercise consistently with the safety of society. Humanity requires that we should give them all these privileges; Christianity commands that we should extend those privileges to them. The question then arises, what are those privileges, and what is the nature and extent of them. My answer is, that that is a question which each State must answer for itself. We in Illinois have decided it for ourselves. We tried slavery, kept it up for twelve years, and finding that it was not profitable, we abolished it for that reason, and became a Free State. We adopted in its stead the policy that a negro in this State shall not be a slave and shall not be a citizen. We have a right to adopt that policy. For my part, I think it is a wise and sound policy for us. You in Missouri must judge for yourselves whether it is a wise policy for you. If you choose to follow our example, very good; if you reject it, still well,it is your business, not ours. So with Kentucky. Let Kentucky adopt a policy to suit herself. If we do not like it we will keep away from it; and if she does not like ours, let her stay at home, mind her own business, and let us alone. If the people of all the States will act on that great principle, and each State mind its own business, attend to its own affairs, take care of its own negroes, and not meddle with its neighbors, then there will be peace between the North and the South, the East and the West, throughout the whole Union.
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After the devastating tsunami damage to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant in Japan, seismologists in the United States are focusing on a potentially dangerous fault system near the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant in California.
Perched over Point Buchon on the Central Coast, the PG&E plant was built four decades ago near two active faults: the Hosgri and the Shoreline. The electricity-generating facility on a barren stretch of coastline is about 12 miles from the college town of San Luis Obispo.
Help us do more.
While PG&E maintains the Hosgri and Shoreline are too small to threaten the aging plant, some government scientists suspect the faults – acting with others in the region – could produce an earthquake much more powerful than the plant was built to withstand.
For now, the scientists are being cautious. Sam Johnson, a U.S. Geological Survey scientist, was reluctant to speculate about whether the area’s fault system is actually much longer, and therefore more powerful, than now predicted.
“I don’t want to be the one who says there could be one long rupture,” he said in an interview, calling the subject a “hot-potato issue.”
But during a presentation earlier this spring at the USGS headquarters in Menlo Park, Johnson laid out a scenario showing the Hosgri Fault stretching 250 miles from Point Conception all the way to Bolinas just north of San Francisco – far longer than its current official length of 105 miles.
The longer the fault, the more powerful the rupture. Johnson’s scenario shows the Hosgri Fault connecting in a system with the San Simeon and San Gregorio faults to the north of the nuclear plant.
“If the fault were to run from Point Conception to Bolinas, that would be close to an 8.0,” said Johnson. “That would be a big concern.”
Johnson was quick to point out that the USGS has not said the fault runs that far. He and a team of researchers from the USGS, State Coastal Conservancy, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and others, including PG&E, are collecting this information through the California Seafloor Mapping Program.
Documents show that Diablo Canyon was constructed to withstand ground shaking from a magnitude 7.5 earthquake 3 miles offshore, on the Hosgri.
In 1927, a magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck offshore near Lompoc, possibly on the Hosgri. Nobody was killed, but a concrete highway was cracked and a railroad bridge was thrown out of line, according to the Southern California Earthquake Data Center.
PG&E would not respond directly to questions about the structural integrity of the plant, or fault length and size. The utility’s spokesman, Blair Jones, said in a statement: “Diablo Canyon was designed and constructed with seismic safety in mind and components of the facility were tested to withstand probable ground motions resulting from nearby faults.”
And so far, scientists and top administrators for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission insist that the plant is safe and that further studies are unwarranted.
“I would offer the seismology around Diablo Canyon has been thoroughly studied,” said Elmo Collins, the commission’s regional administrator for Region IV, which includes California, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. “We have to have a solid technical and scientific conclusion about safe operation of the facility today. We believe we have that.”
Serene Fang/Center for Investigative ReportingA sign near the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant warns against trespassing.
Even so, seismologists have been paying close attention to one newly discovered fault near Diablo Canyon: the Shoreline. Located in 2008, the fault runs along the tip of Point Buchon, just a few hundred feet from the power plant.
In a 500-page report on the Shoreline Fault for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the federal overseer of nuclear power plants, PG&E suggested the fault was just 15 miles long, with the potential for a magnitude 6.5 earthquake.
The utility also denied the possibility that the Shoreline and Hosgri faults could act in concert, saying: “Rupture is inhibited from branching from the Hosgri Fault Zone to the Shoreline fault zone. North Segment dies out before, or terminates at, the Hosgri Fault Zone.”
But one respected federal seismologist who discovered the Shoreline Fault said it’s logical to assume the faults are connected. If the two faults did connect, that could put a magnitude 7.2 earthquake almost immediately beneath the plant.
“With the data I’m looking at, it actually doesn’t make sense to think of these faults as not connecting to each other,” said Jeanne Hardebeck, the USGS seismologist who discovered the fault, using PG&E and USGS data on recorded earthquakes. “An interpretation that says they don’t connect doesn’t seem to fit with the observations that we have.”
Hardebeck points out that a magnitude 7.2 quake on the combined faults would cause greater ground shaking at the nuclear plant than would a magnitude 7.5 quake 3 miles offshore on the Hosgri Fault acting alone.
If the Hosgri Fault runs up to Bolinas, and if it’s connected to the Shoreline Fault, there is the possibility of a magnitude 7.7 earthquake under the plant, Hardebeck contends.
“Our current thinking about how faults might work together has been really influenced by some earthquakes that have occurred over the last couple of decades,” she said, “where earthquakes have started out at one fault have actually jumped to another fault, or gone around bends in a fault and jumped gaps up to about 3 miles.”
Hardebeck pointed to the recent magnitude 9.0 earthquake and tsunami in Japan that derailed the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. She said in that case, scientists thought there were several unconnected faults offshore, “but in fact, when the earthquake did happen … it ruptured through all of those fault segments.”
3-D mapping planned
PG&E has received authorization from the California Public Utilities Commission to spend more than $16 million on 3-D seismic studies to better evaluate earthquake threats near the plant. The 3-D technology works like a CT scan on geological surfaces, showing subsurface layers, cracks and faults.
PG&E is in the process of trying to relicense the power plant, which is set to expire in 2024. The Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission – made up of judges and scientific experts – told PG&E in June that it must complete these 3-D seismic studies by the end of 2015.
Relicensing is suspended until then.
Johnson, with the USGS, said the 3-D seismic mapping is “likely to yield some interesting, unexpected results – answers to questions we haven't even asked. We won't know what it will mean until we see the data.”
Still, the 3-D mapping won’t uncover critical information about potential dangers to Diablo Canyon. While geologists and seismologists think it may provide spectacular images of the Hosgri, it is unlikely to tease out the most critical information about the fault, such as its length, the rate at which the fault is slipping, and how often or how frequently it has erupted in the past.
The $16 million 3-D analysis PG&E will use to explore the Shoreline and Hosgri offshore faults is unlikely to resolve the relationship between the two faults. That’s because the fault lies in a kind of muddy swirl of bedrock that is not conducive to 3-D analysis, said Hardebeck.
And if the studies come back with inconclusive information about the faults, said state Sen. Sam Blakeslee, a Republican from the Central Coast who has a doctorate in seismic studies, “that raises a really interesting question for the NRC.”
“If it’s reasonable to infer that a much larger earthquake could occur but the studies come back inconclusive,” he said, “the NRC has one of two choices: to plan as though it could or to ignore that possibility because it couldn’t be proven.”
James Boyd, the California energy commissioner, thinks even the best-laid plans, predictions and models might fail in the face of unpredictability and nature.
“We don’t know enough about the magnitude of a potential earthquake to say with absolute assurance that this site, based on its location on a bluff and all the other safety measures, makes us totally secure from any possible events in the future,” he said. “Mother Nature has certainly demonstrated this year, particularly in Japan, what can happen.”
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home > archive > 2003 > this article
The second worst president
By Brice Walker
Three weeks ago, I wrote about the Very Worst President in American history, Woodrow Wilson. It is difficult to fully the awfulness of Wilson in a single article. I did not mention, for example, that Wilson not only viewed blacks, Jews and Japanese with contempt as inferior races, but that he also looked down on Italians as lesser creatures.
Wilson was immune not only to the genius of Japanese culture and Jewish intellectual achievements, but even the stunning brilliance of Leonardo di Vinci, Dante, Michelangelo and Verdi. Well, it is safe to say that this "scholar" president was not actually a renaissance man.
Who was the second worst president? FDR, who surrendered a hundred million innocent souls to the tender mercies of Stalin, would be a good bet. FDR gave us permanent federal incentives to be poor; he appointed former Ku Klux Klan members to be Attorney General and to be Supreme Court justices.
FDR not only created a weird zoology of federal programs, but he exacerbated the Depression. Roosevelt and Hitler gained office within weeks of each other. Hitler ended the Great Depression in Germany very quickly, but FDR had actually lowered the standard of living in America by 1936 -- only a global war could end the economic disaster which FDR inherited, exploited and deepened.
FDR, who, as MacArthur famously quipped "never told the truth, when a lie would do just as well." FDR, who ran for office four times, presuming that he was more indispensable to the nation than, say, Washington or Jefferson, must surely rate high of the list of the worst.
There is one character, however, who I place lower -- or, if you will, higher -- than FDR in the list of dreadful presidents: Andrew Johnson. History books almost always portray Johnson as some noble friend of Father Abraham who valiantly stood up for the defeated South.
In fact, there is little reason to believe that Lincoln had anything but contempt for Johnson, who showed up for work as President of the Senate so drunk that he had to be escorted off the floor. Johnson was almost defiantly ignorant.
Abraham Lincoln himself has become a controversial figure for some good reasons. He was unquestionably brilliant and determined, qualities essential for any great leader. Lincoln did not support emancipation, but he also stated early in his career: "There is not a time in my life in which I have not understood slavery to be fundamentally wrong."
Lincoln was deliberately chosen as the least anti-slavery Republican (a fact conveniently ignored by leftist historians who wish to blend the Republican Party and Democrat Party into two equally cynical bands of crooks). This decision was to make him someone who could win the election by specifically appealing to those voters in the southern parts of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois who were mildly opposed to slavery, but not enough to fight a war of liberation.
Slavery itself, however, was doomed to extinction. All of the northern states ended slavery years before the Civil War began, and slavery made no sense at all in many of the remaining "slave" states. Missouri, which was rapidly being transformed by migration of German immigrants, was going to abolish slavery soon. Delaware, a northern state with Quaker influences much more than a southern state, was also inevitably going to abolish slavery.
If gradual emancipation may, in retrospect, have been the best solution to the evil of slavery, certainly the very worst avenue was that taken by Andrew Johnson. He supported the Union, but opposed emancipation. In 1865, it was academic whether war was necessary to free enslaved blacks in America. The only sensible course was to insure that the emancipation partially effected by executive order and soon to be effected by constitutional amendment was real emancipation.
There are grand myths about politics in the post-bellum South. The general
image is of rapacious carpetbaggers and scallywags descending like vultures
on a prostrate South, conniving to place illiterate freed slaves in positions
Democrats have had an interest in demonizing "carpetbaggers" because the virtual totalitarian political system that dominated the South from 1876 to about 1976 is the only reason that the Democrat Party survived. Only two men -- FDR and Lyndon Johnson -- have won the presidency as Democrats since the advent of the two current major parties (Carter, in 1976, had a majority only if miscast ballots are excluded).
Democrats have no interest in rectifying history, because the actual role of Democrats in oppressing blacks is so odious, so absolute and so clear that the overwhelming support that blacks give to Democrats would seem almost as bizarre as Jews in 1960 voting for the Nazi Party had there been no world war or Holocaust.
Republicans see the black vote as completely unwinnable (and a shrinking percentage of the vote) while conservative Southerners have turned increasingly toward the Republican Party and away from the party of their fathers. Defending the actions of "radical Republicans" like Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner gains Republicans nothing and risks alienating white southerners.
Truth, however, should have some champion. Thaddeus Stevens was a noble figure in American politics -- as noble as Andrew Johnson was base. He supported more than emancipation; he supported the acceptance of black Americans as no different than any other American or any other human. When Stevens died, loathed even in his own time, he was by choice buried in a cemetery for blacks only, so that even in death he could display his belief in the fundamental equality of the races of man.
The objection that Stevens and the other so-called "radical Republicans" had was that blacks were being systematically denied genuine freedom to correspond to their putative freedom. The black leaders in the South were almost all conciliatory and peaceful. Many had been educated at Ivy League schools, and none seemed stupid or ignorant.
The South, as long as blacks were able to participate in government, became an extraordinarily balanced political system. Both political parties had almost exactly the same amount of partisan power. Elections for Congress were more competitive than at any other time -- before or since -- in American history.
Johnson did all he could to sabotage this. Lands which Lincoln had given slaves as confiscated contraband from plantation owners, Johnson took back. Johnson not only did not oppose Jim Crow in the South, but he proposed a Federal Black Slave Code for federal territories. As late as 1865, Johnson expressed to California Senator John Conness that he never opposed slavery.
During the 1860 Presidential Election, which was a four party race, Andrew Johnson supported J.C. Breckenridge, the most extreme pro-slavery of the four candidates (none of whom, including Lincoln, supported emancipation). Frederick Douglass noted that when Johnson was inaugurated as Vice President, he displayed a visceral dislike of blacks.
The impeachment, and near removal, of Andrew Johnson as President is uniformly presented as a travesty of justice just barely averted by a brave Republican senator from Kansas. Until Lincoln, most federal power was properly seen as residing in Congress, which in turn reflected the state governments and the people, respectively.
Congress passed laws which Johnson ignored. The Union had fought a war, and Johnson was refraining from protecting those freed slaves who had often chosen to fight for the Union. While it is possible to respect Confederate leaders like Robert E. Lee, who favored confederated rather than federal power, who opposed slavery personally, and who comported himself always with honor and decency, Johnson was the antithesis of these noble Confederates.
He favored the Union in war. He also favored slavery. He ignored his oath of office, which, as president was to enforce faithfully those laws that Congress passed (whether he agreed with them or not).
America paid a heavy price for his failures. Blacks were not socialists in 1865. Black leaders, in fact, urged blacks to gain useful and marketable skills, to master language as brilliant writers and orators like Frederick Douglass had done, and to be good citizens of a good country.
Andrew Johnson, lionized as a martyr by Democrats, allowed the honorable and important principle of states' rights to be prostituted to the vile purposes of crooked, one-party government, racial terrorism, and a backward South. He prevented the Democrat Party from undergoing the painful, but essential, catharsis that its whole-hearted opposition to equality and emancipation -- which was manifest as much in northern Democrats as southern Democrats.
Black Americans had every chance to blend happily into a nation that absorbed Chinese, Greek, Irish, Jewish, Swedish, Russian and Polish immigrants. This could only happen, however, if blacks were given precisely equal legal and political rights in the South -- not more than equal and not less than equal.
Andrew Johnson, who stood at the pivotal period of early Reconstruction, could have made this possibility a reality, to the greater good of all Americans. This narrow, drunken, spiteful man did just the opposite. He kept the Civil War running from then until this very day. Andrew Johnson is the second worst president America has ever produced.
Bruce Walker is a senior writer with Enter Stage Right. He is also a frequent contributor to The Pragmatist and The Common Conservative.
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One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest - Sociological Analysis
Uploaded by JarJarBinks on Jul 05, 2004
Sociological Analysis of the movie One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
The movie One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is based on the experience of a criminal that elected to move to a mental institution to avoid serving his time at a prison work camp. The criminal, Randall P. McMurphy, or McMurphy, as the other inmates call him, was under the impression that his sentence would be converted to the amount of time he would need to spend in the institution. What he did not realize was that once he was admitted to the institution, he would not be released until the medical staff felt he was safe for society. McMurphy goes about living in the institution, and creates a society among several of the patients, which has a large impact on the structure of the institution. His relationships with the other patients in the ward develops into a society where thoughts and opinions grow and interfere with the flow of the institution's rules and regulations, and friction is made between the authorities and the patients.
McMurphy strives to overcome the head nurse, Nurse Ratchet, and finds himself understanding the mentalities of the others in the ward. This movie's theme is about insanity and how people on "the other side" of the wall view the term "insanity".
In chapter two of out text, the term "society" is defined as a group of people that share a culture and common identity. This society is present when McMurphy is admitted to the institution, but he changes it by developing relationships with the other patients. This can be described as social influence. Social influence is where other people have an impact on and change the thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors of others.
When McMurphy first arrives at the institution, the other patients follow a structure in the institution where interactions with others are limited. Many of the patients are withdrawn from others, and only follow the daily "routine" assigned to them. This is a society of order and regulations, and the members of this society have a culture and common identity of being "insane" and in the institution for medical treatment.
McMurphy changes this society by influencing the other patients. During his time in the ward, McMurphy develops relationships with the other patients and teaches them to interact with one another more completely. He also how to work towards what they wanted with both their accommodations...
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The building blocks of a HTML5 web page
Before getting into the specifics of using Radi, let’s first look into what exactly it is that we can create using Radi. One short answer is: “Modern web pages in HTML5”… But as you’ve probably noticed, there's a lot that can be done within a web browser today. In order for this answer to be useful, we need to narrow it down a bit. We’ll start with the essentials: what is HTML5, and what does a modern web page consist of?
A major focus area of the HTML5 standard is multimedia. The original HTML had very limited support for rich visual content, and this left an opening for browser plugins to fill the “multimedia gap”. For a long time, Adobe’s Flash plugin was the de facto solution for presenting animation and video on the web. HTML5 brings official standard solutions to fill this gap. Now web pages can finally have dynamic, rich graphics and video without having to resort to the Flash plugin that is not available everywhere (most smartphones don’t have it, for example).
Two crucial parts of HTML5’s multimedia support are the Canvas and Video elements. You’ll encounter these everywhere in Radi, so these are essential concepts. To understand how these fit into the larger picture of web development, we need to examine the composition of a web page: how does the browser decide what to display, and what options does a web designer have for creating dynamic content? A pageful of elements
A web page is essentially a bunch of text that has been “marked up” with different tags. For example, the above heading could be marked up as “small heading”, and this paragraph of text could be marked up as simply “paragraph”. When the web browser encounters these tags, it knows that it should render the heading differently from the ordinary paragraph. (In HTML, the tags are written with angular parenthesis, so the tag for “small heading” would be <h3> and the tag for “paragraph” would be <p>. You don’t need to know any of this to use Radi, but it may be helpful to know as tags are commonly discussed in the world of web design.)
When the browser sees the text and the tags, it creates a visual representation of the document. Most HTML tags represent elements that become directly visible on the page – for example, the above “small heading” is an element of its own, and each paragraph also becomes an element. These elements are the real building blocks of the web page. In addition to text, the traditional HTML standard includes elements for images and tables, as well as a few elements that don’t have a direct meaning but can be used to group other elements together. The <div> element is commonly used for this purpose of creating "blocks". When this handful of elements is complemented by CSS styles to define positioning and margins, it’s possible to build fairly complex layouts in HTML4 using just these pieces. Below is an example of a traditional HTML4 web page as seen in a web browser window:
New motion elements
HTML5 breaks this limitation with new elements that can contain custom visual content in full motion. Because they are dynamic in nature, it’s hard to capture them in a still picture, but here’s an attempt at an illustration anyway:
(This illustration shows only new kinds of elements, the old ones from the previous HTML4 example are of course also usable.)
In the above illustration, one of the Canvas elements is shown overlapped on top of the Video element. This is an important point – the Canvas doesn't have to be a solid box, but it can be a transparent layer that is visually connected to another element. In the illustrated example, this “overlay” Canvas might be an animated logo that’s sometimes shown on top of the video and otherwise it’s completely transparent.
The Image element and various text elements are the building blocks of traditional web content. Similarly, the Video and Canvas elements are the foundation of multimedia web content. Using them together with traditional web techniques, a web page can now render most kinds of content that would previously have required plugins like Flash. (Better yet, each browser and device can use their own best implementation for multimedia tasks: for example smartphones are able to use their specific video acceleration hardware to play HTML5 Video content, and many new desktop browsers are able to make use of graphics processors to accelerate Canvas content. These browser-specific optimizations are not going to happen with a plugin that is owned and developed by a single vendor.)
Elements and layers in Radi
The previous subchapter covered the essential ground concerning the elements found in HTML, both the “traditional” version 4 and the new version 5. Now let’s look at how these elements are made available in Radi. Along the way, this subchapter will provide a short overview of the capabilities of Radi.
In Radi, the document workspace shows the web page being edited. Within this page, you can place any number of HTML elements. In Radi these are called top-level elements. When the web page is published, these will become actual HTML elements.
Radi is a flexible environment that tries to fit your content into whatever top-level element you have placed it in. Naturally, the choice of element can greatly affect the rendering of the content: an Image element can’t show animations, to choose an obvious example. In practice, element capabilities can be subtle and less obvious. For example, placing the same animated content in a Canvas or a Video element can often look the same in Radi, but in the web browser it makes a great difference as the Video content has necessarily been rendered into a file whereas the same content in Canvas will be rendered on the fly within the web page. Hence it’s very important to understand the capabilities of elements when working in Radi (or indeed when creating any HTML5 content in general, as the same concepts apply to all web design).
The choice of element is important, but it’s something that you perhaps only do once when starting out a new document – elements are not the pieces that you typically would interact with in Radi all the time. For that, Radi has more fine-grained tools.
To create image compositions and animations, Radi uses the notion of layers. These are like transparent slides. When layers are placed on top of each other, they create a combined image. If you’ve used Photoshop or Flash, you’re already familiar with layers. (The layers in Radi are quite similar to the ones in Photoshop: they come in a few different types such as image, text, shape and adjustment layers. One major difference is that, unlike Photoshop, all the operations in Radi are non-destructive – any edits made or effects applied always remain editable and animatable.)
Layers are sometimes called content layers in Radi, to differentiate them from the top-level elements. Even though elements are also layers in the sense that they can be placed on top of each other, they are fundamentally very different. By themselves, elements are always empty – they need layers to provide them with content to render.
Elements are therefore containers for layers. One possibly useful way to think about top-level elements in Radi is to imagine them as “mini-apps” for web publishing. Each element does a job for which you previously might have used a separate app:
- The Image element can be used to design images, i.e. it replaces an image editor.
- The Text block element replaces a text editor.
- The Video element does video conversion and effects, so it can replace even several apps.
Because content layers are independent of elements, you can operate all these “mini-apps” in the same way and within the same interface. The integration in Radi goes deep, but often you need some awareness of which “mini-app” you’re working with.
Overview of top-level elements
The next chapters will go into more detail concerning all the practicalities of how to create top-level elements within the Radi user interface. For now, we’ll just go over each type of element.
Text block element (a.k.a. “Block” for short)
A block of text – the original type of HTML information. Although Radi is not primarily a word processing or page layout app, it has sufficient capabilities for placing and editing short texts for a web page. It’s possible to choose fonts, colors, margins and other basic style properties. When writing text in Radi, you don’t need to write raw HTML directly. Instead you use a simple text format called Markdown, where styles like headings and bulleted lists are presented in a minimalistically simple and readable way. <text editor screenshot>
A still image. Although motion content – animation and video – is a major new feature in HTML5, you can of course use Radi to create still images as well. All the same tools are at your disposal regardless of whether you’re building something in an Image element or a Video element. (Because Radi allows content to be easily moved from one element to another, you could always start creating a still image, then decide to convert it into motion later.)
A movie – more specifically, a sequence of images and a soundtrack. (More detail forthcoming.)
A container for vector animation and dynamic graphics. (More detail forthcoming.)
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That Figures: the Real Cost of Childhood Obesity
17 percent of American kids ages 2-19 are obese.
40 percent of African American and Hispanic kids are overweight or obese.
90 percent of elementary schools eliminated daily physical education classes.
2/3 of high school students don’t get recommended daily levels of physical activity.
7.5 hours a day is spent by the average teenager using entertainment media like TV, computers, video games, cell phones and movies.
106 calories of daily intake is associated with every additional hour of sedentary screen time.
$147 billion is what the obesity epidemic costs the U.S. each year.
$66 billion per year is the projected annual increase of costs associated with obesity.
10 to 20 percent of growth in health insurance premiums over the last 15 years is linked to rising rates of obesity.
215,000 American children younger than 20 had diabetes in 2010.
1/3 of all children born in 2000 or later will suffer from diabetes at some point in their lives.
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Everyone loves the promise of a magical cancer-fighting, anti-aging super nutrient. If only we could prevent all our worst health fears by eating more blueberries, or drinking more green tea! But are antioxidants really all they’ve cracked up to be?
Yes, and no. The research into these supposedly magical chemical compounds is surprisingly difficult to interpret. Most serious diseases are associated with low levels of antioxidants, but it’s not always clear which is the cause and which is the effect. Distinguishing the benefits of antioxidants from the other benefits of vegetables is another challenge. But despite everything we don’t know about antioxidants, it’s possible to get a much clearer understanding of the issue than “antioxidants are good; the more the better.”
High levels of antioxidants in the body are probably beneficial, but the antioxidants you eat don’t just zoom directly from your mouth to your bloodstream. In fact, a huge intake of Vitamin C or other antioxidant vitamins via supplements is useless at best and may even be dangerous. The antioxidants in fruits and vegetables are useful, but in a roundabout and counterintuitive way. What’s really important is making sure your body is producing enough of its own, home-grown antioxidants. Whole foods high in antioxidants are beneficial for reasons we don’t entirely understand, but any kind of antioxidant supplement is best avoided.
What Is Oxidative Stress?
Briefly, oxidative stress is the cellular damage that antioxidants fight. It’s produced by the activity of free radicals, highly unstable molecules that accumulate in your body in all kinds of ways. Some are released as by-products of perfectly normal metabolic processes; others are ingested or inhaled (cigarette smoke, for example). Free radicals, unlike most molecules, contain unpaired electrons; this makes them highly unstable because they’re constantly on the hunt for a second electron to complete the pair, and they’re not above stealing it from any other molecule in their path.
Left unchecked, these free radicals (also called Reactive Oxygen Species or ROS) cause oxidative stress: intracellular damage and even cell death. Oxidative stress is strongly associated with all kinds of chronic diseases (although it’s not always clear whether the oxidative stress causes the disease or vice versa), and oxidative damage to your DNA is a major carcinogen. Oxidized LDL cholesterol is increasingly implicated as the real villain behind heart disease; high blood cholesterol alone just doesn’t seem to mean much. Most famously, oxidative stress been implicated in every part of the aging process; this is technically referred to as the “free radical theory of aging.”
Antioxidants are your body’s shield from the perils of oxidative stress. They can basically be divided up into two groups: the ones that work by neutralizing free radicals, and the ones that work by hormesis.
Group 1: Antioxidants that Neutralize Free Radicals
Members of this group account for most of the antioxidant activity in your body. Some of them are vitamins and minerals: Vitamins C and E, beta-carotene and other Vitamin A precursors, zinc, and selenium. Others are endogenous, meaning that they’re manufactured by the body itself, rather than obtained through food. Some endogenous antioxidants are glutathione, alpha-lipoic acid, Coenzyme Q (COQ10), uric acid, and melatonin. These are by far the most significant antioxidants – uric acid alone accounts for 60-70% of antioxidant activity.
These antioxidants either provide a second electron to free radicals (thus making them stable), or break the radicals down completely. They interact with each other as part of an incredibly sophisticated system for getting this job done. In the process of neutralizing a free radical, an antioxidant’s power is temporarily destroyed, but other antioxidants can revive it to fight another day. For example, glutathione and alpha-lipoic acid regenerate Vitamins C and E. Working inside your body to protect you from free radical damage, these antioxidants really do live up to their reputation as oxidation-busting superheroes.
Group 2: Antioxidants that Work by Hormesis
A second type of antioxidants doesn’t work by directly neutralizing the free radicals themselves. Instead, they work by increasing the activity of your endogenous antioxidants through a process called hormetic stress. This second class of antioxidants is made up of phytochemicals, or plant antioxidants, e.g. resveratrol from red wine, lycopene from tomatoes, or tannins from green tea.
These phytochemicals are some of the plant’s tools for warding off fungi, bacterial infection, bugs, and other threats. They’re basically natural pesticides. If this is starting to sound familiar, it’s probably because you’ve heard it before: several of the gut-irritating chemical compounds in grains and legumes are also designed as natural pesticides. Wheat and cauliflower alike are primarily concerned with looking out for their own survival, not altruistically designing nourishment for other species.
So what’s the difference between a vegetable and a grain? Why are natural pesticides so beneficial in spinach, but so dangerous in barley? Hormetic stress. Like exercise, plant antioxidants are hormetic stressors. In simple terms, this means that the antioxidants themselves actually do cause some damage, but the damage is really a blessing in disguise because the body bounces back stronger than it was before.
In the case of antioxidants, this means that the minor stress of coping with the natural pesticide spurs your body into making more of its own, endogenous antioxidants in response. Eating antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables doesn’t make you stronger by contributing plant antioxidants to your natural defenses. In fact, levels of phytochemicals in the blood barely increase at all after ingesting antioxidant-rich plants, and the change is usually transient, disappearing after just a few hours. Also, the activity of plant antioxidants as a percentage of total antioxidant activity in the body is tiny, so even a huge percentage jump in a plant antioxidant like quercetin or lycopene wouldn’t have a significant effect on big-picture health.
So these plant antioxidants don’t get shuttled into the bloodstream and start zapping free radicals left and right. Rather, they’re valuable because, through hormetic stress, they raise the levels of endogenous antioxidants.
Several studies have demonstrated this. One team of researchers found that the beneficial effect of flavonoids, a type of plant antioxidants, was not due to their power to alter serum antioxidant levels, but rather their ability to stimulate production of uric acid (an endogenous antioxidant). Another study repeated the findings with apples.
This explanation is complicated by the fructose content of the fruits, because fructose independently raises uric acid concentration. This means that testing fruit as a whole food necessarily introduces a confounding factor. However, one study gave volunteers either a control drink containing sugar, a control drink + supplementary hesperidin (an antioxidant found in orange juice), or pure orange juice; this controlled for the possible effects of sugar, but the researchers still found antioxidant benefits from the orange juice, and to a slightly lesser extent, from the sugar drink/supplement combination. This suggests that the hesperidin itself played at least some role in provoking the hormetic response.
Even the levels of Vitamin C or other free radical-scavenging antioxidants (the “true antioxidants” described in Group 1 above) in fruits don’t account for this effect. An interesting study demonstrating this was done on apples. Researchers from Cornell University showed that 100 grams of apple (containing 5.7 mg of Vitamin C) had an antioxidant value equivalent to 1,500 mg of Vitamin C. Their explanation: phytochemicals.
That was quite a long and involved explanation, but hopefully it serves to demonstrate a crucial fact: plant antioxidants aren’t friendly little balls of anti-cancer joy. They’re useful, but like all hormetic stress, they’re only useful in amounts small enough for you to handle. Hormetic stress is only beneficial as long as you can fully recover from it. Otherwise, it’s just stress.
Supplements vs. Real Foods
Now that you know your antioxidants, it’s time to get down to the practical stuff: what’s the best way to take advantage of all this information to optimize your own health? At first glance, it seems so simple: if you want more antioxidant activity in your body, just take an antioxidant supplement!
Unfortunately, it’s not that simple. When it comes to antioxidants, supplements are definitely not the answer. Just to name a few studies:
- A meta-analysis from the British Medical Journal found no benefit in cardiovascular disease for synthetic vitamin or antioxidant supplements (including Vitamins A, C, and E and selenium), even though Vitamin C is one of the crucial factors in preventing atherosclerotic lesions (ruptured plaque). While acknowledging that test-tube studies and animal models show benefits, they revealed that the human studies did not.
- One trial found that a daily dose of Vitamins C and E, beta-carotene (a precursor form of Vitamin A), selenium, and zinc actually increased the rate of skin cancer in women (although not in men).
- Another study concluded that antioxidant supplements (C, E, beta-carotene, zinc, and selenium) provided no benefit in avoiding diabetes, although baseline levels of antioxidants were important – in other words, antioxidant status matters, but supplements don’t help.
- A meta-analysis from the Journal of the American Medical Association concluded that beta carotene, Vitamin A, and Vitamin E may actually be dangerous, and that Vitamin C and selenium had no effect (although scientists from the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University criticized the paper for cherry-picking studies that supported their conclusions).
There’s also a fair amount of evidence that supplementing with antioxidant vitamins after exercising can actually minimize or prevent the benefits of the exercise itself. This makes sense: like phytonutrients, exercise is a hormetic stress, with the benefits really coming from your body’s efforts to adapt and recover from the stressor. If an antioxidant supplement steps in and does this job for you, your body doesn’t have the chance to get stronger by rising to meet the challenge.
Supplementing with endogenous antioxidants is similarly misguided. Glutathione, the most popular, is useless as a supplement because it’s destroyed in the stomach before it can even get to your cells (so a glutathione supplement is really nothing but very expensive protein powder). Other supplements of endogenous antioxidants also seem to impair the body’s adaptive response to stress: basically, they make your body lazy about making its own antioxidants, since it’s always getting plenty of them from an outside source.
What about supplements of plant phytochemicals? If hormetic stress is so useful, wouldn’t these be a better option? Unfortunately, the artificial supplements just don’t work as well as the real thing. To cite an example hot off the presses, a 2013 study in diabetic men showed no benefit for resveratrol supplementation, in contrast to benefits seen in rat studies (an excellent lesson in why we can’t always trust rat studies!)
Supplementing with plant antioxidants also has a very high potential to overload your ability to process them and turn a hormetic stress into a dangerous one. Remember: hormetic stress is a very delicate balance – some is good, but more is not better. Plants as whole foods present us with relatively low levels of hundreds of different phytochemicals, not all of which we even have names for, much less know anything about. Unsurprisingly, taking megadoses of one or two of these chemicals just doesn’t have the same effect.
On the other hand, foods containing any kind of antioxidants are very healthy indeed. For example, an intervention study in diabetic subjects found that a group assigned to eat two fruits per day ended the study with significant improvements in serum Vitamin C and Glutathione, not to mention blood sugar levels. This may have been due to the Vitamin C and E provided by the fruit, to the hormetic stress of the phytochemicals, or to both at once.
Another study very plausibly suggested that the benefits of whole foods are synergistic – namely, the different chemicals all build on each other, so supplementing with any one component wouldn’t have the same effect. It’s also very possible that there are other antioxidant chemicals in whole foods that we don’t know about yet.
In any event, it’s pretty clear what the lesson is for individuals just trying to improve their health: whole foods win; supplements lose.
Other Ways to Improve Antioxidant Status
Tossing back megadoses of antioxidants in the form of vitamin supplements isn’t useful. Getting the antioxidant vitamins alongside hormetic benefits from phytochemicals in real food is helpful up to a point. But remember that most of your antioxidant activity comes from the ones you make yourself: there are all kinds of ways to give this process a boost without taking any kind of supplement directly.
First off, get plenty of sleep, and establish a regular, rhythmic sleep cycle. This is important not only because sleep deprivation contributes to oxidative stress, but also because melatonin, the hormone best-known for governing the sleep-wake cycle, is a powerful antioxidant. Manage your stress, and generally try to reduce your exposure to toxins.
From a dietary perspective, avoid inflammatory foods like omega-6 PUFA. This kind of rancid fat is not just prone to oxidation when it’s already in your body; it’s often been pre-oxidized for you by exposure to light and heat. Excess fructose is another cause for concern – not the relatively small amounts in fruit, but the enormous doses delivered by candy, soft drinks, and other sugary modern foods.
Diet can also help by giving your body the tools it needs to manufacture the endogenous antioxidants. Again, supplementing with one or two specific nutrients won’t get you the results you need. As this list of nutrients important for just one antioxidant (glutathione) shows, so many different micronutrients go into the process that keeping track of them all would drive you completely crazy. Instead of wasting hours determining the optimal micronutrient levels for each antioxidant, simply make sure to eat a wide variety of micronutrient-rich foods every day.
High-quality protein is also important for antioxidant status, because the amino acids it provides are building blocks for the endogenous antioxidants. This is why whey protein is often recommended for glutathione synthesis, but any high-quality animal protein will help.
Another therapy that you won’t see advised in any mainstream magazines is to eat plenty of saturated fat. Remember that the more saturated a fat is, the less prone it is to oxidative damage; that’s why you can leave butter out on the counter for a week and it will still be fine to eat, while canola oil left on the grocery-store shelf quickly becomes rancid. Eating lots of saturated fat helps make the membranes of your cells more saturated (more like the butter, less like the canola oil), and thus less vulnerable to attack by free radicals. So go ahead, smear some butter on your steak: it’s good for you!
Keeping your insulin levels under control is another way to push your membranes in a more saturated direction: insulin activates the production of enzymes that tend to make fats less saturated, so lower insulin levels give the fats in the cell membranes more of a chance to become saturated.
Note that “low insulin” doesn’t necessarily imply “low carb,” though. Metabolically damaged people might require a period of low-carb dieting to regain their insulin sensitivity, but metabolically healthy people are perfectly capable of metabolizing carbohydrates without enormous insulin spikes.
The enormous amount of research on antioxidants is incredibly confusing – and this is just going into the human trials, not to mention the more experimental studies on rats and mice! The typical health magazine logic about antioxidants goes something like:
- Oxidative stress is bad.
- Antioxidants protect against oxidative stress.
- Therefore, eat lots of fruits and vegetables, and take an antioxidant supplement to get plenty of anti-aging, cancer-fighting protection in your body.
A more sophisticated point of view might look something like:
- Oxidative stress is bad.
- A high antioxidant status in the whole body protects against oxidative stress.
- Therefore, eat a wide variety of fruits and vegetables in reasonable amounts, because they supply vitamin and mineral antioxidants in reasonable amounts, and phytonutrients in them stimulate the production of endogenous antioxidants. Get adequate overall nutrition to give your body the tools it needs to mount a solid antioxidant defense. Don’t bother with antioxidant supplements, because they’re ineffective at best.
Not quite as snappy, and you won’t see it in any newspaper headlines, but it’s a lot closer to the truth.
Basically, the conclusions we can draw from the available research seem to point to an anti-inflammatory diet rich in a variety of high-quality plant and animal foods as the best overall defense against oxidative damage. Even the most sophisticated pharmaceuticals that modern labs can come up with don’t match up to Mother Nature for oxidation-busting power.
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Capricornus Dwarf (Palomar 12)
The Capricornus Dwarf (Palomar 12) is an object originally classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy by Fritz Zwicky (although he catalogued it with the wrong sign in declination) and presumed
to be a member of the Local Group. Later
it was found actually to be a remote globular
cluster within our own galaxy, and catalogued as the twelfth object
in the Palomar catalogue of globular clusters. Palomar 12 lies in the constellation Capricornus, about 62,000 light-years from the
Sun and some 49,000 light-years from the galactic center at R.A. 21h 46.6m,
Dec. -21° 15'. According to one hypothesis, it may have escaped from
the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy to
become part of the Milky Way's halo.
|Palomar 12. Digital Sky Survey, 20.88'
AND STAR CLUSTERS
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There are 18 people which are to be divided into 3 groups of six. How many ways can this be done?
This is a problem that is similar to a problem we had for h/w and quiz. I thought I understood when there were groups of two but now I clearly am at a loss. I thought it would start like:
How would you find the answer to this problem?
These are known as unordered partitions.
If the question were “how many ways to choose a red team, blue team, and green team?” then the above answer would be correct. That is because the partitions are ordered by color.
It is curious to note that the correct answer is equal to .
That is, take the first person listed and then choose five others to be with that person.
Then take the next person on the list not chosen and choose five more to go with that person.
Having done that, the remaining six people constitute the third group.
I do not consider this “There are 18 people which are to be divided into 3 groups of six. How many ways can this be done?” a badly worded question. In fact, in a course on combinatorics it is standard in the section discussing ordered verses unordered partitions of a set.
To partition a set of N into k groups (k|N=j) can be done in ways. That is an unordered partition
2. (____) persons are to be grouped into three clubs, (____) in each club. In how many ways can this be done?
I omitted the numbers, as not all students have completed the quiz at this time.
The answer Mr. Fantastic gave was considered correct.
The reason for my confusion was because after posting the question on our school's board I had found that some had started the problem with 18C12 and I initially did not realize it was the same as 18C6.
The wording of the question I posted was slightly different. If this created a misunderstanding I apologize for the error and will strive for clarity in future posts.
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Text of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation Grand Coulee Dam Settlement Act
The text of the bill below is as of Oct 7, 1994 (Passed Congress/Enrolled Bill).
One Hundred Third Congress
One Hundred Third Congress
United States of America
United States of America
AT THE SECOND SESSION
AT THE SECOND SESSION
Begun and held at the City of Washington on Tuesday,
the twenty-fifth day of January, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-four
To provide for the settlement of the claims of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation concerning their contribution to the production of hydropower by the Grand Coulee Dam, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
- This Act may be cited as the ‘Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation Grand Coulee Dam Settlement Act’.
SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.
- For purposes of this Act:
- (1) The term ‘Administrator’ means the Administrator of the Bonneville Power Administration.
- (2) The term ‘Bonneville Power Administration’ means the Bonneville Power Administration of the Department of Energy or any successor Agency, Corporation, or entity that markets power produced at the Dam.
- (3) The term ‘Dam’ means the Grand Coulee Dam operated by the Bureau of Reclamation of the Department of the Interior, the power from which is marketed by the Bonneville Power Administration of the Department of Energy.
- (4) The term ‘Settlement Agreement’ means the Settlement Agreement entered into between the United States and the Tribe, signed by the United States on April 21, 1994, and by the Tribe on April 16, 1994, to settle the claims of the Tribe in Docket 181-D of the Indian Claims Commission, which docket has been transferred to the United States Court of Federal Claims.
- (5) The term ‘Tribe’ means the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, a federally recognized Indian tribe.
SEC. 3. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES.
- (a) FINDINGS- The Congress finds that--
- (1) there is pending before the United States Court of Federal Claims, a suit by the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation against the United States, in which the Tribe seeks to recover damages under the ‘Fair and Honorable Dealings’ clause of the Indian Claims Commission Act (Act of August 13, 1946, 60 Stat. 1049), and in which, although the matter is in dispute, the potential liability of the United States is substantial;
- (2) the claim alleges that the United States has since the construction of Grand Coulee Dam used Colville Reservation land in the generation of electric power, and will continue to use such reservation land for as long as Grand Coulee Dam produces power; and that the United States has promised and undertaken to pay the Tribe for such use and has not done so;
- (3) the United States, after years of litigation, has negotiated a Settlement Agreement with the Tribe, signed by the Department of Justice, the Bonneville Power Administration and the Department of the Interior. The Settlement Agreement is contingent on the enactment of the enabling legislation; and
- (4) the Settlement Agreement, approved in this Act, will provide mutually agreeable compensation for the past use of reservation land in connection with the generation of electric power at Grand Coulee Dam, and will establish a method to ensure that the Tribe will be compensated for the future use of reservation land in the generation of electric power at Grand Coulee Dam, and will settle the claims of the Tribe against the United States brought under the Indian Claims Commission Act.
- (b) PURPOSES- It is the purpose of this Act--
- (1) to approve and ratify the Settlement Agreement entered into by the United States and the Tribe; and
- (2) to direct the Bonneville Power Administration to carry out its obligations under the Settlement Agreement.
SEC. 4. APPROVAL, RATIFICATION, AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT.
- (a) APPROVAL AND RATIFICATION- The Settlement Agreement is approved and ratified.
- (b) ANNUAL PAYMENTS- The Bonneville Power Administration shall make annual payments to the Tribe as set forth in the Settlement Agreement and shall carry out its other obligations under the Settlement Agreement.
- (c) SETTLEMENT- Consistent with the negotiated terms of the Settlement Agreement, the United States shall join in the motion that the Tribe has agreed to file in Confederated Tribes v. United States, Indian Claims Commission Docket 181-D, for the entry of a compromise final judgment in the amount of $53,000,000. The judgment shall be paid from funds appropriated pursuant to section 1304 of title 31, United States Code, and is not reimbursable by the Bonneville Power Administration.
SEC. 5. DISTRIBUTION OF THE SETTLEMENT FUNDS.
- (a) LUMP-SUM PAYMENT- The judgment of $53,000,000, when paid, shall be deposited in the Treasury of the United States and the principal amount and interest on the judgment, shall be credited to the account of the Tribe. These funds may be advanced or expended for any purpose by the tribal governing body of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, pursuant to a distribution plan developed by the Tribe and approved by the Secretary of the Interior pursuant to section 3 of Public Law 93-134 (25 U.S.C. 1403): Provided, That any payment to a minor under the distribution plan shall be held in trust by the United States for the minor until the minor reaches the age of 18, or until the minor’s class is scheduled to graduate from high school, whichever is later: Provided further, That emergency use of trust funds may be authorized for the benefit of the minor pursuant to regulations of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
- (b) ANNUAL PAYMENTS- In addition to the lump-sum payment, annual payments shall be made directly to the Tribe in accordance with the Settlement Agreement, and may be used in the same manner as any other income received by the tribe from the lease or sale of natural resources.
SEC. 6. REPAYMENT CREDIT.
- Beginning with fiscal year 2000 and continuing for so long as annual payments are made under this Act, the Administrator shall deduct from the interest payable to the Secretary of the Treasury from net proceeds as defined in section 13 of the Federal Columbia River Transmission System Act, an amount equal to 26 percent of the payment made to the Tribe for the prior fiscal year. Each deduction made under this section shall be a credit to the interest payments otherwise payable by the Administrator to the Secretary of the Treasury during the fiscal year in which the deduction is made, and shall be allocated pro rata to all interest payments on debt associated with the generation function of the Federal Columbia River Power System that are due during that fiscal year; except that, if the deduction in any fiscal year is greater than the interest due on debt associated with the generation function for that fiscal year, then the amount of the deduction that exceeds the interest due on debt associated with the generation function shall be allocated pro rata to all other interest payments due during that fiscal year. To the extent that the deduction exceeds the total amount of any such interest, the deduction shall be applied as a credit against any other payments that the Administrator makes to the Secretary.
SEC. 7. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.
- (a) LIENS AND FORFEITURES, ETC- Funds paid or deposited to the credit of the Tribe pursuant to the Settlement Agreement or this Act, the interest or investment income earned or received on those funds, and any payment authorized by the Tribe or the Secretary of the Interior to be made from those funds to tribal members, and the interest or investment income on those payments earned or received while the payments are held in trust for the member, are not subject to levy, execution, forfeiture, garnishment, lien, encumbrance, seizure, or State or local taxation.
- (b) ELIGIBILITY FOR FEDERAL AND FEDERALLY FUNDED PROGRAMS- Funds paid or deposited to the credit of the Tribe pursuant to the Settlement Agreement or this Act, the interest or investment income earned or received on such funds, and any payment authorized by the Tribe or the Secretary of the Interior to be made from those funds to tribal members, and the interest or investment income on those payments earned or received while the payments are held in trust for the member, may not be treated as income or resources nor otherwise utilized as the basis for denying or reducing the financial assistance or other benefit to which the Tribe, a tribal member, or household would otherwise be entitled under the Social Security Act or any Federal or federally assisted program.
- (c) TRUST RESPONSIBILITY- This Act and the Settlement Agreement do not affect the trust responsibility of the United States and its agencies to the Tribe and the members of the Tribe.
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Vice President of the United States and
President of the Senate.
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For more information contact:
Marlene Mervine, AREC AWW Coordinator, 302-735-8660
Gary Kreamer, AREC Education Coordinator, 302-735-8665
Adopt-a-Wetland (AAW) is a volunteer program where participants adopt a wetland to care for and watch over. The goal of the program is to teach Delaware residents about the importance of wetlands to humans and the natural world, all while helping to protect these same resources.
The program was founded in the late 1980s through the ideas and initiative of one woman, Dot White, a retired Sussex County chemist and farmer. Walking on her property, she wondered how she could improve not only her land and water, but those of her neighbors too. With the help of DNREC Ms. White worked to created a volunteer program to promote stewardship of wetlands across the state of Delaware.
From the humble beginnings of one site at Records Pond in Laurel, Delaware's Adopt-A-Wetland program has grown to over 90 sites and over 3,000 volunteers. To find out how you can be part of the fun keep reading, and remember, “Delaware’s good nature depends on you!”
Check out our “Working for Wetlands” video and meet some of our adopters!
For more information on the history of AAW click here
Click here for AAW brochure
Delaware Wetlands Home
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Opening Exhibition Explores the Myths and Realities of Race
The College of Wooster Art Museum to present “RACE: Are We So Different?” Aug. 27-Nov. 24
WOOSTER, Ohio – The College of Wooster Art Museum will present “RACE: Are We So Different?” as its opening exhibition of the upcoming academic year. Organized by the Science Museum of Minnesota, “RACE” is a project of the American Anthropological Association. The exhibition, which runs from Aug. 27 through Nov. 24, encourages museum visitors to explore the science, history, and everyday experience of race in order to determine what race is and what it is not. The exhibition is presented in association with the College’s 2013 Wooster Forum, titled “Facing Race.”
“We are pleased to once again partner with The Wooster Forum, whose speaker series this year focuses on issues surrounding race,” says Kitty McManus Zurko, director and curator of The College of Wooster Art Museum. “The themes in the exhibition are also those of the Forum speakers.”
“RACE: Are We So Different?” explores three primary topics: (1) the history of the idea of race; (2) the science of human variation; and (3) the contemporary experience of race and racism in the United States. Although the social and cultural differences of race are a source of community and personal identity, they are also a point of discrimination and inequality. Additionally, a scientific understanding of human variation may challenge the ways in which people think about race and racism.
Ultimately, these three interwoven themes present a more holistic story by exploring the same topic through different perspectives. The science section investigates what current science and scholarship tell us about human variation, human migration, gene flow, and the distribution of human traits across the globe. In the history section, race as a 17th and 18th century creation and the 19th and 20th century “race science” theories that sought to legitimize racial and ethnic inequalities are explored. In the third section, housing, land, wealth, health, and education in contemporary life provide a contemporary lens through which to view this important subject.
“RACE’ is an exhibition more commonly found at science and natural history museums that may charge admission,” says McManus Zurko. “The College is pleased to offer this unique educational opportunity more frequently found in a larger, urban area, to our community free of charge.”
Funded by the Ford Foundation and the National Science Foundation, “RACE” includes a website and online teaching resources that can be found online.
The College of Wooster Art Museum is open Tuesday through Friday from 10:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. and Saturday and Sunday from 1-5 p.m. All exhibitions and events are free and open to the public. Group and class tours are also available. For more information, or to arrange a tour, call 330-263-2388 or visit the Museum's website.
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Given: many rectangular shapes with the same measurements (length and width) and many smaller size rectangular shapes, that are given like this: a(1), b(1), k(1); ...; a(n), b(n), k(n) here a(i) - is shape width, b(i) - is shape height, k(i) - is the number of how many same size figures do we need.
Requirements: to cut all the figures using the least number of shapes as possible. When cutting, figure sides have to be parallel to shape sides.
For example, we need to make a set of furniture for the kitchen. the figures of that set are rectangles (or other but approximated as rectangles). We need to use the least number of shapes.
can anybody tell me what algorithm i have to use to solve this task? help please!
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<urn:uuid:0febd1c1-b935-464f-a784-653c54421978>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://mathforum.org/kb/thread.jspa?threadID=1525645
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Total energy expenditure
1. Use the dials until you have entered time spend on sleeping and other activities on a typical day (24 hours).
2. The calculator assumes that all unaccounted time is spend sitting.
If you want to increase accuracy of your estimation, you should print this sheet and fill it out hour by hour on a typical day. After that - enter values in to the calculator.
The basal metabolic rate is calculated from the Schofield reference formulas used by WHO including age specific formulas for children. Energy cost of activities are based on various references and because children use relative more energy pr. kg body weight than adults, a dynamic correction is used for children depending on body weight.
At the other end of the scale, obese people tend to have their activity dependent energy expenditure overestimated. Accordingly, a correction factor for body mass indexes over 30 is applied.
In summary: this calculator is reliable for children as well as normal weight and obese adults.
Energy and Protein Requirements, Proceedings of an IDECG workshop, Edited by Nevin S. Scrimshaw, John C. Waterlow and Beat Schürch. 1994.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996 Feb;50 Suppl 1:S1-197.
World Health Organisation, Fao, and Unu. Energy and protein requirements. Geneva: WHO, Technical Report Series 724, 1985.
Exercise Physiology, McArdle, Katch & Katch, 5th ed
WHO Obesity Guidelines, 2000 - Technical Report Series 894
Schofield, W.N. 1985. Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work. Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr., 39C (suppl. 1): 5-41.
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.health-calc.com/diet/energy-expenditure-advanced
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Posted by Lemar on Tuesday, April 21, 2009 at 6:35pm.
I'm having problems with this question, to tell you the truth I dont understand the problem.
Andrew is considering building a clubhouse in the shape of a rectangle. His sketch of the clubhouse is.... (its a drawing of a rectangle with 8 ft at the top and 4 ft on the left end)What would the area of the clobhouse be? I answer 24 ft.
The next question asked ....
on one wall of the clubhouse,Andrwe wants to cut a large circular opening to be a window. The circle radiusis 2 ft. What will the circle circumference be? (This is what i dont understand) Please help me!!
- Math - Riley, Tuesday, April 21, 2009 at 6:46pm
cirsumference of a circle equals 2*pie*radius
- Math - Ms. Sue, Tuesday, April 21, 2009 at 6:48pm
If the clubhouse is 8 feet by 4 feet, the area wouldn't be 24 feet.
8 * 4 = ?? sq. feet
To find the circumference, multiply Pi times the diameter.
C = 3.14 * 4
C = ??
- Math - Lemar, Tuesday, April 21, 2009 at 7:19pm
by multiplying 8 by 4 is 32ft?
C = 1256
if this is the right answer, I still confused, plaese help me understand
- Math - Ms. Sue, Tuesday, April 21, 2009 at 7:23pm
Yes. The area of the clubhouse is 32 square feet.
But you're way off on the circumference. Where does the decimal point go?
- Math - Lemar, Tuesday, April 21, 2009 at 7:32pm
- Math - Ms. Sue, Tuesday, April 21, 2009 at 7:38pm
Right. The circumference of the circle is 12.56 feet.
Answer This Question
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1240353359
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|The model of Lucy created for
the Lucy’s Legacy exhibition.
Photo by reality photography
The Lucy’s Legacy exhibit was reviewed in early February by a representative of the Seattle-based Discovery Institute, which promotes Creationism and Intelligent Design. In the following paragraphs, I would like to add my observations to the statements found in this review.
Let me start with a few general remarks. First, a favorite approach by Creationists is to cast doubt on the subject of evolution, particularly human evolution and to drive a wedge between faith and science. This policy, known as the Wedge Document, is publicly acknowledged by the Discovery Institute as being theirs. Second, a favorite approach of Creationist writers is to represent issues in stark black and white terms.
The 2000-word document is sprinkled with terms that drive the message home: the study of human evolution fails as a belief system; the evidence is scarce and the interpretations fast and loose and not widely accepted. Moreover, some of the evidence is misrepresented.
The writer of the document stated that there is a “paucity of actual hard evidence for human evolution.” An interesting statement, but one which considering the presence of an actual fossilized hominin fossil, fails itself to carry any water. What harder evidence can one want, but for an authentic fossil, I wonder. The same author also quotes a statement that “unless more fossils are recovered (…) there is likely to be a continuing debate on Lucy’s posture…” Two thoughts come to mind here. It is always good to have more fossil evidence. In fact, for years paleoanthropologists have continued to find fossils every year. Our database of fossilized early humans continues to grow, courtesy of an ongoing scientific effort. This growing database has led to the formulation of answers to old questions while at the same time giving rise to new questions which we need to answer. That is the essence of scientific research; it is a never ending quest for better insights in what we can observe.
These statements, using the terms “paucity” and “until more fossils are recovered,” are misleading. One wonders if the author knows that the remains of 300 Australopithecus afarensis individuals are known to the scientific community, making Lucy and her kind the best known of all of early human ancestors.
| photo credit: ideonexus
Another lament found in the document is the “incompleteness” of her (i.e. Lucy’s) skeleton.” The author continues “only 40% was found” and “very little useful material from Lucy’s skull was recovered.” I suppose one could say that everything is in the eye of the beholder. Of course, 50% or more would have been even better. However, another way of referring to Lucy and the preservation of her skeleton is that it is amazing that so much was preserved, considering she died more than 3 million years ago.
Factually incorrect is a statement that “Lucy still represents the most complete known hominid skeleton to date.” There are currently older and better preserved fossils, including some of the same species as Lucy. Baby Selam for example, is much better preserved. More recent than Lucy, but better preserved is an early hominid known as Turkana Boy. Lucy is still the earliest known and most complete adult Australopithecus afarensis. Things were different in 1974, when scientists could say that she was the oldest known and best preserved skeleton of a distant human ancestor. The fact that this statement now has to be qualified to reflect more recent discoveries is a testimony to the dogged work carried out by teams of paleoanthropologists in Africa. It is also an insight that ought to have been included in the Discovery Institute document, as I am sure that this is something they are aware of.
|Photo by reality photography|
We also get to read that Lucy’s bones were found scattered across a hillside, a vague reference to an old creationist claim that Lucy’s bones do not all belong to the same individual. The fact that this claim has been debunked does not stop creationists from repeating it. The author – it seems – seems to prefer that Lucy’s bones would have been found together as a contiguous skeleton. Aside from the fact that intentional burial did not exist in Lucy’s time and that she did die more than 3 million years ago, it would have been a miracle (pardon the pun) if she had been preserved completely intact and as a contiguous skeleton. One should not, however, raise the reader’s hopes by presenting this a something that should have happened.
I would like to end by referring the author of the Discovery Institute piece as well as all the readers to this latest development: Lucy was scanned at the University of Texas, Austin campus, after the exhibit in Houston had ended. I have no doubt that scientists will be pouring over this new dataset and that this effort will result in improving our understanding of who we are and where we came from.
Loyalty to a cause is admirable; having the ability to see countless shades of grey instead of only black and white is even more desirable.
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<urn:uuid:122efe5c-b92e-4bac-82df-a3955ff03b28>
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Paul, Romans and HomosexualityRelated Media
The first chapter of Paul’s letter to the Romans contains what most readers consider the Bible’s clearest condemnation of same-sex relations. Recent scholarship reads the same text and finds just the opposite. Who is right?
To most readers, the first chapter of Paul’s letter to the Romans contains the Bible’s clearest condemnation of same-sex relations--both male and female. Recent scholarship, though, reads the same text and finds just the opposite--that homosexuality is innate and therefore normal, moral, and biblical.
In Romans, Paul seems to use homosexuality as indicative of man’s deep seated rebellion against God and God’s proper condemnation of man. New interpretations cast a different light on the passage.
Paul, the religious Jew, is looking across the Mediterranean at life in the capital of Graeco-Roman culture. Homosexuality in itself is not the focus of condemnation. Rather, Paul’s opprobrium falls upon paganism’s refusal to acknowledge the true God.
It’s also possible Paul did not understand the physiological basis of genuine homosexuality. John Boswell, professor of history at Yale, is among those who differ with the classical interpretation. In Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality he writes:
The persons Paul condemns are manifestly not homosexual: what he derogates are homosexual acts committed by apparently heterosexual persons....It is not clear that Paul distinguished in his thoughts or writings between gay persons (in the sense of permanent sexual preference) and heterosexuals who simply engaged in periodic homosexual behavior. It is in fact unlikely that many Jews of his day recognized such a distinction, but it is quite apparent that--whether or not he was aware of their existence--Paul did not discuss gay persons but only homosexual acts committed by heterosexual persons.1 [emphasis in the original]
Paul is speaking to those who violate their natural sexual orientation, Boswell contends, those who go against their own natural desire: “‘Nature’ in Romans 1:26, then, should be understood as the personal nature of the pagans in question.”2 [emphasis in the original]
Since a homosexual’s natural desire is for the same sex, this verse doesn’t apply to him. He has not chosen to set aside heterosexuality for homosexuality; the orientation he was born with is homosexual. Demanding that he forsake his “sin” and become heterosexual is actually the kind of violation of one’s nature Paul condemns here.
Both views can’t be correct. Only a close look at the text itself will give us the answer. The details of this passage show why these new interpretations are impossible:3
For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who suppress the truth in unrighteousness, because that which is known about God is evident within them; for God made it evident to them.
For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes, His eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly seen, being understood through what has been made, so that they are without excuse. For even though they knew God, they did not honor Him as God, or give thanks; but they became futile in their speculations, and their foolish heart was darkened. Professing to be wise, they became fools, and exchanged the glory of the incorruptible God for an image in the form of corruptible man and of birds and four-footed animals and crawling creatures.
Therefore, God gave them over in the lusts of their hearts to impurity, that their bodies might be dishonored among them. For they exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshipped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. Amen.
For this reason God gave them over to degrading passions; for their women exchanged the natural function for that which is unnatural, and in the same way also the men abandoned the natural function of the woman and burned in their desire toward one another, men with men committing indecent acts and receiving in their own persons the due penalty of their error.
Let me start by making two observations. First, this is about God being mad: “For the wrath of God [orge] is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men....”
Second, there is a specific progression that leads to this “orgy” of anger. Men “suppress the truth in unrighteousness” (v. 18). They exchanged “the truth of God for a lie, and worshipped and served the creature rather than the Creator” (v. 25). Next, “God gave them over in the lusts of their hearts to impurity...” (v. 24). They “exchanged the natural [sexual] function for that which is unnatural (v. 26). Therefore, the wrath of God rightly falls on them (v. 18); they are without excuse (v. 20).
This text is a crystal clear condemnation of homosexuality by the Apostle Paul in the middle of his most brilliant discourse on general revelation. Paul is not speaking to a localized aberration of pedophilia or temple prostitution that’s part of life in the capital of Graeco-Roman culture. He is talking about a universal condition of man.
Regarding the same-sex behavior itself, here are the specific words Paul uses: a lust of the heart, an impurity and dishonoring to the body (v. 24); a degrading passion that’s unnatural (v. 29); an indecent act and an error (v. 27); not proper and the product of a depraved mind (v. 28).
There’s only one way the clear sense of this passage can be missed: if someone is in total revolt against God. According to Paul, homosexual behavior is evidence of active, persistent rebellion against one’s Creator. Verse 32 shows it’s rooted in direct, willful, aggressive sedition against God--true of all so-called Christians who are defending their own homosexuality. God’s response is explicit: “They are without excuse” (v. 20).
What if one’s “natural” desire is for the same sex, though. What if his homosexuality is part of his physical constitution? There are four different reasons this is a bad argument. The first three are compelling; the fourth is unassailable.
First, this rejoinder assumes there is such a thing as innate homosexuality. The scientific data is far from conclusive, though. Contrary to the hasty claims of the press, there is no definitive evidence that homosexuality is determined by physiological factors (see “Just Doing What Comes Naturally,” Clear Thinking, Spring, 1997).
There’s a second problem. If all who have a desire for the same sex do so “naturally,” then to whom does this verse apply? If everybody is only following their natural sexual desires, then which particular individuals fall under this ban, those who are not aroused by their own gender, but have sex anyway? Generally, for men at least, if there is no arousal, there is no sex. And if there is arousal, according to Boswell et al, then the passion must be natural.
Third, this interpretation introduces a whole new concept--constitutional homosexuality--that is entirely foreign to the text. Boswell himself admits that it was “in fact unlikely that many Jews of [Paul’s] day recognized such a distinction,” and that possibly even Paul himself was in the dark.
If Paul did not understand genuine homosexuality, though, then how can one say he excepted constitutional homosexuals when he wrote that they “exchanged the natural function for that which is unnatural”? This argument self-destructs.
Further, if Paul spoke only to those violating their personal sexual orientation, then wouldn’t he also warn that some men burned unnaturally towards women, and some women towards men? Wouldn’t Paul warn against both types of violation--heterosexuals committing indecent acts with members of the same sex, and homosexuals committing indecent acts with members of the opposite sex?
What in the text allows us to distinguish between constitutional homosexuals and others? Only one word: “natural.” A close look at this word and what it modifies, though, leads to the most devastating critique of all.
Natural Desire or Natural Function?
Paul was not unclear about what he meant by “natural.” Homosexuals do not abandon natural desires; they abandon natural functions: “For this reason God gave them over to degrading passions; for their women exchanged the natural function for that which is unnatural, and in the same way also the men abandoned the natural function of the woman and burned in their desire toward one another...” (1:26-27)
The Greek word kreesis, translated “function” in this text, is used only these two times in the New Testament, but is found frequently in other literature of the time. According to the standard Greek language reference A Greek/English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature,4 the word means “use, relations, function, especially of sexual intercourse.”
Paul is not talking about natural desires here, but natural functions. He is not talking about what one wants sexually, but how one is built to operate sexually. The body is built to function in a specific way. Men were not built to function sexually with men, but with women.
This conclusion becomes unmistakable when one notes what men abandon in verse 27, according to Paul. The modern argument depends on the text teaching that men abandoned their own natural desire for woman and burned toward one another. Men whose natural desire was for other men would then be exempted from Paul’s condemnation. Paul says nothing of the kind, though.
Paul says men forsake not their own natural desire (their constitutional make-up), but rather the “natural function of the woman..” They abandoned the female, who was built by God to be man’s sexual compliment.
The error has nothing to do with anything in the male’s own constitution that he’s denying. It is in the rejection of the proper sexual companion God has made for him--a woman: “The men abandoned the natural function of the woman and burned in their desire toward one another, men with men committing indecent acts....” (v. 27)
Natural desires go with natural functions. The passion that exchanges the natural function of sex between a man and a woman for the unnatural function of sex between a man and a man is what Paul calls a degrading passion.
Jesus clarified the natural, normal relationship: “Have you not read that He who created them from the beginning made them male and female and said ‘For this cause a man shall leave his father and mother and shall cleave to his wife and the two shall become one flesh [sexual intercourse].’?” (Matthew 19:4-5)
Homosexual desire is unnatural because it causes a man to abandon the natural sexual compliment God has ordained for him: a woman. That was Paul’s view. If it was Paul’s view recorded in the inspired text, then it is God’s view. And if it is God’s view, it should be ours if we call ourselves Christian.
1John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), p. 109.
2Ibid., p. 111.
3Citations are from the New American Standard Bible, copyright 1977, The Lockman Foundation.
4Bauer, Arndt and Gingrich (University of Chicago Press).
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1 Answer | Add Yours
The advent of safer ocean travel with new navigation and sailing technology allowed many civilizations to grow their economic and cultural states; formerly landlocked nations could send expeditions for exploration and trade to areas blocked by mountains and warring tribes. The Indian Ocean Basin became one of the most important trade routes for ocean trade, as it is typically a much more calm area than the Atlantic or Pacific Oceans, and there are many islands and peninsulas on which trading posts or colonies could be established.
Between 1000-1500 C.E., Egypt and India developed a strong trade relationship based on the Monsoon seasons; the strong winds allowed ships to sail faster with plenty of time for diplomatic and trade negotiations. China entered the ocean trade business as their economy grew, and supplemented the Silk Road trade with new routes through the Indian Ocean Basin. Another major development was access to and colonization of Africa, where discovery of Gold and Diamonds assisted the developing Slave Trade and helped the burgeoning Middle East in becoming the most powerful and wealthy trade civilizations in the world.
Since each civilization had its own ecosystem, agriculture, and unique materials, trade between nations allowed the spread of knowledge and culture. The Middle Eastern nations traded mostly to the West, while Europe only started their trade in earnest when overland routes connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean opened up. Trade between the nations allowed formerly closed society and knowledge of culture to spread, correcting much of the misinformation disseminated by enemy states and incorrect accounts from previous exploration.
By the end of the 1400s, Europe had rounded the Cape of Good Hope and started to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean with superior ships and firepower. At the same time, Europe was also colonizing the Americas, and so the trade significance of the Indian Ocean began to wane.
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This article or section needs more/new/more-detailed sources to conform to a higher standard and to provide proof for claims made.
|"A bunch of dwarves" by Alarie|
|Other names||Naugrim (S), Nogothrim (S).Khazâd (K), Hadhodrim (S), Casari (Q)|
|Origins||Created by Aulë|
|Locations||Khazad-dûm, Belegost, Nogrod, Erebor, Iron Hills, Orocarni, Glittering Caves, Grey Mountains, Blue Mountains|
|Languages||Khuzdul (Dwarvish), Iglishmêk (sign language), Westron|
Longbeards, Firebeards, Broadbeams, Ironfists, Stiffbeards, Blacklocks, Stonefoots, Petty-dwarves
Belegost Dwarves, Erebor Dwarves, Khazad-dûm Dwarves,
Blue Mountain Dwarves,
Grey Mountain Dwarves,
Iron Hill Dwarves
|Members||Durin, Gimli, Thorin, Dáin Ironfoot, Azaghâl, Mîm, Balin|
|Lifespan||c. 250 years|
|Distinctions||Stocky; bearded; never bald; especially hardy and loyal; notoriously stubborn|
|Hair color||Blond, brown, black, blue, red, and (when older) grey or white|
|Gallery||Images of Dwarves|
- "Since they were to come in the days of the power of Melkor, Aulë made the dwarves strong to endure. Therefore they are stone-hard, stubborn, fast in friendship and in enmity, and they suffer toil and hunger and hurt of body more hardily than all other speaking peoples; and they live long, far beyond the span of Men, yet not forever."
- ― The Silmarillion, "Of Aulë and Yavanna"
The Dwarves, or Khazâd in their own tongue, were beings of short stature, often friendly with Hobbits although long suspicious of Elves. They were typically blacksmiths and stoneworkers by profession, unrivaled in some of their arts even by the Elves.
While there were several tribes (Houses) of the Dwarves, the most prominent was that of the Longbeards.
Unlike Elves and Men, the Dwarves are not counted among the Children of Ilúvatar. Their creator was Mahal, known as Aulë the Smith. Aulë created the Seven Fathers of the Dwarves, from whom all other Dwarves are descended, deep beneath an unknown mountain somewhere in Middle-earth. However, Aulë did not have the divine power to grant independent life to any creation, and the dwarves were bound to his will. Ilúvatar came and reprimanded Aulë, who confessed his desire to create more living things, but in repentance lifted his hammer to destroy the dwarves. Even as the blow was about to land, the dwarves cowered and begged for mercy, as Ilúvatar had taken pity and given true life to the creations of his child, including them in His plan for Arda. However, Ilúvatar did not wish them to wake before the Elves, whom he intended to be the first-born. Ilúvatar granted the Dwarves life, and therefore they are known as the Adopted Children of Ilúvatar, but he bade Aulë lay them to sleep in their chamber deep beneath the mountain, and they were to awake after the Awakening of the Elves.
The Seven Fathers awoke in their places in pairs with their wives, though Durin I had awoken alone. The seven different groups of Dwarf-folk originated in the locations where the Seven Fathers of the Dwarves first awoke.
The seven clans of the Dwarves were:
- Longbeards, Durin's Folk, originally from Gundabad.
- Firebeards and Broadbeams, originally from Nogrod and Belegost.
- Ironfists and Stiffbeards, originated in the Orocarni in the far East.
- Blacklocks and Stonefoots, originated in the Orocarni.
Durin settled in the caves above Kheled-zâram which later became the greatest of Dwarf realms, Khazad-dûm. Therefore the halls of the Longbeards were not located near the halls of another Dwarf-kingdom.
There was also an eighth group of Dwarves that was not a separate member from these seven kindreds, but composed of exiles from each: the Petty-dwarves, who were hunted like animals to the point of extinction by the Elves in the First Age.
The Dwarves for many years did not know any other folk, until Firebeards and Broadbeams had their first meeting with the Elves in Beleriand in the year 1250 of the Years of the Trees. From that time on there was friendship between the Sindar and the Dwarves, and they began exchanging knowledge and creating ring-mails and many other works; the Dwarves of Nogrod were unmatched in Middle-earth in smithing. They delved the caves of Menegroth, and adopted the writing of Daeron. It was the Dwarves who told the Sindar about Orcs attacking their Elven kin on the other side of the mountains, which prompted King Thingol to begin a build up of arms which the Dwarves made for him.
Later on a great army of Orcs attacked the Elves, but in the First Battle of Beleriand were defeated and fled. Those that got away ran south right into an army of Dwarves who issued from Mount Dolmed and destroyed them.
After the Return of the Noldor, Finrod Felagund desired to settle himself in the Caves of Narog and the Dwarves of the Ered Luin aided him and gave him the dwarven name Felak-gundu (Felagund). They eventually made for him the Nauglamír. This necklace without equal contained one of the Silmarils, and sparked jealousy and conflicts over its true ownership. These initial conflicts receded by the beginning of the Second Age, but were rekindled to a new intensity by the discord sown by Sauron. They eventually created a rivalry and mistrust between Elves and Dwarves that endured to the end of the Third Age, when Gimli the Dwarf bridged the distance between the two races by developing a deep admiration for lady Galadriel and forming a strong friendship with Legolas the Elf.
The Dwarves had little participation in most of the important events involving the other races. However their friendship with the Elves perhaps became more close than ever; the Dwarves of Moria maintained close connections to the Gwaith-i-Mírdain of Eregion; the Doors of Durin of Moria were built to facilitate the communication between the two people, and was constructed jointly by both races.
When "Annatar" distributed the Rings of Power, he gave seven to Dwarf Lords in order to subdue and control them. However, they did not have the same effect as they did over Men. Dwarves did not shift into the wraith-world and in fact resisted domination. The Rings only augmented their greed and ability to create riches.
At the end of the Age, very few Dwarves participated in the great War, with some joining the side of Sauron. Some of the Dwarves of Moria joined the great host of the Last Alliance of Elves and Men.
In Third Age 1980, after centuries of greedy digging for mithril and other minerals, the Dwarves woke a Balrog that was sleeping in the deeps of the Misty Mountains since the First Age. The Dwarves fled Khazad-dum, which from then on was called Moria, which means "Black pit".
Most of Durin's folk left for the Grey Mountains in the North, while some followed the new king, Thráin I, who briefly went to Erebor in T.A. 1999. For more than 300 years the Dwarves of the Grey Mountains prospered until the Dragons in the far North started to gain strength. Some fled to the Iron Hills, while most followed the the new king Thrór to Erebor to start a new Kingdom under the Mountain. There, they prospered for over 200 years until the dragon Smaug descended in T.A. 2770. The King and his company went in exile South, while most of the survivors went to the Iron Hills.
Durin's folk settled in Dunland, and in T.A. 2790 King Thrór traveled North to Moria where he was killed by the Goblin king Azog. Thrór's son Thráin II (who had received the Last of the Seven Rings from his father before his departure) summoned all the Houses of Dwarves to war. Thus began the War of Dwarves and Orcs, in which the Dwarves destroyed all the Goblin strongholds in the Misty Mountains culminating to the great Battle of Azanulbizar where all the dwarven clans united. The Goblin hosts issuing from Moria were strong and relentless until the arrival of fresh Dwarves of the Iron Hills. The Battle ended with the victory of Dwarves, but at great cost. The Dwarven clans however were unwilling to repopulate Moria. Thráin therefore came to the Blue Mountains and established his realm there.
The Wizard Gandalf was instrumental into helping Thráin's son Thorin in reclaiming the Kingdom of Erebor. Thorin gathered around him twelve dwarves, mostly from his own line, and was joined by Gandalf and Bilbo Baggins. The Quest of Erebor ended with the death of Smaug. After a quarrel with the Men and Elves over the unguarded hoard, the Dwarves - assisted by those from the Iron Hills - united with the Men and Elves to fight the attacking Goblins and Wargs, in what was called the Battle of Five Armies, where Thorin was killed.
Not much is known about the Dwarves in the Fourth Age. After the War of the Ring, Gimli brought a part of Durin's Folk from Erebor to the Glittering Caves behind Helm's Deep and founded a colony there. Subsequently, Gimli went on many travels with his friend Legolas, and History lost track of their fate. Through their friendship and influence, the feud between the two races that had lasted for millennia finally ended, shortly before the departure of the last Elves from Middle-earth. It is rumored that Gimli and Legolas eventually boarded a ship that sailed down the river Anduin, out to sea and across to Valinor in the year Fo.A. 120. Gimli would thus have become the only Dwarf to ever be permitted to cross to the Undying Lands.
Durin VII (the Last), retook Moria and brought Khazad-dûm back to its original splendor, and the Longbeards lived there till the "world grew old and the days of Durin's race ended".
The Dwarves were created by Aulë to be strong, resistant to fire and the evils of Morgoth. They were hardier than any other race, secretive, stubborn, and steadfast in enmity or loyalty.
Dwarves generally lived far from the sea and avoided getting on boats, as they disliked the sound of the ocean and were afraid of it.
The lifespan of Dwarves was varied depending on their ancestry. The Longbeards were particularly long-lived, but by the Third Age their lifespan was diminished and they lived, on average, 250 years. Until they were around 30 years of age, Dwarves were considered too young for heavy labor or war (hence the slaying of Azog by Dain Ironfoot at age 32 was a great feat). By the age of 40, Dwarves were hardened into the appearance that they would keep for most of their lives. Between the approximate ages of 40 and 240, most Dwarves were equally hale and able to work and fight with vigor. They took on the appearance of age only about ten years before their death, wrinkling and greying rapidly, but never going bald. Occasionally they would live up to 300 years of age, and Dwalin reached the rare lifespan of 340 years (comparable to a Man living to 100).
Sickness was almost unknown to the Dwarves, as they were immune to human diseases. Corpulence, however, could affect them. In prosperous circumstances, many grew fat by the age of 200 and became physically inept.
Despite being 4.5 - 5 feet (1.35 - 1.52 m) tall, they were known for their strength and endurance in battle, as well as their fury, particularly when avenging their fallen kin, and for being some of the greatest warriors in all of Middle-earth. They fought valiantly in many wars and battles over the Ages holding axes. In appearance their more distinctive characteristic was their beard which they have from the beginning of their lives, male and females alike; and which they shave only in shame.
As creations of Aulë, they were attracted to the substances of Arda and crafts. They mined and worked precious metals throughout the mountains of Middle-earth, but had a tendency toward gold lust, and committed their share of rash and greedy acts. Among these was the dispute over the Nauglamír, which led to the slaying of Elu Thingol and stirred up the initial suspicion between Elves and Dwarves to open hatred.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag
Dwarf-women seldom walked abroad, and that only in great need. When they did travel, they were so alike Dwarf-men in voice, appearance, and garb that it was hard for other races to tell them apart. They were likewise seldom named in genealogies, joining their husbands' families. The only Dwarf-woman named in Tolkien's legendarium is Dís, sister of Thorin Oakenshield, who was given a place in the records because of the gallant deaths of her sons, Fíli and Kíli. The scarcity of women, their rare mention, and their identical looks with the males, coupled with the Dwarves' secretive culture, led many to mistakenly believe that Dwarves were born out of stone, and upon death they returned to that stone.
They were generally less corruptible than Men. When Sauron attempted to enslave the Free Folk of Middle-earth using the Rings of Power, the Elves completely resisted his power (indeed, his hand had never sullied the Three Rings), while the Nine Rings utterly corrupted the Men who bore them into the Ringwraiths. In contrast, the Dwarves were sturdy and resistant enough that Sauron was not able to dominate them using the Seven Rings. At most, the Seven Rings sowed strife among the Dwarves and filled their wearers with an insatiable greed for gold, but they did not turn them into wraiths subservient to the Dark Lord, and he considered his plan to have failed. Sauron was furious at the Dwarves' resistance, spurring his drive to recapture the Seven Rings from them.
Of old the Elves believed that the Dwarves would have no future in Arda Unmarred, but the Dwarves themselves held to a promise that Ilúvatar would hallow them and adopt them as his Children. They maintained that after death Aulë (Mahal) cared for them, gathering them to the Halls of Mandos with the other Children of Ilúvatar, though in halls set apart. It is said that after the Last Battle they will work alongside Aulë in the remaking of Arda.
The Dwarven language was created by Aulë, and was called Khuzdul. It was a strange language to Elves and Men, and few non-Dwarves learned it, because it was difficult, and the Dwarves kept it secret, preferring to communicate in the languages of their neighbors. Only one Khuzdul phrase was well known to outsiders: the ancient battle cry, going back to at least the First Age: "Baruk Khazâd! Khazâd ai-mênu!", which means "Axes of the Dwarves! The Dwarves are upon you!". The Dwarves taught Khuzdul carefully to their children, as a learned language, not a cradle-tongue, and thus the language changed very little over the ages, unlike those of other races. The Dwarves also devised a secret language of gestures to communicate between themselves in silence, the iglishmêk.
The Dwarves called themselves the Khazâd, the name Aulë gave them; this is adapted as Hadhodrim in Sindarin, and Casari in Quenya. Casari was the common word for Dwarves among the Noldor, but the Sindar usually called them Naugrim or Nogothrim, the Stunted People.
In their dealings with people of other races, the Dwarves did not reveal their true names, rather adopting new names in other languages (the petty-dwarves were an exception). During the Third Age, the Longbeards used northern Mannish names in public.
Almost all the names of the Dwarves of Middle-earth are taken from the Old Norse Völuspá.
According to Tolkien, the "real 'historical'" plural of dwarf is dwarrows or dwerrows. He once referred to dwarves as "a piece of private bad grammar" (Letters, 17), but in Appendix F to The Lord of the Rings he explains that if we still spoke of dwarves regularly, English might have retained a special plural for the word dwarf as with man. The form dwarrow only appears in the word Dwarrowdelf, a name for Moria. Tolkien used Dwarves, instead, which corresponds with Elf and Elves, making its meaning more apparent. The use of a different term also serves to set Tolkien's Dwarves apart from the similarly-named creatures in mythology and fairy-tales.
The enduring popularity of Tolkien's books, especially The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, has led to the popular use of the term dwarves to describe this race in fantasy literature. Before Tolkien, the term dwarfs (with a different spelling) was used, as seen in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. In fact, the latter spelling was so common that the original editor of The Lord of the Rings "corrected" Tolkien's dwarves to dwarfs (The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, 138).
Other versions of the Legendarium
In an earlier version of the legendarium it is hinted that the Dwarves do not know about Ilúvatar, or that they disbelieve his existence, but later writings contradict that suggestion.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Quenta Silmarillion: Of Aulë and Yavanna"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "Of Dwarves and Men", "Notes"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "Of Dwarves and Men"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The History of Galadriel and Celeborn"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Quenta Silmarillion: Of the Sindar"
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "The Making of Appendix A": (iv) "Durin's Folk"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The War of the Jewels, "Part Two. The Later Quenta Silmarillion: Concerning the Dwarves (Chapter 13)"
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The War of the Jewels, "Part Four. Quendi and Eldar", p. 395
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix F, "On Translation"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, p. 391
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Book of Lost Tales Part Two, "The Nauglafring"
|Longbeards · Firebeards · Broadbeams · Ironfists · Stiffbeards · Blacklocks · Stonefoots · (Petty-dwarves)|
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A fifth of UN carbon credits may be bogus: WWF
LONDON (Reuters) - One in five carbon credits issued by the United Nations are going to support clean energy projects that may in fact have helped to increase greenhouse gas emissions, environmental group WWF said on Thursday.
The United Nations runs a scheme under the Kyoto Protocol that allows rich nations to invest in clean energy projects in developing countries and in return receive certified emissions reduction credits (CERs) to offset their own emissions.
But WWF said in a report that the credits are being delivered to projects that would have gone ahead anyway, even without the extra incentive provided by U.N. approval under the scheme, called the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
The report, prepared by Germany's Oeko Institute for Applied Ecology, said projects lacking this so-called 'additionality' help increase gases blamed for global warming by giving firms a spurious justification for continuing to pollute.
"One out of five emissions reductions credits sold under the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) lack environmental integrity," WWF said in a statement.
It said the problem damages the global carbon market, which is expected to more than double in value to around $70 billion this year.
"The CDM is a new and very important tool and needs to be fine-tuned to reach its purpose," Stephan Singer, head of WWF's European Climate Policy Unit, said in a statement.
The report recommends improvements in the CDM, a market worth some $5 billion in 2006 according to the World Bank.
Strengthening procedures and increasing controls of the bodies that verify the projects are among changes that WWF hopes governments will discuss next week at a U.N. climate conference in Bali, Indonesia.
"Promoting sustainable development... seems to have been largely forgotten by project developers, verifiers, and the CDM Executive Board," the report said.
"The same is true for stakeholder consultation, considered by project developers as a burden rather than an opportunity to gain public acceptance."
The U.N.'s CDM scheme also works with the European Union's emissions trading scheme, the 27-nation bloc's flagship program to help meet commitments under Kyoto.
In phase 2 of the European Union scheme, lasting from 2008-12, countries are able to import around 10 percent of their required credits from UN-approved projects, amounting to an expected market demand of up to 280 million CERs per year.
WWF proposes that the EU should limit the importing of the U.N. scheme's CERs to those certified by the Gold Standard, a quality label developed with help from WWF and endorsed by some 45 non-governmental organizations worldwide.
Gold Standard-certified CERs can fetch between 26 and 28 euros, well above EU credits and ordinary secondary CERs, which trade around 23 euro and 18 euro respectively.
But of the near 94 million CERs issued by the U.N.'s climate change secretariat to date, only around 72,000 are Gold Standard-certified, with a further 3.5 million per year expected to 2012.
This compares with more than 500 million CERs expected annually from some 2,600 projects already in the U.N.'s pipeline.
To read the WWF report or for additional analysis on the carbon markets, click on http://www.reutersinteractive.com
(Reporting by Michael Szabo; Editing by Anthony Barker)
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Comments: Long hunted for human food and oil. Became a major target for modern whalers following depletion of larger species (around the 1930s in the Northern Hemisphere, 1970s in the Southern Ocean). Mainstay of Japanese factory ship whaling in southern ocean in early 1980s. Norway and Japan continued hunting for "scientific research" during recent whaling ban; these and possibly other nations have been pressing to resume commercial hunting of minke. See IUCN (1991) for review of exploitation history.
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As a doctor, when your favorite patients are ballroom dancers, stroke victims, and amputees, you’re most likely a physiatrist.
Physiatrists (fizz-ee-at'-trists) are physicians who specialize in physical medicine and rehabilitation (or, as they put it, in PM&R). They work to prevent, diagnose, and nonsurgically treat disorders associated with disability. Beverly Roberts-Atwater, wife of IUP’s president, Tony Atwater, is a physiatrist working to improve the quality of life for her patients.
As a physiatrist, Beverly Roberts-Atwater focuses on the integration of nerve, muscle, and bone. She also emphasizes the importance of positive outlooks, as she explains to Catherine Prato.
Working in physical medicine involves the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders with the use of modalities, medication, procedures, and exercise. Rehabilitation is the process of helping the person with disabilities to maximize the ability to function again with the use of equipment and assistive devices, such as splints, canes, walkers, wheelchairs, etc. Physiatrists know exactly which device works for which injury, enabling them to help the patient as quickly as possible.
Physiatrists are trained to work with all physical rehabilitation patients and to focus on the integration between nerve, muscle, and bone and how they work together in the human body. The conditions treated by physiatry include amputations, arthritis, brain injuries, burns, cancer, cardiac disorders, orthopaedic injuries, pain disorders, stroke, spinal cord, and trauma. With additional training, physiatrists may perform other procedures such as spinal nerve blocks, Botox treatment, and acupuncture.
Physiatry utilizes a team to help patients achieve quality of life. At the outset of rehabilitation, the physiatrist may give appropriate orders to the therapist before the treatment starts. It may take two or three weeks until patients can be medically stabilized, after which they are ready for the physiatrist.
Physiatrists always try to encourage patients to think positively. Roberts-Atwater believes that physiatrists must “always have a positive outlook.”
PM&R began when Howard Rusk founded rehabilitation medicine after World War II. Later, Frank Krusen coined the term “physiatry” and developed the first residency program at the Mayo Clinic. Physiatry was initially recognized as a specialty in 1939 and became American Board established in 1947.
Physiatrists need the proper schooling to work in their field of medicine. It starts with an undergraduate degree followed by four years of medical school, after which a one-year internal medicine internship is completed. An additional three years are spent working in physical medicine and rehab, where diseases and disorders are studied. Roberts-Atwater found her twelve years of higher education to be “well worth it” in the long run.
What is Roberts-Atwater’s favorite part of being a physiatrist? “It’s cool,” she said. Her mantra is “We are living longer, [and] there is no reason why we shouldn’t be functioning longer.”
Roberts-Atwater is one of only two physiatrists in the Indiana, Pa., area. There are six thousand physiatrists around the country, including Patrick Patteson Carone ’90, who works in North Carolina.
“The clinical aspect of physiatry that I’m mostly involved with now,” Carone said, “is procedural pain management. As CEO of Carolina Rehabilitation and Surgical Associates, I’m also involved in the operational and developmental aspects of the business of running the practice.”
Stephanie Mlot is a sophomore Journalism major at IUP from Ellicott City, Md.
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When your plane feels like it's being thrown around the sky by an angry thunder god, should you be nervous? Actually, yes. But not for the reasons you might think. Let's take a look at what turbulence is, and the real reasons why it can be dangerous.
Some scientific stories are reassuring compared to the stories we get in pop culture. No, we aren't about to be struck down with ebola, no matter what Dustin Hoffman movies tell us. No, the internet can't turn us into felons, no matter what Sandra Bullock movies tell us. But that story you've heard about how an airplane has never been brought down by turbulence? Yep, that's a myth. One plane that was caught in turbulence was straight-up ripped apart. Another was downed due to turbulence from a thunderstorm. How can a few air bumps lead to disaster?
When Two Bodies of Air Meet Over Mountains
One of the main sources of turbulence is the confluence of two bodies of air moving at different speeds. This can happen anywhere, but it's particularly likely over mountains. Air from the ground climbs the mountain like a ramp, hitting the air above and swirling into eddies or blasting quickly into the atmosphere. In 1966, a Boeing 707 was brought down by this turbulence. The pilot had diverted from his planned flight path out of Tokyo to show his passengers Mount Fuji. The 140 mile per hour wind off the hill ripped the tail to pieces and the airplane crashed, killing everyone aboard.
Since then, jets have been made more resilient, and it's likely a modern plane would have survived the turbulence. Still, turbulence can be dangerous. The kind of turbulence most easily avoided - the kind created in a thunderstorm - contributed to a 2009 plane crash. When water vapor condenses into drops, it gives up a lot of its heat to the surrounding air. The air expands and rises quickly. The air that rises suddenly cools in the upper atmosphere just as suddenly.
Any plane going through a storm will experience sudden, unpredictable updrafts and downdrafts. The drafts can rise 50,000 feet into the air, so commercial airliners cannot rise above them. Fortunately, they're the most easily avoided, as flight paths are monitored for bad weather. When an Air France flight flew into turbulence due to thunderstorm activity, and then climbed to the aircraft's maximum flying altitude in order to avoid the unavoidable turbulence, it seems that the autopilot malfunctioned and disengaged suddenly. When other systems failed, the plane crashed into the ocean.
The Real Dangers
Turbulence doesn't have to crash a plane to cause damage. It's the number one cause of injury in nonfatal accidents. Turbulence causes changes in a plane's acceleration and altitude. When a plane is flying hundreds of miles per hour, only a bit of change in acceleration or altitude can mean a pretty big bump.
Between 1980 and 2009, three people were killed due to turbulence. One was a flight attendant. Two were passengers who hadn't been wearing their seatbelts. Hundreds have been hurt, some badly enough to be hospitalized. When a plane drops even slightly, people can literally bounce off the ceiling. Most of these injuries and deaths were due to what's called "clear air turbulence." It's invisible to radar, as it's just fast-moving currents of air. Being inside one isn't so bad. Being above or below one, where the fast-moving air breaks up the slow air all around it, is very tricky. One airline dropped 990 feet.
In the end, air travel is still incredibly safe. Although turbulence is scary, it was only a factor in one crash, and only brought down a plane that is, by modern standards, obsolete. Even the plane that made a 990 foot drop landed safely afterwards. For the most part, turbulence is why airline announcements recommend keeping your seatbelt on for as much of the flight as possible, and nothing more. Now, if you'll excuse me, I'll be down at the beach. Right at sea level. With my toes digging into the sand.
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Did you know breathing can influence your health and happiness on many levels? Alternative health practitioners have known for a long time that conscious breathing can help reduce stress, increase relaxation and decrease pain.
Are you a shallow breather? Most people are shallow breathers only using the narrow top portion of the lung surface for oxygen exchange. To find out if you are a shallow breather, take this simple test. Put your palms against your lower abdomen and blow out all of your air. Now, take a big natural breath. If your abdomen expands when you inhale and air seems to flow in deeply in the pit of your stomach, you're on the right track.
Our body is designed with two different breathing patterns for very different situations. When the human body is under stress, it responds with restricted breathing. The breath becomes shorter, shallower and more in the chest than in the belly. When the body is relaxed, breathing slows down and drops farther into the belly becoming deeper and more nurturing.
When emotional stress comes on, oxygen levels drop. Breathing tends to become erratic and shallow. Anxious breathing is related to other reactions in our bodies. When we get upset, we tighten our muscles, constrict blood flow, increase heart rate, and stimulate stress hormones to be secreted in our body.
There is a direct link between breathing habits and our health, productivity and stress management. Fluctuations can increase levels of anger, anxiety, confusion, lethargy, depression, insomnia, feelings of helplessness and increased blood pressure.
We have the power to get our breathing to work with us. When we are in a stressed situation, we can consciously take deeper, slower breaths and shift our breathing from chest to belly. Improvements in our breathing will significantly increase our ability to concentrate and manage stress in our lives.
Healthy breathing means good posture. Practice this: stand or sit up straight. Now take a nice, natural big breath through your nose, and exhale again. Do this a few times. Breathe as though you just opened the window and are taking in good fresh air.
Breathing well throughout the day, plus sitting tall, standing tall and walking tall, all become positive habits in your life.
So, if you want to increase relaxation, reduce stress and pain, try sitting quietly each day for at least several minutes. Simply follow your breathing to keep your mind and body in a peaceful equilibrium.
Now . . . BREATHE.
Mary Melfi, RN, Instructor with First Coast Technical Institute's Practical Nursing Program, has been in the Health Occupations arena in our community for 22 years. Most of her practice has been in Critical Care, Hospice, Home Health, and Nursing Supervisor fields. Mary enjoys her Crescent Beach home with her husband and two sons.
© 2016. All Rights Reserved. Contact Us
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Classical period (music)
As generally accepted by music historians, the classical period of Western music lasted from around 1750 to 1830. Since the term is easily and erroneously conflated with "classical music" (as contrasted with "popular music") some historians prefer to call the period "classic" instead. Though the movement comprised composers all across continental Europe, the epicenter of activity during this time was Vienna, Austria. For this reason, other historians use the term "Viennese classic," after the German Wiener Klassik.
Strongly tied to the ideas of the Enlightenment, music of the classic period rejected the dense, polyphonic textures of Baroque music, preferring the simpler, clearer textures of homophony. In line with the true impetus behind classicism, a renewed interest in the perfect symmetry and proportions of ancient Greek art and architecture, composers in this time fully prioritized temporal balance on a small and large scale. In this regard, they adopted as a norm the symmetrical 2 or 4-measure phrase, and the well-proportioned sonata form became the preferred principle on which compositions were based.
The classic period oversaw the development of many important genres of instrumental music: the symphony, the string quartet, and the piano sonata. The concerto, while inherited from the Baroque Concerto Grosso, took on a new form as a vehicle for an instrumental soloist, in most cases the composer himself. In vocal music, composers continued to write masses and other sacred music, though their importance declined. Opera began a new life in the classic period with the so-called opera buffa, or comic opera; many of the most-performed operas today were written in this style.
Development of the Classical Style
In a well-known anecdote, Joseph Haydn was discussing with Mozart his plans to travel and promote his music in London. Mozart, who unlike Haydn was fluent in several languages, expressed his incredulity that Haydn's English was good enough. Haydn famously retorted, "My language is understood throughout the world."
What Haydn was referring to was the fact that by the late 18th century, at the height of the classic style, listeners and composers alike "spoke" the same musical language. As opposed to earlier styles of music, which were subject to much greater regional and stylistic variations, the classic style was a cosmopolitan lingua franca whose musical symbolism and rhetoric were understood by all. There were two main reasons for this development. First was the greater mobility of composers and musicians between the major musical centers of Paris, Vienna, and London, as well as throughout Germany, Italy, and Bohemia. This trend was reflected in the Mannheim court orchestra (see main article Mannheim School), whose members were hand-picked from among the best musicians throughout Europe. Beginning in the 1740's, the Mannheim court orchestra acted as a veritable "think tank" for developing new playing and compositional techniques, and played a large role in developing the classical style.
The second factor in the classical style's pan-European nature was the faster and wider circulation of printed musical scores, which meant that a new work was often simultaneously released by several publishing houses internationally. Although Haydn had worked for most of his life in employ of the Esterhazy family whose palace was located in the far-flung sunflower fields of Eisenstadt, by his old age he had become a very famous man throughout Europe. This was purely through publication of his symphonies, as he had never been free to travel farther than Vienna until 1790. Even as far away as London, his name was already well-known by the time he made his first journey there, and ensured his success in several concerts devoted to his own music.
Major classical era composers will be very well-known even to the casual listener:
- Victor K. Agawu, Playing With Signs, 1987.
- Charles Rosen, The Classical Style, 1972.
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By: Joseph Jacobs
These animals are mentioned in I Kings, x. 22, and the parallel passage in II Chron. ix. 21, as having been brought, with gold, silver, ivory, and peacocks, by ships of Tarshish from Ophir (compare II Chron. viii. 18). The Hebrew name ḳof is a loan-word from the Tamil kapi, from which indeed the Teutonic ape is also a loan with the loss of the guttural, so that the Hebrew and the English words are identical. In Egyptian the form gôfë occurs. The Indian origin of the name has been used to identify Ophir with Abhira at the mouth of the Indus (see Vinson, "Revue de Philologie," iii.). The Assyrians, however, were acquainted with Apes, which were brought to them as tribute. Apes are not now and almost certainly never were either indigenous to Palestine or acclimatized there.—In Rabbinical Literature:
The rabbis appear to have had some acquaintance with Apes. They knew that they were like man, and for that reason the blessing on Him "who varieth his creatures" was to be said at sight of an ape (Ber. 58b). They compared man in old age to an ape (Eccl. R. i. 2; Tan., Peḳude, 3). To see an ape in a dream is unlucky, because of his ugliness (Ber.57b). Apes were regarded as a luxury (Eccl.R.vi.11), and were trained to perform as servants, to clear out vessels (Yoma, 29b), or to pour water on the hands (Yad. i. 5). On the other hand, it was erroneously thought that it took them three years to bring forth (Bek. 8a), and they were included in the class of beasts, with the dog, wild ass, and elephant (Kil. viii. 6). Toharness any of these would not be reckoned an infringement of Deut. xxii. 10. There was a legend to the effect that of the three classes of men that built the Tower of Babel, one was turned into Apes (Sanh. 109a; compare Yalḳ., Gen. 62). Apes were used as a method of disadvantageous comparison; thus, Sarah was to Eve as an ape to man; Eve to Adam; and Adam to God (B. B. 58a).
In the days of Enosh the human race degenerated and began to look like Apes (Gen. R. xxiii.). The Mohammedans have a legend, referred to in the Koran (suras ii. 61, 62; vii. 163), to the effect that certain Jews dwelling at Elath on the Red sea in the days of David, who yielded to the temptation to fish on the Sabbath, were turned into Apes as a punishment for Sabbath-breaking (Lane, "Thousand and One Nights," iii. 550).
There is another animal mentioned in the Talmud which would appear to be of the same category as the ape; since its resemblance to man was so great that its dead body, like that of a man, would render a tent unclean (Kil. viii. 5). Its name has been interpreted variously as a chimpanzee or orangutan; while some regard the animal as altogether fabulous and identical with , "stones of the field" (Sammter, Mishnayot [translation], i. 77; Job, v. 23).
- Lewisohn, Die Zoologie des Talmuds, pp. 64-67, 356;
- Bochart, Hierozoicon, lib. III. cap. xxxi.;
- Levy, Neuhebr. Wörterb.;
- Jastrow, Dict.;
- Kohut, Aruch, s.v.
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Cassini offers this lovely comparison between two of Saturn's satellites, Dione and Tethys, which are similar in size but have very different surfaces.
Extensive systems of bright fractures carve the surface of Dione (1,118 kilometers, or 695 miles across). The double-pronged feature Carthage Linea points toward the crater Turnus at the nine o'clock position near the terminator, and Palatine Linea runs toward the moon's bottom limb near the five o'clock position.
In contrast, the surface of Tethys (1,071 kilometers, or 665 miles across) appears brighter and more heavily cratered. The large crater Penelope is near the eastern limb. The huge rift zone Ithaca Chasma, which is 3 to 5 kilometers (2 to 3 miles) deep and extends for about 2,000 kilometers (1,200 miles) from north to south across Tethys, is hidden in shadow just beyond the terminator. For comparison, the Grand Canyon in Arizona is about 1.5 kilometers (1 mile) deep, and about 450 kilometers (280 miles) long.
The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on March 7, 2005, at a distance of approximately 1.5 million kilometers (908,000 miles) from Tethys and 1.6 million kilometers (994,000 miles) from Dione. The image scale is 9 kilometers (6 miles) per pixel on Tethys, and 10 kilometers (6 miles) per pixel on Dione.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging team is based at the Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colo.
For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission, visit http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov and the Cassini imaging team home page, http://ciclops.org.
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1. What event, according to the author, do most Americans associate with the birth of the United States?
Voyage of the Mayflower.
2. When did the Pilgrims sail to the New World in search of religious freedom?
3. What governing document was drawn up before the Pilgrims went ashore?
4. What Indian tribe did the Pilgrims befriend?
5. Who was the leader of the tribe that the Pilgrims befriended?
6. What happened after more than fifty years of peace between the Pilgrims and the Native Americans?
7. In 1676, what ship left the shores of New England?
8. What is the name of the war that occurred in 1675?
King Philip's War.
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Ukraine's most prolonged and deadly crisis since its post-Soviet independence began as a protest against the government dropping plans to forge closer trade ties with the European Union, and has since spurred escalating tensions between Russia and Western powers. The crisis stems from more than twenty years of weak governance, a lopsided economy dominated by oligarchs, heavy reliance on Russia, and sharp differences between Ukraine's linguistically, religiously, and ethnically distinct eastern and western regions.
After the ouster of President Viktor Yanukovich in February 2014, Russia annexed the Crimean peninsula and the port city of Sevastopol, and deployed tens of thousands of forces near the border of eastern Ukraine, where conflict erupted between pro-Russian separatists and the new government in Kiev. Russia's moves, including reported military support for separatist forces, mark a serious challenge to established principles of world order such as sovereignty and nonintervention.
Why is Ukraine in crisis?
The country of forty-five million people has struggled with its identity since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Ukraine has failed to resolve its internal divisions and build strong political institutions, hampering its ability to implement economic reforms. In the decade following independence, successive presidents allowed oligarchs to gain increasing control over the economy while repression against political opponents intensified. By 2010, Ukraine's fifty richest people controlled nearly half of the country's gross domestic product, writes Andrew Wilson in the CFR book Pathways to Freedom.
Successive presidents allowed oligarchs to gain increasing control over the economy while repression against political opponents intensified.
A reformist tide briefly crested in 2004 when the Orange Revolution, set off by a rigged presidential election won by Yanukovich, brought Viktor Yushchenko to the presidency. Yet infighting among elites hampered reforms, and severe economic troubles resurged with the global economic crisis of 2008. The revolution also masked the divide between European-oriented western and central Ukraine and Russian-oriented southern and eastern Ukraine.
Campaigning on a platform of closer ties with Russia, Yanukovich won the 2010 presidential election. By many accounts, he then reverted to the pattern of corruption and cronyism. His family may have embezzled as much as $8 billion to $10 billion a year over three years, according to Anders Aslund of the Peterson Institute for International Economics. He also imprisoned his reformist opponent in the 2010 presidential race, Yulia Tymoshenko, on charges of abuse of power.
Yanukovich continued talks with the EU on a trade association agreement, which he signaled he would sign in late 2013. (Tymoshenko's release was one of the conditions set by the EU for the trade association agreement.) But under pressure from Russia, he dropped those plans in November, citing concerns about European competition. The decision provoked demonstrations in Kiev on what became known as the Euromaidan by protesters seeking to align their future with Europe's and speaking out against corruption.
The Yanukovich government's crackdown after three months of protests, in some cases spurring reprisals by radicalized demonstrators, caused the bloodiest conflict in the country's post-Soviet period, with scores killed. Yanukovich's subsequent ouster sowed new divisions between the eastern and western halves of the country, and fighting between pro-Russian separatists and government forces broke out in April 2014. Separatists in the regions of Luhansk and Donetsk established self-declared "people's republics."
Elections on May 25 brought pro-Western businessman Petro Poroshenko into power, and he moved to try to reassert central government control over restive eastern cities. By August, the fighting had killed more than 2,000 people and caused hundreds of thousands to flee their homes, according to UN officials. Officials in Kiev and NATO states accused Russia of arming the separatists and said rebels in eastern Ukraine using Russia-supplied ground-to-air missiles were responsible for the downing of a civilian airliner in July 2014, in which 298 people were killed. Russia denied the charges but has continuously deployed thousands of troops near the Ukrainian border.
What are Russia's concerns?
Russia has strong fraternal ties with Ukraine dating back to the ninth century and the founding of Kievan Rus, the first eastern Slavic state, whose capital was Kiev. Ukraine was part of Russia for centuries, and the two continued to be closely aligned through the Soviet period, when Ukraine and Russia were separate republics. "The West must understand that, to Russia, Ukraine can never be just a foreign country," wrote former U.S. secretary of state Henry Kissinger in a Washington Post op-ed.
Ukraine is also a major economic partner that Russia would like to incorporate into its proposed Eurasian Union, a customs bloc due to be formed in January 2015 whose likely members include Kazakhstan, Belarus, and Armenia.
Ukraine plays an important role in Russia's energy trade; its pipelines provide transit to 80 percent of the natural gas Russia sends to European markets, and Ukraine itself is a major market for Russian gas. Militarily, Ukraine is also important to Russia as a buffer state, and was home to Russia's Black Sea fleet, based in the Crimean port city of Sevastopol under a bilateral agreement between the two states.
Russian president Vladimir Putin has portrayed his country's role in Ukraine as safeguarding ethnic Russians worried by lawlessness spreading east from the capital.
Russia considers EU efforts to expand eastward to Ukraine, even through a relatively limited association agreement, as an alarming step that opens the door to others Western institutions. The EU's Eastern Partnership Program is aimed at forging tighter bonds with six former Eastern bloc countries, but Russia sees it as a stepping stone to organizations such as NATO, whose eastward expansion is regarded by Russia's security establishment as a threat. Ukraine belongs to NATO's Partnership for Peace program, but is seen as having little prospect of joining the alliance in the foreseeable future.
Russian president Vladimir Putin has portrayed his country's role in Ukraine as safeguarding ethnic Russians worried by lawlessness spreading east from the capital, charges that leaders in Kiev dismiss as provocations. In the case of Crimea, Putin has stressed Moscow is not imposing its will, but rather, supporting the free choice of the local population, drawing parallels with the support Western states gave to Kosovo's 2008 declaration of independence from Serbia. Shortly before moving to annex Crimea on March 18, Putin told the Russian parliament that Russia would protect the rights of Russians abroad.
What is the role of the European Union?
The EU's Eastern Partnership Program was established in 2009 to expand political and economic ties between the EU and Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine, while stopping short of offering membership to partner countries. The ill-fated association agreement negotiated by EU officials and the Yanukovich government involved a comprehensive free-trade deal. A number of analysts fault EU officials for neglecting the broader geopolitical implications of the deal for Russia, and declining to map out strategic aims for Europe.
After Poroshenko's election, he pressed forward plans to sign the association agreement and Ukraine did so along with Moldova and Georgia on June 27, 2014. Poroshenko said after signing the agreement: "Ukraine is underlining its sovereign choice in favor of membership of the EU."
What is the status of Crimea?
Prior to the crisis, Crimea was an autonomous republic of Ukraine of two million people with its own parliament and laws that permitted the use of the Russian language in everyday life. After the ouster of Yanukovich in February 2014, Crimea's parliament called for a referendum, in which the peninsula's 1.5 million voters opted overwhelmingly for union with Russia. Following that vote, Russian legislators passed a resolution nullifying Ukrainian laws in Crimea and putting in force Russian legislation. Parliament set a deadline of January 1, 2015 for the integration of Crimea's economic, financial, credit, and legal systems into the Russian Federation, reported Itar-Tass. It said matters related to military service in Crimea and Sevastopol will be settled by then as well.
The peninsula only became part of Ukraine in 1954, when Soviet leader Nikita Krushchev transferred it from the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in what was seen as a largely symbolic administrative move. The majority-Russian residents of Crimea continued to have strong ties with Russia. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the two new countries reached an agreement to permit the Russian Black Sea fleet to remain based at the Crimean port of Sevastopol.
Overall, Russians make up an estimated 59 percent of the population of Crimea, Ukrainians make up about 23 percent, and Muslim Tatars about 12 percent.
Do Russian moves in Ukraine violate international law?
U.S. officials say Russia's actions in Crimea and eastern Ukraine are in breach of international law, including the nonintervention provisions in the UN Charter; the 1997 Treaty on Friendship and Cooperation between Russia and Ukraine, which requires Russia to respect Ukraine's territorial integrity; and the 1994 Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances. Signed by the U.S., UK, and Russia, that document provided security guarantees to Ukraine in exchange for relinquishing its nuclear arsenal.
For its part, Russia has rejected charges that it is violating international law.
What are U.S. and European policy options in Ukraine?
In response to the developments in Crimea and eastern Ukraine, EU and U.S. policymakers have taken a series of steps that include:
- Economic aid: The IMF in the spring approved a loan package for Ukraine for $17 billion over two years. The EU has delivered hundreds of millions of dollars of an announced $15 billion support package for Ukraine, with payments conditioned on Ukraine enacting tough reforms like ending gas subsidies. Washington has promised more than $1 billion in U.S. loan guarantees and technical assistance. In late August 2014, German chancellor Angela Merkel pledged nearly $700 million in aid to help Ukraine rebuild war-damaged areas in the east and aid refugees.
- Sanctions: The United States, the EU, Japan, and Canada have imposed sanctions on scores of Russian and Ukrainian officials and businesses said to be linked to the seizure of Crimea and the escalation in tensions. The measures include travel bans and the freezing of assets. The United States and European Union announced more severe measures in late July that blocked some Russian banks from U.S. and European capital markets, and generally target Russian finance, energy, and defense industries. Russia was hit by a slowdown in growth and investment in the first quarter of 2014, and the scope of the new sanctions suggest a substantial, longer-term cost to the Russian economy, says CFR's Robert Kahn. Russia retaliated by banning imports of food stuffs from the United States and many European states in July 2014.
- Energy aid: Some experts and U.S. lawmakers have called for accelerating the approval of U.S. natural gas proposals, which would take advantage of booming U.S. production to help lessen the reliance of European partners and Ukraine on Russian natural gas. U.S. law currently excludes the sale of natural gas to countries that are not free-trade partners, but the Energy Department can approve sales that are deemed in the public interest. But some analysts caution that even with the lifting of export restrictions, it could take years and cost billions of dollars to set up the necessary infrastructure.
- Military aid: The United States has bolstered NATO's air presence over the Baltic states and deployed about six hundred soldiers in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia, as well as Poland to train with local forces as part of Operation Atlantic Resolve. NATO secretary-general Anders Fogh Rasmussen called the crisis the greatest threat to European security since the end of the Cold War, and reasserted alliance ties with Ukraine through the Partnership For Peace Program. The 2014 NATO summit in Wales is expected to be dominated by the alliance's response to the crisis in Ukraine.
An expert panel at CFR examines how the crisis in Ukraine could threaten the post-Cold War order in Europe.
Unless the corrupt systems that gave rise to Ukraine's crisis are destroyed they will further weaken "what already looks worryingly like a failed state," writes Oliver Bullough in a report for the Legatum Institute.
Mathew Kupfer and Thomas de Waal examine the use and misuse of the term "genocide" by Russians and Ukrainians in their present conflict and its historial resonance, in a paper for the Carnegie Endowment.
This Frontline documentary examines the resurgence of hatreds spurring both sides in the conflict.
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Definition of triune
: three in one:a : of or relating to the Trinity <the triune God>b : consisting of three parts, members, or aspects
First Known Use of triune
Rhymes with triune
aswoon, attune, baboon, balloon, bassoon, blue moon, buffoon, Calhoun, Cancún, cardoon, cartoon, cocoon, commune, doubloon, dragoon, festoon, fine-tune, forenoon, full moon, gaboon, gadroon, galloon, Gudrun, half-moon, harpoon, high noon, immune, impugn, jargoon, jejune, Kowloon, Kunlun, lagoon, lampoon, lardoon, Maine coon, maroon, monsoon, Neptune, new moon, oppugn, Pashtun, patroon, platoon, poltroon, pontoon, premune, puccoon, quadroon, ratoon, repugn, rough-hewn, saloon, Sassoon, shalloon, soupspoon, spittoon, spontoon, teaspoon, tribune, tuchun, tycoon, typhoon, untune, Walloon
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up triune? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
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W.C. Hazlitt, comp. English Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases. 1907.
I AM fully sensible that the earliest impression of many persons, on reading the title of this book, will be an impression that it is one publication too many in the present overcrowded state of our literature. That such an impression would be superficial and inexact I should scarcely dare to assert, if I did not believe it to be the strict truth that hitherto full justice has not been done to what must be admitted to be a subject of high and national interest, and I err greatly if hitherto even approximate excellence has been attained.
That popular phraseology which has subsisted among us time out of mind, and which may be said to constitute a kind of common speech, presents to our notice a theme peculiarly abounding in curiosity, interest and social illustration.
The Rev. John Ward, Vicar of Stratford-on-Avon in the time of Charles II., observes in his diary:Six things required to a proverb; 1. Short; 2. plain; 3. common; 4. figurative; 5. ancient; 6. true. If we allow this to be a fair criterion or standard, it follows that in the existing collections are a very great number of articles which have no real title to a place there; and such is, indeed, the actual fact. In Dr. Fullers Gnomologia, 1732, there are 6,496 sayings; but of these a considerable proportion would have to be eliminated to satisfy Mr. Wards postulates; for there are, assuredly, many which do not fall under any of those heads.
Personally, I confess that I do not, at least unreservedly, concur with Ward in some of his dogmas, so to call them; and (if I understand him correctly) from his opinion, that the six before-mentioned postulates have to be satisfied before any proverb can pass into currency as such, I altogether dissent. For it seems to me clear enough, that there is no peremptory reason why a saying, to be invested with the character of a popular saw, should be all, or even any, of these six things just specified. A sentence may assuredly be proverbial, and yet not be either directly or indirectly true. It is not true, for instance, that Nine tailors make a man; or that He that hath patience may buy fat thrushes for a farthing; yet here are two adages universally received and applauded. They are humorous hyperboles, figurative extravagances, jocose sallies, with a sly hit at two unpopular classes of societythe miser and the breeches-maker. What, again, shall be said of our large stock of weather-lore, wrought into proverbial form? This class of sayings is, for the most part, undeniably ancient, common, and plain, but not, as a rule, either figurative, or short, or very true. Brevity, once more, is not sufficient of itself to constitute a phrase proverbial and I must here avow myself not too friendly to such sentences as Extremes meet; where the cross-breed between the proverb proper and the maxim or epigram seems rather palpable. Nor do I see, on the contrary, why length is necessarily a disqualification, for there is the sentence, Fie upon hens, quoth the fox, when he could not reach them; a mouthful, to be sure, and yet a proverb; and hundreds of similar examples might be brought forward with ease, to shew not only that brevity, but that plainness, commonness, even antiquity, is not indispensable. Plainness, it should seem, may at any rate be spared, for look at This is he that killed the blue spider in Blanchepowder-landin which there is a kind of proverbial ring, though at this time sufficiently enigmaticaltantalizingly so. Wards demand that a proverb should be common, may perhaps be construed in a local sense, or at least a restricted one; and it is not to be questioned that in the English language (not to go farther), there is a large body of adages which, apart from the special circumstances out of which they arose, are apt to lack force and significance.
My excellent correspondent, the late Archbishop Trench, was of opinion that figurativeness is not an inseparable or vital property in proverbs, and a very cursory glance at the contents of the following pages will shew that he is correct. But the assertion may hold truer of proverbial phrases, perhaps, than of proverbs in the stricter sense of the word. My volume divides itself into these two classes; or, rather, these two classes divide my volume between them; to have given one without the other would have led to a result both incomplete and unsatisfactory; it is into these proverbial phrases that the element of figurativeness may be said to enter least. Heywood seems to have limited himself almost exclusively to proverbs proper; the writers before him chiefly gave us maxims, often mis-terming them proverbs. It was Ray, I think, who in the first edition of his work (1670), combined the two features, and printed on the same page with sentences perfectly agreeable to Wards and Fullers definitions, sentences which answered very imperfectly to them, and yet were undoubtedly proverbial and in place.
Among dogmatical precepts, which have been admitted by common assent into the family of proverbs, ranks the familiar sentence, Comparisons are odious. This saying is certainly as old as the reign of Elizabeth; and in Sir Giles Goosecappe Knight, a drama printed in 1606, we meet with a jocular skit on it, rather too early for the renowned Mrs. Malaprop. Here is a dictum which answers several of Wards somewhat exacting requirements; for it is decidedly short, unmistakably plain, tolerably ancient, passably true, and presumably common. Yet, at the first, it was a mere assertion, couched in an epigrammatic form; gradually it recommended itself to popular use and acceptance, and has become now what we see itan adage universally acknowledged and understood.
Keeping in full view my own opinion that Wards definition is somewhat too stringent and exclusive, I have had to prune freely, and in a work of the present nature, if not in most others, it is nearly as important to take care that no improper matter is admitted, as it is to see that nothing really to the purpose escapes.
Worcester, in his Dictionary, explains a proverb to be a common and pithy expression, which embodies some moral precept or admitted truth. I do not aspire to turn lexicographer; but I cannot forbear to record my belief that Worcesters description is scarcely exhaustive. If I had to define the thing myself, I confess that I would rather set a proverb down as an expression or combination of words conveying a truth to the mind by a figure, periphrasis, antithesis, or hyperbole. To put the matter differently, it seems to me essential that a proverb should have a figurative sense, an inner sense, or an approximate sense. For example, it is no proverb to say, A passion which is very ardent quickly subsides; but it is a proverb to say, Hot love soon cold. Here it is the pithy antithetical juxtaposition which makes the point. A man may be strong, and yet not mow well! is proverbial; but it would at once destroy the character of the sentence if we were to say instead: He is a very strong man, but does not happen to understand the use of the scythe. The one is a statement of fact clothed in the figure of an apparent contradiction; the other is a statement of a fact pure and simple, without any attempt at logical or jocular illusion. Proverbs stand, so to speak, on great punctilio; the utmost nicety is demanded in preserving the exact form of the saying ipsissimis verbis; the sentence must be letter-perfect; we must not, for the sake of euphony or elegance of diction, ring the changes on it for any consideration. As in a puzzle, every part fits with precision into its proper place, and does not fit at all into any other. Let me take an exampleas common and simple an one as I can find. There is a proverb, The masters eye makes the horse fat. As it stands, this saying is forcible, figurative, plain, true, and familiar; it seems to fulfil all the postulates. Alter a single word, and the charm vanishes. The masters eyes make the horse fat; The masters eye makes the fat horse; The masters eye fattens the horse;all these various readings are equivalent in sense and import, all thoroughly intelligible, and as good morality as the first, and yet they are all equally distant from what we want, and alike destitute of the proverbial character. The form which custom has sanctioned, and to which the popular ear has been educated slowly and surely, is the true form, the only form.
The hundreds of mere aphorisms or precepts without any pretensions to proverbial attributes, which occur in the pages of Ray and others, indicate only how loose and vague many of our collectors or editors of such matters were in their ideas as to the nature of the inquiry which they undertook.
The bigger will eat the bean may serve as an instance in which the quaint and terse delivery of a common thought, assisted by alliteration, freshens the effect. And this feature largely enters into the branch of the proverbial family, describable as Personal or Local Proverbs, where a name, oftener than not fictitious, happily responds to a sentiment. Stillest waters deepest go; or, as we now have it, Still waters run deep, does not ask for this artificial help, for it is in itself already sufficiently figurative. Like the former saying, it is both literally and metaphorically true. There are other phrases, such as Familiarity breeds contempt, and Forbearance is no acquittance, which, at the outset, enjoyed a purely social or a quasi-legal currency, but which in process of time have gained admittance by the commonness and largeness of their application into the popular and proverbial vocabulary.
But it would be wrong to look upon proverbs as mere figurative dicta or sententious vehicles for the conveyance of home-truths. Some may have no higher pretensions possibly; but they are quite the exception to the rule, and in a marked minority. Four grounds on which proverbial lore may fairly command attention suggest themselves obviously enough, namely, their interest and use: 1. Historically, as illustrations and records of incidents not noticed in our annals, or imperfectly so; 2. Topographically, as mediums which preserve to us minute traits of local scenery and geography; 3. Socially, as keys to usages, superstitions, and provincialisms, of which there is no farther vestige; 4. Morally, as an inexhaustible store of epigrammatic metaphors for all the vices and virtues by which mankind is disfigured or adorned.
The formation of proverbs into rhyming couplets, triplets, &c., seems to have been an idea of early date. It was calculated to impress such sayings more powerfully on the memory, and to familiarise the popular mind with their moral. The earliest English MSS. in which proverbs occur incidentally present them to us clothed in a metrical shape, as, for instance, that very ancient distich which is found in the Life of Alexander, written in 1312, and falsely ascribed to Adam Davy:
Swithe mury hit is in halle,
When burdes wawen alle.
Here is a proverb which was clearly two centuries and a half old when it found its way into the Merry Tales of Skelton (1567), and how long before 1312 it was in existence can be matter of conjecture only. But it may be taken, I apprehend, as a safe rule, that metrical proverbs are versions of proverbs which have for a more or less considerable length of time floated on the surface in a less ambitious and less attractive garb.
The Book of Merry Riddles, which was in existence as early as 1575, but of which the oldest editions have perished, was, in all probability, the first collection in which rhyming adages made any prominent feature; but a few isolated examples offer themselves in the pages of Chaucer, in several MSS. at Oxford, Cambridge, and elsewhere, of the fifteenth century, in the Prizes Drawn in the Lottery of 1567, and in dramas printed before Elizabeth had been long on the throne.
Since a learned writer1 has adduced in favour of the use of proverbs the examples of several of the most learned and estimable men in classic times, and since in this and other countries, subsequently to the revival of letters, many of our most distinguished and profound scholars have thought proper to recommend the study as one by no means unfavourable to morality, and as a branch of learning, likewise, emphatically entertaining and instructive, I was not, upon the whole, disposed to desist from my undertaking, on the assurance of Lord Chesterfield that it was a decidedly vulgar topic.
But a later authority has lent this branch of inquiry his sanction and assistance. Archbishop Trench felt and avowed a deep interest in proverbial lore2 and he was good enough to communicate to the present writer some memoranda made by him from time to time in connection with the question, and a general approval of the plan which is adopted in the following pages. He observes in a letter to me about 1868: I feel very sure that the plan which you propose for your Proverbs and Proverbial Phrasesthat is, annotations where needed, or where one feels that one has something to say which has not been said alreadyis the best; and I feel confirmed in the conviction from observing that Zounder, who must have made his Deutsche sprache wörterbuchnot yet finishedwell nigh the business of a life, has exactly adopted this scheme.
Archbishop Trench added to his suggestive, and, in its way, useful little volume, an appendix of mediæval proverbial lines and distichs, to which I have been under obligations. It is, however, proper to mention that Mr. Wright drew attention in his Essays, 1846, to this part of the subject, and to the exact correspondence of many of our standard saws with the old leonine verses of the middle ages, and the remains of ancient French and Norman literature in the same class of popular sententious philosophy.
Our collectors of proverbs appear to have fallen into the same class of mistake as our collectors of ballads, to have paid too much attention to the oral versions which were communicated to them by scantily-read and ill-informed persons, and to have neglected almost altogether the far more correct and far purer texts, which were to be found already in print or MS.
The stealthy corruption of proverbs by the ignorance, carelessness, or caprice of successive editors might form material for a curious paper. I have omitted, as I proceeded, to make a note of instances of this kind, which are numerous enough, and I do not know that it might not have turned out to be delicate ground. Some of my own sins in the same direction might, perhaps, have been quoted against me.
For the deep and impenetrable obscurity in which many of these proverbial expressions is involved, one sufficiently valid reason may be offered; and that is, the purely local character of the circumstances under which such expressions first sprang into existence. A droll or eccentric individual in some petty hamlet or provincial town became the author or the subject of a quaint figure of speech, which accident perpetuated andif the saying was more than usually catholic in its bearing, or more than commonly meritoriousnationalised.
The transmission of popular beliefs, ideas, and expressions, unchanged from age to age, is itself a remarkable phenomenon and study. In the Proverbs of Hendyng, son of Marcolphus, composed in the 13th century, and preserved in Harl. MS. 2253,3 we find the same notions as exist at the present day, clad in the same forms; and this collection was in its turn a vernacular paraphrase of the Anglo-Latin folklore of the preceding generation, as shown by a MS. in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge. These proverbs are rather a set of verses in stanzas, with a proverbial tag. They were printed in Reliquiæ Antiquæ from the Harleian MS.
The proverbs contained in the celebrated Vernon MS. and the Proverbs of King Alfred (printed also in the Reliquiæ) are not proverbs at all in the English sense of the term, and have no better claims to consideration at the hands of the editor of such a book as this than that noble literary monument of the most flourishing period of Jewish governmentthe Proverbs of Solomon. The same must be said of the Proverbys of Houshold Kepyng, printed in one of the Early English Text Societys volumes.4 Probably the most ancient writer in this country deserving a place in our series, was Godfrey of Winchester, who died in 1007, and in whose unpublished Proverbia et Epigrammata Satirica appear to be one or two copies of verses which reveal a familiarity with proverbs (in our English acceptation of the term) still current.5
Under the same category as the Proverbs of King Alfred and the Vernon Proverbs, may be said to come a few other collections, such as those poetical inscriptions written by one of the chaplains to the fifth earl of Northumberland on the walls of the castles of Lekinfield and Wressil. Warton gives some specimens, which establish sufficiently that they are not, strictly speaking, proverbs at all. These inscriptions may be found printed at length from Royal MS. 18, D. 11, in the fourth volume of the second edition of the Antiquarian Repertory, 1807. They are a sort of prototype of the pious mottoes frequently attached to walls in sleeping apartments, even in hotels.
Considering that it was the earliest production of the kind in our language, John Heywoods Dialogue and Epigrams upon proverbs form a volume of undoubted curiosity, interest, and value, and were well deserving of re-publication. Heywoods work passed through several editions between 15456 and 1598, and we cannot be positive whether all which came from the press have been recovered. The earliest which I have seen of the Proverbs was printed about 1545, and contains 24 chapters or sections.
At a much later period, Adrien de Montluc composed his whimsical Comedie des Proverbes, said to have been written about 1616, but not printed till 1633. This performance strings together dialogue-wise, on a plan not wholly dissimilar from Heywoods, all the most familiar adages then current in France. The habit of introducing these familiar expressions in conversation is illustrated by the character of Nicholas Proverbs in an old English play.
Heywoods book is palpably vitiated, however, by the authors plan of shaping the proverbs which it contains into a sort of rhythmical narrative, which disappoints the rather natural expectation of arriving, in an English work of so early a date, at certain proverbial sentences in their pure form. Heywood professes, indeed, to have invented these verses and Epigrams upon Proverbs, as he calls them, and it must be owned that the presence of the poetic element has not proved of advantage in this case. The old sayings, unadorned by fancy or rhythm, would have been more valuable, if not even more attractive, to posterity.
I have the suspicion that to Heywood is due also the honour of creating certain humorous and fantastic phrases, and dressing them up, or putting them forward as proverbs, whereas such phrases are entirely of the writers own mintage, and never enjoyed any considerable width of currency either before or since. The fact that this is an unsupported surmise must explain why I have not acted upon it so far as to refuse a place to those expressions or sentences inserted in the Dialogue and Epigrams which appeared to come within the denomination of invented pleasantries, popular enough in their character, but not so otherwise. According to Diogenes Laertius, the famous Socratic, Aristippus of Cyrene, left behind him Three Books of Proverbs. They are the earliest productions of the sort of which one hears in classic literature. But, as they do not appear to be extant, we cannot be sure whether they were proverbs in the more strict sense, or mere jeux desprit like those of Heywood for the most part, or mere maxims, like the majority in Erasmus. Chrysippus the stoic is also said to have written a book of proverbs: but it is not known.
The Book of Merry Riddles appears to have been familiar to Shakespeare, and an edition printed in 1600 is now understood to be in existence. It was often republished between that date and 1685. But only the impressions of 1600, 1617, and 1629, contain the Choice and Witty Proverbs, which in them form the concluding section of the small work. The remaining issues of 1631, 1660, &c., are mere abridgments of the original book, and contain just half the quantity of matter.
The omission is so far of very little consequence: for these proverbs are of no importance, occurring elsewhere; or, where they do not occur elsewhere, being in general good for nothing. The compiler evidently possessed a rather imperfect knowledge of the true nature of a proverb, and many of the articles to which he has given admission are not proverbs, but sentences wholly destitute of the proverbial ingredient. There is, in fact, no intrinsic value in the Book of Merry Riddles, and its sole claim to notice arises from the circumstance that it is imagined with some reason to have been the volume which Master Slender lent to Alice Shortcake on All-hallowmass Eve.
Though I confess, therefore, that I was not particularly prepossessed by some of the articles in The Book of Merry Riddles, as they did not strike me personally as partaking very much of the proverbial force and pith, yet I hesitated to exercise much editorial discretion in the case of a work which has preserved to us many sayings, doubtless, in the precise forms which were recognised and understood by Shakespeare and his contemporaries.
Camden devoted a section of his Remaines to a collection of proverbs. The work mentioned appeared first in 1605, was reprinted in 1614, and went through two or three other editions down to 1636, when it was brought out with additions by Philipot. But Camdens principal merit, so far as the Proverbs are concerned, is, that he has reproduced with fidelity several of those found in John Heywoods Dialogue, and has added a certain number (marked by me C), for which he is the first and sometimes sole, authority, together with a few, which I should have almost hesitated to admit, had I not had his respectable sanction. He observes, in introducing this division of his subject: Whereas Proverbs are concise, witty, and wise Speeches grounded upon long experience, containing for the most part good conceits, and therefore both profitable and delightfull; I thought it not vnfit to set down heere alphabetically some of the selectest and most vsual among vs, as beeing worthy to haue place amongst the wises[t] Speeches.7 I have collated all the articles here inserted, and it has afforded the opportunity of furnishing improved texts of several good old sayings.
But I must add that Camden has not, upon the whole, shown much judgment in his choice, as the versions he gives are by no means the best invariably which were in his day current or at least accessible; and he has in the course of the half-dozen pages which are occupied by this portion of the work, repeated the same adage twice or even three times over.8
In 1579, John Lyly published his Euphues, The Anatomy of Wit, and followed it up in 1580 with Euphues and his England, a kind of sequel and completion to the former narrative. It is unnecessary to speak more particularly of a work so well known; but I desire to point attention to the circumstance that, while numberless sentences in Euphues and its successor are made to wear a proverbial shape, they have no farther claim to rank as popular sayings; and the editor who should include them in any future monograph on proverbial expressions, would, in my opinion, err.
I cannot too earnestly guard those interested in this branch of literary inquiry against the danger of mistaking these mere sentences attired in a proverbial costume (so to speak) for the genuine thing. In the Mountebanks Masque, attributed (perhaps wrongly) to the pen of John Marston, there is a series of paradoxical, jocular, or nugatory dicta, which read like proverbs at the first glance, but which it would be highly improper and undesirable to incorporate with any collection. They are evidently the composition of the author, and flowed from his own whimsical fancy: they were never popular or widely current.
There may be no harm in repeating that mere axioms or aphorisms, such as those found in the Proverbs of King Alfred; the Vernon MS., written about 1400; the old School-Cato, and other similar works do not enter into the present undertaking; nor did I regard it as part of my plan to incorporate such sage utterances as occur in the Proverbs of Solomon,9 in Bacons Wisdom of the Ancients, or in Dr. Baylys Apothegms of the Earl of Worcester. These all appeared to me to be beside the inquiry; for my volume was intended, so far as possible, to illustrate a not unimportant or uninteresting department of English folk-lore, and I was not long in discovering that without touching collateral or cognate matters, the question before me was quite large enough to occupy a considerable share of time and attention, as well as a tolerable extent of paper and print.
About 1611, John Davies of Hereford, a prolific scribbler of the reign of James I., inserted in a puerile volume entitled The Scourge of Folly, a section Vpon English Proverbs; the undertaking consists of a series of the sayings most commonly current in his day, amplified and illustrated by some epigram of temporary application, in the shape either of a couple, a quatrain, or a sextain, as for example:
Little or nothing said, soone mended is:
But they that nothing do, do most amisse.
Its better sit still then rise and fall:
So tradesmen should not occupy at all.
Baccare quoth Mortimer vnto his sowe,
But wheres a Mortimer to say so now.
This is poor stuff, it must be owned; and Davies, I fear, was incapable of doing much better. I shall have occasion, however, here and there to quote his Epigrams upon Proverbs (a weak copy of Heywood) in my notes. It is to be specially predicated of the proverbs registered by Davies, that they are, with few exceptions, debased or corrupted forms, having been contracted or lengthened out to suit rhythmical exigencies.
Davies has, it appears to me personally, been guilty, in his Epigrams on Proverbs, of two sorts of impropriety; neither of which, however, can be said to be an uncommon form of sinning. The author of the Scourge of Folly has (like Poor Richard) introduced sentences, in the first place, which are not proverbial at all; and, secondly, he has in several cases, so far as I can judge, not scrupled to pass off as current sayings coarse and stupid dicta of his own invention. Both these excrescences I have taken the liberty of rejecting.
The volume of Outlandish Proverbs, ascribed to George Herbert, and printed in 1640, is a meagre and insipid business enough, and the pious compiler, if it be his, seems to have omitted purposely (which was so far natural and proper) most of the gross sayings, however characteristic, which were current in or before his time, and even to have softened down such as were exceptionable in his eyes, and as he did not resolve to exclude.
The Outlandish Proverbs exhibit one weakness which I have found to be common to all the collections: the confusion of proverbs with mere precepts or maxims destitute of proverbial significance and character. Another fault is, that they do not follow any alphabetical arrangement, and the incorporation of those which were worth retaining has been a work of much labour.
It must be candidly allowed that the Proverbs collected by Fuller, the historian and divine, and printed in his Worthies of England, 1662, are remarkable neither for the sayings themselves, nor for the accompanying criticisms. It is strange that a man of Fullers reputation and learning should have made so little of so good a subject.
To Howells Collection of Proverbs, dated 1659, but attached to his edition of Cotgraves Dictionary, 1660, I have paid scarcely any attention. Howell does not appear to have formed a very precise idea in his mind of what a proverb was, or of what it was notquite as important a point; and he had the silliness and bad taste to admit into his pages what he called New-Sayings which may serve for Proverbs to Posterity. As for Cotgraves own Proverbs, they are almost exclusively translations of French adages, and hardly therefore within my scope; and Howell has borrowed from this source freely.
In 1659, appeared likewise a small volume of Proverbs in various languages, compiled by N. R. The entire collection is in English; but the major part of the contents is evidently of foreign character and origin, like many of its predecessors, especially Cotgrave and Howell. A little volume by Henry Danvers, printed in 1676, formed, in fact, no addition in strictness to English Parmiology, nor did it purport to be more than what it wasa presentation of the Proverbs of Solomon in an English dress and in a separate shape.
I now come to the celebrated work of John Ray, F.R.S., of which the first edition appeared in 1670, and was reprinted in 1678. In the latter certain coarse matter, excepted to, the author states, by some, was withdrawn. He refers to a score or so of entries of immaterial consequence, couched in unconventional language, and sometimes substantially repetitions in a varied form of others already registered.
I do not honestly consider that Rays book is as good even as it might have been made by the exercise, on the editors part, of more research and more judgment. He has copied all the childish errors of his predecessors, and has not so much as copied anything approaching to all their good matter.10 I have been rather more sparing in my retention of Rays notes (often remarkable for nothing so much as verbose pedantry and twaddle) on the present occasion than I was in my first and second editions, although I am very well aware that his is still a great name in proverb-literature, but I could not bear the idea of retaining any longer such a mass of slipshod rubbish. As for the proverbs which he has furnished, there are not a few among those which bear a local stamp, or are associated with particular individuals, which strike me as being rather ludicrous sayings confined to a small circle of people, or to a very limited area of country, than as parcels of true proverbial speech. Still, it was so difficult to get at the veritable history and origin of this transmitted folk-lore, that there was nothing to be done but to admit much that was indifferent and much that was open to suspicion. Surprising as is may seem at first sight, it is the truth that Ray, when he prepared his collection two hundred and thirty-five years ago, had almost as ample opportunities of making a good book as one enjoys at present. The entire field of old English literature was as open to him then as it is to any man now; and he had the advantage of the previous labours (if they can be called such) of Heywood, Herbert, Howell, Cotgrave, Torriano, and Fuller (the divine). But editors (including Fellows of the Royal Society) had different ways of setting about things then, and much later too; and till quite recently, we were without any work on English Proverbs at all worthy of the subject, and at all aspiring to completeness. What Rays merits as a naturalist are, I know only by report; but, as an etymologist and proverb-editor, his performances approach zero.
Gnomologia: Adagies and Proverbs, with Sentences and Witty Sayings, Ancient and Modern, Foreign and British, Collected by Thomas Fuller, M.D., 1732, was more complete than Ray in some respects, and, considering the date of its publication, and the general treatment of such subjects a century and a half ago, it must be allowed to reflect considerable credit on the compiler. But Fullers book was deficient in notes and illustrations; he neither supplies us with the sources from which he obtained his material, nor with any indication whether a proverb was of English growth, or merely a translation from some other language. Notes, indeed, he does not seem to have considered expedient; and he also observes in his preface: I conceive it is not needful for me accurately to determine which are to be calld Adagies and Proverbs; nor nicely to distinguish the one from the other. All that I take upon me here to do, is only to throw together a vast confusd heap of unsorted Things, old and new, which you may pick over and make use of, according to your Judgment and Pleasure.
The earliest instance of an Anglo-Latin Dictionary of Proverbs, digested into commonplaces, was, I believe, the little volume by John Clarke, entitled Parmiologia Anglo-Latina, and published at London in 1639.11 It furnishes parallels between the English adages and those in Erasmus; and, as a rule, remarkably imperfect parallels they are. Yet the volume is curious as containing better texts of many proverbs than I have been able to find elsewhere. In 1672, Dr. Walker, author of the treatise on Particles and other compilations, published a book of proverbs under the same title, seemingly unaware of the earlier one by Clarke; but his is merely a tract of 31 octavo leaves, and does not contain beyond a fraction of the matter comprised in the original Parmiologia. It is to be surmised that it was from Clarkes book that Ray derived many of his good proverbs and all his bad parallels, which have been copied with implicit fidelity and confidence by all succeeding compilers of such works. Neither Walker nor Ray himself, before he set out, had arrived, I imagine, at a very lucid idea of what a proverb or proverbial phrase exactly was; and the result is, that I have found it to be part of my business to pass my pen through some scores of articles which assuredly never had the remotest claim to admittance. Walker has an identical proverb sometimes in five or six different forms and as many places, although his collection does not extend to more than fifty pages, exclusively of preliminaries, &c.
Clarkes production is rather an important book in its way, taking its date into account. It purports, as it has been just said, to give parallels from the Adagia, of Erasmus; but these supposed likenesses are, as it has been intimated already, of the most absurd description in many cases, and infinitely wide of the mark. They are made, perhaps, however, to appear even more extravagant and foolish than would otherwise be the case, by the plan which Clarke seems to have adopted of translating his Latin apothegm into English, where he could not meet with an English equivalent of any kind or degree; so that he has not merely made his Latin sayings fit his English where he could meet with the latter, but where he could not, he has created English out of his Latina remedy as violent as it is mischievous; inasmuch as no amount of editorial ingenuity could harmonise English popular philosophy with the popular philosophy of a Dutchman who wrote (and perhaps thought) in Latin; and indeed the latter for the immediate purpose does not materially serve us, since his Adagia are literary maxims rather than popular saws.
It is not more than an act of simple justice to the memory of the author of the Clavis Calendaria to mention that Mr. Bradys (posthumous) Varieties of Literature, 1826, has in a few instances proved of very essential utility, since in those pages are registered and explained a certain number of proverbs of considerable antiquity and interest which do not present themselves in any of the collections. But Mr. Bradys volume is singularly unequal in its execution, for some of the notes appended to the section on Proverbs are simply valueless.
To Mr. Thomas Wrights Essays on Subjects connected with the Literature, Popular Superstitions, and History of England in the Middle Ages, 1846, 2 vols. 8vo., I cheerfully confess my obligations. The fourth paper in that admirable book is devoted to Proverbs and Popular Sayings. I have also derived much valuable material and aid from Mr. Wrights and Mr. Halliwells joint publication, Reliquiæ Antiquæ, Scraps from Ancient Manuscripts, &c., 18413, 2 vols. 8vo.
In 1846 Mr. M. A. Denham edited for the Percy Society a small Collection of Proverbs and Popular Sayings relating to the Seasons, the Weather, and Agricultural Pursuits, and professing to be gathered chiefly from oral tradition.12 The collector observes that, although he has never seen a single copy either of Howells, Rays, Kellys, Fullers, or Hendersons Proverbs, he has slight hesitation in asserting that, after the most careful collation, many, very many, will be found in this collection which are not to be found in any other, either printed or in manuscript. This remarkable announcement I cannot, for my own part, endorse; but I have inserted a few proverbs from Mr. Denhams book with the initial D. attached to distinguish thempartly, it must be confessed, because I was not quite prepared to become responsible for them myself in all cases.
I believe that no work quite so comprehensive as this is to be found at present in any of the principal European languages. The Spanish and Italian certainly do not possess one. The Germans have several monographs on the subject, more or less elaborate, comprehending the various dialects of the Fatherland. As for the Livre des Proverbes Français, by M. Le Roux de Lincy, of which a second and enlarged edition appeared in 1859, it proceeds on a different plan, and does not aim at equal completeness, I judge. It carries the principle of classification, in my opinion, a little too far to make it practically serviceable.13
Some researches, undertaken for this and other germane purposes, into the rich field of early English literature, have produced very gratifying results, and I have added largely to our existing stores of proverbial lore. Nor have I been unsuccessful in gathering unwritten, but nonetheless authentic, sayings current here or there in this country, Scotland, and Ireland, which had escaped my predecessors in the present line of inquiry.
In proverbs, as in books, unique examples preserved by accident may serve to shew what was once a common saw, and yet which survives only perhaps in a volume, where it is quoted on account of that very popularity which it has since lost.
It is interesting to contemplate and study these large stores of figurative wisdom and speech. It would be curious if we were able to trace even the greater part of them to the circumstances or persons in which or whom they originated. But this species of information is attained in very few instances. An approximate knowledge of the antiquity of some sayings of unquestionably English growth is derived from their presence in some early publication; but there are hundreds of others which, at a remote period, were transfused into our language from the Latin or the Italian, or some other tongue; and of which the rise might possibly be referred back, if we had data, to the earliest era of human society.
Altogether, the present gathering of ancient English adages and sawsin spite of the triviality of some, of the ineptitude, perhaps (in our estimation), of others, and of the exceptionable character of a few, which special motives led me to retainmay be regarded as a work of some utility and interest, and exhibits a body of proverbial philosophy not unamusing or uninstructive, and not much inferior to, possibly, though professedly less original than, that of a modern author.
In regard to allusions of a temporary character, it should be recollected, that internal evidence or conjecture is all that one has to depend on, for the most part, in adjudging such questions, and it is better that a dozen doubtful sayings should be retained, than that a single genuine one should be thrown rashly away. Moreover, it is to be borne in mind, I think, that the undertaking in hand embraces not proverbs only, but proverbial phrases. Ward of Stratford (already quoted), and after him Fuller, the historian and divine, lay down very precise and severe rules for our guidance in the recognition of a proverb, and the more or less ready discernment of a saying which is one in fact, from a saying which is merely one in semblance; but I take it that these early men had not taken very exact measurement of the extraordinarily wide field over which their subject ranged.
The oldest, which in nine cases out of ten is also the purest, most genuine, and least exceptionable version of a proverb, has invariably been given; but where there are different versions with noticeable variations, the fact has been occasionally noted. It would have occupied far too large a space to have explained my motive in each instance where I have not given the preference to the form of a saying most commonly current, but have substituted for that one to be found in an old chronicle, play, or poem, evidently the parent of the modern descendant.
In cases where a proverb is common to many collections, that is to say, where it has been transferred from one book to another intact, I have not always thought it necessary to occupy room by setting down every repetition of it, but have merely indicated the earliest authority for the saying, or the first trace of it in our literature.
The few Anglo-Latin proverbs which have been admitted ought to be distinguished from those which are found in the pages of Clarke and others. They are merely such sentences as have been naturalised by great length of use, and as have no exact English equivalents.
It must not be supposed that all the proverbs included in the following pages are, or have ever been, of equal popularity or celebrity. Some have been more lasting and wider in their circulation; others more transient and restricted. We have no means, for the most part, of ascertaining with any high degree of exactitude the extent of currency or the date of origin; and the sources to which we owe them are often conjectural. A certain numbera very small part of the vast wholeoccur in the Anglo-Latin monkish poetry of the 11th and 12th centuries. A second and larger division is easily referrible to the pursuits and amusements of the country, and the almost incalculable host of ideas and creeds therewith connected. A third class comprises proverbs descriptive of the incidents and occupations of domestic life, and takes within its ample range the entrances and exits of humanity, its follies and disasters, its joys and sorrows, the checkered course of our existence, the characteristics of infancy and youth, the tyranny of love, the fortunes and vicissitudes of the married state, and the grim philosophy of the grave. There may be a residuum not falling with perfect propriety under any of the foregoing heads, but it would not, perhaps, be a very considerable one. With the exception of such sentences not emphatically or rigidly proverbial as may be found interspersed with the rest in their alphabetical order, these wise saws constitute a branch of folk-lore which seems specially appropriated to the humbler population of our towns and villages, and to have comparatively slight sympathy with those moving in more ambitious spheres.
After the most careful and anxious consideration devoted to the question of admitting or rejecting certain sayings which run through all or most of the collections, it is sometimes difficult to decide to ones own satisfaction one way or the other. Then, I contend, the sentence ought to have the benefit of the doubt, and to stand. It may appear to have no import of the kind requisite to entitle it to a place; but there is a faint possibility that it may have had, in some locality where it originated, or at a period when different habits of thought, different doctrines on subjects prevailed. It may, again, read unintelligibly to me or even to others; but there are, perhaps, those who possess the key to the enigma. There would be nothing particularly strange (so far as I can see) in the solution by a farmers lad or a provincial shopkeeper of a problem which, simply from hinging on a local usage or speciality, had puzzled the whole learned world.
The collation of all the chief collections, from Heywoods downward, has rewarded me, inasmuch as it has placed it in my power to improve the book in three leading respects: 1. The rejection of redundancies heedlessly perpetuated by all proverb-collectors or editors; 2. the insertion of extensive additions, hitherto overlooked; 3. the selection of purer forms of a large number of sayings.
As for the notes, they do not pretend to explain every allusion, as that process would have been too laborious, and have added very greatly to the bulk of the volume; they also leave without a gloss many proverbs which defy my attempts to unriddle their occult meaning.
As a general rule I have, by attaching the writers initial, or in a note, indicated the earliest occurrence of proverbs; but it must not be assumed that those which are not accompanied by such a mark are peculiar to the modern collections; they are, with extremely few exceptions, one and all in the old ones.
The greater part of the sayings in this collection are also current in Scotland, having been, in the natural course of things, transplanted and localised, not always only in form, but occasionally even in substance. The Scots appear to have as few proverbs of their own as they have ballads; but the so-called proverbs of Scotland are in a very large proportion of cases nothing more than Southern proverbs Scoticised; while the ballads of Scotland are chiefly ours sprinkled with northern provincialisms.14 At the same time it cannot for an instant be disputed that the Scots possess a certain number of adages of native growth, and northern upon the face; but how far these might go toward filling a volume as ample as Mr. Hislops15 I hardly like to guess.
When we consider that M. de Linçys French collection occupies two volumes octavo altogether, and might be enlarged perhaps, and that Torrianos Italian Proverbs, 1666, fill the greatest part of a thick folio volume, we shall appreciate the difficulty of bringing within practical compass the whole body of foreign proverbs in their parallel relation; for to these have to be added the proverbs of Spain and Portugal, of Germany and Holland, of the North of Europe, of the East, and of Rome and Greece.
To Mr. F. J. Furnivall, the Rev. Walter W. Skeat, the late Bishop of Oxford, Mr. W. Aldis Wright, Mr. C. W. Reynell, Mr. A. G. Greenhill, of Emmanuel, Cambridge, and other gentlemen, who have kindly assisted me in various ways, I beg to offer my best acknowledgments. Mr. Furnivall, especially, transmitted to me in the most obliging manner, from time to time, any proverbs which fell in his way in the course of his reading, as well as extracts from books illustrative of popular sayings.
I have also to express my cordial thanks to Mr. John Higson, of Lees, Manchester, for the unsolicited and free use of his MSS. Collections for Droylsden and other localities, formed during a period of many years. I should have been glad if Mr. Higson, in some few cases, had added elucidations, as the proverbial sayings which he has brought together are occasionally obscure to any one less conversant than himself with the local history of Lancashire and Cheshire. Mr. John Shelly, of Plymouth, and Mr. T. Q. Couch, of Bodmin, similarly placed at my disposal their gleanings in South Devonshire and East Cornwall, respectively; and to Mr. R. S. Turner I owe the loan of a copy of Heywoods Epigrams upon Proverbs, 1576, with thirty-nine pages of MSS. additions in a coeval or nearly coeval handwriting.
Since the second edition of the present book was published three and twenty years ago, I have had constantly at my elbow (as it were) an interleaved copy, in which I have inserted every addition or correction which has come in my own way, or which has been imparted to me by literary acquaintances and correspondents. From that copy the new impression is taken; and I think that the changes introduced, both as regards old matter revised, and new matter incorporated, will be found to have improved the work, and have rendered it on its third appearance more useful and more acceptable.
The original form of the work has been preserved. Two other methods naturally suggested themselves: that of Ray, by which the sayings fall under counties or subjects; the other, that of grouping the proverbs under general heads, so as to avoid repetition, and to concentrate illustrative notices on one point. But I saw difficulty in both, and I preferred my own scheme.
As I have said, this volume and subject have now occupied my attention at intervals during more than forty years, and I have spared no pains to make it satisfactory and complete. That I have committed mistakes and been guilty of oversights I have no doubt whatever. But it is unnecessary for me to dwell on those two points, as I shall hear of them in due course from my friends. Some ingenious gentleman is perhaps lying in ambush for me with a proverb or two in his budget not to be found here, and will jump at me like a cock at a gooseberry.
The story of Queen Elizabeth and Bate me an ace, quoth Bolton in connexion with Heywoods little book is well known. I say nothing here about it beyond this: Se non e vero, e ben trocato. Somewhat in the same way, the late Mr. Thoms discovered to his apparent satisfaction that I had left out from my first issue As mad as a hatter, which, however, he did not undertake to explain. He might have found that, in my second, I overlooked As the crow flies and According to Cocker. He did not take much account, I think, of what I had put in. That would not have brought any capital. It is strangely easy for one man, however unversed, to trip up another who has devoted half a lifetime to a subject; and this Crichton Redivivus earned at a very economical rate the credit of knowing all that I did, and one thing more.
Note 2. Proverbs and their Lessons. By Richard Chenevix Trench, 1869. [back]
Note 3. There is another copy of the same date in MS. Publ. Lib. Camb., Gg. I. 1, and a later one in MS. Digby, 86. [back]
Note 4. Political, Religious and Love Poems, edited by F. J. Furnivall, M.A., 1866. In 1498, was printed the first edition of Polydore Vergils Proverbioram Libellus; it was reprinted in 1499 and 1503. The book is an assemblage of sayings derived from the writings of the ancient classics, but there are several which have come down to us and are accepted proverbs in our own literature, such as Pares cum paribus: Æqualem tibi mulierem inquire: Pupillâ oculi nobis charius: Ovem lupo commisisti: the major part of the collection is without great significance for us. The Proverbii in Facetie of Cornazano, first printed in 1523, but written long before, are merely entertaining stories, founded (or supposed to be so) on some popular saying. It may be serviceable to mention that Barbiers Janua Linguarum, 4to, 1617, contains a large assortment of moral sentences, but no proverbs proper. [back]
Note 6. It may be remarked here, that there is no work on proverbial Bibliography in our own language; and unfortunately M. Duplessis Bibliographie Parémiologique, 1847, 8vo, is, as far as English books are concerned, both meagre and inaccurate. There are also the Dictionnaire des Proverbes, 1852, and the Etudes sur les Proverbes, 1866, both by M. Quitard. [back]
Note 7. Audi alteram partem, however, and in a contemporary of Camden: In the same file are Prouerb-mongers, whose throates are worne like roade-wayes, with, Little said is soone amended: It is no halting before a criple, and such like: when I heare one of these, I looke for his drye nursse.Essayes by Sir William Corne-wallys the Yonger, 1601, sign. E e 7. [back]
Note 8. At the same time, in a work of this description, occasional repetitions are not only unavoidable, but absolutely necessary, as it seemed desirable to edit, so to speak, all the texts current of popular sayings, and to let them fall each into its own place in the alphabet. [back]
Note 9. These, however, apparently had many readers among our early authors, from Chaucer downward; and were accepted, I apprehend, much on the same footing as genuine English popular sayings. [back]
Note 10. Ray, F.R.S., occupies much space fruitlessly and tiresomely with elaborate explanations of obvious things, or common-place remarks, wholly unworthy of paper and print, and in many cases absolutely erroneous. At the same time, even Rays pages have their valuable aspect and element in the preservation of sundry local and traditionary anecdotes which were current in his time, and might otherwise have been forgotten. In simple fairness to myself, it should be understood that the initial R at the end of many of the notes does not imply that Ray contributed the whole matter; he is responsible for such as is within commas only, and that has often undergone silent, but necessary revision. [back]
Note 11. The author informs us that his book was ready in 1631. [back]
Note 12. Mr. Denham also dispersed privately a few other tracts connected with proverb-literature. The impression in each case seems to have been limited to fifty copies; but the Folk-lore Society has since reprinted the whole series in a volume. [back]
Note 13. Side by side with this book we may place Rabelais, in whose pages occurs a large store of proverbial expressions current in his day. [back]
Note 14. Franck, in his Northern Memoirs, written in 1658, but not published till 1694, p. 77, has an amusing passage, in which he speculates whether the change from gossip to Comer, in a particular sentence, arose out of a vulgar Error, and an Abomination among the Scots to lick up an English Proverb. [back]
Note 15. The Proverbs of Scotland. Glasgow, 1862, 8vo. Second edition, enlarged, Glasgow, 1868, 8vo. [back]
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Three citizen-scientists volunteering their personal computer time to a giant U.S. radio observatory have discovered a rare pulsar - an energetic young star that rotates dozens of times per second. The distant object was found among thousands of hours of data collected by the giant Arecibo Radio Telescope in Puerto Rico. Developers of the computer-sharing program are hopeful other unusual space objects will be found through this worldwide network of astronomy enthusiasts.
It is called Einstein@Home. Supported with grants from the National Science Foundation, the program harnesses the enormous processing power of tens of thousands of idle home computers, sifting through massive stores of data collected by Arecibo, the world's largest and most sensitive radio telescope.
An estimated quarter of a million volunteers in 192 countries have downloaded the free software to date, onto roughly half a million personal computers. The software quietly runs computations in the background, searching for unusual objects such as pulsars.
The newly-discovered pulsar - called J2007 - is a neutron star that spins on its axis 41 times per second. It's located in Vulpecula, a constellation 17,000 light years from Earth. One light year is the distance a beam of light travels in a year -about 9 and a half trillion kilometers.
Jim Cordes is head of the astronomy program at Cornell. Cordes says J2007 is unusual in that it does not have a companion star like most pulsars. "We think it came about from originally being in a binary system that is orbiting another star. Its evolution was influenced by the other star. And then the other star exploded as a supernova and the two stars went off in their own direction," he said.
J2007 was discovered by Chris and Helen Colvin of Ames, Iowa. The couple owns one of the two computers that spotted the pulsar among the mountains of Aricebo data in mid-June. The third person who discovered the Pulsar is Daniel Gebhardt, who lives in Germany.
Helen Colvin says both she and her husband work in the computer field but are not professional scientists.
Colvin says there were no flashing lights on their computer screen telling them they had discovered J2007, but they did receive an email from Bruce Allen, who directs the Einstein@Home to confirm their discovery. "The program itself doesn't indicate anything special about the data when it processes it. So, we actually found out about it from a letter," she said.
There are now more than a billion personal computers around the world sitting idle much of the time, according to Bruce Allen of the Center for Gravitation and Cosmology at the University of Wisconsin and the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Germany.
Allen directs Einstein@Home. He says the data from Arecibo are divided into work units that are given a special number that's recorded in the database.
When a work unit is sent to a volunteer's computer, Allen says another number is entered into the database that uniquely identifies the computer receiving the data. And Allen says a third number identifies the results when they are sent back to the project for review. "So, we're not only able to say which volunteer did that particular piece of work, we also can identify which computer did it. We can even tell you to the second when the computer finished the computation," he said.
Allen says all discoveries are verified by a second home computer somewhere else in the world.
The software that runs Einstein@Home was developed by David Anderson of the University of California's Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory. Anderson says the project's ultimate goal is to find neutron star pairs with orbits of an hour or less, so astronomers can actually observe Albert Einstein's theory of relativity in action.
A second major goal, says Anderson, is to find a pulsar orbiting a black hole, an object whose gravitational field is so strong, nothing can escape its pull, including light, and whose concentrated mass actually distorts the fabric of space and time. "A black hole is something like five or ten solar masses of material. We would love to monitor a pulsar and explore the space-time around a black hole. Obviously, those are rare objects but we have the potential of finding them in the Einstein@Home analysis," he said.
An article describing the discovery of a new pulsar by citizen scientists with the Einstein@Home program is published this week in the journal Science.
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Visit our sister site, BirdSong Nature Shop, for great prices on thousands of backyard birding items:
Scientific Name: Platycladus orientalis (formerly Thuja orientalis)
Other Common Names: n/a
Foliage: Needled Evergreen
Height: 18-25 feet
Spread: 10-12 feet
Growth Characteristics: Slow-growing
Oriental arborvitae grows as either a large shrub or a small tree. Starting off rather dense and compact, the canopy opens up with age. The needles are scale-like and bright green. It is an excellent choice for hedges as it often only needs trimming at the top. Cultivars include 'Bakeri', 'Blue Cone', and 'Elegantissima'.
Light: Full sun
Moisture: Tolerates humidity and drought better than American Arborvitae
Soil Type: Prefers moist, well-drained soils
Fertilize with formulations that promote woody, strong growth rather than excessive foliar growth. In winter, use twine or burlap to protect branches from breakage. If areas of the tree are winter burned, new growth should resprout. Does not respond well to shearing. Take care not to overprune as the tree does not recover well.
Damage from browsing deer can be common. Roots are quite shallow, so can be easily uprooted in wind and storms. Prone to bagworms
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The Wars of the Roses
The Battle of Bosworth
The Battle of Bosworth was fought on 22nd August, 1485. One of the most significant battles ever to be fought on English soil, it sounded the death knell of the House of Plantagenet. The battle was fought between the armies of the last Yorkist king, Richard III and his Tudor challenger for the throne, Henry, Earl of Richmond, later to become King Henry VII, who represented the claims of the rival House of Lancaster.
Henry Tudor landed at Milford Haven, in South Wales on the 7th August, accompanied by a few die hard Lancastrian lords and with about 2,000 French mercenaries. He marched through Wales, gathering reinforcements en route. The town of Shrewsbury opened its gates to him on 15 August and from there he advanced through Lichfield. He was expecting to be joined by the forces of his step-father, Lord Stanley, but received the disquieting news that Lord Stanley could not openly declare his support for the invaders, since Richard held his son, Lord Strange, hostage for his loyalty.
King Richard was stationed at Nottingham, and moved from there to to Leicester on 19 August. The two armies finally faced each other about two and a half miles south of Market Bosworth in Leicestershire were Richard probably camped on Ambion Hill.
Said to have spent an uneasy night prior to the battle, the king was disturbed by ghoulish nightmares and looked gaunt and pale on rising. Shakespeare depicts him as being haunted by the souls of his victims. As if to underline the fact that treachery had infiltrated his ranks, during the night, someone had pinned a rhyme to the Duke of Norfolk's tent:-
'Jack of Norfolk, be not so bold, For Dickon thy master, is bought and sold.'
The Stanleys cautiously situated their troops to the sides of Richard and Henry Tudor's camps, openly declaring for, nor joining either. The King demanded Lord Stanley and his brother join him and was ignored. He reacted by angrily ordering Lord Strange to be beheaded, an action which was not carried out by a subordinate, no doubt fearing for his own position, should the battle not go well for the King. No priest could be found in the royal camp to say mass on the fateful morning of battle.
The Tudor army numbered around 5,000 men, whilst Richard commanded a slightly larger army of around 6,000. The Duke of Norfolk lead the vanguard of Richard's army, the King himself the centre, Northumberland had personally requested to be in the rear to watch the threatening Stanley's forces to the side. Though Richard was a seasoned campaigner, Henry had no experience in battle, Bosworth was his first field. Henry sent an appeal to the Stanleys to join him, but received the unerving response that the time was not yet ripe, leaving Henry, in the words of the chronicler Vergil "No little vexed".
Battle was opened when Norfolk led the royal vanguard, according to the standard interpretation of the battle, down the slopes of Ambion Hill. The Earl of Oxford, commanding the Lancastrian troops, advanced his men to meet them. Henry remained at the rear, guarded by a troop of horse. The Lancastrians were met by a shower of arrows after which Norfolk ordered his men to charge. Oxford, an experienced general, skirted the hill with his men, unsure as yet of the intentions of the Stanleys. The Stanleys themselves, directed by the precarious position of Lord Strange, still made no move, but remained stationary, hovering in their menacing positions at both flanks of the battle, adding to the atmosphere of suspicion.
Oxford was heavily outnumbered and issued orders that his men were not to advance over ten feet from their standards. He had learned much from his disastrous experience at Barnet and feared he might lose command of his soldiers. He closed in, forming a wedge formation. Norfolk was killed in the fighting and his son the Earl of Surrey captured.
The eyes of the commanders remained on the looming and foreboding presence of the Stanleys, who still made no move. The air must have been thick with thoughts of treachery and self preservation. Northumberland, not having gained the power in the north he had expected from Richard, also made no move, but continued to watch the Stanleys, desiring that whatever the outcome of the battle, he, Northumberland, would be on the winning side. The Croyland Chronicler reported that-
In the place where the Earl of Northumberland stood with a fairly large and well equipped force, there was no contest against the enemy and no blows were given or received in battle"
Had Northumberland's northern levies actually participated in the fighting, the outcome of the battle is likely to have been very different.
Richard was brought the ominous news of Norfolk's death and must have been in total despair and rage at the treachery surrounding him. Sighting the Tudor's dragon standard, the King 'all inflamed with ire', after taking a drink from a spring later known as 'Dickon's Well', charged suicidally with his household straight for the person of Henry Tudor. It was both an impulsive and magnificently courageous gesture, if he could have just reached the Tudor, the issue would have been settled outright. Many of the Henry's supporters were killed in the headlong charge, including his massive standard bearer, Sir William Brandon. Watching and waiting for his moment, Stanley saw that now was the time to bring in his troops. Richard, although urged to flee, valiantly refused, insisting he would remain King of England or die in battle.
The shifting Stanleys moved in for the kill and Richard 'fighting manfully in the midst of his enemies' was surrounded and fell, pierced by many wounds.
The contemporary chronicles state that he was urged to flee following the desertion of some of his followers and the collapse of his vanguard. Polydore Vergil, one of the early chroniclers of the battle, states that Richard replied that 'on that day he would make an end either of wars or of his life, such was the great boldness and great force of spirit in him'. Richard instead chose to lead a charge straight at Henry Tudor, killing several men and toppled Henry's standard, killing his standard-bearer William Brandon, and unhorsed the jousting champion Sir John Cheney, who stood in his way, thrusting him to the ground and forcing a path for himself through the press of steel.
Polydore Vergil recorded that ‘King Richard, alone, was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies.’ According to the Burgundian chronicler Jean Molinet, Richard's horse became stuck in a marsh and then 'unhorsed and overpowered, the king was hacked to death by Welsh soldiers'. Molinet adds that a Welshman struck the death-blow with a halberd. The contemporary Welsh poet Guto'r Glyn also states that a Welshman, Rhys ap Thomas, or one of his men, delivered the fatal blow. Even afer Richard was dead, the of blows continued on his battered body continued, one source describes how Richard’s head was battered to the point that his basinet was driven into his head, ‘until his brains came out with blood’.
The chronicler Rous, not normally effusive in his remarks about Richard recorded of his last moments-
"If I may speak the truth to his honour, although small of body and weak in strength, he most valiantly defended himself as a noble knight to his last breath, often exclaiming as he was betrayed, and saying Treason! Treason! Treason!"
Many fled on the king's death, others surrendered. Legend states that Lord Stanley retrieved England's crown, which Richard had inadvisedly worn throughout the battle, from under a hawthorn bush and placed it on the head of Henry Tudor, which was met by the exhilarated shouts of his army "King Henry, God save King Henry!" The Tudor age had begun.
Following the battle, the Earl of Northumberland surrendered and was taken captive by Henry Tudor, he was however, soon released and confirmed in his titles and lands. He was murdered four years later during a riot. In an unpopular move, Henry later backdated the start of his reign to the day prior to the battle of Bosworth in order to attaint for treason all those who had fought for Richard III.
The new King of England, Henry VII then proceeded to Leicester. The body of King Richard III, which was recovered from the pile of corpses around Henry's banner, was treated with much indignity. Trussed naked over a horse and besmirched with mud, it was borne in parade to Leicester, a sad spectacle. It was exposed for two days at the Church of the Greyfriars at Leicester, where Richard III was later unceremoniously buried. Henry contributed £10 1 shilling toward the cost of a tombstone for his rival.
The father of the architect, Christopher Wren, is reported as having seen Richard's grave in the seventeenth century. The remains of Richard III were uncovered by an archaeological headed by the University of Leicester in collaboration with the Richard III Society and Leicester City Council, which began in August 2012. A formal announcement by Leicester University was made on the results of the tests on Monday, 4th February 2013, which confirmed the remains to be those of Richard. For further details see update- the remains of Richard III
Recent reconsideration of the site of the battle has lead to the theory that it did not take place on the traditional site of the slopes of Ambion Hill but on but on a reedy moor, around half a mile to the south, near the village of Dadlington. For several years after the event the battle was actually referred to as the Battle of Redemore.
From August 2005 to July 2008 the Battlefields Trust undertook a new study of Bosworth battlefield, financed by the Heritage Lottery Fund. The project attempted to resolve many of the long standing questions surrounding the Battle of Bosworth and its actual location. The true site of the battle has now pinpointed to fields that straddle the Roman road known as the Fenn Lane, near Fenn lane farm, close to a proven medieval marsh, lying more than a mile to the south west of the traditional site near the Bosworth Visitor Centre.
Evidence such as cannon balls, the largest collection of that date in Europe was unearthed and pieces of armour including fragments of swords, bridle fittings and spurs have been used to confirm the location. A gilded silver badge in the shape of a boar, Richard's personal emblem, probably worn by one of his closest companions who rode with him on his final charge, was a significant find. There were also silver coins bearing the head Charles the Bold of Burgundy, a silver-gilt badge was found close to where it is believed the Duke of Norfolk was killed.
There is now a new trail from the visitor centre, which comprises of a 1.25 mile (2.2km) walk with audio and visual interpretation about the battle and surrounding area. Climbing Ambion Hill near the Battlefield Heritage Centre the trail also includes a walk-through sundial which features the thrones of Richard III, Henry Tudor and Lord Stanley. The panoramic view from the sundial provides the opportunity to see the actual battlefield site in the distance, the church of nearby Market Bosworth and other local landscape features.
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An example of a sequence is a TV show with a beginning, middle and end.
- the following of one thing after another in chronological, causal, or logical order; succession or continuity
- the order in which this occurs
- a continuous or related series, often of uniform things: a sonnet sequence
- three or more playing cards in unbroken order in the same suit; run
- a resulting event; consequence; sequel
- Biochem. the linear order of bases in a nucleic acid or of amino acids in a protein
- Math. an ordered set of quantities or elements
- Film a succession of scenes constituting a single, uninterrupted episode
- Music the repetition of a melodic pattern in the same voice part but at different pitch levels
Origin of sequenceME < ML sequentia < LL(Ec), used as transl. of Gr(Ec) akolouthia, a succession of notes on the last syllable of the alleluia: see acolyteR.C.Ch. a hymn coming immediately before the Gospel in certain Masses
Origin of sequenceMiddle French ; from LL, a following ; from Classical Latin sequens: see sequent
- to arrange in a sequence; put in order
- Biochem. to find the unique order of (structural units of a gene, protein, etc.) by chemical analysis
- A following of one thing after another; succession.
- An order of succession; an arrangement.
- A related or continuous series. See Synonyms at series.
- Games Three or more playing cards in consecutive order; a run.
- A series of related shots that constitute a complete unit of action in a movie.
- Music A melodic or harmonic pattern successively repeated at different pitches with or without a key change.
- Roman Catholic Church A hymn sung between the gradual and the Gospel.
- Mathematics An ordered set of quantities, as x, 2x2, 3x3, 4x4.
- Biochemistry The order of constituents in a polymer, especially the order of nucleotides in a nucleic acid or of the amino acids in a protein.
transitive verbse·quenced, se·quenc·ing, se·quenc·es
- To organize or arrange in a sequence.
- To determine the order of constituents in (a polymer, such as a nucleic acid or protein molecule).
Origin of sequenceMiddle English, a type of hymn, from Old French, from Medieval Latin sequentia, hymn, that which follows (from its following the alleluia), from Late Latin, from Latin sequ&emacron;ns, sequent-, present participle of sequ&imacron;, to follow; see sekw-1 in Indo-European roots.
- A set of things next to each other in a set order; a series
- A series of musical phrases where a theme or melody is repeated, with some change each time, such as in pitch or length (example: opening of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony).
- A musical composition used in some Catholic Masses between the readings. The most famous sequence is the Dies Irae (Day of Wrath) formerly used in funeral services.
- (mathematics) An ordered list of objects.
- (now rare) A subsequent event; a consequence or result.
- A series of shots that depict a single action or style in a film, television show etc.
- (card games) A meld consisting of three or more cards of successive ranks in the same suit, such as the four, five and six of hearts.
- (mathematics): Beginning students often confuse sequence with series.
(third-person singular simple present sequences, present participle sequencing, simple past and past participle sequenced)
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General, scenery: Victoria Island, with an area of only about 10 km² (maximal diameter ca. 5 km), is the westernmost and loneliest outpost of Franz-Josef-Land: to Alexandra Land in the east, the distance is about 170 km. To the west, Kvitøya (White Island) as the easternmost island of the Spitsbergen archipelago, is with a distance of 60 km considerably closer and visible under clear conditions. Also by underwater seabottom profile, Victoria belongs rather to Spitsbergen than to Franz-Josef-Land. Even in summer, the island just above the 80th parallel is usually surrounded by driftice, which is moving with wind and currents.
Victoria is covered almost completely by an icecap, which reaches up to 100 m above sea level in its middle and ends in an impressive ice wall to the south, resting on the sea bottom under the water line. Accordingly, the saltwater gnaws on it increasingly with rising water temperature, causing increased calving: during the last decades, the souther ice edge of Victoria has retreated by about 500 m (red marked area on the map) - a process which will come to a halt only when the base of the ice will have retreated onto solid ground above the water line. Snow accumulation on the little area of the island is limited and cannot balance the increasing losses of ice. In a longer perspective, Victoria is likely to lose its ice cap completely.
In the Northwest, the situation is different: here, flat Cape Knipovich is pointing out of the ice since more than hundred years already and along the whole northern coast, the rim of the ice cap lays on or above the water line, thus being less threatened by melting by saltwater. Contrary to the steep ice cliffs in the south, the ice cap rises only gently from the northern shore towards the center of the island. From Cape Knipovich towards the other icefree promontory at the westernmost tip, the glacier ice has retreated above the water line, with a narrow beach zone now stretching between sea and ice cap. With further withdrawal, the same is about to happen also all the way along the northern shore from Cape Knipovich to the easternmost part of the island and the center of the ice cap is losing thickness and thereby height, as well.
History: Due to the little distance from the Spitsbergen archipelago, Victoria might have been spotted already by the whalers of early 17th century, operating also in the eastern Spitsbergen waters. However, Victoria may have remained also unseen: with a possibly much smaller, or even no ice cap at that time, the island might be very low and small, and accordingly difficult to discover. The increasing Little Iceage then hindered navigation in these remote waters by much more sea ice for 200 years, and may have brought about also a considerable growth of the icecap of Victoria both in thickness and extension.
The next sightings may have occurred by norwegian hunting boats from the middle of 19th century onwards, which reached the most distant parts of the Spitsbergen archipelago by 1865, but had a tendency to keep their new discoveries to themselves in order not to invite competition. The first documented sightings are both from summer 1898: both by the Norwegians Johannes Nilsen and Ludvig Bernard Sebulonsen, and by captain Nilsen of the pleasure yacht VICTORIA of the English excentric and friend of the Arctic, Arnold Pike. Over the following decades, the island was repeatedly visited by mostly norwegian hunting vessels.
In 1926, the Soviet Union made a general claim on all waters and territories north of Russia, including also Victoria, but without any landing.
Landings are known for 1925 by the British Arctic Expedition and in 1928 by the HOBBY and the russian icebreaker SEDOV. A norwegian attempt in 1929 to annex the island failed due to ice conditions. In 1930, a norwegian party on the sealer BRATVAAG went ashore on Cape Knipovich as the only at that time possible ice-free piece of land, erecting a cairn with a private annexation message and dropping materials for the construction of a small cabin. In 1932, the Soviet Union annected the island formally during the KNIPOVICH Expedition (leader: Prof. Zubov) - considerably later than the Franz-Josef-Land archipelago otherwise - by landing on Cape Knipovich and raising the Soviet flag there on August 29th, 1932.
Inspite of the official closure of Franz-Josef-Land by the Soviet Union for foreign vessels, at least Victoria is likely to have had secret visitors also later, especially by Norwegian hunters, due to the closeness to Spitsbergen and the difficulty of controlling these remote waters. Reports on such secret landings exist until even after World War II.
During the Cold War, a Soviet military weather and radio station was in operation on Cape Knipowich, including a radio mast on the highest point of the ice cap, and some anti-air light guns. The station was given up in 1994 in the wake of the turmoil in Russia after the end of the Soviet Union. Since then, the island is populated only by birds, resting walrusses and occasionally patroling polar bears, also in the decaying station.
Tourism: Victoria ranks certainly among the most exotic places in the European Arctic: a tiny island with an impressive looking icecap when looked at from south, far away in the nowhere of drifting ice, with good chances for observing walrusses, possibly polar bears, and quite likely ivory gulls. The given-up station is an experience in itself: crammed between shoreline and the rising icecap, besieged by walrusses and explored more often by polar bears than tourists. Since the end of the Cold War, there have been hardly more than 5 touristic landings on Victoria, as the island is often surrounded by heavy driftice and the distance to the other parts of Franz-Josef-Land is long. Usually, access is easiest in August and September.
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Q. We almost always have either skim milk or 1% milk in the house. When a recipe calls for whole milk can I add light cream to it? If so, what proportions would I use to make whole milk?
A. There are significant differences in cooking properties between milk and cream. The more fat, the less likely a dish is to curdle, so you can be taking a substantial risk if you substitute skim milk for heavy cream in a cooked recipe. But, in general, a recipe that calls for milk or whole milk is not using it for its cooking properties rather to add flavor and richness to the dish. The use of skim or reduced-fat milk in place of whole milk will produce just the result you expect a thinness in both taste and texture. Depending on the amount of milk called for, the difference may or may not be very meaningful to you.
You can certainly boost the amount of fat in the milk you have on hand to approximate whole milk, which has about 3.5% fat. Half and half has about 10% fat, light cream has about 20%, and whipping or heavy cream runs between 30% and 40%. We recently got into trouble by bragging about our math skills, so by first admitting that these numbers may be wildly inaccurate, we believe you would approximate whole milk by mixing one part half and half with three parts of 1% milk, one part light cream to seven parts 1% milk, and one part heavy cream to 15 parts of 1% milk (or 1 tablespoon cream to 1 cup less 1 tablespoon of 1% milk). As a practical matter, the proportions donít matter all that much add a little cream and you boost flavor and richness.
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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Identity theft is one of the fastest-growing crimes in the U.S., with more than 12 million victims last year alone. Much of the recent increase has been driven by jumps in more severe forms of the crime; for instance, new-account fraud (which occurs when someone uses stolen information to secure a credit card or loan) rose 50 percent last year, with total losses of nearly $10 billion. And guess what? You’re more at risk if you’re a social networker. Users of LinkedIn, Google+, Twitter and Facebook suffer the highest incidence of fraud.
It’s not always obvious why every random piece of data needs to be protected, but you should be vigilant about it anyway. Hackers have become sophisticated at using one bit of information as a wedge to pry loose a lot more. “Safeguarding all your information is critical, as thieves will combine sensitive data with readily available information to create a synthetic identity,” says Eva Velasquez, CEO of the Identity Theft Resource Center. Failing to take precautions endangers not only you but also your friends and family. Consider this: If a thief gains access to your contacts, he can easily set up a spoof e-mail address in your name and trick members of your entire network into sharing their personal information. (Yes, this happens.) Here, Velasquez explains how to make your info harder to hack.
- Pay for privacy on Wi-Fi. No matter where you are—a hotel, an airport, a coffee shop—when you log on to public Wi-Fi, hackers can gain access to your computer or phone (even when you enter a password or pay an access fee to get online). If you use public Wi-Fi for anything involving passwords, credit cards or other sensitive information, invest in a virtual private network—subscription software that encrypts Web traffic. (One VPN, PrivateWiFi.com, charges $85 a year.)
- Disable geotagging. This feature on your smartphone, iPad and digital camera attaches information—likewhere you snapped a photo—to the pictures you take. When you e-mail or share a picture, you give away that data. The geotagging on-off switch varies by device; on an iPhone, go to Settings, Privacy, Location Services, and then click off.
- Use a password keeper. This kind of software solves the problem of having to remember a dozen passwords by allowing you to use one master password to access all your accounts. It will also suggest strong passwords that are less likely to be hacked. (Check out 1Password, agilebits.com/onepassword; $18 for the app.)
- Protect your Wi-Fi at home. Your Wi-Fi probably came with a long default password. That password is stored by your Internet provider—which could become a problem if your provider’s security database is breached, in which case any device using your Wi-Fi is at risk. Not sure if you ever set your own password? Change it now. Check your provider’s website for instructions.
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PSC Brown Bags
will resume fall 2016
Boisjoly, Johanne, Greg J. Duncan, and Sandra Hofferth. 1995. "Access to Social Capital." Journal of Family Issues, 16(5): 609-31.
Defining social capital as perceived access to time and money help from friends and family, this article examines (a) the stock of social capital to which families have access, (b) the trade-off between access to money and time help, and (c) the association between perceived access to time and money and conventional measures of family economic well-being. Data come from the 1980 wave of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, an ongoing longitudinal survey of U.S. households. More than 9 out of 10 families reported access to social capital. Some evidence for isolation from social capital among families with a less-educated or older head was found. Surprisingly, families in very poor neighborhoods reported more access to social capital, primarily in friend-based networks. Finally, geographic mobility leads to increased social isolation, because it reduces family ties.
Data used: Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID): U.S., 1980.
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<urn:uuid:6079e823-13c2-421c-8438-34d2fbf626b1>
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http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/abs/636
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Vijayanagara empire was one of the most famous dynasties to have ruled South India. The ruins of this empire can be seen at Hampi in its full glory. The architecture of this land has been studied by archeologists all over the world and is praised for its different and unqiue style not found in other Indian regions. Bellary, Hospet and a few other places around here show influence of the Vijayanagar kingdom.
Hakka - Bukka
The Vijayanagar Empire was a South Indian empire based in the Deccan. Established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I, it lasted until 1646. Hampi was its capital and is now a World Heritage Site in modern Karnataka. The writings of medieval European travelers such as Domingo Paes, Fernao Nuniz and Niccolò Da Conti and the literature in local languages provide crucial information about its history. Archaeological excavations at Vijayanagar have revealed the empire's power and wealth.
Vijayanagar's Architecture and Culture
The empire's legacy includes many monuments spread over South India, the best known being the group at Hampi (link to Hampi). The temple building traditions in South India got revived in the Vijayanagar Architecture style. Secular royal structures show the influence of the Islamic architecture of the North.
Efficient administration and vigorous overseas trade brought new technologies like water management systems for irrigation. The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in the languages of Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit, while Carnatic music evolved into its current form. The Vijayanagar Empire created an epoch in South Indian history that transcended regionalism by promoting Hinduism as a unifying factor.
Hoysalas merged with Vijayanagar empire to fight the Mughals
Before the rise of Vijayanagar Empire in the early 14th century, many Hindu kingdoms had been defeated by Alla-ud-din Khilji and Muhammad bin Tughluq, the Sultans of Delhi. The Hoysala Empire was the sole remaining Hindu kingdom against the Muslim invaders. After the death of Hoysala Veera Ballala III, the Hoysala Empire merged with Vijayanagar Empire. The original capital was in the territory of Anegondi on the northern banks of the Tungabhadra River (in Karnataka). It was later moved to nearby Vijayanagar on the river's southern banks during the reign of Bukka Raya I.
Domination in South India
The Vijayanagar Empire dominated all of South India and fought off invasions from the five established Deccan Sultanates for several decades. The empire reached its peak during the rule of Sri Krishnadevaraya when Vijayanagar armies were consistently victorious. The empire annexed areas formerly under the Sultanates in the northern Deccan and the territories in the eastern Deccan, including Kalinga. Many important monuments were either completed or commissioned during the time of Krishnadevaraya.
Destruction of Hampi
The sudden capture and killing of Aliya Rama Raya, successor to Krishnadevaraya in 1565, at the Battle of Talikota, created mayhem and confusion in the Vijayanagara. The Sultanates' army later plundered Hampi and reduced it to the ruinous state in which it remains; it was never re-occupied. Tirumala Raya, the sole surviving commander, left Vijayanagar for Penukonda with vast amounts of treasure on the back of 550 elephants. The empire was finally conquered by the Sultanates of Bijapur and Golkonda. The festival of Vijayanagar organised by the government of Karnataka is worth seeing.
Now that you have learnt the history of Vijayanagar, why don't you explore Bellary or visit Hampi travel guide
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Dog Neuter - Canine Orchidectomy (Neuter)
At the Animal Hospital of Rowlett Veterinary Clinic, we take a special interest in educating you about the health and well-being of your pet. We want to help you take care of your companion animals by providing reliable, up-to-date animal health information authored by our doctors as well as by other medical experts in the field. We will continue to add to this library of resources on a continuing basis so be sure to check back often for updates.
Ever wonder what happens when your baby undergoes a medical procedure at Animal Hospital of Rowlett Veterinary Clinic or Animal Hospital of Heath? Watch the video below of a sweet patient undergoing a dog neuter:
Canine Orchidectomy (Neuter)
1. A premedical examination is performed, paying particular attention to heart rate rhythm and overall body condition.
2. A pre-op injection is administered to lightly sedate the animal and to allow us to use less general anesthetic.
3. An IV anesthetic is administered.
4. An Endotracheal tube is placed in the trachea to administer inhalant anesthetic. (Arrow denotes opening of trachea)
5. Patient is connected to anesthetic machine and heart/respiratory monitors.
This machine is equipped not only with the routine Isoflorane anesthetic vaporizor but also a newer anesthetic vaporizor for Sevoflorane. Sevoflorane is required for patients with preexisting liver or kidney dysfunction and optional for those with normal functions.
6. The surgical site is clipped and scrubbed to make the area sterile.
7. The patient is transferred to the surgery suite along with connected monitoring equipment.
A pulse oximetry monitor is attached to the patient's tongue with a soft rubber clip.
We monitor all patients' breathing with a simple device that will sound an alarm if the patient does not take a breath within a predetermined number of seconds.
8. Patient is transferred to the warmed surgery table and placed into position for the procedure.
Our surgery tables are equipped with electric warmers to keep the tables at a steady body temp. Patients under anesthetic can lose body warmth, a particular problem for long procedures and small patients.
9. The technician continues to monitor the patient's vital signs.
All patients are monitored by pulse oximetry, respiratory monitor and often electrocardiogram. Despite the great reassurance of today's technological advances, they will never take the place of a trained technician at your patient's side. We do not perform anesthetic procedures without a technician's watchful eye.
10. The pulse oximetry machine is connected that will inform the doctor of the patient's percentage of oxygen in the blood stream during the surgery.
Pulse Oximeter is attached to the patient with an infrared tongue sensor. The machine will tell us the patient's oxygen saturation while under anesthetic. Normal values are over 95%. The pulse rate is also given and the pulse quality can be subjectively monitored with the sound of the beeps.
11. An incision is made midline prescrotal.
12. Testicle is pushed out through the incision.
13. The tissue is stripped from the testicle exposing the vasculature that provides blood to and from the testicle as well as the passageways for sperm.
14.The vasculature that connects the testicles to the body are clamped, ligated and replaced into the body.
15. The subcutaneous layer is then closed.
16. The skin is closed with sutures that will need to be removed in 10-14 days.
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en
| 0.91132
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anyway, here goes. i'll start you off.
so remember, for the absolute max, we want to find the largest value for the function on the interval we are considering. now this value may occur at the endpoints, or it may occur at a local maximum within the interval, so let's check those.
(1) check the value of the function at the end points
(2) check the value of the function at the critical points
for the critical points, set
now this is relatively hard to solve, here is where we will need Newton's method, to find the critical point.
recall that Newton's method says that if we are given an approximation for the zero of a function, we can get a better approximation by way of the formula:
now, take your first guess to be 1. thus you have
so you will find the second approximation, , by:
now calculate . when you get , plug it in for in (1) to get the third approximation , that is, find:
continue to do this until you realize that your value for has the first 6 decimal places constant. then take that to be the critical point. then, calculate the value of the function at that point. then pick the absolute max.
(note, think of to be in radians)
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Last week I described
a simple price process that could underlie a rational bubble: That is, a price process such that each investor individually had a positive expected return, but that all investors collectively knew had to crash.
In statistics this is known as an “exploding” process. They were originally studied to model physical events like the collapse of structures. They share the characteristic that the variance of the process increases faster than its magnitude. This makes the process unstable at any finite value, so it has some probability of going to infinity in finite time (this is for continuous exploding processes, the example I gave was a discrete exploding process which cannot go to infinity but is otherwise similar). But because the process has a finite expected value, the probability of going to infinity has to be infinitesimal, and the process is nearly certain to get closer to zero.
Consider, for example, a microscopic crack in a bridge support. The larger the crack is, the faster it grows, and as it grows its potential for further growth grows faster than its size. This means a support can look fine, with no observable cracks, and an instant later collapse.
Imagine a security whose price was equal to the length of a specific crack. Its price would have bubble-like characteristics; the higher the price went (that is the longer the crack), the more the potential for further increases, so the more demand for the security which forces the price even higher. However, this would be an entirely rational bubble, a microscopic crack really could grow large enough to bring down the entire structure. In this case, the process is limited by the size of the structure, the crack cannot literally grow to infinity. But when it is microscopic, the growth potential is so huge, it would behave almost as if it had infinite growth potential.
This could explain exploding price processes for securities that bet on bridge collapses, but why would Internet stocks or housing prices explode? You might see an analogy with Internet stocks at least, the more the Internet grew, the more potential for growth. But we're talking real economics, not physical propagation of cracks. If people get excited about the Internet, why bid up the price of existing Internet stocks, why not use the money to make real investments in new Internet companies? Since there's no barrier to entry to creating Internet businesses, you would think the price would be limited by the replacement cost.
Of course, there was quite a bit of investment in real Internet resources like fiber optic cables and networking equipment, and feverish creation and IPO of new Internet businesses. But prices of existing stocks soared nonetheless. Moreover, the increases seemed unrelated to any rational estimate of future cash flows. The stocks that soared the most were not the ones best-positioned to profit from explosive Internet growth and while some individual valuations could be defended by partisans, no one could defend collective valuations of the sector.
For other bubbles, the economic case is even harder to see. You can come up with plausible reasons that an Internet company might grow in a few years to 100 or 1,000 times its current value, but what about a house or a bar of gold? When Internet stocks double on scant news, you can argue that it resulted from a slightly increased probability of a hundred-fold price appreciation—it's hard to find statistical evidence for or against that claim. But in 2006, US residential housing was valued at over $25 trillion, or about 175% of US GDP. An optimist might think it could grow to 200% or 250% of GDP, but not 2,000% or 10,000% . Without even a tiny probability of massive appreciation, it's hard to see justification for 10% or 20% housing price increases without obvious changes in fundamentals.
Next week we'll take a look at the economic factors that can support a bubble-like price process, without explosions.
(Also see: Yes, There Is Such a Thing as a Rational Bubble -- We're In One Now
No positions in stocks mentioned.
The information on this website solely reflects the analysis of or opinion about the performance of securities and financial markets by the writers whose articles appear on the site. The views expressed by the writers are not necessarily the views of Minyanville Media, Inc. or members of its management. Nothing contained on the website is intended to constitute a recommendation or advice addressed to an individual investor or category of investors to purchase, sell or hold any security, or to take any action with respect to the prospective movement of the securities markets or to solicit the purchase or sale of any security. Any investment decisions must be made by the reader either individually or in consultation with his or her investment professional. Minyanville writers and staff may trade or hold positions in securities that are discussed in articles appearing on the website. Writers of articles are required to disclose whether they have a position in any stock or fund discussed in an article, but are not permitted to disclose the size or direction of the position. Nothing on this website is intended to solicit business of any kind for a writer's business or fund. Minyanville management and staff as well as contributing writers will not respond to emails or other communications requesting investment advice.
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Learn something new every day
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Narnia is the mythical place created by writer C.S. Lewis for his seven book series The Chronicles of Narnia, which was written between 1949 and 1954. This series begins, at least in order of writing, with the book The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe (LWW), but the country of Narnia and its beginning is actually detailed in the prequel novel The Magician’s Nephew. In this prequel, the country is one of many worlds, a new one with a young sun that is called into life by the Christlike lion Aslan.
Magical creatures that originate in numerous mythologies populate the world of Narnia, and the country should be understood as part of a world and not a world in its entirety. Books in the series explore the different “lands” that grow up around Aslan’s country but these aren’t mentioned in Narnia’s creation story. In Narnia’s land, there are talking animals, dryads, dwarves, flying horses, satyrs (called fauns), unicorns, and even figures like Bacchus. Lewis draws on several mythologies to populate his mythical kingdom but it is clear, as is the case with the Biblical creation myth that humans, at least rulers, are given dominion over these creatures. Such dominion means to recognize these creatures as equals and citizens, and to rule them justly.
The first ruler of the land is a former London cabby, Frank, who is drawn into the world through the adventures of two children, Diggory and Polly, and by the evil Queen Jadis from the dying planet Charn. Diggory is familiar to fans of the series as the “Professor” with whom the Pevensie children stay during the first published book. Jadis’ presence in the world creates the “first evil,” a significant parallel to Judeo/Christian creation myth. It is foreshadowed that she will in the future gain power in Narnia, though she is effectively kept from it for a long time by taking and eating the forbidden fruit, an apple, which then repels her from the land.
Time in the land functions differently than that on Earth. In LWW, at least several centuries have passed since humans ruled Narnia, and the land has been taken over by the White Witch (Jadis) who makes the land perpetually winter, but never Christmas. Restoring rule to “sons of Adam” in this case, Peter Pevensie, his brother Edmund and their two sisters Lucy and Susan, is the only way to defeat the witch.
LWW features direct parallels to the sacrifice of Christ, with Aslan returning and sacrificing himself to save Edmund, who has betrayed the plans of reclaiming the land to Jadis. Aslan, like Christ, is reborn, the Witch is defeated, and the four Pevensies rule Narnia into their early adult years. They are returned to our world through a hunt for a white stag, and remain as children on Earth. The Pevensies return to Narnia again in Prince Caspian, must again reestablish sound rule, and rescue the beasts and mythical creatures of the land from the deniers of Narnia’s magic, and the usurper King Miraz.
Throughout the series, Lewis expands on his description of the world, adding different people, different lands, and describing the land as a flat earth, with an actual edge. He also sets up the opposing country of Calormen, which does not recognize Aslan and instead has a polytheistic-based society, and the nearby county of Archenland. Calormen seems Arabic in description but is likely more based on the various religions that competed with early Judaism.
In all, eight children, beginning with Polly and Diggory, visit Aslan’s country. After the Pevensies visit several times, the last two children to come to the country are Eustace, a cousin of the Pevensies and his friend Jill. In a surprising move, but perhaps one predictable because of the Christian beliefs held by Lewis, the final book in the series, The Last Battle, details the fall of Narnia, and disturbingly describes the end of the planet, and the deaths of all but one of the children or former child visitors.
Only Susan Pevensie, who has stopped believing in Aslan and her experiences in childhood, is left to cope with the human world, while not only her siblings but her parents die and migrate to a paradisaical Narnia where there can be no more evil, suffering, or death. The profoundly sober tone of the last book especially with the exclusion of Susan from the kingdom is disturbing to many readers, and some fans of the series skip the book, preferring to allow the fantasy kingdom thrive in their imaginations, rather than witnessing its demise.
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March 13, 2001
Nanotechnology is just beginning to blossom as a practical topic of interest for the manufacturing industry. Just how big an impact will nanomaterials have in our lifetimes? We're sure to find out soon.
When comedian Steve Martin told his audiences "Let's get small" in the 1970s, nanotechnology probably registered just above "jab eye with hot poker" on his priority list.
However, nanotechnology and nanoscience—the application and study of particles one-billionth of a meter wide—now are burning their way into the everyday lexicon of physicists, engineers, and even steel manufacturers.
Because forming and manipulating such small pieces of matter have, until recently, dwelt almost exclusively in the realm of science fiction paperbacks and laboratory experiments, the manufacturing community has tended to treat nanotechnology more as a curiosity than a useful workplace tool.
That is changing—rapidly.
With the advent of scanning tunneling microscopes (STMs) and then scanning probe microscopes (SPMs) came the ability to view, manipulate, and photograph individual atoms. These tools have enabled research facilities such as Hewlett-Packard Laboratories to seriously explore the possibility of storing one bit of information on a single atom through a process called atomic resolution storage (ARS). HP Labs and several universities are looking into several materials that can be written, erased, and rewritten at densities near the atomic scale.
In addition, early last year, scientists at IBM reported that they had discovered chemical reactions that cause nanoparticles only 4 nanometers in diameter to "self-assemble." Reliable self-assembly being one of the holy grails nanoscientists are seeking, the discovery may pave the way to large-scale use of the phenomenon.
"Self-assembly is one of the intriguing areas of nanoscience," says Dr. S. Tom Picraux, director of the Physical Sciences Group at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico. "The trick is to let chemistry direct self-assembly. Nature's very good at this; we aren't."
Today, engineering on the microscale, by the millionths of an inch, reigns supreme in the world of computing. Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology is the standard by which almost all semiconductors and microchips are manufactured today. Many people believe MEMS technology is reaching its functional limit, though, and the hope is that nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) technology will take the helm when MEMS reaches its proverbial space-heat ratio brick wall.
Getting nanostructures to the complexity that the computer industry is accustomed to at the MEMS level is a "towering challenge," California Institute of Technology professor and researcher Michael Roukes said at a December nanotechnology conference hosted by the American Society of Manufacturing Engineers (ASME). In much the same way, genetic scientists are racking their brains to figure out how to encode very complex algorithmic structures to produce complex parts, he reports.
"We don't know how to do that at all today," Roukes says.
Now, the nanosciences finally are getting some major-league funding from Uncle Sam for applications across the spectrum, from energy to computing to manufacturing.
In a January 2000 speech at Cal Tech, former President Clinton announced the federal government's National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), a $422 million project headed up by the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Defense, and the U.S. Department of Energy. This initiative—coupled with private research already being done by the likes of IBM, Hewlett-Packard, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)—could propel nanotechnology from laboratory to living room faster than many people realize.
Mihail "Mike" Roco is a lucky man. As chairman of the National Science and Technology Council's Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology, Roco gets a ringside seat to one of the most exciting nascent technologies the world has ever seen. In that role, he and the subcommittee are charged with advising the White House on the latest in nanotechnology and its implications.
Roco also is a key figure in the NNI. In addition to its charter members, other federal agencies, including NASA and the National Institutes of Health, are funding the initiative. Several more, the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Transportation among them, have expressed interest in joining.
"So it becomes really a cross-cutting initiative" mainly because of the promise it holds for our comprehension of nature, health, wealth, and sustainable development, Roco says.
"All materials, devices, and systems start from the nanoscale," Roco says. "All properties are defined at that level. If one is able to control that level, he can control any human-made object. They all work on the same principles."
The largest application Roco sees for nanoscale materials right now is nanostructured catalysts for the petroleum and chemical industry. The third is medicine, the fourth is nanoelectronics. However, it's the second-largest area—advanced metallic, polymeric, and ceramic materials—that has a few pioneers in the manufacturing industry buzzing about possibilities.
The NNI has set aside $140 million in fiscal year 2001 to address a series of "grand challenges," among them studying nanostructured "materials by design" that are stronger, lighter, harder, and safer than current materials—and self-repairing.
One company gunning to turn these sci-fi hopes into serious profit is Evanston, Illinois- based QuesTek Innovations LLC, which uses a materials by design method conceived at the Northwestern University Steel Research Group to develop superhard alloy and stainless steels. With this approach, which relies on computerized modeling to test material before it is created, QuesTek has developed several products that it hopes to roll out to customers later this year and in 2002.
The company is asking target customers in four key marketplaces to test-drive its new metals, two of which are case-hardened steel alloys called Ferrium(TM) C69 and GearMet C69, so named in reference to their Rockwell hardness scale ratings. The alloys are being marketed as alternatives to traditional steels for high-volume manufacturing applications such as tools and dies, roll forms, and punches.
"People who are in high-volume manufacturing are really in very competitive marketplaces," Director of Business Development Spike Schonthal notes. "Customers are consistently putting pressure on them to cut costs. There are very few places a manufacturer can go for relief. But certainly, potentially, the most dramatic improvement they can make is increased productivity."
To fabricate its Ferrium and GearMet C69 products, the company uses what it calls a nanoscale M2C strengthening dispersion to form molecular structures that are more atomically dense than what is found in nature. While the outer case has a hardness rating of 69, the inside measures 50 on the Rockwell scale, which gives the new alloy a higher ductility and less brittleness inside while maintaining high strength on the outside.
All of the company's alloys are made into ingots using a standard VIM/VAR steel process, followed by QuesTek's precipitation strengthening method. From there, the material is forged into special shapes or rolled into sheet or plate.
By relying on computer modeling to test the material before it is created, QuesTek "can literally model and optimize a material based on performance needs," Schonthal says. "This system vastly reduces the development time, because right now, materials are created [in an iterative fashion]—you create a bunch, try them, take the best, and get better at it. Much of that can be avoided—really, all of it."
The challenge for QuesTek, like any other company dabbling in new materials, is to find customers who think as highly of the new products as their inventors do.
"We're working backwards [through the process]," Schonthal says. "We need to find markets for materials that have already been developed."
Nanoparticles already are playing a stealth role in the manufacture of everyday products such as wear-resistant coatings for vinyl flooring and key ingredients for lip balm.
Nanophase Technologies Corp., Romeoville, Illinois, manufactures ultrafine powders in bulk using a vapor phase process, then uses a patented process to coat individual particles, which makes the base material compatible with a customer's application.
Take, for instance, the company's zinc oxide product. By breaking down the basic material into particles that are about 50 nanometers wide and then coating them, Nanophase has created a zinc oxide product that can be formulated to be transparent rather than the traditional white. The product's characteristics won Nanophase a globally exclusive contract with BASF, the German chemical giant, and made it Nanophases's best-selling item.
The company's aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide products already are being used for coating parts on U.S. Navy ships and as durable coatings for a variety of sliding surfaces, says Dr. Donald J. Freed, vice president of business development for Nanophase. It's no stretch to imagine some of the same sprays being used as transparent coatings for metal coil, he says. In addition, Nanophase just signed a contract to provide aluminum oxide coatings to a major manufacturer of vinyl flooring. The coatings will allow the manufacturer to provide a lifetime wear warranty on its flooring, according to Freed.
"Wear coatings are a very important here-and-now market for us," Freed says.
And regardless of how good the company thinks the product is, "it's got to be affordable," Freed says. "The benefit you get has to be taken in context with the economics of the application. If we're in sheet vinyl flooring, that says something."
Carbon—it's the building block of life and, in no insignificant way, the building block of all things steel as well. In future forms already being explored on the nanoscale, it may even rival steel as a material of choice for many high-strength applications.
Many of the biggest advances in nanotechnology research have been made in the study of carbon nanotubes, which were first identified as such in the laboratory in 1991. Nanotubes are hollow cylinders of carbon atoms just a few nanometers wide and a few micrometers long.
In terms of how carbon nanotubes may affect industry, "it's hard to say," says Mildred Dresselhaus, an MIT professor and former director of the Office of Science at the U.S. Department of Energy who also happens to be one of the leading researchers in the field. Great strides have been made in identifying how nanotubes behave, but a lot of work remains, she says.
Meanwhile, "the field is moving like gangbusters," and she sees "great possibilities" for using nanotubes to push atoms around in the laboratory, Dresselhaus says. Scientists at the University of California - Berkeley already have experimented with concentric series of nanotubes called fullerenes that, after some manipulation, can telescope just like a sailor's spyglass and be used as probes to manipulate atoms. Work also is being done at Berkeley to explore the use of fullerenes as frictionless nanoscale bearings.
When does such research reach the shop floor? Perhaps not for years. Right now, however, nanotubes are being studied to make a better class of carbon composite, says Susan B. Sinnott, associate professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Florida. The theory is that they could fit the same applications that other composites, such as fiberglass, dominate today.
"Carbon nanotubes are stiffer and stronger than conventional carbon fibers, and so the feeling is that if we can figure out how to make good carbon composites using carbon nanotubes, the resulting materials will be both stronger and more lightweight than current composites," Sinnott says. "The initial results from laboratory work are promising in this regard. However, carbon nanotubes are currently more expensive than gold by weight; so, before we see car bodies, aircraft, etc., made from composites containing carbon nanotubes, we will have to figure out how to make [them] more cheaply."
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What does Terrell mean?
Terrell [ter-rell] as a boys' name (also used less commonly as girls' name Terrell) is pronounced TARE-el. Possibly (Old French) "puller", referring to a nickname for a stubborn person, implying a comparison with a horse that uncooperatively pulls on the reins. Also possibly (Old German) "following Thor". Thor, the god of thunder, was a key figure in Norse mythology.
(male) Terley, Torell, ..
(female) Terce, Terper, .. Middle name pairings:
Terrell Tatum (T.T.), ..
How popular is Terrell?
Terrell is a very prominent first name for males (#471 out of 1220, Top 39%) and also a very prominent surname for both adults and children (#946 out of 150436, Top 1%). (2000 U.S. Demographics)
Displayed below is the birth name statistics of Terrell for boys. Terrell reached its top rank of #270 in the U.S. in the 1980s, and is currently at #889. (2015 U.S. SSA Records)
Which version is better?with its variant forms and related boy names. Displayed below is a study of the ranking of Terrell and associated names. Terry (#664 last year), Tyrell (#1113), Terryl, Terrill, Terrel and Terell are the prominent varying forms of Terrell (#889 last year) listed in the Top 2000. Usage of these relations of Terrell was at its apex during 1950-1959 (median #1303) and has become much reduced since, with versions like Terrell becoming somewhat outmoded.
Terrell▼ is pronounced similarly to Tirell, Tyrel, Tyrelle and Tyrrel. Other suggested similar names are Aeriell, Bertell (see Berthold), Burrell, Darrell▼, Derell, Derrall, Derrel, Derrell, Derrill, Dorrell, Durrell, Farrell, Ferrel, Ferrell, Ferrill, Gerrall (see Jerrell), Gerrell, Gorrell, Harrell, Jarrell, Jerell, Jerrall, Jerrel, Jerrell▼, Jerrill, Jerroll, Jorrell, Merrel, Merrell, Merrill▼, Morrell, Pernell, Sorrell, Terrey, Traill, Verdell, Vernell, Verrall, Verrell, Verrill and Verroll. These names tend to be less frequently used than Terrell.
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The Founding Father's entrepreneurial instincts can still guide innovators today.
George Washington was among the most successful businessmen of his day. Raised in a single-parent home and bereft of formal education, he nevertheless parleyed a modest inheritance into what was by the time of his death one of the grandest estates in North America.
The odds were against him. Washington came of age under an oppressive colonial system that discouraged entrepreneurship and fostered debt. His increasingly passionate belief in economic freedom motivated his efforts to break free of this system, both personally and as an American patriot.
Guiding his country through eight years of debilitating war followed by a
lengthy period of economic instability, Washington managed simultaneously to set the United States on the road to prosperity and ensure that Mount Vernon became a center of agricultural and technological innovation. Five principles that inspired his accomplishments may still serve to guide entrepreneurs in the twenty-first century:
- Decisiveness. As a young entrepreneur in the 1760s Washington recognized that the colonial tobacco economy, which had been in place for over a century but operated on credit, stifled innovation and reduced Americans to debt slavery. After careful research, he moved decisively to abandon tobacco and change over his estate to the cultivation of wheat. The gamble paid off, not only making Mount Vernon self-sufficient but transforming it into a regional center of production.
- Innovation. Technology fascinated Washington. He tinkered ceaselessly but never aimlessly. A firm believer in experimentation, he tested tools with a view to their capacity to save labor and boost productivity. Among other cutting-edge technologies, he installed at Mount Vernon an advanced gristmill that allowed him to produce high-quality “G. Washington” brand flour and even market it overseas.
- Communication. After the Revolutionary War ended in 1783, Washington recognized that Great Britain—then in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution—was on the cusp of becoming a global economic powerhouse. He not only read the works of visionaries like Adam Smith, but fostered personal relationships with pioneering British innovators such as Arthur Young. Washington became a hero of the British manufacturing community as he worked to disseminate knowledge and promote trade.
- Calculated Risk-Taking. Martha quickly cured her husband of his youthful affinity for gambling at cards and billiards, but his entrepreneurial mind remained attuned to the thrill of the dice. Shortly after his retirement Washington’s Scottish farm manager James Anderson approached him with the seemingly reckless proposal to build a whiskey distillery at Mount Vernon. Previously ignorant of the industry, Washington researched it carefully and decided to risk a significant investment. The distillery quickly became one of his most profitable enterprises.
- Attention to Detail. Washington kept astonishingly meticulous accounts. He also insisted on understanding personally how every operation on his estate worked from bottom to top. At any given moment, thanks to his demands for detailed reports and his frequent rides around Mount Vernon, he intimately understood every aspect of his diverse and far-flung enterprise. This attention to fundamentals was a bedrock of his success.
Edward G. Lengel is the author of First Entrepreneur: How George Washington Built His—and the Nation’s—Prosperity (Da Capo Press).
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The Maryland Lesson
Hawaii’s public schools clearly need to improve. We take a look at the No. 1 public education system in the nation, to see what success looks like. What can we learn from Maryland’s example?
(page 3 of 4)
• Maryland puts strings on its education money, to ensure the money makes a real difference.
Just about everyone we spoke with mentioned the Bridge to Excellence Act as a hugely important factor in improving Maryland’s public education system.
Enacted in 2002, the bill called for a “dramatic restructuring of the state’s school finance system, including substantial increases in state aid for education.” Its main goal was to erase the inequalities between richer and poorer counties, and to give schools greater spending control.
By 2008, Maryland had spent an additional $1.3 billion on local school systems, funded in part by a 34-cent increase in the state tax on cigarettes. In total, state aid increased by 75 percent between 2002 and 2008.
As a result, schools reported significant improvements in the number of students proficient in reading and math. Between 2004 and 2008, for example, the percentage of elementary students who were proficient or better on the Maryland State Assessments for reading jumped almost 15 percentage points. Improvements were even better for historically underperforming groups, such as economically disadvantaged students and students with limited proficiency in English.
Of course, while a huge infusion of cash sounds like an easy fix, the money wasn’t a magic bullet. Remember that even after all this extra funding, Maryland still spends less per student than Hawaii. The important thing was how the money was used.
To receive additional funding from the Bridge to Excellence (BTE) Act, each local school system had to execute a five-year comprehensive master plan. The state department of education tracked the progress of each school annually, and schools not meeting performance goals were forced to retool their plans.
“The plans were replete with data,” Grasmick says. “Nothing was invisible, in terms of the school system. Everything was in that plan, and if schools didn’t achieve, there had to be dramatic changes.”
As part of the bill’s requirements, the Maryland state DOE even commissioned a comprehensive, independent, three-year audit of the effects of the BTE Act, to identify what worked and what didn’t.
On paper, Hawaii has something similar to the Bridge to Excellence Act. Hawaii’s Reinventing Education Act of 2004, or Act 51, was supposed to guide additional money to schools that needed it, and put more of a school’s budget in the hands of its principal. In theory, Hawaii should have an easier time allocating money effectively; after all, our DOE doesn’t just assist local schools with funding the way Maryland’s does—it owns them.
But we’ve dropped the ball. Hawaii adopted a weighted student formula, which based funding levels on individual student need, rather than enrollment. But when the formula resulted in some schools receiving less money, those schools complained, and the DOE caved and set up separate funds to give those schools extra money—a move that hobbled the intention of Act 51.
Education reform proponent Randy Roth says he still thinks a weighted student formula is a great concept, and a necessary ingredient in a good, decentralized system. “But the way it’s been designed and implemented thus far has made it more of a burden than a benefit,” he says. “It’s being implemented either by people who don’t understand it or don’t frankly want the system to be more decentralized.”
• Maryland opens the door to new teachers, even to older career-changers.
As we discussed in our public education feature last May, teachers are among the most important factors in children’s successes. An effective school system must attract effective teachers, and keep them. Maryland is doing just that, and it’s in large part thanks to the Department of Education’s welcoming attitude toward potential teachers, whether they’re coming from conventional avenues, or deciding to make a career change later in life.
For the latter group, Maryland offers 22 different pathways to alternative certification, many of which offer a faster entry into teaching without having to jump through all of the normal college of education hoops. By partnering with a school system, these programs convert on-the-job experience into the equivalent of a master’s degree.
In fact, teacher-hopefuls who visit Maryland’s DOE site are even greeted with an understandable, plain-English guide to becoming a public school teacher, either as a recent college graduate or a career changer. The guide translates the legalese normally found on government Web sites into an easy, step-by-step plan. (It starts off: “Deciding to become a teacher even though you didn’t think about it in college and then making it happen can be a daunting task! … Well, Maryland has worked hard in the past few years to open some doors just for you …”)
Superintendent Grasmick says these programs have helped alleviate teacher shortages. “In math and science, especially, we’ve gotten a lot of career changers with military or corporate experience.”
In Hawaii, the DOE accepts teachers from several alternative licensing programs, particularly in special education, but, on the whole, it’s gained a reputation for a legalistic and difficult teacher licensing process.
Mitch D’Olier, president and CEO of the Harold K.L. Castle Foundation, has worked to improve Hawaii’s education system for years, and says there are too many barriers for would-be teachers. “I think our teacher certification process keeps good people out,” he says. “I think it’s a guild. It has more to do with keeping people out of Hawaii unless you went to the University of Hawaii than it does about anything else. I would abandon it.”
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3G technology came along to support increased data needs. 3G stands for "third generation" -- this makes analog cellular technology generation one and digital/PCS generation two. 3G technology is intended for the true multimedia cell phone -- typically called smartphones -- and features increased bandwidth and transfer rates to accommodate Web-based applications and phone-based audio and video files.
3G comprises several cellular access technologies. Common ones include:
3G networks have potential transfer speeds of up to 3 Mbps (about 15 seconds to download a 3-minute MP3 song). For comparison, the fastest 2G phones can achieve up to 144Kbps (about 8 minutes to download a 3-minute song). 3G's high data rates are ideal for downloading information from the Internet and sending and receiving large, multimedia files. 3G phones are like mini-laptops and can accommodate broadband applications like video conferencing, receiving streaming video from the Web, sending and receiving faxes and instantly downloading e-mail messages with attachments.
3G is a cell phone network protocol. Click here to learn about network protocols for smartphones.
Next we look at the latest network technology: 4G.
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Doyle & McDowell History
"Famous & Infamous Doyles"
A very brief look at the history of
Ireland and the Irish diaspora, with references from
historical records about some of the parts played
by members of the Doyle families.
Antiquity to the 1100's
In the days of ancient history before the Doyles
arrived in Ireland, the westward march of the Roman
Empire came to a halt in England. As the Roman Empire
declined and the dark ages began to engulf much of Europe,
Ireland became an outpost of European civilisation.
Christianity arrived in Ireland some time between the
3rd and 5th centuries, and while Saint Patrick is
given the credit for proselytising the native Irish, there
were certainly earlier missionaries. Evidence suggests
that Saint Patrick lived in the 5th century, and that at
the age of 16 he was kidnapped from Britain by Irish
pirates. During six years in Ireland as a slave tending
sheep, Patrick found religion.
After escaping back to Britain, he was instructed by
powerful visions to return to Ireland. Patrick first went
to Europe to train as a cleric, and from around 432 AD
spent the rest of his life converting the Irish to
Christianity. His base was in Armagh in County Down,
probably chosen because of the symbolic pagan significance
of nearby Emain Macha (Navan Fort).
Much of our knowledge of Patrick comes from his own
writings. Saint Patrick’s Confession is a
copy of one such account from the 9th century "Book
of Armagh" (held in Trinity College, Dublin).
The Book of Kells
As Europe sank into the dark Ages, Ireland in the 7th
and 8th centuries, protected by its isolation beyond
Britain and the Irish Sea, became a land of "saints
and scholars", with thriving monasteries where monks
wrote in Latin and illuminated manuscripts, including the
world-famous "Book of Kells"
(which is now housed at Trinity College in Dublin).
Outstanding among the monasteries were Clonmacnois in
County Offaly and Gendalough in County Wicklow. Monks such
as Colmcille and Columbanus founded monasteries abroad.
During the 8th century, however, Vikings in
their slim powerful boats began to appear off the north
and east coasts of Ireland attacking settlements,
plundering monasteries and ushering in a new, more
turbulent period of Irish history.
The Doyles are descendants of the Norsemen
(Vikings), who settled along the Irish seacoast in
pre-Norman times; and in fact the Doyles are and
were always more numerous in areas adjacent to the
seacoast, which tends to confirm this view. "Dubh-Gall",
it may be mentioned, is the word used in early times to
denote a Norseman or a Scandinavian Viking.
One authority, however, Rev. John Francis Shearman,
asserts that the eponymous ancestor of the east Leinster Doyles
was DubhGilla (a Viking), son of Bruadar,
King of Idrone (County Carlow), in the year 851 AD.
As DubhGhaill the name appears in the
"Annals of the Four Masters" at various dates
between 978 and 1013. However, it does not appear in works
concerned with Irish Genealogy, since the founder of the
family is thought to be descended from a Viking who
came to Ireland raiding and then settled, before the
Anglo-Norman invasions.It is sometimes also claimed that
the Doyles are an offshoot of the great Decies sept
However, the "Doyle Story" in Ireland
all started in the Spring of the year 795 AD, when a Viking
fleet sailed down the west coast of Scotland, raiding St.
Colmcille’s monastery on Iona before turning their
attentions to the east coast of Ireland. These Vikings
came ashore at Lambay Island and launched an unprovoked
and surprise attack on a monastery (near what is now
Dublin). They murdered all the monks and took as much gold
and food as they could carry. Before leaving they razed
the monastery to the ground and set fire to the rubble.
Vikings raiding in Ireland
(Artist: Angus McBride)
The Vikings discovered what easy pickings Monks
were and soon they were regularly attacking monasteries in
Ireland. It was the start of a violent phase in Irish
history that lasted for 40 years during which time
virtually all the major monasteries, including Sceilig
Mhicil, Bangor, Armagh and Clonfert were plundered. Many
priceless documents were also destroyed. After a number of
years of destruction, the Monks became wise to the Vikings
and began building monasteries on islands in lakes
(crannogs). Large round towers were also built to act as
lookout posts, and as places of refuge in the event of an
attack. Many of these towers can still be seen today.
In passing, it must be said that the local Irish clans
were just as fond of raiding the monasteries as the Vikings
were. Monasteries were places of wealth and power, and
were often caught in intertribal squabbles. But the
increasingly frequent Viking raids burned into the
consciousness of the Irish monks, and into their accounts
of these times.
Irish weapons and soldiers were no match for the
superbly armed and ferocious Norsemen.
In 830, the Vikings decided they liked the
Ireland they were plundering, and began to settle there
and form alliances with native families and chieftains.
They married the Irish women and learned to speak
Irish. They founded many towns, including Dublin ("Dubh-Linn")
in 841, as well as Cork, Waterford, Wexford and Limerick.
Dubh-Linn (Dublin) soon emerged as the largest, and in
853 became an independent kingdom ruling two areas around
it known today as Fingall and Oxmanstown. The hugely
successful city-state of Dubh-Linn prospered for several
hundred years. During that time, the Vikings became
Christians and in 1028 a great Cathedral was constructed
In time Irish and Viking culture mixed. The
Irish tuaths were also merging into larger kingdoms
during these Viking attacks and settlement.
In around 960, King Malachy of the Ui Neills (who lived
in Meath - northern Leinster and Ulster) regarded himself
as the High, or most powerful, King in Ireland. Most other
Kings generally accepted this.
At about this time, in the south of Ireland, the second
most powerful King (king of the Eoghanacht kingdom of
Cork) was being weakened by attacks from the Vikings.
An internal civil war in the Eoghanacht kingdom had
weakened it further.
A nearby kingdom, the Dal Cais of Clare, saw its
opportunity to take over as the second most powerful Irish
kingdom. Under King Brian Boru*, the Dal Cais
absorbed the Eoghanacht Kingdom and built up a huge army.
Using this army, Brian Boru launched a fierce attack on
the Vikings of the Shannon and Limerick area, and
defeated them. He then marched all through southwest
Ireland demanding loyalty from weaker Kings.
* King Brian Boru is accepted by many as the
origin of the family name O’Brien.
In 980, however, the Ui Neill began to feel this
powerful new competitor and decided to put a stop to the
Dal Cais’s plans and launched an attack on them. The war
became a stalemate and after 17 long years of intermittent
fighting a truce was signed and the Ui Neill officially
became the High Kings of northern Ireland and the Dal Cais
the High Kings of southern Ireland.
However, the Dal Cais continued militarising in secret
before breaking the agreement and marching into Ulster.
Taking the northern Ui Neills by surprise, Brian Boru
quickly defeated them. He then marched southeast into the
Ui Neill heartland of Meath in 1002, at which time Malachy
finally relented and recognised Brian Boru as the first
High King of all Ireland.
Peace reigned at last, but only for ten years.
In 1013 King Morda of southern Leinster (the area that
is now south of Dublin) declared that he would no longer
recognise Brian Boru as High King, and he then formed an
alliance with the Vikings of Dubh-Linn to protect
When Brian Boru heard of this he was furious and
marched north and besieged Dubh-Linn. After an uneventful
three months, winter set in and Brian Boru ran out of
supplies. He then had to abandon the siege and send his
While Brian Boru was away, the Vikings rallied
support from their countrymen who had also settled in both
the Isle of Man and in Scotland. Over 2,000 Viking
reinforcements arrived in Dubh-Linn ... some even came
from as far away as the Baltic Sea.
After the winter was over, in early 1014, Brian Boru
returned to find Dubh-Linn had been reinforced, and that
it was now even more heavily defended than before.
On 23 April the two opposing armies clashed at a place
just to the north of Dubh-Linn.
In the ensuring battle, many thousands on both
sides were killed, but finally it was the Vikings
who retreated. Some Vikings made it back to the
safety of fortified Dubh-Linn, but many others were killed
trying to reach the safety of their longships, which were
at anchor in Dublin Bay. King Maol Morda was among the
many thousands of Irish who also died in this daylong epic
battle. As the battle was finally being won by the Irish,
in a strange twist of fate, a group of Vikings
managed to fight their way through Brian Boru’s
defensive ring of bodyguards and into his camp, where they
killed him with an axe. The Dal Cais won the famous battle
of Clontaf (but only just!), and never again did the Vikings
try to attack the Irish High King. However, subsequent
divisions among Brian Boru’s chieftains meant the
victory over the Vikings was never consolidated.
In post Clontarf Ireland the Dal Cais continued to
provide Ireland’s High Kings. From 1086 to 1114 the most
powerful king in Ireland was Muirchertach O’Brien. He
had dealings with the Anglo-Normans and the King of
Norway, and he dominated most of Ireland. However Domnaill
Mac Lochlainn, king of the Ui Neill, was able to hold him
in check until the dynamic Turlough O’Connor, King of
Connacht (1106-1156) came onto the scene.
Between 1115 and 1131, Turlough destroyed the power of
Munster and from 1140 threw his energies into making
himself King of Ireland. With his death in 1156, supreme
power passed to the king of the Ui Neill, Muirchertach Mac
Mac Lochlainn allied himself with Dermot MacMurrough (Diarmait
Murchadha), King of Leinster, against his main opponent,
Rory O’Connor (Ruaidhri O Conchobhair), King of Connacht.
Mac Lochlainn held the upper hand in Ireland until his
death in 1166.
O’Connor along with his allies, particularly Tiernan
O’Rourke, King of Breifne, as well as the Vikings
in Dublin, then drove MacMurrough from Ireland.
Of course, the first bridge over the River Liffey in
Dublin was constructed by a Doyle.
In the aftermath of the battle of Clontarf not
all Doyles continued their lives as seafaring fighting
records show that in 1297 Thomas O’Doyle, not a pirate
but a farmer, had 30 cows robbed from his land by a gang
of brigands, who were led by Thomas Dahore.
Dahore was bought to justice and hanged.
The Norman Conquest
MacMurrough appealed for help to King Henry II of
England and changed the course of history by doing so.
This opened the door for the Norman invasion of Ireland
beginning in 1169. (In 1066 AD the Normans, under William
the Conqueror, had invaded and conquered England. They
were former Vikings themselves, who has settled in
northern France 150 years previously. They had come to
terms with the King of France, and had adopted the country’s
language, religion and military technology.)
invasion of 1169 sprang from the long-standing enmity of
Dermot MacMurrough and Tiernan O’Rourke of Breifne, a
more northerly kingdom.
Dermot had once abducted Tiernan’s wife
Dervorgilla, and in 1166 Tiernan sought revenge. Dermot, forced out of his headquarters at Ferns, fled to
landed at Bristol, and eventually made his way to
Aquitaine in France, where he appealed to King Henry II
for help. Although
he was King of England, Henry was a French-speaking Norman
much preoccupied with controlling his French territories.
However, he had contemplated an invasion of Ireland
as early as 1155, with the approval of the only English
Pope, Adrian IV, and he readily authorised Dermot to seek
allies among the Norman lords in Britain.
to Bristol, Dermot was initially unsuccessful, so he
turned his attention to Wales, where the Normans were
perpetually engaged in warfare against the native Welsh.
Richard FitzGilbert de Clare, Earl of Pembroke,
proved an attentive listener.
Pembroke, known as Strongbow, was an experienced
campaigner, but he had fallen out of favour at King Henry’s
offered an opportunity to restore his standing and add to
his wealth, but he put a big price on his assistance.
And, with Strongbow’s approval, Dermot won the
support of FitzStephen and other Welsh-Norman lords, to
whom he promised grants of land.
Dermot then returned to Ireland with a small army
in 1167, but was defeated by his old enemy Tiernan O’Rourke
and forced to pay 100 ounces of gold in reparation for the
abduction of Dervorgilla. However, 2 years later it would be a different story .....
Maurice FitzGerald and Robert FitzStephen were promised
Wexford and two adjoining cantreds ("Doyle
Country"!) for their services, while "Strongbow"
was offered Dermot’s daughter Aoife in marriage and
promised the whole Province of Leinster on Dermot’s
The first Norman forces arrived onboard three
single-masted Longships at Bannow Bay, County
Wexford in May 1169.
had sailed from Milfordhaven in Wales, and on board were
Normans, Welshmen and Flemings.
Their leader was Robert FitzStephen, a Norman-Welsh
warlord, and they made camp on Bannow Island, separated
from the mainland by a narrow channel which has since
silted up. A
day later, two further ships arrived under the command of
Maurice de Prendergast, bringing their numbers to around
were joined by 500 Irish warriors led by Dermot
MacMurrough, King of Leinster.
Bannow the combined armies headed towards Wexford, a
Viking seaport some 20 miles away.
There was a brief skirmish at Duncormick, before
the assault on Wexford’s walls.
After some resistance, the Vikings acknowledged the
superior military technology of the armoured knights and
their archers and surrendered the town.
A year later, in response to a plea from Dermot,
Strongbow despatched a small force under Raymond le Gros.
It landed at Baginbun, near Bannow, and immediately
routed a strong army of Irishmen and Vikings from
Waterford, inspiring the couplet:
“At the creek of Baginbun, Ireland was lost and
himself arrived with 1,200 men in August 1170, stormed
Waterford, where he married Aoife MacMurrough, and within
a month had captured Dublin.
Between 1169 and 1171 the Normans not only conquered
all Leinster including Dublin (more "Doyle
Country"!) for Dermot, but also invaded the
neighbouring Province of Meath and then harried the
Kingdom of Breifne.
Dermot MacMurrough died in May 1171, and Strongbow
succeeded in crushing a general revolt of the Leinster
Irish and established himself as king of Leinster.
Meanwhile in England, Henry II was watching events in
Ireland with growing unease. In 1154 Henry II had been
recognised by the Pope as Lord of Ireland and technically
Strongbow was one of his subjects. But Strongbow’s
independence of mind and action was worrying him.
Fearing Strongbow’s new found power in western
Ireland, Henry II landed with a large army near Waterford
("Doyle Country") on 17 October 1171.
In his campaign King Henry received submission and
hostages from the Vikings of Wexford (who had
captured Robert FitzStephen) as well as from many other
kings in Ireland. (These included the kings of Cork,
Limerick, Airgialla, Breifne, and Ulaid.)
Henry made a formal grant to Strongbow of the Province
of Leinster in return for homage, fealty, and the service
of 100 knights, reserving to himself the city and kingdom
of Dublin and all seaports (most of which were Viking
settlements) and fortresses.
Henry granted other Irish territories to
the Norman nobles: the Kingdom of Meath was given to Hugh
de Lacy; John de Courcy conquered Ulaid in the northeast;
parts of Cork went to Robert FitzStephen and Miles de
Cogan; Philip de Braose took Limerick; the kingdom of
Airgialla was divided between Gilbert Pipard and Bertram
de Verdon; and Munster was broken up amongst others.
Barons like de Courcy and de Lacy set up power bases
very similar to native Irish kingdoms, outside the control
of the English king.
By the beginning of the 14th Century the territorial
extent of the Irish lordship was at its height. Every
native ruler, even Maguire and O’Donnell in the extreme
northwest, was legally the tenant of some Earl or Baron,
or of the King of England directly. However, power
struggles between the Irish lords and the Anglo-Norman
Barons, as well as rivalries among the various Irish
Chieftains, continued to change the landscape of political
power within Ireland over the next century.
Furthermore Gaelic resistance to the Norman Conquest
was never wholly eliminated and the foundations were laid
for 800 years of Anglo-Irish conflict.
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Age and smoking status are also key factors when thinking about procedure, study shows
WEDNESDAY, Oct. 16, 2013 (HealthDay News) -- The presence of type 2 diabetes may be more important than body-mass index (BMI), a standard measure of body weight, in deciding who should have weight-loss surgery, a new study finds.
Researchers found that whether people have type 2 diabetes is actually a much bigger predictor than BMI of whether patients will die within the next 10 years. Therefore, the researchers said, diabetes should be a more important consideration when deciding who is eligible for gastric bypass or other weight-loss surgeries.
The research involved more than 15,000 obese people between 18 and 65 years of age with an average BMI of 36.2. The threshold for obesity is 30.
The study, published Oct. 16 in the journal JAMA Surgery, showed that a person's age and a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes were the most significant risk factors for death among these patients. Smoking also was a risk factor that could be used to estimate their 10-year risk of dying.
Meanwhile, the researchers said BMI was the least significant risk factor.
The research team, led by Dr. Raj Padwal, of the University of Alberta in Canada, wrote that since diabetes often eases after weight-loss surgery, "a strong case could be made for prioritizing it over BMI or other [illnesses]" when determining eligibility for weight-loss surgery.
One expert in bariatric surgery wasn't surprised by the findings.
"BMI is just a number and can be elevated by excess fat and even large amounts of muscle," said Dr. Mitchell Roslin, chief of obesity surgery at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City. "Furthermore, it does not correlate well with the degree of medical impairment caused by weight. The distribution of where the excess fat is located is a far more important determinant of medical problems than the BMI number itself."
"My largest patients very rarely have significant diabetes," Roslin said. "Clearly, we still have much to learn about obesity, and which patients require the most aggressive treatments. Linking [insurance] coverage and care to only BMI is unfair and not consistent with medical facts."
The U.S. National Institutes of Health provides more information on weight-loss surgery (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/weightlosssurgery.html ).
SOURCE: Mitchell Roslin, M.D., chief of obesity surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York City; JAMA news release, Oct. 16, 2013
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International conference on Oil Demand, Production and Costs - Prospects for the Future
The Danish Technology Council and the Danish Society of Engineers
Copenhagen, December 10, 2003 IDA Conference Centre
How to estimate future oil supply and oil demand?
Basic paper16 Nov. to prepare the overheads of the presentation
Any forecast must be based on reliable data. Oil data involves reserves and production, which
are fairly unreliable.
-1-production data: oil = crude oil or liquids?
World oil production estimates (they are estimates as many countries lie and oil is badly
defined) vary for 2002 in Mb/d
World Oil crude/condensate 67.080 969
Oil and Gas Journal crude 66.042 7
BP crude+oilsands+NGL 73.935
USDoE (t 2.2) oil supply 76.33
IEA oil demand 77.26
oil supply 76.6
The unrealistic accuracy seems really absurd in front of the difference and questions the
competence of the authors.
Oil can represent only crude oil, or crude oil + condensate (in the US), or crude oil plus NGL
(natural gas liquids which include condensate and natural gas plant liquids (NGPL which
include LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gases (ethane, butane & propane) and pentanes +) or
liquids including also synthetic oil, refinery processing gains and other liquids supply.
In brief, oil could be either crude oil at 66 Mb/d or liquids at 77 Mb/d.
As oil is badly defined, production can vary according to the author from –90% to 85 % for
production values for 65 countries in OGJ and WO
Figure 1: production difference in % from OGJ and WO for 65 countries
It is obvious that production data is badly reported and recorded. Many countries lie on their
production and their exports. There is a scout company called Petrologistics in Geneva, which
is the only source of reliable volumes on shipping of oil.
-1-1-Old data 1870-1950
Most of past production data is difficult to find and seems unreliable.
As most graphs start from 1930, the next graph shows the main producers from 1870 to 1950
according to the API 1959 report. In 1900 Russia was producing more than the US. In 1930
Mexico has a first peak being about half of US production. In 1940 Russia and Venezuela
were the second producers with 0.5 Mb/d and US at 3.5 Mb/d and the world at 6 Mb/d.
France is reported producing since 1918 since in fact Pechelbronn started producing in 1735
and in 1813 was drilling wells with auger down to 42 m, when Drake drilled in 1859 at
Titusville a well at only 21 m depth, which is clamed by many Americans to be the world’s
first oilwell. The Chinese were reported drilling wells (gas and oil) in 350 A.D down to 240 m
using bits attached to bamboo poles. Oilwells were hand dug at Baku around 1600 down to 35
m. The first modern oil well was drilled in 1884 on the Apheron Peninsula NE of Baku.
Figure 2: crude oil production 1870-1950
-1-2-oil production 1950-2002
The world 1950-2002 oil production shows that liquids have diverged significantly from
crude oil since 1970.
Figure 3: world & OPEC oil production 1950-2002
World oil production displays a “peak” in 2000: is it the peak as claimed by Deffeyes or the
beginning of a “bumpy plateau”? The uncertainty about the data implies waiting sometime
before knowing whether it is a peak or a step.
More than half of the 10 Mb/d between world crude oil and liquids production comes from
the natural gas plant liquids (NGPL). Out of 6.8 Mb/d in 2002 for NGPL, 4.8 come from
Non-OPEC and 2.1 from OPEC. But the present growth of Non-OPEC NGPL is less than
OPEC NGPL, since OPEC NGPL is not subject to quotas. NGPL production in Mb/d is
similar to natural gas production when measured in Gcf/d*25 (or 25 Mb for 1 Tcf).
Figure 4: world NGPL production compared to gas production
World natural gas plant liquids compared to gas production
6 Gas prod BP
AGA US NGL
DeGolyer US NGL
production NGL Mb/d , gas Russia
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Jean Laherrere 2003 year source: EIA
-1-3-US production data
The US have already produced about 20% of the world total oil production and over 80 % of
US ultimate. It is a very mature country. Houston is considered as the world oil capital, but
the average production per well in Texas is about 7 b/d/w for about 160 000 producers, it was
22 b/d/w in 1972 but it is declining and a linear extrapolation of the productivity from 1987 to
2001 forecast an end of production in Texas before 2030. Fortunately Houston is close to the
deepwater of the Gulf of Mexico:
For the US, productivity per well went from a peak (because of Prudhoe Bay) of 18 b/d/w in
1970 down to 10 in 2000, but there was a slight increase in 2001 with deepwater. The
1972-2001 linear extrapolation trends toward zero around 2035. But deepwater production
disturbs the trend since 1995. The number of producing wells went from above 600 000 in
1985 to 550 000 in 2000.
Figure 5: US oil productivity per well
Liquids production (UDSOE data) has peaked in 1970 at 11.7 Mb/d and again in 1985 at 11.2
Mb/d, declining down to 9 Mb/d in 2001, when crude oil is only 6 Mb/d. IEA reports US oil
supply at 8 Mb/d for the last 4 years, when liquids is about 9 Mb/d, meaning that processing
gains are excluded. The main decline comes from crude oil as shown with Lower 48
(flattened since 1992 by deepwater production) and Alaska. NGPL production has been lowly
increasing since 1980, as it was quite profitable to extract as much as possible liquids being
priced higher than gas, but now it is not the case anymore and gas liquids production has
diminished in 2001
Figure 6: US liquids production 1949-2002
But the strongest increase has been taking place since 1960 with the refinery processing gains,
of about 1 Mb/d today, being equal to Alaska. Crude oil (domestic or imported) is cracked
and/or hydrogenated (hydrogen coming from natural gas, giving a kind of early GTL) in order
to get lighter gasoline and the volume expands, the processing gains being about 6% of the
refinery input. This gain will continue as it depends mainly now on crude imports. Other
domestic supply is not insignificant with 0.4 Mb/d and seems to correspond to alcohols and
Figure 7: US liquids production other than crude oil
NGL depends upon the volume of natural gas production
Figure 8: US natural gas and NGL production
In average, US NGL represent about 40 Mb per Tcf of marketed gas (for the world NGPL in
figure 4, it is 25 Mb per Tcf). It is the value of condensate in the world’s largest gasfield:
North Field (Qatar)+South Pars (Iran) 1500 Tcf of gas and 60 Gb of condensate. In the US
condensate is included in crude oil.
-1-4-Oilfield production pattern
Oil production pattern varies with the field, the location and the operator. Onshore fields are
produced more slowly than offshore where daily maintenance cost is high
The comparison of production patterns is easy where annual production is plotted in
percentage of the ultimate, versus the percentage of cumulative production on ultimate.
The comparison on 3 supergiants shows that Prudhoe Bay was produced about the same way
as Romashkino, whereas Samotlor was produced quicker.
Figure 9: Production pattern: Prudhoe Bay, Samotlor & Romashkino
The comparison of 13 oilfields showing the percentage of annual production over ultimate
versus time shows that Cusiana, the most recent, has a peak at 14% of ultimate in a very short
time (5 years due I guess to an overestimation of the reserves), followed by the offshore
Oseberg 8%, Forties 7%, Stratford & Samotlor 6%, Kirkuk 3%, Hassi Messaoud 2% and
Figure 10: Production pattern of 13 large oilfields in % ultimate
A percentage of 5% for the peak equals to 14 000 b/d for a 100 Mb ultimate
-1-5-Maturity of production and discovery
France started production in 1735, had produced 50% (of 2001 cumulative) by 1977, but had
found 50% by 1955, Romania started in 1835 and had produced 50% by 1958, but found 50%
by 1952, US Lower 48 started in 1859 and had produced 50% by 1957 but found 50% by
In fact Romania is a little more mature than the US Lower 48 for both production and
discovery. France is just after
Figure 11: oil maturity of US, Romania and France in production & discovery
-2-1: different definitions and different products
In the US, in order to comply with the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) rules only
proved reserves are reported, when the rest of the world reports proven + probable reserves.
Proved reserves are the current values when proven+probable are the present estimates
backdated to the year of discovery
The SEC refuses the probabilistic approach and thus the proved reserves are only the
quantities that exist with reasonable certainty under present conditions. It is obvious that
everyone can report what they want, for the definition of reasonable varies with everyone.
Reporting reserves is a political act and depends upon the image that one wants to show (rich
for the stock market or poor for the income tax)
The next graph displays the remaining world reserves from political sources (OGJ, WO, BP,
API, OPEC) which report proved values (to comply with the SEC rules) and technical
sources. Technical reserves represent the proven+probable (close to mean and backdated
values) as reported in the industry database for the world outside US and Canada, the US
backdated data of USDOE 1990 report up to 1988, as the new discoveries from USDOE
annual reports, all these values are grown with the MMS growth function, and the backdated
data from Canada. Besides the “grossly exaggerated (Khalimov 1993) FSU reserves ABC1
have been reduced by 30% to mean values.
Figure 12: world remaining reserves from different sources
The most often-used reserves data sets are OGJ and WO (both reported by the USDOE under
the chapter of reserves). OGJ reports estimates at year-end before the end of the year (the
studies are not yet being carried out) and does not correct them later. WO reports reserves in
the August bulletin and corrects previous year estimates.
The difference between OGJ and WO estimates for 65 countries varies from over -300 % to
almost +100 % (the maximum). On December 2002 OGJ added 175 Gb for Canada, including
these unconventional reserves of tarsands, to what was before reported as conventional
reserves. These tarsands are mainly produced by mining which is obviously unconventional,
when reserves from Orinoco extra-heavy oils, are excluded even though they are now
produced with clearly conventional techniques (no steam) giving high productivity (over 1000
b/d/w compared to an average of 7 b/d /w in Texas. The BP Review, which reports mainly
OGJ estimates for the OPEC countries, did not follow OGJ for Canada tarsands.
Usually the reported reserves are conventional, despite that conventional has no agreed
definition. Colin Campbell excludes heavy oil (with a limit of 17 °API, when heavy was
defined as under 20 °API in AAPG studies 25)), polar fields, deepwater (limit 500 m), EOR.
In my file combining and correcting several databases to obtain a backdated mean, I exclude
only Athabasca and Orinoco reserves that are both extra-heavy oils, which means heavier than
water, having no water-oil contact, since USGS defines unconventional as continuous water
type. Athabasca tarsands have a similar density as Orinoco but as the temperature of the
reservoir is 40 °C colder, the viscosity is more than a hundred times higher and it is defined as
bitumen because it does not flow.
Figure 13: difference in % between OGJ & WO for 2002 reserves
-2-2-BP Statistical Review
Reserves are reported mainly from OGJ enquiries upon national agencies (before any
technical study is done as it is published before year end for end of year value) and used the
proved concept, despite the fact that it is wrong to add proved estimates of countries to obtain
the proved estimate of the world: this sum underestimated the proved world value as it is
unlikely that every country will be at the minimum value.
The remaining reserves from technical sources and BP Review are drastically different.
Unconventional (Athabasca and Orinoco) are added for technical backdated as they were
discovered before 1950.
Figure 14: world remaining reserves from technical data & BP Statistical Review
The next graph is not from the BP Statistical Review run by economists, but from BP
geologist Francis Harper and shows completely different results!
It shows the IHS (technical) data versus OGJ (political) data, which is in fact taken as main
source for BP Statistical Review as shown in the previous graph, except for the last increase
in Canada tarsands. The BP Review excludes tarsands from reserves but not from oil
Figure 15: Harper’s graph on OGJ & IHS world reserves
Remaining reserves from IHS peaks at 1200 Gb in 1980 as in my graph for conventional,
when OGJ (BP Review) is 650 Gb or about half of present value.
In the next graph, Harper shows (despite the title) the annual discovery from 1950 forward,
which is the backdated technical data.
Figure 16: Harper’s graph on world annual discovery
The next graph from my personal file is similar for annual discovery (in green), but showing
the BP Review additions. It is obvious that annual discovery and BP annual reserve additions
are completely different.
Figure 17: world annual discovery and BP Review additions
Harper (2002) has a more detailed graph on annual discovery which displays 6 peaks: 1930,
1940, 1950, 1965, 1977 & 2000 and an ultimate of 2250 Gb.
Figure 18: Harper’s graph on annual discovery & ultimate
Global Discovery of Petroleum Liquids (includes conventional oil plus condensate (called
NGL)) shows annual discovery data, and cumulative discovery (revisions backdated to
original field discovery date.)
Source: F. Harper (Manager, Reserves & Resources, BP), Ultimate Hydrocarbon Resources in
the 21st Century, AAPG Conf. ‘Oil & Gas in the 21st Century’, Sept. 1999, UK.
In brief Francis Harper does not show the same data as Peter Davies
My file displays also 6 discovery peaks 1928, 1938, 1950, 1962, 1975 & 2000, but in the
detail it is slightly different, since I correct the technical data by reducing FSU values by 30%
and I delete the extra-heavy fields on Orinoco.
Figure 19: world annual backdated mean discovery & production from my file
Masters USGS in his last WPC estimates in 1994 displays also 5 discovery peaks 1927, 1937,
1947, 1962, and 1977
Figure 20: USGS 1994 annual discovery & production
Longwell 2002 - the following graph displays 5 peaks: 1928, 1938, 1950, 1962 and 1977
Figure 21: Exxon-Mobil annual discovery & production
-2-6- different sources
The next graph compares within a 5-year period the annual oil (excluding Athabasca and
Orinoco) discovery in Gb/a from IHS 2002 (Stark, but for liquids), Masters 1994, BP Review
2003, ASPO 2003, as well as my file, giving also the cumulative as of end of 2001, and the
annual liquids production
Figure 22: Oil discoveries from different sources
ASPO, Masters and my file are in close agreement, showing that since 1980 annual discovery
is below annual production, meaning that remaining reserves should be declining since 1980.
BP Review annual additions are completely different, because proved reserves are completely
disconnected with discovery
IHS liquids with a total discovery of 3005 Gb are obviously far from the technical discovery
data coming from IHS database as used by Exxon and BP. Since 1980 IHS liquids discovery
(?) have been quite over the liquids demand, meaning that remaining reserves should still be
climbing. But it is difficult to understand the origin of such liquids additions as most of
unconventional reserves as Athabasca and Orinoco were found way before 1940. This IHS
article is in contradiction with the IHS database.
One of the most often used parameter by politicians, economists is the R/P ratio (remaining
reserves versus annual production), saying that it is presently around 40 years, leaving to
believe that there will be no problem of supply for the next 40 years. It is a very poor ratio:
first, when using the proved reserves that is politically flawed data, and then since the future
production will be different from that of present, in most of official forecasts, production is
assumed to grow by 2%/a for the next 30 years.
The R/P that uses the technical data is completely different (in green in the next graph) when
the proved ratio is in purple.
Figure 23: world R/P from technical data & from political sources
The technical R/P for oil+condensate was about 140 years in 1950: it went down quickly until
1973, levelled off and even increased in 1979. Since 1982 it has been on linear decline,
trending towards zero (n o more reserves left before 2030. Of course the future will not be
linear. The BP proved R/P was around 30 years from 1965 to 1985 and went up to 40 when
the OPEC members increased their proved reserves by 300 Gb (without any significant
discoveries), as they were fighting each other about their quotas (which depend upon
In the US, technical (mean) values can be found in one USDOE report: 1990-0534, which
gives the backdated mean values by years from 1900 to 1988. Annual discoveries are
compared to annual additions from API proved reserves and they are completely different.
The first one shows the well-known decline in discoveries after peaking in the 30s when the
second shows an increase during the oil shocks. Proved estimates are designed to provide
growth (to please shareholders and bankers), despite the poor results of US exploration
excluding the deepwater in the last 20 years.
Figure 24: US R/P from backdated mean data and current proved data
US mean annual discovery is completely different from annual additions of current proved
Figure 25: US mean discovery & proved addition
Of course with such poor proved values, the US R/P has remained around 10 years for the last
50 years, despite the rise and decline of production. In fact, small producers (as sometime
USGS) estimate their reserves as a rule of thumb by multiplying their annual production by
-2-8-Inequality of field size distribution
Oilfield size distribution is very unequal, as shown in the next graph
Figure 26: World outside US+Canada percentage oil reserves versus number of fields
The fields over 2000 Gb has made up, for a long time, more than 50% of total discovery.
Figure 27: World outside US+Canada: cumulative discovery by size
Proved reserves as reported in the US are very conservative, close to the minimum, omitting
to report « probable » reserves to follow the SEC rules. Proved reserves show growth, as it is
the goal of the stock market and oil companies to show growth. But adding field proved
reserves to obtain the proved value of a country is wrong (it is illegal wrote Ed Capen 1996),
but it is always done, aggravating the underestimation of proved reserves. To get the right
world proved reserves, a Monte Carlo simulation should be carried out in order to estimate, as
it is done by the USGS for world undiscovered.
Reserve growth (of proved reserves) represents in fact the omitted probable and the wrong
addition of proved reserves.
The world outside US and Western Canada reports proven+probable reserves, which is close
to the mean (or expected) value. The purpose of expected (mean) value is that statistically
there is no growth. Some fields see their reserves increase (as Ekofisk); some fields see their
reserves decrease (as East Texas). The addition of all fields’ mean reserves gives exactly the
mean value of the country. But increase (good news) is more often reported than decrease
(bad news), which is hidden or postponed until the complete end of the country’s production.
Proved reserves are reported mainly for producing fields when proven +probable are reported
for all discoveries.
The comparison of scout estimates from 1995 to 2003 shows an increase of about 10 % in 8
years for all the giants outside the US, including FSU with ABC, which can be traced over the
year estimate in Gb 1995 1996 1997 1999 2001 2003
322 giants >0,5 Gb 992 1015 1023 1037 1095 1104
24 supergiants >10 Gb 493 499 512 530 556 560
But the estimate of all major oilfields experiencing a significant decline shows that the scout
estimate is overestimated by about the same amount.
As USGS wrote in their 2000 study in chapter RG by Schmoker. & Klett:
“Worldwide, however, a set of uniform reporting requirements does not exist. Criteria for the
estimation of remaining reserves differ widely from country to country, as do the technical,
economic, and political incentives that drive the reserve-growth process. Therefore, patterns
of reserve growth for the world as a whole are poorly understood, and the problem of
quantitatively estimating world potential reserve growth is formidable. For most areas
outside the United States and Canada, however, Attanasi and Root (1993) and Root and
Attanasi (1993) concluded that successive field-size estimates were not sufficiently reliable
and consistent to develop world-level reserve-growth functions. The forecast of world
potential reserve growth described here is considered to be preliminary. … Much work
remains to be done on the subject of world potential reserve growth. The present study is an
attempt to provide a numerical hypothesis for world potential reserve growth that is valuable
in itself, and will perhaps act as a stimulus for discussion and research aimed at reducing the
uncertainty of world reserve-growth estimates.”
They recognized that world reserve growth remains unknown, but instead of doing nothing,
they preferred to take the US growth function. Yet they missed the most important point,
which is that US reserves are only proved, when the rest of the world is proved + probable,
since they use Petroconsultants file (already obsolete in 2000, dating back to end of 1995, this
file also had many missing fields in the FSU))
They said that discussion would help, but in front of critics they had done nothing to open the
My paper in Zurich, last May, displayed several graphs about distribution of recovery factors
(RF) on more than 4000 fields, ranging from 3 to 85%. RF is badly known and usually
reported in rounded (30%, 33.3 %, 40%, 50%). Oil-in-place is roughly estimated through
wells and seismic, and its estimate does not get better with production, as opposite to reserves.
But since reserves are badly defined (technical versus political), so is RF, which is the ratio of
reserves versus oil-in-place.
RF is said to improve with technology. Technology can change some parameters of the field
like pressure (water and gas injection), temperature (steam or combustion), characteristics of
the fluids (miscible gas, CO2, chemical as polymers), but hardly the geology of the reservoir
measured as porosity and permeability (except around the wells with fracturation and
acidification). Any real increase in RF through technology should be shown on the decline.
When decline does not show any improvement, it means that recovery or reserve growth is
due to bad reporting. In the past, when secondary production was started long after primary
production, it was a real improvement, but now, mainly offshore, water and gas injections
start from the beginning.
Most cases show that technology increases the initial production of conventional fields, giving
cheaper and faster production (short term goals) but does not increase reserves. In contrary
unconventional reserves as “in situ” tarsands and extra-heavy oils have needed technology
breakthrough to increase the RF. The main constraint of unconventional oils is the economy.
New technology allows producing cheaper, quicker and no more, in fact it quickly increases
depletion, as it is well recognised everywhere now. In the past, good practice was to produce
at a reasonable level in order to produce the maximum of volume, now only discounted cash-
flows is the goal, to produce the maximum of money and it is better to produce faster (despite
that the oil price has increased and oil produced quickly in 1999 then sold at 10 $/b should be
more profitable now sold at 30 $/b. The easy oil has been produced and now the difficult (and
heavier and deeper) oil needs to be produced. That is why new technology is needed. But
technology increases the depletion and speeds up the end of the field; as for cod fishing the
trawlers increased the catches but destroyed the species in North Atlantic.
New technology is necessary to produce unconventional oil such as Orinoco but this oil is not
reported in BP reserves, whereas it is reported in oil production. So Davies cannot claim
improvement in unreported reserves.
-3-2-Examples of reserve growth: negative and positive
Sneider 2001 claims that Auk oilfield in the UK was a good example of reserve growth with
estimate at 93 Mb in 1988 and 180 Mb in 1998. In fact in 1988 the oil decline on the
following graph was already well established with ultimate around 160 Mb. From 1993 to
1998 annual production raises, thanks to more investment in horizontal wells, but in 1999 the
decline was back and steeper (as usual after technology miracle) and ultimate from the decline
is still around 150 Mb (cumulative production up to 2002 is 132 Gb, for Brown Book 162 Mb
and for the operator 144 Mb. The claim by Sneider that recovery was improved from 17% to
30% is false.
Figure 28a: Auk UK oil decline: no growth on decline
The peak expected by Sneider in 2001 (Auk North extension) as high as that of 1977 did not
Figure 28b; Sneider’s forecast
East Texas is the largest oilfield in the US 48, found in 1930 and obliged to partial shut down
by the State troops in 1931 because of overproduction. From the late 1940s, more than 380
wells, found deviated in order to steal oil from neighbours, were shut down. It was estimated
to contain up to 6 Gb (still claimed in 2002 by Merritt), but now decreased to 5.4 Gb, after
drilling over 30 000 wells. The decline from 1966 to 1957 is the same as the last decline from
1995 to 2001. The increase in production due to water injection was temporary.
Figure 29a: East Texas oil decline 1931-2001:no decline growth
Figure 29b: East Texas oil reserves evolution: negative growth
Figure 29c; East Texas oil decline 1973-2001: negative growth on decline which increased
from 5%/a in 1973 to 10 %/a in 1987, then 25 %/a in 1997
Figure 29d: East Texas: productivity per well
Ekofisk is one of the best examples of positive reserve growth, but its geology is special as
the main reservoir is a fractured chalk of good porosity but bad permeability. Ekofisk is so
special that a strong seafloor subsidence (8 m) has occurred because of compaction of the
reservoir porosity, and the platform had to be raised. The compaction had in fact increased the
recovery. Oil production after a decline from 1978 to 1987, increased up to now, but
meanwhile gas decreased. Such behaviour is difficult to extrapolate to other fields with
Figure 30a: Ekofisk annual production
Annual production versus cumulative shows a first decline (1977-1987) leading to an estimate
(Roadifer 1984) of about 160 M.m3 but new development led to reserve increase to 240
(Pekot) in 1987, 360 in 1994 and, after a major investment (2.3 G$) in 1998 with a new
platform 2/4 X, now NPD estimate is 468 M.m3, but Ekofisk has not yet declined back again.
Figure 30 b: Ekofisk oil decline and evolution: large positive reserve growth
In FSU, because of a different classification (Khalimov 1979) oil fields have been grossly
exaggerated (Khalimov 1993) because the theoretical maximum recovery is taken (and not the
mean). FSU reserves have to be reduced by 30% to be corrected to mean value.
Samotlor, the largest Russian oilfield is reported under the ABC1 classification to contain 28
Gb when the decline since 1983 trends towards only 20 Gb. From 1984 to 1990 over water
flooding (to comply with the Gross Plan) leads to a higher temporary production, but later
production went back to previous ultimate recovery.
Figure 31: Samotlor oil decline with overflooding 1986-1990, no growth and ABC1
Another giant Fedorovo is also overestimated with an ABC1 value of 9.2 Gb against a decline
of 6.7 Gb.
Figure 32: Fedorovo oil decline and ABC1 overestimation
Romashkino, the second largest field in Russia is slightly less overestimated (18 Gb instead of
17 Gb) and is now under an EOR scheme (polymer with Total).
Figure 33: Romashkino oil decline: ABC1 overestimation
In Alaska the Badami oilfield is now being abandoned in 2003, after only 4 years of
production with a cumulative production of 4 Mb, when the field was developed (over 300
M$) forecasting an ultimate of 120 Mb and a peak of 35 000 b/d. The peak actually occurred
at 3150 b/d, giving a cost of about 100 000 $/b/d, ten times more expensive than deepwater.
This very uneconomical field is the closest field to ANWR and gives some indication of the
poor potential of this hyped-up ANWR where the KIC well, completed in 1986 by Chevron,
is still kept confidential (as 10 other wells drilled in Alaska from 1978 to 1996), but rumoured
to have found only show.
Figure 34: Badami Alaska oil decline 1998-2001: huge negative growth from 120 Mb to 4 Mb
Prudhoe Bay was reported, at development time, between 9 and 15 Gb (Gilbert 2002) and
now the ultimate is around 13 Gb (straight decline since 1991). The total of producers is about
Figure 35a: Prudhoe Bay oil decline = no growth
Figure 35b: Prudhoe Bay reserve evolution by OGJ: up and down
Forties is a good example of no growth despite new technology (gaslift), but higher
production during two years, meaning more money, but not more reserves.
Figure 36a: Forties oil decline: production increase in 1987-1988 with gaslift, no global
Evolution of Forties reserves varies from sources (DTI, OGJ) and shows that as there is no
referee, any statement has to be careful compared to the truth i.e. annual production decline.
Any claim of reserve growth has to be shown by a reduction of the production decline, if not,
it means that the former estimate was wrong. It is not reserve growth, but bad reserve
Figure 36b; Forties reserve evolution: depends upon sources
Cusiana is the last giant discovered onshore South America. It was reported by one partner as
3 Gb, then as 1.5 Gb, now as 950 Mb, when the decline trends to 650 Mb.
Figure 37: Cusiana oil decline = overestimation
Forecasting future production requires obtaining the ultimate reserves, which are in fact the
cumulative production up to the last produced drop of oil in the basin, the country or the
Oil should be found before being produced and production mimics discovery when there is no
demand constraint. But first data has to be corrected in order to represent mean (expected
value), which corresponds roughly to a probability of 40 % (when mode = most likely
corresponds to a probability of about 65 %. Therefore, US (and Canada WCSB) proved
reserves have to be converted into proven +probable using a growth function (the MMS
function from the Gulf of Mexico), and the FSU data corresponding to a 3P
(proven+probable+possible) has to be reduced by about 30%. But the best way for mature
major fields (about 2000 fields out of more than 30 000 oilfields in the world) is to estimate
the field reserves using the decline of annual production versus cumulative production.
Ultimate could be estimated in different ways
-creaming curve, which is the plot of cumulative discovery (mean backdated value of course)
versus the cumulative number of new field wildcats. Modelling the different cycles with
hyperbolas always gives a good fit.
-cumulative discovery versus time, when the number of exploratory wells is unknown, yet the
ups and downs of exploration (price, wars) will disturb the plot. Usually, modelling with
several logistic curves gives a good fit. The same can be done for cumulative production
-fractal distribution (field size versus rank of decreasing size in a log-log display) can be
modelled with a parabola from the largest fields found early in the exploration, which
represents the oil in the ground, constraints will convert the in-the-ground into yet-to-find,
giving the ultimate when added to the discovered amount.
Cases will better show the way to proceed
-4-2-modelling annual production
From the ultimate, the remaining-to-produce could be converted into future production either
by assuming a constant depletion (after peak), or a constant growth up to peak and constant
depletion after peak or by plotting a Hubbert curve resulting in a smoother curve.
Nevertheless, the best way is not to model, but to correlate annual discovery to annual
production with a certain shift. This shift will allow foreseeing production during this period
from past discovery. This approach works well when there was no constraint on demand,
which is not the case with OPEC countries.
Oman oil production is mainly operated by Shell (PDO), which produces at full capacity,
since Oman does not belong to OPEC. It is a good case of E&P continuity and homogeneity,
furthermore Oman was considered by Shell as a school of practice.
The remaining oil reserves from political sources (OGJ, BP, WO) displays an erratic historical
trend for so called proved reserves, yet growing since 1978, when the technical backdated
mean has been declining since 1984.
Figure 38: Oman remaining reserves from political and technical sources
The creaming curve is very well modelled with 3 cycles (hyperbolas) giving an ultimate of
about 16 Gb for oil + condensate for doubling the present number of new field wildcats. A
fourth cycle is not unlikely with an undrilled tertiary offshore basin and an undrilled onshore
salt basin (Ghudun Blood 2001).
Figure 39: Oman creaming curve
The cumulative production fits fairly well a logistic curve of an ultimate of 15 Gb which is
built to fit cumulative discovery shifted by 30 years
Figure 40: Oman cumulative discovery & production
A reliability check of scout data is done with the decline of the largest oilfield: Yibal
Figure 41: Yibal oil decline: overestimation?
The decline of the last 3 years (despite the drilling of more than 50 wells per year) leads to
believe that Yibal’s tentative ultimate recovery (too short a period of decline) is more likely 2
Gb than 2.4 Gb as reported by the scout.
Annual production is plotted with ASPO forecasts with a constant depletion (equal to the last
recorded yearly depletion), as a Hubbert curve for an ultimate of 15 Gb. Both forecasts are
fairly close, peaking around 2000.
Figure 42: Oman oil annual discovery and production forecasts
IEA monthly production as of August 2003 shows well the decline, closer to ASPO decline
than the Hubbert small one, except if the peak is taken on a broader scale neglecting the local
burst of 2000 & 2001.
Figure 43: Oman monthly production1993-2003 from IEA
UK is one of the worst cases of published reserves despite that DTI (Department of industry
and trade) reports data for each field on the web.
Figure 44: UK oil remaining reserves from political and technical sources
The most often used industry database for the world outside US and Canada WCSB is
Petroconsultants (used by USGS 2000), where reserves are proven+probable that is assumed
to be P50 or a probability of 50%; which is also the SPE/WPC definition for the probabilistic
approach, but not for the deterministic approach where probable alone is as likely as unlikely
(or P50!). But DTI (« notes on physical account ») definition is different from
Petroconsultants, but similar to SPE deterministic approach: « Probable reserves are known
reserves, which are not yet proven, but which are estimated to have a better than 50 per cent
chance of being technically and economically producible. » DTI (account procedures)
assumes that the sum of proven plus probable represents the expected value (or mean), which
is the value to pursue and not the median!
Norway (NPD) has a completely different definition and uses classes, and not proven or
Reserve definition has no consensus and everyone uses his own definition as described by
"There are currently almost as many definitions for reserves as there are evaluators, oil and
gas companies, securities commissions and government departments. Each one uses its own
version of the definitions for its own purposes"
Furthermore DTI is adding 1P and 3P field values, when they should not, as only mean can be
Figure 45: UK cumulative discovery from Brown Book and technical backdated mean
USGS forecast for UK (without any reserve growth as they are estimated only worldwide
outside the US) is more in line with our backdated trend than with the Brown Book trend.
The creaming curve displays 3 cycles, with an ultimate of 33 Gb and a fourth cycle depending
on the potential of the frontier areas but the last results are not too encouraging.
Figure 46: UK creaming curve with 3 cycles
The correlation of annual discovery shifted by 12 years and annual production is fair with two
peaks. ASPO forecast (with a constant depletion) and the Hubbert curve for an ultimate of 30
Gb is fairly close. The question is, provided that 300 discoveries are still undeveloped in
North Sea UK, and with the withdrawal of the majors, as the dismantling of the platforms of
depleted giants, if many of these now uneconomical fields will be connected to the present
platforms before they are removed?
Figure 47a: UK oil production forecast with shifted discovery
Zittel (2003) displays a beautiful graph reporting every field, each with dissymmetrical
pattern but the aggregation is more symmetrical for the ups and downs.
Figure 47b: UK production and forecast from Zittel
DTI study on reserve change finds 35 negative against 46 positive revisions
Figure 48: DTI 1998 study on mean reserves 1986-1996
Dromgoole finds 17 negative against 15 positive revisions
Figure 49: UKCS oil reserves changes by Dromgoole & Speers 1997
Figure 50: Frigg gas reserve evolution: negative reserve growth
Grosjean et al in their paper on WPC 2002 "New reserves in old fields: do not underestimate
the geologic risk" have shown on three oilfields (Alwyn, Handil and El Huemul) that
increasing reserves is not easy.
The US production is plotted giving Lower 48 and Alaska as onshore and offshore which
peaked in 1972 and since 1990 thanks to deepwater is rising towards a new peak.
Figure 51: US oil production
Offshore production is more important than Alaska production.
Figure 52: US oil proved reserves from WO, OGJ, API, BP and EIA
Figure 53: USDoE annual reports: percentage of positive revisions versus positive and
The fit of the US Lower 48 production by a bell-shaped curve is disturbed at the end of the
50s, when Middle East oil was then cheaper than US, which led to the mandatory oil quotas
by Eisenhower in 1959, which led to the creation of OPEC. The same shoulder of 1960 is
found in 1980 (why the same level?) in front of the high oil price.
Figure 54a: US 48 annual mean discovery and production with Hubbert discovery model,
when shifted by 35 years
Figure 54b; US 46 annual production & shifted mean discovery
The US success ratio for exploration is about 30% compared to 85% for development.
Figure 55: US success ratio
The mean discovery per new field wildcat displays a cliff around 1940, with a slow decline to
1990, followed by a rise due to deepwater.
Figure 56: US annual mean discovery per new field wildcat
Figure 57a: US oil production with R/P and productivity per well
The US average productivity per well is now about 12 b/d/w compared to 6 in Texas.
Figure 57b: US and Texas oil production, number of producing wells and productivity per
The US conventional oil ultimate from 1940-2000 production trend is 220 Gb
Figure 58: US oil production: % annual/cumulative versus cumulative and extrapolation to
ultimate of 220 Gb
The US cumulative production fits well the mean discovery shifted by 30 years. The red curve
is the remaining proved reserves plus the cumulative production and the linear extrapolation
at 2025 is around 280 Gb, far from the USGS 2000 estimate of 362 Gb.
Figure 59: US cumulative production & mean discovery shifted by 30 years
R/P from backdated mean reserves declines from 100 years in 1910 to 15 years in 2000,
opposite to R/P proved reserves, which stays flat around 10 years from 1950 to 2002
Figure 60: US R/P from different sources
The mean field size fractal display shows that oilfields and gasfields (in boe) are almost
identical. The cliff for size below 0.1 Mb is not significant because these tiny fields are hardly
economical and found by mistake, when there must be millions of them in the ground.
Figure 61: USDOE 1992: fractal distribution of oil and gas field size
-5-4-Gulf of Mexico
The Gulf of Mexico is the best place to study exploration results as every data is published
from the beginning of exploration in 1947 to 2000. MMS (Mineral Management Services),
being a federal agency, is obliged to publish all data on offshore. In their last report, the
average discovery has been dropping since 1949
Figure 62: GoM average mean field size and number of fields from MMS 2000
The 2000 report does not list the discovery of Thunder Horse (previously called Crazy Horse)
found in 1999 on MC778, but not yet producing. It is rumoured to contain 1 Gboe, which
could make it the largest oilfield. The field size display would not change much when
Thunder Horse is added. The blue parabola is assumed to represent the ultimate, showing
many undiscovered small fields and few large ones. It is obvious that those who claims that
the fractal has to be linear are wrong, the fractal is curve (due to the limit of self-similarity),
the parabola is the simplest curve, but in fact the curve could be more complex, as a third
Figure 63: GoM field size distribution fractal display
Cumulative discovery is compared to cumulative production both modelled with logistic
curves for same ultimate.
Figure 64: GoM cumulative oil & gas discovery, production & logistic models with MMS
The annual reports from 1996 to 2000 give the following for oil in Gb
Year discoveries revisions production additions/production in %
1996 0,33 0,45 -0,37 211
1997 0,34 0,54 -0,41 215
1998 0,32 0,28 -0,44 136
1999 0,15 -0,04 -0,49 22
2000 0,33 0,22 -0,53 104
For 1999 the total revisions were negative (0.15 Gb, as the total new discovery), but in 2000
they were positive, however less than in the past.
MMS forecast for the next 5 years shows decline (more in 2003 than in 2002)
Figure 65a: GoM oil & gas annual production & forecasts as Hubbert models
Same graph only for oil
Figure 65b: GoM annual oil production & forecasts as Hubbert models
Oil production will decline soon, despite the arrival of Thunder Horse production.
MMS proved reserves are growing because they omit the probable reserves to comply with
the SEC rules. But the growth is flattening, as discoveries are getting older
Figure 66: GoM evolution of ultimate 1975-2000 for the ten largest fields
The largest fields being fairly old, their growth in proved reserves is flattening
Figure 67: evolution of ultimate recovery in % of 2000 estimate for the ten largest fields
The largest GoM field reported by MMS is Eugene Island 330 found in 1971. Ultimate
recovery is reported differently in MMS and OGJ
Figure 68a: EI 330 ultimate recovery and cumulative production from MMS & OGJ
The increase in 1995 (after a decrease for OGJ) of EI 330 was reported by a geochemist
(J.Whelan) to be such an anomalous event that an article in the Wall Street Journal (Cooper
1999) claims that it means that oil is limitless and thus it is the explanation of the Middle East
huge increase during the second half of the80s
Figure 68b: EI 330 oil, gas & water production
Figure 68c: EI 330-oil decline
The explanation of reserve growth is easy; the field was recharged after a very drastic
pressure decline from the source-rock because the reservoir is connected to the source-rock by
a large fault (called the red Fault known by every university of Texas. What is done usually in
thousands or millions of years what done in few years because of exceptional circumstances.
But the reserve increase in EI 330 was about 10% (and not what is claimed in the Wall Street
Journal), which is in fact less than the usual accuracy of a field reserve estimate (plus or
Yet in fact the improvement in the GoM field estimate comes from the step by step approach
of development as can be seen also on the other giant oilfield West Delta 030 found in 1949.
Figure 69a: WD030 ultimate recovery & cumulative production from MMS & OGJ
Figure 69b; WD030 oil, gas & water production
New investments were made after 1980 (water injection), then a long decline and again a
minor one in 1990 after a second decline. Is the decline in 1999 the last one? It most likely is.
As for EI 330, WD030 shows step-by-step improvement going slowly from primary recovery
to secondary recovery, as investment is postponed until the last moment. In deepwater,
secondary recovery starts from the beginning of production
Figure 69c: WD030 oil decline; obvious positive reserve growth
Bay Marchand 002 found in 1949 shows erratic and different reserves estimates between OGJ
and MMS, as for cumulative production their definition of operator must differ.
Figure 70a: BM002 ultimate recovery & cumulative production from MMS & OGJ
Figure 70b: BM002 oil, gas & water production
Figure 70c: BM002 oil decline: no reserve growth from decline
The last GoM example displays erratic reporting for South Pass 027, between OGJ and MMS
for both ultimate and cumulative production (dropping sharply, meaning some operators were
dropped), but the detailed monthly production looks quite normal.
Figure 71a: SP027 ultimate recovery & cumulative production from MMS & OGJ
Figure 71b: SP027 oil, gas & water production
Figure 71c: SP027 oil decline: no reserve growth on decline trend starting in 1967, despite a
production increase from1970 to 1975.
-5-5-US Pacific OCS
38 fields but no new discovery since 1990 as exploration was stopped.
Figure 72: Pacific OCS original reserves & number of fields
Beta oilfield chaotic reporting since 1985 from OGJ when oil decline is straight
Figure 73a: Beta ultimate recovery & cumulative production
Figure 73b: Beta oil decline
Back in FSU era, oil reserves was a state secret, but last year the Duma reinstalled it again and
Khodorkovsky could be jailed for 7 years just for publishing Yukos oil reserves. I discussed
the matter last year with Ray Leonard (in Uppsala where he delivers reserves data) and he
assured me that Putin had told Khodorkovsky that there would be no problem with oil
reserves publication. World Oil from 1991 to 1995 gave very high values. The technical
ABC1 are known to represent basically proven+probable +possible (3P) and should be
reduced globally by 30 % to represent the mean value, before any detailed assessment of FSU
mean reserves is made.
Figure 74: Russia (& FSU) remaining oil reserves from different sources
The next graph is from a paper by Fontaine, Laherrere and Perrodon in 2002. The sharp drop
in oil production from 1990 to 1995 is usually explained by the break-up of the FSU, but in
fact it seems also to be related to the sharp decrease in discovery 25 years before, as the fit
between production and discovery shifted by 20 years looks fairly good. The present Russian
rise in production is due to new investments due to high oil price, as fracs (with
Schlumberger), and also to some reserves found in the 60s (peak of production in the 80s is
less than peak of discovery).
Figure 75: Russia oil annual production & discovery shifted by 20 years with forecast for
-5-7- USGS (Department of Interior) 2000 study
The USGS team in Denver under Tom Ahlbrandt has done a very good work in defining and
drawing the limits of the main Petroleum Systems in the world. This inventory done with the
help of the oil industry under a genetic classification (source-rocks) was missing as previous
inventories were under a tectonic classification. However the weak point of their study was
the undiscovered estimate, since the oil industry did not participate because of confidentiality
reasons. Reserve growth for the world outside the US, done globally and not by country was a
complete wild guess and a real misunderstanding of the difference in reserve definitions.
USGS applied the US proved reserve growth for the world outside US where reserves are
proven+probable. It is comparing the temperatures in US towns with the Europeans main
capitals, all given in degrees, but without bothering to check that the US values are in
Fahrenheit degrees and in Europe in Celsius degrees.
-5-7-1- World conventional oil + condensate
USGS estimate of total discovery by 2025 is compared to the past history of cumulative
discovery and production.
Figure 76: World cumulative production & mean discovery with logistic models and USGS
estimate for 2025
The logistic model which fits fairly well the mean cumulative conventional oil discovery (and
not the political value of BP reserves plus cumulative production) fits also very well the past
production. The USGS 2000 mean estimate of 3000 Gb (the reported value with 4 significant
digits value varies from 3003 to 3021, passing by 3012 Gb) seems out of range from past
mean data and raises some doubts about the value of the assessment. But USGS estimate can
be justified by the extrapolation of BP values by those who believed that they are reliable.
The undiscovered for the world outside the US is based on the assumptions by a single
geologist (compared to Delphi enquiries of former USGS studies) giving on one sheet of
paper only six significant numbers being the minimum, median and maximum of the number
and the size of undiscovered fields.
The case of East Greenland is interesting: there, geologist Henry, on an undrilled area,
guessed the six numbers. It is obvious that the USGS had no access to the seismic and that he
speculated that reservoirs, source-rocks and traps will be there.
The distribution he gave for oil was:
for the number of undiscovered fields,
minimum 1, median 250, maximum 500
for the size of the undiscovered fields
minimum 20 Mb, median 85 Mb, maximum 12 000 Mb
for the gravity: 15-40-55 °API.
These simple numbers with a huge range show that they come from nowhere, being just pure
guesses and wishful thinking! From this ungeological assessment, Monte Carlo simulation
(with 50 000 runs) gives a beautiful distribution.
Figure 77: USGS: Greenland undiscovered field size distribution
Comparing this assumed oil size distribution on East Greenland to that of the North Sea
(Viking graben) on a fractal display shows that the assumed East Greenland is richer than the
real North Sea.
Figure 78: UK and Greenland Field size distribution in a fractal display
There are less than 40 oilfields larger than 100 Mb in Viking graben, whereas East Greenland
is assumed to contain about 100 oilfields over 100 Mb (and the probability is supposed to be
The mean value for undiscovered is 47 Gb, being the fourth rank after Saudi Arabia, Russia
and Iran, but there is no international compay rushing to explore East Greenland!
The US oil ultimate has varied largely, in particular within USGS.
“Many USGS geologists (and others) in the 50s and 60s made vast overestimates of the US
ultimate recoverable oil resources. Some are T A Hendricks, D C Duncan, V E McKelvey,
and A D Zapp. 590 Gb crude oil for the US exclusive of Alaska (Zapp, 1961) 650 Gb for US
including Alaska (McKelvey and Duncan, 1965) 400 Gb for US including Alaska (Hendricks,
1965)” (Hubbert, 1969).
The estimates in the 80s were more reasonable, such as the 1981 study with 258 Gb. The
comparison with the 2000 studies is interesting the ultimate went up to 362 Gb but, when
production has increased by 50 Gb, the undiscovered in 2000 is identical to 1981 at 83 Gb,
and the range also almost identical at 66-104 against 64-105 Gb. It is intriguing!
Ultimate from USGS 1981 compared to USGS 2000
Estimates in Gb Circ. 860 1981 2000
As of: end 1979 end 1995
production 121 171
measured = proved API 1976 28 32
indicated =addition thru new installations 4
inferred = reserve growth extension, revisions, new pay zones 23 76
undiscovered F95 64 66
undiscovered mean 83 83
undiscovered F5 105 104
ultimate 258 362
The USGS 2000 study on conventional undiscovered to be found between 1996 and 2025
seems to be too optimistic for the US compared to the forecast by USDOE EIA AEO 2002 for
oil+NGL as shown in the next graph. But the largest discrepancy seems to be in the USGS
cumulative production as of end 1995 being 170 Gb for oil +NGL when it is the value for
crude oil only, whereas with NGL it is 200 Gb. USGS seems to confuse lease condensate
(included with oil) and NGL (from plants) as reported by USDoE. This 30 Gb discrepancy
could partly explain the difference between USGS and EIA forecast for 2025 concerning
cumulative production plus remaining reserves.
Figure 79: US cumulative crude oil & NGL with USGS ultimate and EIA forecast
It means that in 2025, with USGS ultimate of 362 Gb, the remaining reserves will be about 75
Gb (compared to 30 Gb now), when AEO 2003 forecast only less than 25 Gb; which I
consider as quite optimistic.
The USGS 2000 is a study dating back to end of 1995, it means that the data are already 8
years old it is obvious that this study has to be done again with better data and better concept
on reserve growth. IFP is planning to carry out such study. It is important that more debates
such as today’s take place in order that each side tries to meet.
-5-8-IHS world liquids ultimate
Pete Stark (2002) has published without any justification the following ultimate in Gb
Cumulative production as of end 2001 961
Remaining reserves 1112
Reserve growth 373
The 373 Gb reserve growth is broken down on slide 8 as in Gb
Middle East 120
North America 80
Latin America 15
-6-1-1- France 1995
In a former paper (Laherrère 1997) I gave some results from a confidential report (Campbell
& Laherrere 1995). The forecast for France from 1995 to 2020 was given with a decline from
0.02 Gb/a down to 0.01 Gb/a
Figure 80a: France oil forecast in 1995
The present value is now plotted, showing that the production in 2000 was close to 0.01 Gb/a
Figure 80b: France oil production 1930-2001.
Liquids production is more than the double of crude oil production, since refinery gains
(mainly from imports) are important
-6-1-2- UK 1997
Our forecast 1996-2020 for UK, based on the correlation of annual discovery shifted by 11
years, showed a peak in 1999- 2000 at around 1.1 Gb/a
Figure 81a: UK oil forecast in 1997
The next graph shows our new forecast 7 years later with the past being a peak in 1999 at 1.05
Gb/a, which is a little less than our 1997 forecast! ASPO forecast is declining sharper but
producing in 2020 twice more than our estimate.
Figure 81b: UK oil production 1970-2001, shifted discovery & forecast
-6-1-3-Forecasts in the 70s
At the end of the 70s, majors and agencies, assuming that the oil price would continue to
climb, as well as production, did many forecasts. The comparison with reality is severe and
explains that forecasting was abandoned by most, and replaced by scenarios without numbers.
Figure 82: World and non-communist oil production forecast
WEC 1977 as well as Moody & Halbouty 1979 were completely out of range, forecasting a
peak around 1990. BGR 1980 was not too bad but too high. BP 1979 and Exxon 1979
estimated only the free world (or non-communist world), but if Exxon was good, BP was
-6-2-1-forecasts by USDoE and Majors
John Wood with USDOE has published several scenarios for world oil production using
USGS 3003 Gb ultimate for conventional oil (but showing also our scenario). The graph
shown in Offshore 2002 displays a peak in 2037 for a growth of 2%/a and a decline of
R/P=10. Using so much oil in the short term and leaving so little for their grandchildren is to
me a criminal hypothesis. The Hubbert curve is useful to display the future production and
looks better for me than using constant growth and decline as Wood did. The comparison of
Wood forecast for 3 Tb for conventional crude (25 Gb/a in 2002 when the liquids is 28 Gb/a)
with Hubbert models for 2 Tb (my estimate for conventional oil is 2.2 Tb) and 3 Tb is shown.
Figure 83: John Wood USDOE scenarios for conventional oil using USGS ultimate
In reality, the likely coming poor economic situation will constraint oil demand, and crude
production will display neither a smooth peak nor an angular high peak, but a bumpy plateau.
Yet in fact this graph is just part of the supply corresponding to a crude production of 65 Mb/
d (25 Gb/a) when oil demand (liquids) is 75 Mb/d. USDOE should provide the forecast of the
full demand for the next century and not only for the next 30 years with a constant growth
which seems to go up without any limit.
Shell 2003 displays a peak fore oil, but it is not due to decline of the supply but rather of
demand because of the coming hydrogen (from gas without limit?).
Figure 84: Shell oil forecast
Tillerson ‘2002) forecasts a sharp decline of present production, needing 80 Mboe/d of new
Figure 85: Exxon-Mobil oil forecast for demand and supply
Non-OPEC production will climb in particular due to Russia and Caspian.
Figure 86: Exxon-Mobil oil forecast for Non-OPEC
Non-OPEC production will peak before 2020 over 45 Mb/d, with the lion’s share of the
growth coming from Russia and Caspian with 14 Mb/d. My forecast (see figure 75) is much
less since Russia should peak around 8 Mb/d
Figure 87: world, OPEC & NOPEC liquids production with forecasts compared to USDoE &
Figure 88: world oil (liquids) production with different scenarios
Lynch 2001 forecasts 150 Mb/d in 2030, as he believes in an ultimate of 6 Tb.
The IPCC 2000 report, which is used by everyone to discuss on global warming and Kyoto
rules, is based on 40 scenarios by IIASA. These scenarios for oil are plotted on the next graph
(that I presented in 2000 at IIASA workshop) and despite showing a very large range, the
most likely forecast from technical data is on the lower side of the range. IIASA scenarios for
gas (based on hydrates) are even more unrealistic than oil. It seems that no one who debates
on IPCC results has looked at the IIASA scenarios, as I did not find any mention of the
reliability of the scenarios.
Figure 89: IIASA oil scenarios & mine
It is obvious that the value of IPCC 2000 report is as good (as bad) as the value of the oil and
-7- Costs and prices
Many authors report reserves in function of cost, giving a very low cost for Middle East.
First, costs are more confidential than reserves and more unreliable. Many lie (often by
omission) in order to confuse the stock market. Publishing low costs (only operating costs) is
the best way to give a misleading impression on profit. Real cost should involve every
expenditures, all exploration, all development and production cost, all administrative cost, all
financial cost and all taxes. For the US, the military expenditures to control the flow of oil (50
G$/a before the Iraq war) has to be added to the cost of importing oil. With the present
expenditures in Iraq, the real cost of imported oil is difficult to evaluate.
Costs given by operators in $/b should be estimated for the full life of the fields, which range
from few years to more than a century. It is almost impossible to get a reliable cost on a one-
century life as amortization and discounting vary according to authors (they are never given)
and completely change the result. Annual cost can be given (forgetting past investment) by
taking all costs of the producer, divided by the volume of production. Most oil companies are
integrated and it is difficult to separate the different business. Only producers with old fields
could forget past investments. The largest producer is the state of Saudi Arabia (SA), whose
nearly only business is to produce and sell oil and thus most past investments could be
forgotten. It is then easy to take the trade balance of the country (necessary to run the country
and produce oil) has being the profit of oil business. In 2000, when Saudi oil price was 25$/b,
Saudi Arabia produced about 8 Mb/d or 3 Gb/a, earning a cash flow of 73 G$. But Saudi
Arabia only had a trade balance (COFACE 2001) of 6.7 % of GDP or 9 G$, which means that
the real cost of Saudi oil is 73-9=64/3 or about 20 $/b, and not 1 $/b as it is often reported.
The only reliable cost is development cost in $/b/d, since development cost are fairly well
known (by auction to contractors), as well as peak capacity and the spending period is one or
two year. Cheap development is about 1 000 $/b/d; North sea development about 5 000 $/b/d,
deepwater about 10 000 $/b/d. Exxon-Mobil (Tillerson 2003) estimated that adding the 80
million oil-equivalent barrels per day of new production supply in 2010 could make the cost
as high as one trillion dollar, or.12 500 $/boe/d.
Most new prospects (as reported by the media) in the Middle East (Kuwait, Iran) require an
investment of about 10 000 $/b/d which is the cost of deepwater, therefore talking about
cheap oil is completely obsolete. Shaybah development (kept confidential) was already
reported as being over 5 000 $/b/d. Upstream 2002:NIOC three fields Ahwaz, Mansouri, Abe
Teymour 2,5 G$ for a rise from <250 000 b/d to 550 000 b/d = 8 000 $/b/d; Azadegan 8 G$
for 700 000 b/d = 11 000 $/b/d. Petroleum Economist 2002: Nigeria Bonga 2,7 G$ for 200
000 b/d = 13 000 $/b/d, Yoho 1,2 G$ for 150 000 b/d = 8 000 $/b/d; Angola Hungo &
Chocalho 3,4 G$, for 250 000 b/d = 13 600 $/b/d
Tarsands and extra-heavy oils current plants range from 25 000 to 40 000 $/b/d (but the
plateau period could be 5 to 10 times longer than deepwater). IEA 2002: Athabasca Shell
plant 5,7 G$ for 155 000b/d = 37 000 $/b/d. Orinoco three joint-ventures 13,3 G$ for 0,6 Mb/
d in 2006 = 22 000 $/b/d
GTL (forecast) is over 40 000 $/b/d (assuming also a very low gas cost): Shell project in
Qatar 5 G$ for 140 000b/d from 1.6 Gcf/d (giving an oil equivalent double of calorific value,
meaning that the loss is about 50%).
It is obvious that cheap oil is something of the past. It seems that it is cheaper for the
international oil companies to “drill” in stock market than in frontier areas, as mergers seem
to be the way to increase production instead of new discoveries.
Economists believe that oil price should trend to the marginal cost (for them being the
operating cost), but in fact oil price should trend to the substitute cost. If the substitute is
renewable, it should trend towards 100 $/b after the peak and not 20-25 $/b as in most
USDOE and IEA forecasts.
I always refuse to forecast any oil price since it depends upon human behaviour, which is
often very irrational. Furthermore no one can claim that he was right for a long period on oil
price forecast. It is obvious that oil supply cannot follow a constant growth in oil demand as
forecasted by politicians for the next three decades. And in front of shortages, oil price will
jump and the demand will fall as energy is very poorly used, mainly by North Americans who
consumes twice more than Europeans for a similar life standard. It is likely that oil price will
be chaotic in this decade, depending very much upon the demand and on the strength of
OPEC. OPEC mechanism has been the cause of oil price stability since 1990.
It is likely that with the fall of the dollar, oil could be priced in euro in Europe, and maybe in
the Middle East. But the only way to solve the future energy problem is to have a high energy
price (if producers and consumers recognize that the price has to be the price of the
alternative) in order to oblige consumers to save energy, and it should be easy as in 1979,
since energy is very poorly used for being too cheap. There is no gas meter in Moscow since
heating is included in the rent of a house. Oil consumption represents less than 2% of world
GDP even though oil is the base of present world wealth.
Shell believes that oil demand will fall because oil will be replaced by natural gas = the fuel
of the 21st century.
Sheik Yamani said: "The Stone Age did not end because the world ran out of stones -- and
you can expect the Oil Age to end long before the world runs out of oil." The stone age did
not end because we ran out of stone. It ended because we found better substitute as we moved
through the bronze and iron ages. The problem is that there is no better substitute to oil. Gas is
not really a substitute since there will be shortage of gas in North America before there is an
oil shortage. I can only see nuclear and coal, for renewable will hardly become the base.
Hydrogen presently comes almost exclusively from natural gas. The only real long-term
substitute for oil is synthetic oil coming from coal, nuclear (via hydrogen). Renewables will
only stay only at a minor percentage for a very long time.
Half of the population has a low fertility rate and will disappear, when the other half has a
high rate and is overcrowded, mainly with unoccupied young people.
The present civilisation, in particular the American way of life is based on cheap energy and
on consumption. We live in a culture of growth. But growth cannot stay forever in a limited
world. Growth cannot continue in Europe when population is on the decline. Immigration
cannot solve the decline of western civilisation, when most are refusing to accept its values.
Russian population will decline sharply in 2050, as Italy or Spain. UN data shows an obvious
correlation between fertility rate and woman education.
Figure 90: Fertility rate versus woman education for 152 countries.
Figure 91: oil consumption per capita and fertility rates for 184 countries
The 24 countries with a fertility rate over 6 children per woman (head of the list: Niger,
Yemen, Somalia) have an oil consumption per capita of less than one barrel per year (except
Saudi Arabia). In the long-term if they keep a low consumption, they will represent the
majority of world population, as top consumers will be extinct and the world energy
consumption will fall drastically.
In brief, present fertility behaviour could solve the energy problem in the long term.
The US with 5 % of the world population consumes 25 % of the energy and borrows 75% of
world savings to keep consuming. This trend cannot continue forever and I am more
pessimistic on economy future than on oil. The US growth is measured with GDP, which
represents expenditures and not wealth. Iraq war expenditures increase GDP. US core
inflation is measured excluding food and energy. Economic indicators are as flawed as
reserves. Chinese growth may fall if US economy falls.
For the next decade oil demand will be a bumpy plateau around 80 Mb/d.
Present agriculture, relying mainly on fertilizer, is transforming oil and gas into food. The
world total grain has been culminating for the last 8 years and for the last 4 years consumption
has been higher than production. Grain reserves are declining sharply. Thinking about using
corn to replace oil (via ethanol) seems to be difficult when there will soon be a grain shortage.
Figure 92 World total grain production & consumption
There is not any more frontier area left, now that the deepwater discoveries are already on
Constant growth (as in Business as Usual) is impossible on long-term in a limited earth.
What goes up must come down. Everything on earth will die one day.
Technology cannot change geology and physics of reservoirs.
Technology is necessary to produce faster and cheaper conventional fields, but hardly
increases reserves. Technology is necessary for unconventional fields (Athabasca and
Orinoco), but up to now these fields were not reported as reserves (except by OGJ).
Oil forecasts should be for all liquids, including refinery gains, which depend upon crude
imports and are considered as domestic supply.
Official oil demand forecasts at 120 Mb/d in 2020 or 2030 seem unrealistic.
Oil production has already peaked in 1979 and then declined not because of high oil price, but
because of the belief that oil price will go to 100 $/b in the future, leading to energy savings.
After the counter shock of 1985, many do not want to believe anymore in high price and
Oil is too cheap in percentage of GDP (>2%) compared to its importance in modern life,
which is based on cheap energy.
Energy has to be priced to its real cost (all subsidies should be removed) and taxes should be
imposed to reach the price of real substitute until it occurs. Substitute cost is more than 5
times the oil price.
There is no real substitute for oil except synthetic oil.
Half of the world population, which has a fertility rate of less than replacement and high
woman education, is condemned to disappear if it does not change. The other half, which has
high fertility rate, low woman education and low energy consumption (outside ME producers)
will prevail in the next century. Are they going to follow the behaviour of the first half?
Oil demand will fall with population decline.
For short-term, a bumpy plateau is likely as constraints will come more from demand than
supply. Oil price could vary wildly if OPEC mechanism does not stay.
For long-term, a significant decline in oil production will occur after 2020-2025 if demand is
low, after 2010-2015 if demand is high.
-high-energy price is the only way to solve the coming energy crisis (first with natural gas)
-stop consuming goods and wasting energy
-start saving energy (more insulation, less transports) and change behaviour
Growth has no future on long-term. It is better to start changing our way of life now.
Decline (politically incorrect word) has to be accepted to make room to the next cycle.
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-Hubbert M King, 1969, Energy Resources, pp. 157-242 in Resources and Man, W H Freeman, 1969, Ed. P.
-IEA 2002 "Conference on non-conventional oil Prospects for Increased Production" Calgary Nov. 25-26, CD-
-IHS Stark P.2002 ”Energy supply setting” AAPG Briefing ”Energy and environment: a partnership that works”
Washington D.C. September 23
-IIASA scenarios for IPCC 2000 http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/emission/data/allscen.xls
-Khalimov E.M., 1993, "Classification of oil reserves and resources in the Former Soviet Union” AAPG 77/9
-Khalimov E.M., M.V.Feign 1979 "The principles of classification and oil resources estimation" WPC
Bucharest, Heyden London 1980 p263-268
-Laherrère J.H. 2003 " Modelling future oil production, population and the economy " ASPO Second
International workshop on oil & gas, Paris, May 26-27 http://www.oilcrisis.com/laherrere/aspoParis.pdf
-Laherrère J.H. 2003 "Future of oil supplies" Swiss Institute of technology, Center of Energy Conversion,
Zurich, May 7 http://www.hubbertpeak.com/laherrere/zurich/pdf
-Laherrère J.H. 2001 “Estimates of Oil Reserves ” IIASA International Energy Workshop June 19-21 2001
-Laherrère J.H. 1997 “Future sources of crude oil supply and quality considerations” DRI/McGraw-Hill/IFP
conference “Oil markets over the next two decades: surplus or shortage?” June 12, 10p- 20 fig
-Lynch M. 2001 mail 20 July to Walter Youngquist
-Lynch M. 2001 report DRI-WEFA
-Masters C.D., D. H. Root, and R. M. Turner 1998 “ World Conventional Crude Oil and Natural Gas: Identified
Reserves, Undiscovered Resources and Futures” USGS Open-File Report 98-468
-Masters C.D., E.D.Attanasi & D.Root, 1994, "World petroleum assessment and analysis"; Proc. 14th World
Petroleum Congress, 2 529-542, Stavanger Norway, John Wiley
-MMS 2003 “OCS Estimated oil and Gas reserves Gulf of Mexico, December 31, 2000 “ report 050
-Moody J.D. and Halbouty M. 1979 «World's ultimate reserves of crude oil” World Petroleum Congress
-Pekot L.J. & Gersib G.A. 1987 « Ekofisk » in « Geology of the Norwegian oil and gas fields » Spencer et al
eds; Graham & Trotman p73-87
Petroleum Economist Oct 2002
-Shell Watts Ph 2003 “The critical role of Russia in global gas supply” 26 June
-Sneider R.M., Sneider J.S. 2001 "New oil in old places" AAPG Memoir 74 chap.6, p63-84
-Upstream 18 Oct 2002
-USGS 2000 Schmoker J.W. & Klett T.R « Estimating potential reserve growth of known fields”
-USGS 2000: "World petroleum assessment 2000 –description and results"16th WPC, summary:
http://energy.cr.usgs.gov:8080/energy/WorldEnergy/weppdf/sumworld.xls, 4 CD-ROM: USGS DDS-60,
-WEC 1977 “Perspectives energetiques mondiales- Horizon 2020” Conference mondiale de l’Energie, Editions
Techniques et Economiques, Paris
-Wood J.H. 2000 "Long term world oil supply (a resource base/production path analysis)"
-Wood J.H., G.R. Long & D.F. Morehouse "World conventional oil supply expected to peak in 21st century"
Offshore April 2003 p90, 92, 94, 150
-Zittel W., Schindler J. 2003 “the imminent peak of oil production” Nov.7, Berlin
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more on Nov 29, 2011
UN General Assembly Resolution 181
November 29, 1947
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 called for the partition of the British-ruled Palestine Mandate into a Jewish state and an Arab state. It was approved on November 29, 1947 with 33 votes in favor, 13 against, 10 abstentions and one absent.
It will be the 64th Anniversary on Nov 29, 2011 from Nov 29, 1947. And i believe in this date Israel will start animal sacrifices again.
2012 - 65th
2013 - 66th
2014 - 67th
2015 - 68th
2016 - 69th
2017 - 70th Anniversary and a 70 year Generation doesn't pass, its under the 71st anniversary when it reaches Nisan 1 2018.
Daniel 8:13-14 (King James Version)
13 How long shall be the vision concerning the ( start of the ) daily sacrifice, and the transgression of desolation, to give both the sanctuary and the host to be trodden under foot ( until the End of Tribulation )?
14And he said unto me, Unto two thousand and three hundred days ( 2300 days ); then shall the sanctuary be cleansed.
This is how I see this, from the start of the daily sacrifice until the end of tribulation we count 2300 days.
Lets assume Nisan 1, 2018 is the end date of tribulation, so we minus 2300 days from this date back to see when the daily sacrifices starts again.
If the priests sacrifices 2 lambs in the temple daily starting on November 29, 2011 ( 5771 )Kislev 3, until the AC stops the sacrifices on Tishri 10/11, 2014 (5774) after he takes away the daily sacrifice he has 42 months Rev 13:5, then he claims to be god ending on Nisan 1 2018 ( 5778 ].
Nov 29, 2011 + 2300 days = March 17, 2018 Nisan 1
what else happened in Nisan 1
Exodus 40:2 On the first day of the first month shalt thou set up the tabernacle of the tent of the congregation.
Ezekiel 45:18 (King James Version)
Thus saith the Lord GOD; In the first month, in the first day of the month, thou shalt take a young bullock without blemish, and cleanse the sanctuary:
Genesis 8:13 (King James Version)
And it came to pass in the six hundredth and first year, in the first month, the first day of the month, the waters were dried up from off the earth: and Noah removed the covering of the ark, and looked, and, behold, the face of the ground was dry.
From Nissan 1 to Adar 29 is One Jewish year
April 5, 2011 to March 23, 2012 is the year 2011 ( 5771 ) start of Tribulation
March 24, 2012 to March 11, 2013 is the year 2012
March 12, 2013 to March 31, 2014 is the year 2013
April 1, 2014 to March 20, 1015 is the year 2014 Animal Sacrifice stoped Mid Tribulation
March 21, 2015 to April 8, 2016 is the year 2015
April 9, 2016 to March 27, 2017 is the year 2016
March 28, 2017 to March 16, 2018 is the year 2017
March 17, 2018 is Nissan 1 first day of the year 2018 ( 5778 ) Millennium Reign begins?
So i expect the Rapture on April 23/24 and for the animal sacrifices to start on November 29, 2011 and the end of the 7 year Tribulation of 2520 days to End on March 17, 2018 Nisan 1.
In Jerusalem the Rapture i believe will be from April 23rd Sunset which is at 7:13pm to April 24th at 7:14pm this is their Sunday the day Jesus was raised from tomb.
This is the Time Frame i hope the church is taken in the Rapture the Day of Light.
I will be going by New York Time so for me i expect the Day of Light to be from Saturday April 23, 2011 at 12:13pm to Sunday April 24th 12:14pm.
April 23/24, 2011 + 1260 days = October 4/5, 2014 Tishri 10/11 around four days away from a Red Blood Moon and Sukkot. And from
Oct 4/5, 2014 + 1260 days = March 17/18, 2018 Nissan 1/2 for a total tribulation period of 2520 days
and ending hopefuly before or in the new year 2018 - 5778 Nisan 1 March 17, 2018 to start the Millennium Reign..
what happens after the rapture?
Amos 8:3 (King James Version)
And the songs of the temple ( church ) shall be howlings in that day ( because of the rapture ), saith the Lord GOD: there shall be many dead bodies in every place; they shall cast them forth with silence.
When the rapture accours theres going to be provably a Global earthquake which will wound many heads in the world.
Psalm 110:6 (King James Version)
He shall judge among the heathen, he shall fill the places with the dead bodies; he shall wound the heads over many countries.
Which temple the Jewish or Christian Temple ( Church ), Saturday or Sunday ?
Matthew 24:36-42 (King James Version)
36But of that day and hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels of heaven, but my Father only.
42Watch therefore: for ye know not what hour your Lord doth come.
On Either April 23/24, 2011 no one will know the day and hour, but if we go into Sunday April 24th we wont know only the Hour, just a thought.
Blessings Raul D
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At a Glance - Portion of the Whole
A percent is secretly just a fraction where the denominator is 100. However, we can also think of a percent as telling how much a part is of the whole. For example, if 75% of all charts used to demonstrate percents are in the form of pie charts, you could demonstrate that by filling in 3/4 of a pie chart. Ooh, we hope that doesn't skew our data.
To figure out what percent a is of b, write the fraction a/b and convert it into a decimal. Then change the decimal to a percent.
What percent is 6 of 24?
6/24 = 1/4 = 0.25 = 25%
So if you watch Mad Men for 6 hours, that's 25% of your day you've spent watching TV. Oof.
The question could also be phrased, "What percent of 24 is 6?" The number after the word "of" is the whole, and the other number is the part. Don't always assume the bigger number is the whole, however. You might also be asked, "what percent of 6 is 24?" The answer to that one would be 400%. Which is definitely too much television.
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Hazlitt’s portrait of Charles Lamb (1804) in The National Portrait Gallery
Charles Lamb, one of the great English essayists, was a child of London, the city that would inspire his best work. Born on Crown Office Row in 1775, he grew up in and around the Inner Temple and was educated at Christ’s Hospital in Newgate Street. He spent thirty-three years working as a clerk in the East India House on Leadenhall Street, writing poems, plays, and essays in his precious spare time. Renowned for his warm sense of humour and legendary social gatherings, he lived at the very heart of the literary scene of his day. His life, however, was often troubled by drink, depression, and tragedy. In 1796 his sister, Mary, stabbed their mother to death in a bout of insanity. Charles spent the rest of his life caring for his sister, foregoing marriage to ensure that she would not have to be confined indefinitely to an asylum. But their relationship was remarkably fruitful; they worked together on numerous literary projects and, in 1807, they published Tales from Shakespeare, a work that has never been out of print since. Charles died in 1834 and Mary in 1847. They lie in a shared grave in All Saint’s churchyard in Edmonton.
The Charles Lamb Society was founded in 1935 following the centenary of Lamb’s death. It aims to promote a wider and deeper understanding of the life and times of Charles and Mary Lamb. Each year we hold a series of events in London that try to preserve the spirit of Elian friendliness and good humour. New members are very welcome to join us. Please explore the site to find out more.
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Though we can’t go into all the technical rules of ikebana here, (and I don’t adhere to them myself), I do want to inspire you to look at flowers with a discerning eye, to find unusual lines in an arrangement, and to develop a sense of poetic importance. It is the beauty of a moment, or the perfection of a natural scene, that should be captured in ikebana, the same way those things could be captured in a haiku.
Ikebana is known as the art of Japanese flower arranging, but the word literally means the arrangement of plant materials. This means the artist is not limited only to the showy and colorful blooms of traditional Western florists.
Monks from ancient times offered flowers at temples, and just as bonsai developed as a discipline, ikebana has also evolved. There are many styles, but the two most commonly seen are moribana and nageire. Moribana means “piled up,” and this style is presented in low, shallow containers. Nageire arrangements, translated as “thrown in,” are made in tall vases. One basic premise of ikebana is the idea that the arrangement symbolizes heaven, mankind, and earth, each of which is represented by different elements in the arrangement.
Many rules govern the schools of ikebana, dictating the height of stems, types of containers, and even the angles at which stems can be placed. These rules are important, but even the novice can benefit from working with plants and flowers in the ikebana style.
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A new platform for regulating the expression of therapeutic genes, which will have major implications for gene and cell therapy, was presented today at the 10th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Gene Therapy (ASGT) in Seattle.
Carefully regulating gene expression is crucial to the success of gene and cell therapy. For many applications, gene transfer is being employed to engineer cells for therapeutic factor production, expansion, selection of a desired cell type and even fail-safe suicide. These applications often require precise regulation in order to ensure gene expression in the correct tissue and prevent it in unwanted cell types.
Now, a team of scientists led by Dr. Luigi Naldini at the San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET) in Milan have developed a new platform. Dr. Naldini and colleagues provided a striking demonstration that their new design can enable delivered genes to become highly responsive to a cells identity. This is particularly relevant for the emerging field of stem cell gene therapy, in which genes are delivered into a cell that can give rise to many distinct cell types.
To achieve their goal, the TIGET scientists came up with a strategy to take advantage of a recently discovered network of gene regulation mediated by small RNA molecules, known as microRNA.
MicroRNAs downregulate the expression of specific genes in cells where the gene is not needed, and thereby have an important influence over the identity of the cell. More than 350 mammalian microRNAs have been identified, with many being present only in some specific tissues and cell types.
Dr. Naldinis group showed that the addition of microRNA binding sites into their gene delivery vectors results in gene regulation dictated by the cells own cognate microRNA. Simply put, they could engineer their gene to be turned off in cells where the microRNA is present. As a proof-of-principle, the resea
rchers used a lentiviral vector to introduce a gene encoding a fluorescent protein into human embryonic stem cells. Their gene contained target sites for a microRNA specific of neuronal cells. While undifferentiated, the embryonic stem cells expressed high levels of the fluorescent gene, however, as soon as the cells turned into neurons, the engineered gene was turned off in response to the presence of the microRNA in the neurons. So versatile is their approach, that they could even demonstrate the reverse. By changing the microRNA binding site in their vector to one recognized by an embryonic stem cell-specific microRNA, their vector was kept off in immature embryonic stem cells, but began to express itself as the cell turned into more defined tissues. This new platform now provides a means for scientists to achieve highly tailored gene expression patterns when delivering recombinant genetic material into cells.
We had been looking for ways to regulate transgenes better, when it hit us, nature had already solved the problem for us, says Dr. Brian Brown, one of the studies authors. Now, we can utilize a cells own regulatory network to control a gene we introduce.
Dr. Naldinis group has already begun to successfully exploit microRNA regulation for achieving stable long-term correction of hemophilia in the mouse model and for improving the safety of hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy.
The American Society of Gene Therapy is a professional non-profit medical and scientific organization dedicated to the understanding, development and application of gene and related cell and nucleic acid therapies and the promotion of professional and public education in the field.
Related medicine news :1
. Lovers Latest Hang Outs – Railway Platform2
. Substance P May Pre-empt VIP in Regulating Temperature3
. Controlled Gene Expressions Can Cure Many Diseases4
. Genetic Expressions Can Influence The Process Of Aging5
. Non-Coding RNA Vital For Gene Activation And Protein Expression6
. Protein Expression to Serve as Marker for Head and Neck Cancer7
. Innocent Expression of Compassion, Children Draw For HIV kids8
. New Diagnostic Tool Uncovered Gene Expression Patterns in Recessive Genetic Disorders9
. Facial Expressions are Inherited: Study10
. Telomerase Expression Linked To Body Mass11
. How Blood Flow Dictates Gene Expression
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Professor Bill Durham led the expedition, his 34th to the islands that have served as a focal point for his research in ecological and evolutionary anthropology, conservation and community development and resource management.
Tensions between conservation and development in the Galapagos Islands were explored by three dozen students and affiliates of Stanford’s Master of Liberal Arts Program in a summer study adventure to the archipelago. Professor Bill Durham led the expedition, his 34th to the islands that have served as a focal point for his research in ecological and evolutionary anthropology, conservation, and community development and resource management. In nine stops over six days, the group witnessed how the Galapagos Islands have been heavily impacted by humans and analyzed efforts under way to both preserve and restore endangered flora and fauna.
The Stanford MLA group learned about efforts by the Galapagos National Park and the Ecuadoran government to curtail population growth, manage tourist visitation and repopulate endangered species in visits to locales that included the Cerro Colorado Tortoise Reserve and Breeding Center on San Cristobal Island, the Charles Darwin Research Station on Santa Cruz Island and Punta Suarez on Española Island—where they witnessed the peak breeding activity of the rare waved albatross.
Throughout the intellectual journey, Durham conducted lectures on evolutionary issues and current conservation strategies in Galapagos. He noted that while Darwin’s finches are well known for their beak adaptations, Darwin was actually more interested in the variation among Galapagos mockingbirds. As with most Galapagos species, the mockingbirds vary by island in their beak and wing configurations that adapted to available food sources.
Durham’s favorite island flora is a daisy variety, Scalesia, endemic only to the Galapagos and thus evolved to become a tree as tall as 15 meters. It has evolved through adaptive radiation and is found in 15 different species at various climates and elevations on the islands. As with many island plants, Scalesia is threatened by development and invasive plant species. Durham noted that on many islands, almost all of the visible vegetation is non-native.
Travel for the group was dictated and restricted by the Galapagos National Park, which has implemented new measures within the past year to limit visitation to key sites. At each location, a park guide accompanied every 12 people to minimize impact to wildlife, the majority of which still has not developed a fear of people. Boats and ships, the only way to travel between the islands that dot the ocean over hundreds of miles, cannot visit any location twice within two weeks, limiting itineraries. Only about 2,000 tourists at a time can be present on the islands, and curbs have been instated for permanent inhabitants—marriage and birth are the only paths to official residency.
Prior to the expedition, students had enrolled in Durham’s small MLA seminars, Conservation and Development Issues in Latin America: Galapagos as a Microcosm and Evolution and Conservation in Galapagos, and had read extensively from published research on conservation and writings on evolution.
The map below shows the order in which the MLA group visited the islands. To read about their experience, either scroll down, use the top navigation, or click on the different islands on the map below.
From the air, San Cristobal appears uninhabited and arid, with lava fields and desert vegetation. But the island is home to Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, the capital of the Galapagos Province of Ecuador—a port town of 5,600 people with an airstrip for one 737 jet per day from the mainland city of Guayaquil. Puerto Baquerizo Moreno supports jobs in fishing, farming, government and tourism in a handful of rustic hotels, restaurants, bars and gift shops. Galapagos sea lions roam the streets, lounge on park benches and overtake roads and piers in areas of their original habitat now paved over. The Stanford MLA group visited the Cerro Colorado Tortoise Reserve in the densely forested highlands, where conservationists are incubating and hatching eggs to repopulate the rare San Cristobal giant tortoise, which has been in danger of extinction.
At the easternmost point of the Galapagos Islands, Durham led the MLA group up a steep canyon to view red-footed boobies along the cliffs. Scalesia, the daisy adapted into more than a dozen species in Galapagos, grew in large shrubs. In stark contrast to the bustling port town more than 50 miles away on the other side of the island, Punta Pitt was remote and showed little sign of human impact. As at all beaches, Galapagos sea lions were prolific and declined to move out of the path of visitors. The beach required a “wet landing” via pangas from the M/V Santa Cruz, the expedition ship.
A lava plateau makes up the bulk of this relatively small, uninhabited island, which is home to a particularly large and rare species of land iguana. While the terrestrial landscape was desolate, filled with cactus and succulents, a protected ocean cove was bustling with local fishing boats. Blasting radios and stereos from the boats could be heard underwater, where white fin sharks, sea turtles and seals had no fear of snorkelers. Fishing is banned near shore, but there are few resources to police poaching.
A narrow rocky outcropping not far from the shore of Santa Cruz Island, Plaza Sur teems with wildlife. The trail cutting across the landscape is well worn by tourists. Fearless animals make clear the reason for National Park guides to accompany every group—it would be easy to harass a marine iguana or sea lion, as they don’t move off the trail for people. New rules limit crowds at any location—only one large boat can arrive between 6 a.m. and noon, and only one between noon and 6 p.m. No boat can visit the same location twice in two weeks. Camping on islands is also barred.
The Stanford group was surprised to see Puerto Ayora is more bustling city than small town, filled with buses, trucks, motorcycles, businesses of every type, and apartment buildings five and six stories high. There is a debate over how many people actually live here: 30,000? 50,000? Until very recently, Ecuadorans flocked here from the mainland seeking tourist jobs and dollars. To curb the boom, new rules require someone to be born on the islands, or to marry, in order to become a permanent resident. Nothing in the Santa Cruz landscape has escaped human impact: cats, dogs and chickens roam the countryside; giant tortoises are seen along the side of the road and in fields with cattle. Most vegetation is non-native. But here, the Charles Darwin Research Station is successfully breeding tortoises to repopulate all of the other islands with their native species.
Española is the southernmost of the Galapagos Islands, uninhabited by people, and a rich breeding ground for rare sea birds. The massive waved albatross breeds only atop the rocky bluffs at Punta Suarez. The Stanford MLA group witnessed albatross parents teaching a newly hatched chick to feed, as well as courtship dances by blue-footed boobies. In an on-ship lecture, Durham explained that the critically endangered waved albatross is in steep decline—the birds get hooked by longline fishing in their feeding grounds off South America. Fishermen use metallic streamers to ward off birds above water, but the albatross dive deep to eat fish already snagged.
On his 34th trip to the archipelago, Durham saw something he’d never seen before: sea turtles surfing the waves off the point at Gardner Bay. With little evidence of human impact, the waters of the bay are clear and pristine and home to many white-tipped sharks. The Stanford group observed the Española mockingbird, one of the largest of the mockingbird species observed by Darwin, with a long, curved beak; the Española lava lizard; and the red-colored Española marine iguana. The last stop for the Stanford MLA tour, Española is a 12-hour boat ride from the departure airport at Baltra Island.
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On the Tip of My Tongue
Word Retrieval: What It Is and How It Can Be Improved
By: Valerie Johnston, MS, CCC-SLP
Word retrieval, or word finding, is the ability to recall words that are already known and stored in long-term memory. In order to retrieve a word from long-term memory several things have to occur almost simultaneously. First, the concept that matches the idea to be expressed must be selected from storage. Next, the word for this concept must be retrieved from long-term memory. And, finally, the word must be spoken.
There are several factors that affect the ability to retrieve words and concepts from long-term memory. How well the words are organized and stored in memory and the efficiency of the retrieval mechanism both affect the ability to recall a particular word. In addition, mental, physical and emotional states influence the ability to recall words.
Amazingly, word retrieval occurs very rapidly and efficiently in most speakers. However, many children and adults with language disorders have difficulty with this aspect of language. Some common behaviors that are signs of word retrieval difficulties include using vague words (stuff, thing, etc.), describing or giving the function of the word, and repeating words or phrases when relating an experience. For a more complete list of behaviors that are indicative of word finding difficulties go to Word Finding Checklist.
Strategies that Help Word Retrieval:
There are many things that can be done to improve word retrieval skills. The techniques that are used are divided into two major groups:
· Strategies that assist organization and storage
· Strategies that assist retrieval
When a word retrieval problem occurs in a child, parents are an important part of providing practice on these strategies. As you work with your child, remember that the overall goal is to help him retrieve words that he knows, not to develop vocabulary by teaching new words. Since all children are different, you will need to adapt the tasks to suit the ability level of your child. A high level of success will encourage cooperation, motivation and self-confidence.
Strategies that Assist Organization and Storage:
Organizing words by common features and expanding the number of features known about each individual word strengthens the accuracy and rapidity of word recall. The following strategies use these principles and can be used with your child to improve his word finding abilities both informally as you go about your daily routines and in structured activities.
The ability to categorize assists word recall by organizing words into groups based on shared characteristics. Many of the activities that follow require your child to list things that belong in specific categories. For example, you might ask your child to name things that fly, bugs, fruits, musical instruments, etc.
As an alternative activity, you can present a set of pictures and have your child name them. After he names them have him group them into appropriate categories. Have him explain why he grouped them the way he did. Encourage flexibility of thinking by finding multiple ways to classify, or group, the same set of objects. For example, if you have a bird, a turtle, a fish, a rowboat, a canoe, an airplane and a helicopter, they can be grouped in several different ways (things that fly, things that go in the water, animals, and vehicles). After grouping them one way, encourage your child to talk about different ways the items could be grouped and explain why the items go together.
More Activities to Develop Categorization (adapted from Bowen, 1998):
· Play word-classification games – Have your child think of as many items in a category as he can. Some suggestions for categories to use follow:
movies types of cars
vehicles things with wheels
things made of wood things that smell
· Play "name the category" – “red, blue, green, orange and pink are all ...", "lions, tigers, monkeys and elephants are all ...”
· Play "pick the word that does not belong" – “Which one is doesn’t go with the others: cat, dog, tree, mouse?” Have your child explain the reason for his choice.
· Play "which two words go together?" – “watch, pig, nail, clock". Again, have your child explain the reason for his choice.
This strategy facilitates word recall by helping your child identify important features, or attributes, of words. There are many attributes that can be used to describe words. Some of these include color, size, shape, and parts (visual aspects), where you typically find the object (location), what the object does, or what you can do with it (function), what the object is made of (composition), and things that are associated with the object (associations).
One way to help your child learn how to use this strategy is to give him practice describing specific items. For example, for bird, your child might say, “It has feathers and wings. It flies. It lives in a nest and eats bugs and worms.”
You can easily turn this into a fun activity by playing a guessing game in which you describe an object and your child guesses and then your child describes an object and you guess. You might need to have pictures available to help your child think of something to describe. If you use pictures, have your child turn the picture face down before he begins to describe it. Also, make sure your child gives clues from a wide variety of features, not just the same ones over and over.
More Activities to Develop Word Association (adapted from Bowen, 1998):
· Play sentence completion games – “A house is a place to live. An office is a place to ...", "A nursery is a place to buy plants. A Post Office
is a place to buy ..."
· Play games involving synonyms – “Can you think of another word that means big?" "Can you tell me another word for smart?"
· Play games that require changing of one part of speech to another:
Today I am riding, yesterday I ... (rode)
Yesterday I rode, tomorrow I will ... (ride)
· Play word-association games – “pilot goes with... (plane, airport, etc.)”, “ship goes with... (sailor, anchor, etc.)” Accept any reasonable response.
· Play games that involve similarities – “How are a sheep and a cow the same/alike?" "A train and a plane are both..."
· Play games that involve antonyms:
a. Sentence completion activities – “The opposite of hot is ..."
b. Question-and-answer format – “What is the opposite of hot?"
c. Confrontation naming tasks – use pictures of opposites and have your child name them as rapidly as he can (hot/cold, wet/dry, big/little, fast/slow, deep/shallow, apart/together)
d. Say a sentence and have your child say the same sentence using the opposite of the word you used:
Adult: I live in a little house. Child: I live in a big house.
Adult: I love cauliflower. Child: I hate cauliflower.
Adult: I broke the ladder. Child: I fixed the ladder.
Adult: My car is old. Child: My car is new.
· Play word games that involve differences – “What is different about a bird and a plane?"
· Play "What comes next?" – “Monday Tuesday Wednesday ...”, “Twinkle, twinkle little ...”
· Play guessing games – “I’m thinking of something in this room that makes toast. What is it?” When doing this, use a wide variety of attributes, or features, for your hints.
· Play 20 questions – “I’m thinking of an animal.” Have your child ask questions such as: “Is it big? Is it brown? Does it live in the jungle?” Encourage him to ask questions from a wide variety of attributes (color, function, location, etc.).
Strategies that Assist Retrieval:
After your child has tried unsuccessfully to find a word, presenting retrieval cues may help. The following types of cues can be practiced in structured activities and then used to facilitate recall and retrieval from long-term memory.
Phonetic (Sound) Cues:
· Say the beginning sound (not the letter name) of the intended word – say “m” to elicit the word "man"
· Say the beginning syllables of an intended word that has more than one syllable – say "hippo" to elicit the word "hippopotamus"
· Give a rhyming word cue – say "It rhymes with sing" to facilitate the recall of "ring"
· Show the position of the articulators for the beginning sound of the intended word – purse the lips for the “sh” sound to elicit the word "shoe"
Associative-Semantic (Meaning) Class Cues:
· Use antonyms to facilitate retrieval of their direct opposites – say "The opposite of day is …” to elicit "night"
· Use synonyms as cue words – say "Another word for lady is …” to elicit the word "woman"
· Use an associated word which belongs to the same category – say "Bread and …” to elicit the word "butter"
· Use the name of a category – say “It's a building," "It's a fruit," or "It's an insect" to elicit the target word
· State a function of the word – say "You eat it for dinner" or “You can use it to fix things" to elicit the target word
· Use serial cueing – recite part of a well-established series such as "Tuesday, Wednesday …" to elicit "Thursday”
· Use sentence completion with a well-known and established sentence pattern – say "We decorated the …" to elicit target words such as "cake" or "tree"
· Use a nursery rhyme completion – say “Jack and Jill went up the …" to elicit the word "hill"
· Present a metaphor or a simile – say "as white as …" to elicit the word "snow”
· Use proverb cueing – say "All that glitters is not …" to elicit "gold"
· Sing or hum a well-known tune to elicit a specific word, number, or letter. For example, hum the alphabet song through the letter “f” to elicit “g”.
· Tap the syllabic stress pattern of a polysyllabic word. For example, tap __ __ ______ __ __ to elicit the word "hippopotamus".
· Provide multiple choices for cueing – say "Is it a house, a tree, or a chair?" to elicit the word "tree". Have the word your child is trying to retrieve in the middle of these choices.
Ways to Help your Child Retrieve Words in his Everyday Life:
There are many ways to help your child retrieve words in his everyday life. Above all, give your child time to think, but not so long that he is struggling to find the word. Rather than letting him persist unsuccessfully, give him cues to assist retrieval or tell him the answer. Go on with your conversation or activity, but try to come back to the difficult word again.
When providing cues for your child, use a minimum of visual cues at first. If the word to be retrieved does not come easily, provide an auditory cue (say the first sound or syllable of the word) or a verbal clue ("it rhymes with..."). If auditory cues are not working provide more scaffolding with written sounds or words, and pictures.
More Ways to Help Your Child Retrieve Words in Daily Routines (adapted from Bowen, 1998):
· Use a slower rate of speaking. This encourages your child to speak more slowly, which makes it easier for him to retrieve words.
· Avoid interrupting and filling in the word. This could contribute to increased frustration.
· Help to reduce your child's frustration with communication attempts by:
a. Asking association producing questions – “Is it something you eat?" "Is it yellow?" "Do you eat it for breakfast?"
b. Giving choices with the sought after word embedded in the middle – "Do you want chicken, an egg or a hot dog?"
c. Accepting strategies your child is already using. For example, giving functional descriptions for words which are not readily retrieved. If your child says, "It's something you write with", you could say, “Yes, you're right. You write with a pencil." This response accepts his use of the strategy and also provides the target word.
· Talk a lot about words and their attributes (size, shape, function, place, taste, category, etc.)
· Talk about words and word-meanings. As natural opportunities arise talk about such topics as "Why is Big Bird called Big Bird?" Talk about people being named after other people. Talk about why certain names might have been chosen for pets and TV characters (Cookie Monster, Rugrats, Inspector Gadget, Uncle Scrooge, The Fat Controller, etc). Try to work these conversations in around topics of genuine interest to the child.
· Read, read, read, and read! Here are some suggestions:
Books by Dr Seuss
Books that rhyme, including silly rhymes
Books about opposites
Books about word classification (vehicles, tools, occupations, etc.)
Books about animals and their young – talk about the names for animals' offspring (horses have foals, cows have calves, etc.), and the
correct names for some common animals according to gender (horse: mare, stallion, filly, colt)
Books about names
Books that contain high repetition of the same word
Books that tell a story
Books that have riddles and jokes
· Incorporate sentence completion tasks into story reading. When you read with your child, leave out words for him to fill in. These words should be obvious from the context of what you are reading.
· Talk with your child about his difficulty in a low key accepting way. "It's okay if you can’t think of it. Sometimes I can't remember names."
· Play games which exercise word storage and retrieval skills (see previous sections for some suggestions).
· Build your child's vocabulary. The more alternatives he has the less frustrated he will be when he cannot retrieve a specific word.
Word retrieval abilities can be improved with use of the above strategies. Some of the strategies will be more successful than others for your child. Each child is different, so watch carefully as you work with him and observe which strategies seem to help him the most. Then focus your attention on developing these strategies.
If you are in a situation with your child and he is having difficulty retrieving a word, try using some of the strategies that work for him as cues before supplying the word. This will help him learn how to use the strategies to cue himself, which is the end goal. If your child does not automatically begin to cue himself with the strategies, encourage him to use them by asking, “What can you do to get to the word you want to say? What strategies/cues can you use?”
Teach your child to be his own advocate. He needs to let his listeners know that he knows the word, but just can’t retrieve it at the moment. This means that instead of saying “I don’t know”, he should something like, “I know what it is, I just can’t remember the word for it.” He might even go on to tell some of the things he knows about the word. Doing this also helps your child continue to the search for the word. Once a person says “I don’t know” the use of all strategies stops. This is okay sometimes, but in order to develop improved word retrieval, the strategies that are effective for your child need to be practiced many times.
A child’s word retrieval difficulties can be very frustrating for parents, too. Try to hide your frustration from your child as much as possible. Talk with him in a matter-of-fact way about his difficulty with word retrieval and help him learn how to deal with it effectively. Parents set the stage for how children feel about themselves and their problems. If you are low-key and accepting of the problem, they usually will be, too.
For more information on word retrieval difficulties visit these websites:
Bowen, C. (1998). Stuck for words? Word retrieval activities for children. Retrieved from http://www.speech-language-therapy.com/wordretrieval.html on 9-24-10.
Hill, D. (1995). Seminar on Word Retrieval Disorders. Northwestern University.
Krassowski, E. (2001). Word Joggers: Exercises for Semantics and Word Retrieval. Thinking Publications.
Williamson, G. and Shields, S. (1999). Rocky’s Mountain: A Word-Finding Game. LinguiSystems.
If you have questions or need more information you can contact me at:
Speech & Language Center, Inc.
Fort Worth, TX
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By Dr. Mercola
More than 80,000 chemicals are put into American household products, food, and food packaging each year, essentially without safety testing, generating more than $763 billion in profits for the chemical industry.
More than 10,000 chemical additives with questionable safety, as most have never been tested in humans, are allowed in food and food packaging alone.
Strong scientific evidence exists that exposure to these chemicals is contributing to cancer, reproductive abnormalities, early puberty1,2,3 and a host of other endocrine, neurological, and metabolic problems.
Many industrial chemicals have been found to accumulate in the environment and in the human body. This can have significant generational effects, as everything an expectant mother takes into her body can potentially get passed along to her developing child.
There is convincing research showing prenatal exposure to certain industrial chemicals can lead to abnormal fetal development, diminished intelligence, behavior problems, infertility, abnormal sexual maturation, metabolic dysfunction, and cancers later in life.
What little safety testing is done is typically done on chemicals in isolation. Mounting research reveals this is a major mistake, as when many chemicals are used together, their toxicity can increase exponentially.
Chemicals in Combination Can Amplify Each Other’s Effects
One recent assessment4 by the National Food Institute at the Technical University of Denmark found that even small amounts of chemicals can amplify each other’s adverse effects when combined.
As reported by the Institute:
“A recently completed, four-year research project on cocktail effects in foods... has established that when two or more chemicals appear together, they often have an additive effect.
This means that cocktail effects can be predicted based on information from single chemicals, but also that small amounts of chemicals when present together can have significant negative effects.”
Even Non-Carcinogenic Chemicals Can Act in Concert to Produce Cancer
It’s thought that one in five cancers may be caused by exposure to environmental chemicals, and according to a recent study5 published in the journal Carcinogenesis, this includes chemicals deemed “safe” on their own.
As reported by The Guardian:6
“The taskforce of 174 scientists in 28 countries investigated 85 prototypic chemicals that were not considered to be carcinogenic to humans, and they reviewed their effects against a long list of mechanisms that are important for cancer development.
Working in teams that focused on various hallmarks of cancer, the group found that 50 of those chemicals examined supported key cancer-related mechanisms at levels at which humans are routinely exposed.
The finding supports the idea that chemicals may be capable of acting in concert with one another to cause cancer, even though low-level exposures to these chemicals individually might not be carcinogenic.
Lead researcher William Goodson III, from San Francisco’s California Pacific Medical Center, said his results show one-at-a-time testing is out of date and must be modernized.” [Emphasis mine]
Basically, the analysis found that by acting on various pathways, organs and organ systems, cells and tissues, the cumulative effects of non-carcinogenic chemicals can act in concert to synergistically produce carcinogenic activity, turning conventional testing for carcinogens on its ear.
Lead author Dr. William Goodson told Michigan Radio:7
“[W]hat we’re realizing, and what this group spent several days talking about, was that there’s reason to think that it doesn’t take one chemical to take it all the way from normal to cancer.
One chemical can take it part way, another chemical will take it another portion of the way, and maybe a second, third, or fourth chemical will take it all the way.”
Another Chemical Route to Cancer: Genome Instability
A second study8 published in the same journal suggests that exposure to chemicals at low doses may promote carcinogenesis by inducing genome instability, i.e. by enhancing the genome’s tendency to mutate.
According to the authors:
“This review raises the hypothesis that in addition to known human carcinogens, exposure to low dose of other chemicals present in our modern society could contribute to carcinogenesis by indirectly affecting genome stability...
The purpose of this review is to describe the crucial aspects of genome instability, to outline the ways in which environmental chemicals can affect this cancer hallmark and to identify candidate chemicals for further study.
The overall aim is to make scientists aware of the increasing need to unravel the underlying mechanisms via which chemicals at low doses can induce genome instability and thus promote carcinogenesis.”
Chemicals selected for this study that, indirectly, may contribute to cancer-generating genome instability include:
||Pathway or Mechanism of Effect on Genome Stability
| Heavy metals
||DNA repair, epigenetic modification, DNA damage signaling, telomere length
||DNA repair, chromosome segregation
||Epigenetic modification, DNA damage signaling, mitochondrial function, chromosome segregation
||Epigenetic pathways, mitochondrial function, chromosome segregation, telomere length
The 12 Worst Hormone Disrupting Chemicals
Considering the tens of thousands of chemicals we’re exposed to in our everyday living, it’s simply not possible to review the potential effects of them all. Some do stand out above others though, in terms of what we already know.
For example, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) alter the normal function of your hormones, which can have far-reaching health effects. A hormone’s job is to interact with the cells in your body, sending signals that instruct them to perform certain tasks, and EDCs interfere with this communication process.
These chemicals are widely used not only in household products such as plastics, but also in cosmetics and personal care products. In 2013, the Environmental Working Group9 identified 12 of the most troublesome hormone wreckers. Surprisingly, along with some very well-known EDCs, the review also identified several you might not normally associate with hormone disruption, such as lead, mercury, and arsenic.
While these are notorious for other harmful health effects, hormone disruption is not typically discussed in relation to them. The EWG's "dirty dozen" list for the 12 worst endocrine disruptors are outlined in the following table. I've written about many of these in prior articles, so for more information about any particular one, please follow the links.
Phthalates and PFCs Are Lowering Men’s Sperm Count
Infertility is on the rise and phthalates, found in all sorts of plastic products, from shower curtains to car dashboards, may be to blame. Phthalates make the plastic soft and pliable, and the softer the plastic, the more of these chemicals it typically contains, with some concentrations reaching as high as 50 percent. As reported by the Daily Star:10
“Reproduction researchers said chemicals found in the everyday plastics are ruining men's chances of having a family. Alarming figures reveal that just one in four men young men are producing "good" quality sperm, and the average volume has declined by a quarter since the 1940s.” [Emphasis mine]. One of the reasons for this is related to the fact that phthalates inhibit testosterone production.
While men are exposed to this plastic chemical throughout their lives, the exposure typically begins in utero, and when testosterone production is reduced during gestation, a male child will tend to have naturally lower sperm count. Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) that make non-stick pans have also been found to reduce the quality of sperm. According to lead researcher Niels Jorgensen, a consultant at the Department of Growth and Reproduction at Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen, Denmark, his study raises significant cause for concern.
Assessing the sperm quality of nearly 5,000 Danish men over the course of 15 years, he found that only 25 percent of men had good quality sperm. Fifteen percent had sperm of such poor quality they will likely need fertility help should they decide to have children. The remainder had lower than normal quality sperm, and at least 27 percent of men can expect reproductive delays.
Three recent articles11 in the June 2015 issue of Chemical & Engineering News examine the current state of phthalates, including proposed restrictions on their use in large-volume applications, and possible replacement chemicals. Unfortunately, many of the replacements are still within the phthalate family of chemicals, and while they may appear to have a less hazardous profile, this really does not address the problem---it simply masks it for a while.
A perfect example of this is bisphenol-A (BPA), which many manufacturers have simply replaced with bisphenol-S (BPS). Lo and behold, BPS has many of the same health effects as BPA, and appears to be just as hazardous. This is why I changed my recommendation to look for BPA-free plastics, as such labels may be completely meaningless in terms of safety.
Antimony and Other Toxic Flame Retardants Need Tougher Regulation
Fire retardants are another group of chemicals you’re likely coming into contact with on a daily basis, and they’ve been linked to a long list of health hazards, including infertility, birth defects, neurodevelopmental delays, reduced IQ, behavioral problems, hormone disruptions, and cancer. In fact, flame retardant chemicals have been identified as one of 17 high priority chemical groups that should be avoided to reduce breast cancer.12,13
Furnishings, carpeting, mattresses, and electronics are prime sources of flame retardants, as are numerous baby items and clothing. Antimony is a natural metalloid used as a flame retardant in fabrics and plastics, including items for young children. And while human cancer studies on antimony have been inconclusive, animal studies have linked inhalation exposure to lung tumors. As reported by The Guardian:14
“‘The [Environmental Working Group] EWG believes it is time to push the government to deliver. “We need a strong federal program that provides [Environmental Protection Agency] EPA with the adequate resources that ensures chemicals are safe, quickly reviews the most dangerous chemicals, sets tough deadlines and preserves the role for the states,’ said [EWG’s government affairs director, Christine] Hill... The EWG believes the US government should take a more active role in protecting consumers from toxins such as antimony.”
Chemical Lobby Seeking Protection by Gutting Chemical Regulations
On June 23, the House of Representatives passed the Vitter-Udall bill, which updates the 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act.15 A companion bill (S.697) is slated to come before the US Senate sometime this month. Together, the measures would require the EPA to start studying the health effects of about 64,000 different chemicals. While that sounds like a good idea that’s well overdue, things are not as rosy as they appear...
It was discovered that the draft of this bill was co-authored by the American Chemistry Council, a trade organization and lobbyist for the chemical industry.16,17 One of many problems with the bill was that it actually restricts states' ability to limit or ban certain chemicals. To address apparent conflicts of interest, Senators Barbara Boxer (D-Calif) and Edward Markey (D-Mass) introduced a revised version of the bill,18 which included more stringent provisions and did not preempt state laws.
Alas, in the end, it was the industry-backed and co-authored bill that won the House vote... In response, Ken Cook, president of the Environmental Working Group noted:19 “We commend the House for its focus on the need to overhaul chemical policy, but this piece of legislation will not do the job. It tips much too far in favor of an industry in serious need of regulation."
Another point to consider is this: earlier in June a House panel approved a bill that cuts EPA funding by nine percent20--a whopping $718 million—in 2016. This is a significant reduction, especially when you consider the EPA’s funding has already been reduced by 20 percent since 2011. Considering the EPA’s dwindling funding, it really raises questions about the agency’s ability to properly test tens of thousands of chemicals in a timely fashion...
Coalition Petitions for Ban on Most Common Group of Flame Retardants
Meanwhile, scientists are now taking a stronger stance against flame retardants as a group, noting that addressing chemicals one-by-one just prolongs the endangerment of public health indefinitely.21 To end the “whack-a-mole” game where one dangerous chemical is replaced by another untested chemical, a coalition of medical, consumer, and worker safety groups have created a petition22,23 asking the Consumer Product Safety Commission to ban all organohalogens, the most commonly used flame retardants found in children's goods, furniture, mattresses, and electronics’ casings. This class of chemicals includes:
- Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), banned in 1977 due to health concerns
- Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), phased out in 2005 once it was discovered that it was just as hazardous as the PCBs it replaced
- Tris phosphate (TDCIPP), listed as a human carcinogen under California’s Proposition 65,24 has also been linked to heart disease, obesity and cancer25
- Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), associated with altered hormone levels, reduced sperm concentrations, and endocrine disruption26
- Firemaster 550, which replaced PBDEs that were removed from the market,27 has since been linked to heart disease, obesity and cancer28
Food Is a Primary Source of Exposure to Many Toxic Chemicals
In addition to furnishings, building materials, personal care products, electronics, and innumerable other household products, many hazardous chemicals make their way into your body via the food you eat. Researchers analyzing29,30 the diets of children in California to assess the health effects from food contaminants found that food may be the primary route of exposure to:
- Heavy metals
- Environmental pollutants such as DDT and dioxins
Disturbingly, ALL of the 364 children tested had levels of arsenic, dieldrin (a banned pesticide), DDE (a metabolite of DDT), and dioxins exceeding benchmark levels for cancer. According to the authors:
“Dietary strategies to reduce exposure to toxic compounds for which cancer and non-cancer benchmarks are exceeded by children vary by compound. These strategies include consuming organically produced dairy and selected fruits and vegetables to reduce pesticide intake, consuming less animal foods (meat, dairy, and fish) to reduce intake of persistent organic pollutants and metals, and consuming lower quantities of chips, cereal, crackers, and other processed carbohydrate foods to reduce acrylamide intake.” [Emphasis mine]
You may be surprised by some of the foods found to be primary culprits of toxic exposure:
- Chicken was the number one source of arsenic among preschoolers
- Dairy was the primary source of lead, banded pesticides, and dioxins (it should be noted that this was most likely conventional, pasteurized dairy from cows raised in confined animal feeding operations or CAFOs)
- Seafood was the number one source of mercury exposure
Tips to Help You Avoid Toxic Chemicals
It’s quite clear that the US government is falling short when it comes to protecting you from the onslaught of toxic chemicals that may have devastating generational effects. Within such a dysfunctional system, you are the best one to keep your family safe. Although no one can successfully steer clear of ALL chemicals and pollutants, you can minimize your exposure by keeping a number of key principles in mind.
Eat a diet focused on locally grown, fresh and ideally organic whole foods. Processed and packaged foods are a common source of chemicals such as BPA and phthalates. Wash fresh produce well, especially if it’s not organically grown.
||Choose grass-pastured, sustainably raised meats and dairy to reduce your exposure to hormones, pesticides, and fertilizers. Avoid milk and other dairy products that contain the genetically engineered recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH or rBST).
|Rather than eating conventional or farm-raised fish, which are often heavily contaminated with PCBs and mercury, supplement with a high-quality krill oil, or eat fish that is wild-caught and lab tested for purity, such as wild caught Alaskan salmon.
||Buy products that come in glass bottles rather than plastic or cans, as chemicals can leach out of plastics (and plastic can linings), into the contents; be aware that even “BPA-free” plastics typically leach other endocrine-disrupting chemicals that are just as bad for you as BPA.
|Store your food and beverages in glass, rather than plastic, and avoid using plastic wrap.
||Use glass baby bottles.
|Replace your non-stick pots and pans with ceramic or glass cookware.
||Filter your tap water for both drinking AND bathing. If you can only afford to do one, filtering your bathing water may be more important, as your skin absorbs contaminants. To remove the endocrine disrupting herbicide Atrazine, make sure your filter is certified to remove it. According to the EWG, perchlorate can be filtered out using a reverse osmosis filter.
|Look for products made by companies that are Earth-friendly, animal-friendly, sustainable, certified organic, and GMO-free. This applies to everything from food and personal care products to building materials, carpeting, paint, baby items, furniture, mattresses, and others.
||Use a vacuum cleaner with a HEPA filter to remove contaminated house dust. This is one of the major routes of exposure to flame retardant chemicals.
|When buying new products such as furniture, mattresses, or carpet padding, consider buying flame retardant-free varieties, containing naturally less flammable materials, such as leather, wool, cotton, silk, and Kevlar.
||Avoid stain- and water-resistant clothing, furniture, and carpets to avoid perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs).
|Make sure your baby's toys are BPA-free, such as pacifiers, teething rings and anything your child may be prone to suck or chew on—even books, which are often plasticized. It’s advisable to avoid all plastic, especially flexible varieties.
||Use natural cleaning products or make your own. Avoid those containing 2-butoxyethanol (EGBE) and methoxydiglycol (DEGME)—two toxic glycol ethers that can compromise your fertility and cause fetal harm.
|Replace your vinyl shower curtain with a fabric one.
||Replace feminine hygiene products (tampons and sanitary pads) with safer alternatives.
|Switch over to organic toiletries, including shampoo, toothpaste, antiperspirants, and cosmetics. EWG’s Skin Deep database31 can help you find personal care products that are free of phthalates and other potentially dangerous chemicals.
||Look for fragrance-free products. One artificial fragrance can contain hundreds—even thousands—of potentially toxic chemicals. Avoid fabric softeners and dryer sheets, which contain a mishmash of synthetic chemicals and fragrances.
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Marian feasts season the liturgical calendar as the Assumption falls in the middle of Ordinary Time. Though rooted in ancient tradition, especially the Eastern tradition of the “Dormition of Mary,” this celebration, unlike the Annunciation, the Visitation and Our Lady of Sorrows, has no explicit scriptural basis. Yet the readings lead us more deeply into the mystery. In profoundly allegorical language, the Book of Revelation pictures a queen of the universe, clothed with the sun, standing on the moon with a crown of 12 stars. In intense labor, this woman (in context, a symbol of Israel) will bring forth a messiah who will be persecuted by worldly powers. For centuries the church has appropriated this woman as Mary, the new Eve, who now reigns with the Messiah (Christ).
The Gospel portrays an earthly woman about to give birth, who sings in joy of God’s greatness and goodness to her people, Israel. Like the prophets of old, Mary speaks on behalf of the lowly and heralds God’s judgment on the rich and powerful. Appropriate to today’s feast is Mary’s prediction that “all generations will call me blessed, because the Almighty has done great things for me.” Among these magnalia Dei (“God’s mighty deeds”) is the assumption of Mary “body and soul into heaven.”
In many of the beautiful icons of the “dormition of Mary,” Mary is pictured in death surrounded by the disciples, as Jesus carries her “soul” to heaven in the form of an infant. But essential to the Assumption is the word body. As the body is the bearer and symbol of the person in this life, so too will it remain when all are brought to life in Christ (1 Cor. 15:22). Mary Aquin O’Neill, R.S.M, a theologian and the director of the Mt. St. Agnes Theological Center for Women, sees this as crucial for women today and for all of theology. Mary’s bodily assumption is a corrective to any misogyny that sees the female body as a source of defilement or evil (see 1 Tim. 2:9-15). A woman’s body carried Christ in her womb; a woman’s body reigns in glory.
• In prayer ask how your compassion for the hungry can overflow into action.
• When overwhelmed and about to sink, hear again Jesus’ words, “Take courage.”
• Ask Mary to help our culture grow in appreciation of the dignity of the human body.
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Mine was lost in the river together with my mess kit, canteen and haversack.
"A Soldier in the Philippines" by Needom N. Freeman
Haversacks and pockets were filled.
"A Yeoman's Letters" by P. T. Ross
I want you then to take the rest of the food and put it in your own haversack.
"Fix Bay'nets" by George Manville Fenn
Every man, besides carrying a "First Aid" bandage in the flap of his coat, carries a day's "iron" rations in his haversack.
"The Red Watch" by J. A. Currie
Haversacks were opened and placed at our disposal.
"Sword and Pen" by John Algernon Owens
The colonial commissioner produced the marmalade from his haversack.
"A Padre in France" by George A. Birmingham
Before moving, we received orders to unsling blankets and haversacks and lay them on the ground at our feet.
"History of Company F, 1st Regiment, R.I. Volunteers, during the Spring and Summer of 1861" by Charles H. Clarke
Equipment and supplies for one meal may be carried in one or two haversacks like the one shown.
"Scouting For Girls, Official Handbook of the Girl Scouts" by Girl Scouts
Haversack rations to be carried.
"From the St. Lawrence to the Yser with the 1st Canadian brigade" by Frederic C. Curry
On the march each man carried his own rations in haversacks.
"War from the Inside" by Frederick L. (Frederick Lyman) Hitchcock
From his haversack he produced a heavy chain of ruby-red beads.
"The Pathless Trail" by Arthur O. (Arthur Olney) Friel
How could I preserve our haversacks, and save our precious provision of powder?
"Adventures in the Philippine Islands" by Paul P. de La Gironière
From their shoulders were suspended gas masks and haversacks.
""And they thought we wouldn't fight"" by Floyd Gibbons
Custis packed his haversack, and, taking blanket, etc.
"A Rebel War Clerk's Diary at the Confederate States Capital" by John Beauchamp Jones
Three days rations were ordered to be kept constantly in the haversacks.
"Personal Recollections of the War of 1861" by Charles Augustus Fuller
In a moment there was a man at every hill, digging away with his bayonet, and chucking the tempting tubers into his haversack.
"Si Klegg, Book 1 (of 6) His Transformation From A Raw Recruit To A Veteran" by John McElroy
He opened his haversack, and poured out the water it had caught.
"Si Klegg, Book 2 (of 6)" by John McElroy
They went to the clump of brush where they had hidden their haversacks and guns.
"Si Klegg, Book 3 (of 6) Si And Shorty Meet Mr. Rosenbaum, The Spy, Who Relates His Adventures" by John McElroy
Mandy took possession of his blanket roll and haversack, while Si almost carried his tearful mother on to the porch.
"Si Klegg, Book 4 (of 6) Experiences Of Si And Shorty On The Great Tullahoma Campaign" by John McElroy
Then followed canteens, haversacks and tin plates and cups.
"Si Klegg, Book 6 (of 6) Si And Shorty, With Their Boy Recruits, Enter On The Atlanta Campaign" by John McElroy
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The concept of predictive complexity is a natural development of the theory of prediction with expert advice. Predictive complexity bounds the ability of any algorithm which tries to predict elements of a given sequence. In other words, it is a quantitative measure of "learnability" as an inherent property of an object and it indicates the limits of machine learning.
Predictive complexity imposes a lower bound on the loss suffered by any prediction algorithm. This bound holds up to an additive constant in the similar fashion as in the theory of Kolmogorov complexity. The total loss suffered by an algorithm is determined by a loss function. A loss function measures the deviation between guesses and actual outcomes. Different loss functions define games with different properties and, therefore, different types of predictive complexity.
The concept of predictive complexity was introduced in the paper [Vovk, 97]. Generally speaking, the value of predictive complexity does not correspond to the loss of an algorithm. It is defined as an optimal function in a special class. The paper [Vovk and Watkins, 98] introduces a method that allows to prove the existence of such optimal functions for many reasonable games. This method is based upon the Aggregating Algorithm and works for all so called mixable games.
The most important loss functions are the logarithmic and square loss ones. Both of them specify mixable games and therefore logarithmic complexity and the square-loss complexity exist. Logarithmic complexity turns out to coincide with a variant of Kolmogorov complexity, namely negative logarithm of Levin's a priori semimeasure. That is why predictive complexity may be regarded as a generalization of Kolmogorov complexity. At the same time, square-loss complexity is of particular importance because the square loss function corresponds to the squared error, which is used very often in statistics.
The paper [Vovk and Gammerman, 99] proposes the main application of predictive complexity, Complexity Approximation Principle (CAP). The idea of this principle is to employ upper estimates of predictive complexity for solving the hypothesis selection problem. In the case of logarithmic complexity, CAP is reduced to well-known Minimum Description Length principle. In [Kalnishkan, 00] an attempt was made to apply CAP to the case of square-loss complexity.
The papers [Kalnishkan, 99A] and [Kalnishkan, 99B] investigate the relations between different variants of Predictive Complexity. The former deals with the special case, namely, the relations between the square-loss and logarithmic complexity, while the later contains a more general result.
In [Vovk and Kalnishkan, 00] the problem of the existence of predictive complexity is considered. Some necessary and sufficient conditions are proved for special cases. The paper also investigates the expectations of predictive complexity. They turn out to be given by the Legendre transformation and this leads to a kind of uniqueness theorem, namely, the fact a particular kind of predictive complexity specifies a unique (up to a parametrisation) loss function.
The following people at CLRC are interested in the theory of predictive complexity:
[Vovk, 97] V.Vovk. Probability Theory for the Brier Game. In M.Li and A.Maruoka, editors, Algorithmic Learning Theory, volume 1316 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 323-338. 1997. To appear in Theoretical Computer Science.
[Vovk and Watkins, 98] V.Vovk and C.J.H.C.Watkins. Universal Portfolio Selection. In Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference on Computational Learning Theory, pages 12-23, 1998.
[Vovk and Gammerman, 99] V.Vovk and A.Gammerman. Complexity Approximation Principle. The Computer Journal, 42(4), pages 318-322, 1999.
[Kalnishkan, 99A] Y.Kalnishkan. Linear Relations between Square-Loss and Kolmogorov Complexity. In Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Conference on Computation Learning Theory, pages 226-232. Association for Computing Machinery, 1999.
[Kalnishkan, 99B] Y.Kalnishkan. General Linear Relations among Different Types of Predictive Complexity. In Algorithmic Learning Theory, 10th International Conference, ALT'99 pages 323-334, volume 1720 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Springer-Verlag, 1999.
[Kalnishkan, 00] Y.Kalnishkan. Complexity Approximation Principle and Rissanen's Approach to Real-Valued Parameters. In Machine Learning: ECML 2000, 11th European Conference on Machine Learning, volume 1810 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Springer-Verlag, 2000.
[Vovk and Kalnishkan, 00] Y.Kalnishkan and V.Vovk. The existence of predictive complexity and the Legendre transformation. Technical report TR-00-04, Computer Learning Research Centre, Royal Holloway College, May 2000. Presented at TAI 2000, Fourth French Days on Algorithmic Information Theory. Download
The theory of predictive complexity combines techniques from two different branches of computer science, namely Computational Learning Theory and the theory of Kolmogorov complexity. Below you can find several links to web sites related to these topics.
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Thousands of climbers trekking up Mount Kilimanjaro are taking unnecessary risks with their health, experts warned today.
Travel firms have seen an increase in bookings following the successful summit by nine celebrities for last year's Comic Relief campaign. But researchers from the University of Edinburgh are warning that many of the people climbing Africa's tallest peak "know little or nothing" about high altitude, which can prove fatal.
Scientists tested levels of altitude sickness among more than 200 people climbing Kilimanjaro. They found that almost half (47 per cent) were suffering from altitude sickness before they reached the summit and most were ascending too high, too quickly.
Signs of sickness include vomiting, headaches, difficulty sleeping and sometimes problems with co-ordination. Effects can be felt from as low as 2,500m above sea level and 75 per cent of people will have mild symptoms at 3,000m or higher.
The best way to acclimatise is to climb slowly and some trekkers incorporate acclimatisation rest days. Some also opt for anti-sickness drugs, although their efficacy is disputed.
Stewart Jackson, who conducted the study, published in the journal High Altitude Medicine and Biology, said: "We found that many climbers knew little or nothing about altitude sickness. Undertaking an acclimatisation trek before attempting to summit Mount Kilimanjaro offers climbers the best chance of a safe, successful summit."
Severe altitude sickness can lead to serious complications, including shortness of breath at rest, inability to walk, decreasing mental alertness and a build up of fluid on the lungs which can result in a "gurgling" sound when breathing.
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The Grand Canyon as a Creationist Clock
By Ryan McGillivray
When asked to imagine the biggest, deepest, longest canyon one can imagine, an image of the Grand Canyon will often pop into a person's mind. The Grand Canyon is a site of almost unfathomable grandeur, which inspires awe in anyone who sees it. Lately, however, the canyon has also inspired controversy, specifically over its origins. It is generally held by the scientific community that the Grand Canyon formed by the slow erosion of the Colorado River over millions of years. Dr. Steve Austin, however, has proposed an entirely different theory on the age and formation of the canyon and wrote a book explaining his theories titled Grand Canyon: Monument to Catastrophe. Dr. Austin believes that the canyon was formed extremely rapidly during the period immediately following the global flood of Noah in the biblical book of Genesis. Dr. Austin proposed that the canyon is thousands, not millions of years old. This fits into the larger field of Creation Science, in which people try to prove with scientific evidence that the world is only 6,000 years old. This paper will summarize Dr. Austin's claims and delve into the evidence he uses to support them by examining his book. Dr. Austin supports his claim with theories of rapid erosion and Flood deposition of fossils. He also addresses issues like radiometric dating, in which he attempts to cast doubt on established scientific methods of dating Earth's features. Austin's findings became one basis for the RATE project, a creation science team aimed at proving the pitfalls and inadequacies of radiometric dating techniques. Dr. Austin offers an interesting view of the origins of the canyon, some of which can be scrutinized and critiqued by his opponents, but in order to critique a theory, one must first know and understand it.
Dr. Austin not only holds a differing view from established science on how the Grand Canyon was formed, but also on the formation of the very rocks through which the canyon is carved. According to Dr. Austin, there are five divisions of rock exposed in the Grand Canyon, and each one can be attributed to a specific time or event in the Genesis account. The first division, deep in the canyon's gorge, consists of igneous and metamorphic rock. Austin believes this rock is the remnant of the crust of the earth created during the first part of Creation Week. The second division of rock, which is the first division to show stratification, is highly faulted and tilted. Austin admits that this shows evidence of tectonic activity, and he attributes it to tectonic activity after Day 3 of Creation Week. He uses biblical interpretation to justify his conclusions on this specific division. Austin's third division consists of the flat-lying sedimentary layers that make up the bulk of Grand Canyon rocks, and he attributes these layers to sedimentation during the early part of Noah's Flood. The fourth division contains evidence of erosion and deposition, which Austin attributes to the final stages of the Flood as the waters were receding. The fifth, final, and youngest division of strata, according to Austin, includes all the rocks that were deposited by various processes after the flood. This includes lake sediments, landslide deposits, gravels, and lava flows, all of which occurred after the Flood (Austin 1994:57). These five divisions account for all of the rocks present in the canyon. Austin's rock divisions have the same temporal sequence as in mainstream geology; however, they vary enormously on the age of each event of deposition and erosion. Dr. Austin's aim in giving his dates is explicitly clear with the name of one of his chapters: "A Creationist View of Grand Canyon Strata".
After explaining how the rocks of the Grand Canyon were formed, Austin then presents his theory for how these rocks were eroded to create the canyon itself. Austin believes that a catastrophic flood originated north of the present canyon and rapidly carved the canyon in a relatively small amount of time. Austin addresses the question of how this might occur by introducing the breached dam theory. Austin states "Of various catastrophic flood models which can be proposed, the most fascinating is the theory of the catastrophic drainage of lakes" (Austin 1994:93). This theory states that a natural dam formed above the present canyon which would have filled the Colorado Plateau with water creating several large lakes. The alleged lakes would have covered an estimated 30,000 square miles, or roughly three times the size of present day Lake Michigan (Austin 1994:93-94). Austin explains that rapid erosion of bedrock can occur through the processes of cavitation bubbles, hydraulic plucking, and hydraulic vortexes, which can erode large amounts of relatively hard rock very quickly (Austin 1994:104).
Austin uses several examples of breached dams causing catastrophic flooding to support his claim. His most noted example is that of the Missoula Flood in western Montana, Idaho, and eastern Washington. Lake Missoula was a large lake located in western Montana held back by a glacial dam. When the dam failed, the flood cut deep valleys and scarred much of the terrain of eastern Washington. Austin cites Palouse Canyon, which was formed by this flood, to prove that such an event may have formed the Grand Canyon (Austin 1994:95-97). The picture of the canyon shows several similarities to the Grand Canyon, except it is significantly smaller.
As in the Grand Canyon, there is also a river running through Palouse Canyon, which proves to Austin that the Colorado River was actually a byproduct of Grand Canyon and was not the force that created it. Austin also cites several smaller canyons that are known to have formed relatively quickly to support his claim about the age of Grand Canyon, several of which are located around Mount St. Helens.
In comparing the Grand Canyon with certain parts of eastern Washington, Austin fails to address the vast differences between the regions. Austin is quick to point out several similarities between the two sites, yet he completely neglects the far larger number of differences. As Dr. Timothy Heaton pointed out in critiquing Austin's parallel between the two areas, there are vast differences between the Grand Canyon and most of the flood evidence in Washington. These two areas are so different that they could almost be considered opposites of each other. Dr. Heaton summed up this point when he explained "The narrow inner gorge of the Grand Canyon and its equilibrium tributaries are the antithesis of the broad floodplain. of the Channeled Scablands" (Heaton 1995:36). Closer examination of the regions as a whole reveals these immense differences between Grand Canyon and the Scablands. While it is true that certain areas of the Lake Missoula flood plain resemble certain parts of the Grand Canyon, on a whole, the two regions are incredibly different.
In supporting his theory, Austin tries to discredit evidence used by those with opposing views. One way he does this is by pointing out the discrepancies in Radiometric dating, specifically of Grand Canyon rocks. He begins by suggesting that Radiometric dating has many flaws and does not make a good clock because the initial conditions are not known and the rate of decay may not be constant (Austin 1994: 129, 2005). He compares the method to telling time with an hourglass because you don't necessarily know how much sand was in the top of the hourglass to begin with. Austin then devotes an entire chapter to explaining this "failed" clock very intricately. He also gives many examples of discordant dates yielded by radiometric dating of rocks in the canyon. Austin eventually concludes that discordant dates, incorrect assumptions, and incoherent data involving rock stratification all prove that radiometric dating is not a viable method for dating the Grand Canyon. Dr. Austin's conclusions on radiometric dating became the foundation for the creation science group RATE and their subsequent research. The RATE team was assembled to test different rock samples, many from Grand Canyon with radiometric dating methods. To summarize their vast amounts of data and calculations, the RATE team concluded that radiometric dating proved to be unreliable as a clock to date rocks (Austin 2005).
Ultimately, Dr. Austin provides a plethora of information to support his claim. Whether or not he is right is a topic of hot debate, which inspires public controversy. One recent controversy caused by this theory developed when Grand Canyon gift shops began selling the book Grand Canyon, a Different View (Vail 2003). This book is a compilation of creationist thought which includes the work of Austin and his creationist colleagues along with many photographs, poems, and scriptural passages. The book begins with the following statement: "It [The Grand Canyon] is a solemn witness to the mighty power of God, who is not only the omnipotent Creator of all things, but also the avenging Defender of His holiness" (Vail 2003). Park Superintendent Joe Alston attempted to block the sale of the book in the park in summer of 2003. This action caused many creationists to protest, which in turn spurred several scientific organizations to join the fight on the side of Alston. Eventually the Bush administration approved the book to be sold in the park, despite several requests for review by the Park Service. Whether or not it is a loss for the side of old earth proponents, the book can now be purchased inside the park (U.S. Gov Info 2004).
Austin's argument is more scientific than most creation claims before him. Austin presents a claim, then supports it through observation, drawing parallels, and a certain degree of scientific inquiry. His findings are not true science, however. What hinders this scientific inquiry, however, is the ever present, overriding subject of faith. Austin used the Bible as a basis for his claims, and he conducted his research to support the conclusion he already drew before even starting research. This bias may completely invalidate his work because it presents itself as the antithesis to proper scientific research. To some, however, faith is much more powerful than science. To these people, the tool of faith trumps science whenever they come in conflict. Religious conclusions are very rarely subject to scientific testing. Austin's model of the Grand Canyon is, at its foundation, nothing but a religious claim dressed as science.
- Austin, Steven A. 1994. Grand Canyon: Monument to Catastrophe. Santee, California: Institute for Creation Research.
- Austin, Steven A. 2005. Do radioisotopic clocks need repair? Testing the assumptions of isochron dating using K-Ar, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, and Pb-Pb isotopes. Chapter 5 (pp. 325-392) in L. Vardiman, A. A. Snelling, and E. F. Chaffin (eds.) Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth, Volume II: Results of a Young-Earth Creationist Research Initiative, Institute for Creation Research, El Cajon, California, 818 p.
- Heaton, Timothy. 1995. A Young Grand Canyon? Skeptical Inquirer. vol. 19, no. 3, pp.33-36.
- Vail, Tom. 2003. Grand Canyon, a different view. Green Forest, AR. Master Books.
- U.S. Gov Info/Resources. Parks Service Sticks with Biblical Explanation of Grand Canyon. http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/rightsandfreedoms/a/canyonflood.htm. Last Updated: October 19, 2004. Accessed Dec. 4, 2005.
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Selections from the American poets
William Cullen Bryant
MURDER OF A SPANISH LADY BY A PIRATE.
A sound is in the Pyrenees!
Whirling and dark, comes roaring down
A tide, as of a thousand seas,
Sweeping both cowl and crown.
On field and vineyard thick and red it stood.
Spain's streets and palaces are full of blood;
And wrath and terror shake, the land;
The peaks shine clear in watchfire lights;
Soon comes the tread of that stout band—
Bold Arthur and his knights.
Awake ye, Merlin! Hear the shout from Spain!
The spell is broke! Arthur is come again!
Too late for thee, thou young, fair bride;
The lips are cold, the brow is pale,
That thou didst kiss in love and pride.
He cannot hear thy wail,
Whom thou didst lull with fondly murmur'd sound—
His couch is cold and lonely in the ground.
He fell for Spain—her Spain no more;
For he was gone who made it dear;
And she would seek some distant shore,
At rest from strife and fear,
And wait amid her sorrows till the day
His voice of love should call her thence away.
Lee feign'd him grieved, and bow'd him low.
'Twould joy his heart could he but aid
So good a lady in her wo,
He meekly, smoothly said.
With wealth and servants she is soon aboard,
And that white steed she rode beside her lord.
The sun goes down upon the sea;
The shadows gather round her home.
"How like a pall are ye to me!
My home, how like a tomb!
Oh! blow, ye flowers of Spain, above his head:
Ye will not blow o'er me when I am dead."
And now the stars are burning bright;
Yet still she looks towards the shore,
Beyond the waters black in night.
"I ne'er shall see thee more!
Ye're many, waves, yet lonely seems your flow,
And I'm alone—scarce know I where I go."
Sleep, sleep, thou sad one, on the sea!
The wash of waters lulls thee now;
His arm no more will pillow thee,
Thy hand upon his brow.
He is not near, to hush thee or to save.
The ground is his, the sea must be thy grave.
The moon comes up, the night goes on.
Why in the shadow of the mast,
Stands that dark, thoughtful man alone?
Thy pledge, man; keep it fast!
Bethink thee of her youth and sorrows, Lee:
Helpless alone—and then her trust in thee!
When told the hardships thou hadst borne,
Her words were to thee like a charm.
With uncheer'd grief her heart is worn.
Thou wilt not do her harm!
He looks out on the sea that sleeps in light,
And growls an oath: "It is too still to-night!"
He sleeps; but dreams of massy gold,
And heaps of pearl. He stretch'd his hands.
He hears a voice: "Ill man, withhold."
A pale one near him stands:
Her breath comes deathly cold upon his cheek;
Her touch is cold. He wakes with piercing shriek.
He wakes; but no relentings wake
Within his angry, restless soul.
"What, shall a dream Matt's purpose shake?
The gold will make all whole.
Thy merchant trade had nigh unmann'd thee, lad!
What, balk thy chance because a woman's sad?"
He cannot look on her mild eye—
Her patient words his spirit quell.
Within that evil heart there lie
The hates and fears of hell.
His speech is short; he wears a surly brow.
There's none will hear her shriek. What fear ye now?
The workings of the soul ye fear;
Ye fear the power that goodness hath;
Ye fear the Unseen One, ever near,
Walking his ocean path.
From out the silent void there comes a cry:
"Vengeance is mine! Lost man, thy doom is nigh!"
Nor dread of ever-during wo,
Nor the sea's awful solitude,
Can make thee, wretch, thy crime forego.
Then, bloody hand—to blood!
The scud is driving wildly over head;
The stars burn dim; the ocean moans its dead.
Moan for the living—moan our sins—
The wrath of man, more fierce than thine.
Hark! still thy waves! The work begins:
He makes the deadly sign.
The crew glide down like shadows. Eye and hand
Speak fearful meanings through that silent band.
They're gone. The helmsman stands alone,
And one leans idly o'er the bow.
Still as a tomb the ship keeps on;
Nor sound nor stirring now.Page 80
Hush, hark! as from the centre of the deep,
Shrieks! fiendish yells! They stab them in their sleep.
The scream of rage, the groan, the strife,
The blow, the gasp, the horrid cry,
The panting, stifled prayer for life,
The dying's heaving sigh,
The murderer's curse, the dead man's fix'd, still glare,
And Fear's, and Death's cold sweat—they all are there!
On pale, dead men, on burning cheek,
On quick, fierce eyes, brows hot and damp,
On hands that with the warm blood reek,
Shines the dim cabin lamp.
Lee look'd. "They sleep so sound," he laughing said,
"They'll scarcely wake for mistress or for maid."
A crash! They've forced the door; and then
One long, long, shrill, and piercing scream
Comes thrilling through the growl of men.
'Tis hers! Oh God, redeem
From worse than death thy suffering, helpless child!
That dreadful cry again—sharp, sharp, and wild!
It ceased. With speed o' th' lightning's flash,
A loose-robed form, with streaming hair,
Shoots by. A leap! a quick, short splash!
'Tis gone! There's nothing there!
The waves have swept away the bubbling tide.
Bright-crested waves, how proudly on ye ride:
She's sleeping in her silent cave,
Nor hears the stern, loud roar above,
Or strife of man on land or wave.
Young thing! thy home of love
Thou soon hast reach'd! Fair, unpolluted thing,
They harm'd thee not! Was dying suffering?
Oh, no! To live when joy was dead;
To go with one, lone, pining thought—
To mournful love thy being wed—
Feeling what death had wrought;
To live the child of wo, yet shed no tear,
Bear kindness, and yet share no joy nor fear;
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السلام عليكم . . . الصراحه انا شفت موضوع لـ الهويد عن فيتامين دي
وانا وعدتها اقدم السلسله كامله عن موضوع الفيتامينات
والحقيقه قبل لا اواعدها كنت محضر الموضوع عشان ما اتورط
هذا الموضع لكم وحياكم
Introduction to Vitamins
Vitamins are organic molecules that function in a wide variety of capacities within the body. The most prominent function is as cofactors for enzymatic reactions. The distinguishing feature of the vitamins is that they generally cannot be synthesized by mammalian cells and, therefore, must be supplied in the diet. The vitamins are of two distinct types:
Water Soluble Vitamins
B1 Deficiency and Disease
B2 Deficiency and Disease
B3 Deficiency and Disease
Pantothenic Acid (B5)
Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine, Pyridoxine (B6)
B12 Deficiency and Disease
Folate Deficiency and Disease
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Gene Control by Vitamin A
Role of Vitamin A in Vision
Additional Roles of Vitamin A
Clinical Significances of Vitamin A
Clinical Significances of Vitamin D
Clinical Significances of Vitamin E
Clinical Significance of Vitamin K
Thiamin is also known as vitamin B1 . Thiamin is derived from a substituted pyrimidine and a thiazole which are coupled by a methylene bridge. Thiamin is rapidly converted to its active form, thiamin pyrophosphate, TPP, in the brain and liver by a specific enzymes, thiamin diphosphotransferase.
TPP is necessary as a cofactor for the pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase catalyzed reactions as well as the transketolase catalyzed reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway. A deficiency in thiamin intake leads to a severely reduced capacity of cells to generate energy as a result of its role in these reactions.
The dietary requirement for thiamin is proportional to the caloric intake of the diet and ranges from 1.0 - 1.5 mg/day for normal adults. If the carbohydrate content of the diet is excessive then an in thiamin intake will be required.
Clinical Significances of Thiamin Deficiency
The earliest symptoms of thiamin deficiency include constipation, appetite suppression, nausea as well as mental depression, peripheral neuropathy and fatigue. Chronic thiamin deficiency leads to more severe neurological symptoms including ataxia, mental confusion and loss of eye coordination. Other clinical symptoms of prolonged thiamin deficiency are related to cardiovascular and musculature defects.
The severe thiamin deficiency disease known as Beriberi, is the result of a diet that is carbohydrate rich and thiamin deficient. An additional thiamin deficiency related disease is known as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. This disease is most commonly found in chronic alcoholics due to their poor dietetic lifestyles.
Riboflavin is also known as vitamin B2. Riboflavin is the precursor for the coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). The enzymes that require FMN or FAD as cofactors are termed flavoproteins. Several flavoproteins also contain metal ions and are termed metalloflavoproteins. Both classes of enzymes are involved in a wide range of redox reactions, e.g. succinate dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase. During the course of the enzymatic reactions involving the flavoproteins the reduced forms of FMN and FAD are formed, FMNH2 and FADH2, respectively.
Structure of FAD
nitrogens 1 & 5 carry hydrogens in FADH2
The normal daily requirement for riboflavin is 1.2 - 1.7 mg/day for normal adults.
Clinical Significances of Flavin Deficiency
Riboflavin deficiencies are rare in the United States due to the presence of adequate amounts of the vitamin in eggs, milk, meat and cereals. Riboflavin deficiency is often seen in chronic alcoholics due to their poor dietetic habits.
Symptoms associated with riboflavin deficiency include, glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomatitis, cheilosis and photophobia. Riboflavin decomposes when exposed to visible light. This characteristic can lead to riboflavin deficiencies in newborns treated for hyperbilirubinemia by phototherapy.
Niacin (nicotinic acid and nicotinamide) is also known as vitamin B3. Both nicotinic acid and nicotinamide can serve as the dietary source of vitamin B3. Niacin is required for the synthesis of the active forms of vitamin B3, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). Both NAD+ and NADP+ function as cofactors for numerous dehydrogenase, e.g., lactate and malate dehydrogenases.
Structure of NAD+
NADH is shown in the box insert.
The -OH phosphorylated in NADP+ is indicated by the red arrow.
Niacin is not a true vitamin in the strictest definition since it can be derived from the amino acid tryptophan. However, the ability to utilize tryptophan for niacin synthesis is inefficient (60 mg of tryptophan are required to synthesize 1 mg of niacin). Also, synthesis of niacin from tryptophan requires vitamins B1, B2 and B6 which would be limiting in themselves on a marginal diet.
The recommended daily requirement for niacin is 13 - 19 niacin equivalents (NE) per day for a normal adult. One NE is equivalent to 1 mg of free niacin).
Clinical Significances of Niacin and Nicotinic Acid
A diet deficient in niacin (as well as tryptophan) leads to glossitis of the tongue, dermatitis, weight loss, diarrhea, depression and dementia. The severe symptoms, depression, dermatitis and diarrhea, are associated with the condition known as pellagra. Several physiological conditions (e.g. Hartnup disease and malignant carcinoid syndrome) as well as certain drug therapies (e.g. isoniazid) can lead to niacin deficiency. In Hartnup disease tryptophan absorption is impaired and in malignant carcinoid syndrome tryptophan metabolism is altered resulting in excess serotonin synthesis. Isoniazid (the hydrazide derivative of isonicotinic acid) is the primary drug for chemotherapy of tuberculosis.
Nicotinic acid (but not nicotinamide) when administered in pharmacological doses of 2 - 4 g/day lowers plasma cholesterol levels and has been shown to be a useful therapeutic for hypercholesterolemia. The major action of nicotinic acid in this capacity is a reduction in fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue. Although nicotinic acid therapy lowers blood cholesterol it also causes a depletion of glycogen stores and fat reserves in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Additionally, there is an elevation in blood glucose and uric acid production. For these reasons nicotinic acid therapy is not recommended for diabetics or persons who suffer from gout.
Pantothenic acid is also known as vitamin B5. Pantothenic acid is formed from b-alanine and pantoic acid. Pantothenate is required for synthesis of coenzyme A, CoA and is a component of the acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain of fatty acid synthase. Pantothenate is, therefore, required for the metabolism of carbohydrate via the TCA cycle and all fats and proteins. At least 70 enzymes have been identified as requiring CoA or ACP derivatives for their function.
Deficiency of pantothenic acid is extremely rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms of pantothenate deficiency are difficult to assess since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies.
Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6. All three compounds are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate. This conversion is catalyzed by the ATP requiring enzyme, pyridoxal kinase.
Pyridoxal phosphate functions as a cofactor in enzymes involved in transamination reactions required for the synthesis and catabolism of the amino acids as well as in glycogenolysis as a cofactor for glycogen phosphorylase. The requirement for vitamin B6 in the diet is proportional to the level of protein consumption ranging from 1.4 - 2.0 mg/day for a normal adult. During pregnancy and lactation the requirement for vitamin B6 increases approximately 0.6 mg/day.
Deficiencies of vitamin B6 are rare and usually are related to an overall deficiency of all the B-complex vitamins. Isoniazid (see niacin deficiencies above) and penicillamine (used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and cystinurias) are two drugs that complex with pyridoxal and pyridoxal phosphate resulting in a deficiency in this vitamin.
Biotin is the cofactor required of enzymes that are involved in carboxylation reactions, e.g. acetyl-CoA carboxylase and pyruvate carboxylase. Biotin is found in numerous foods and also is synthesized by intestinal bacteria and as such deficiencies of the vitamin are rare. Deficiencies are generally seen only after long antibiotic therapies which deplete the intestinal fauna or following excessive consumption of raw eggs. The latter is due to the affinity of the egg white protein, avidin, for biotin preventing intestinal absorption of the biotin.
Cobalamin is more commonly known as vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is composed of a complex tetrapyrrol ring structure (corrin ring) and a cobalt ion in the center. Vitamin B12 is synthesized exclusively by microorganisms and is found in the liver of animals bound to protein as methycobalamin or 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin. The vitamin must be hydrolyzed from protein in order to be active. Hydrolysis occurs in the stomach by gastric acids or the intestines by trypsin digestion following consumption of animal meat. The vitamin is then bound by intrinsic factor, a protein secreted by parietal cells of the stomach, and carried to the ileum where it is absorbed. Following absorption the vitamin is transported to the liver in the blood bound to transcobalamin II.
There are only two clinically significant reactions in the body that require vitamin B12 as a cofactor. During the catabolism of fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms and the amino acids valine, isoleucine and threonine the resultant propionyl-CoA is converted to succinyl-CoA for oxidation in the TCA cycle. One of the enzymes in this pathway, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, requires vitamin B12 as a cofactor in the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. The 5'-deoxyadenosine derivative of cobalamin is required for this reaction.
The second reaction requiring vitamin B12 catalyzes the conversion of homocysteine to methionine and is catalyzed by methionine synthase. This reaction results in the transfer of the methyl group from N5-methyltetrahydrofolate to hydroxycobalamin generating tetrahydrofolate (THF) and methylcobalamin during the process of the conversion.
Clinical Significances of B12 Deficiency
The liver can store up to six years worth of vitamin B12, hence deficiencies in this vitamin are rare. Pernicious anemia is a megaloblastic anemia resulting from vitamin B12 deficiency that develops as a result a lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach leading to malabsorption of the vitamin. The anemia results from impaired DNA synthesis due to a block in purine and thymidine biosynthesis. The block in nucleotide biosynthesis is a consequence of the effect of vitamin B12 on folate metabolism. When vitamin B12 is deficient essentially all of the folate becomes trapped as the N5-methylTHF derivative as a result of the loss of functional methionine synthase. This trapping prevents the synthesis of other THF derivatives required for the purine and thymidine nucleotide biosynthesis pathways.
Neurological complications also are associated with vitamin B12 deficiency and result from a progressive demyelination of nerve cells. The demyelination is thought to result from the increase in methylmalonyl-CoA that result from vitamin B12 deficiency. Methylmalonyl-CoA is a competitive inhibitor of malonyl-CoA in fatty acid biosynthesis as well as being able to substitute for malonyl-CoA in any fatty acid biosynthesis that may occur. Since the myelin sheath is in continual flux the methylmalonyl-CoA-induced inhibition of fatty acid synthesis results in the eventual destruction of the sheath. The incorporation methylmalonyl-CoA into fatty acid biosynthesis results in branched-chain fatty acids being produced that may severely alter the architecture of the normal membrane
structure of nerve cells
positions 7 & 8 carry hydrogens in dihydrofolate (DHF)
positions 5-8 carry hydrogens in tetrahydrofolate (THF)
Folic acid is a conjugated molecule consisting of a pteridine ring structure linked to para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) that forms pteroic acid. Folic acid itself is then generated through the conjugation of glutamic acid residues to pteroic acid. Folic acid is obtained primarily from yeasts and leafy vegetables as well as animal liver. Animal cannot synthesize PABA nor attach glutamate residues to pteroic acid, thus, requiring folate intake in the diet.
When stored in the liver or ingested folic acid exists in a polyglutamate form. Intestinal mucosal cells remove some of the glutamate residues through the action of the lysosomal enzyme, conjugase. The removal of glutamate residues makes folate less negatively charged (from the polyglutamic acids) and therefore more capable of passing through the basal lamenal membrane of the epithelial cells of the intestine and into the bloodstream. Folic acid is reduced within cells (principally the liver where it is stored) to tetrahydrofolate (THF also H4folate) through the action of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), an NADPH-requiring enzyme.
The function of THF derivatives is to carry and transfer various forms of one carbon units during biosynthetic reactions. The one carbon units are either methyl, methylene, methenyl, formyl or formimino groups.
Active center of tetrahydrofolate (THF). Note that the N5 position is the site of attachment of methyl groups, the N10 the site for attachment of formyl and formimino groups and that both N5 and N10 bridge the methylene and methenyl groups.
These one carbon transfer reactions are required in the biosynthesis of serine, methionine, glycine, choline and the purine nucleotides and dTMP.
The ability to acquire choline and amino acids from the diet and to salvage the purine nucleotides makes the role of N5,N10-methylene-THF in dTMP synthesis the most metabolically significant function for this vitamin. The role of vitamin B12 and N5-methyl-THF in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine also can have a significant impact on the ability of cells to regenerate needed THF.
Clinical Significance of Folate Deficiency
Folate deficiency results in complications nearly identical to those described for vitamin B12 deficiency. The most pronounced effect of folate deficiency on cellular processes is upon DNA synthesis. This is due to an impairment in dTMP synthesis which leads to cell cycle arrest in S-phase of rapidly proliferating cells, in particular hematopoietic cells. The result is megaloblastic anemia as for vitamin B12 deficiency. The inability to synthesize DNA during erythrocyte maturation leads to abnormally large erythrocytes termed macrocytic anemia.
Folate deficiencies are rare due to the adequate presence of folate in food. Poor dietary habits as those of chronic alcoholics can lead to folate deficiency. The predominant causes of folate deficiency in non-alcoholics are impaired absorption or metabolism or an increased demand for the vitamin. The predominant condition requiring an increase in the daily intake of folate is pregnancy. This is due to an increased number of rapidly proliferating cells present in the blood. The need for folate will nearly double by the third trimester of pregnancy. Certain drugs such as anticonvulsants and oral contraceptives can impair the absorption of folate. Anticonvulsants also increase the rate of folate metabolism.
Ascorbic acid is more commonly known as vitamin C. Ascorbic acid is derived from glucose via the uronic acid pathway. The enzyme L-gulonolactone oxidase responsible for the conversion of gulonolactone to ascorbic acid is absent in primates making ascorbic acid required in the diet.
The active form of vitamin C is ascorbate acid itself. The main function of ascorbate is as a reducing agent in a number of different reactions. Vitamin C has the potential to reduce cytochromes a and c of the respiratory chain as well as molecular oxygen. The most important reaction requiring ascorbate as a cofactor is the hydroxylation of proline residues in collagen. Vitamin C is, therefore, required for the maintenance of normal connective tissue as well as for wound healing since synthesis of connective tissue is the first event in wound tissue remodeling. Vitamin C also is necessary for bone remodeling due to the presence of collagen in the organic matrix of bones.
Several other metabolic reactions require vitamin C as a cofactor. These include the catabolism of tyrosine and the synthesis of epinephrine from tyrosine and the synthesis of the bile acids. It is also believed that vitamin C is involved in the process of steroidogenesis since the adrenal cortex contains high levels of vitamin C which are depleted upon adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation of the gland.
Deficiency in vitamin C leads to the disease scurvy due to the role of the vitamin in the post-translational modification of collagens. Scurvy is characterized by easily bruised skin, muscle fatigue, soft swollen gums, decreased wound healing and hemorrhaging, osteoporosis, and anemia. Vitamin C is readily absorbed and so the primary cause of vitamin C deficiency is poor diet and/or an increased requirement. The primary physiological state leading to an increased requirement for vitamin C is severe stress (or trauma). This is due to a rapid depletion in the adrenal stores of the vitamin. The reason for the decrease in adrenal vitamin C levels is unclear but may be due either to redistribution of the vitamin to areas that need it or an overall increased utilization.
التعديل الأخير تم بواسطة yaak ; 02-18-2007 الساعة 05:23 AM
تدري وش أخر ما كتبت البارحه ..
كتبت د نيا رايحه .. يعني ولا تسوى
تعبها ... وهمها
من ضمها خاسر .. وخاسر
ومن تركها في ضلوعه سارحه ..
د نيا على كبر الأماني والوهم ..
د ايم تضيق وجارحه ..
بلا حد و د
ربما عرفتُ أن بداية اللقاء تكون سهلةً عند البعض .. و لكنها كانت صعبةً عندي!!
و كنتُ أعلم يقيناً أن لحظات الوداع تكون صعبةً .. و لكنها الآن أصعبُ عندي!!
أينما وجهتُ وجهي ... أرى التفكير يعتصرُ آخر قطرةٍ تدخل إلى جوفي
و يزداد عطشي .. !!
Vitamin A consists of three biologically active molecules, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid.
Each of these compounds are derived from the plant precursor molecule, b-carotene (a member of a family of molecules known as carotenoids). Beta-carotene, which consists of two molecules of retinal linked at their aldehyde ends, is also referred to as the provitamin form of vitamin A.
Ingested b-carotene is cleaved in the lumen of the intestine by b-carotene dioxygenase to yield retinal. Retinal is reduced to retinol by retinaldehyde reductase, an NADPH requiring enzyme within the intestines. Retinol is esterified to palmitic acid and delivered to the blood via chylomicrons. The uptake of chylomicron remnants by the liver results in delivery of retinol to this organ for storage as a lipid ester within lipocytes. Transport of retinol from the liver to extrahepatic tissues occurs by binding of hydrolyzed retinol to aporetinol binding protein (RBP). the retinol-RBP complex is then transported to the cell surface within the Golgi and secreted. Within extrahepatic tissues retinol is bound to cellular retinol binding protein (CRBP). Plasma transport of retinoic acid is accomplished by binding to albumin.
Gene Control Exerted by Retinol and Retinoic Acid
Within cells both retinol and retinoic acid bind to specific receptor proteins. Following binding, the receptor-vitamin complex interacts with specific sequences in several genes involved in growth and differentiation and affects expression of these genes. In this capacity retinol and retinoic acid are considered hormones of the steroid/thyroid hormone superfamily of proteins. Vitamin D also acts in a similar capacity. Several genes whose patterns of expression are altered by retinoic acid are involved in the earliest processes of embryogenesis including the differentiation of the three germ layers, organogenesis and limb development.
Vision and the Role of Vitamin A
Photoreception in the eye is the function of two specialized cell types located in the retina; the rod and cone cells. Both rod and cone cells contain a photoreceptor pigment in their membranes. The photosensitive compound of most mammalian eyes is a protein called opsin to which is covalently coupled an aldehyde of vitamin A. The opsin of rod cells is called scotopsin. The photoreceptor of rod cells is specifically called rhodopsin or visual purple. This compound is a complex between scotopsin and the 11-cis-retinal (also called 11-cis-retinene) form of vitamin A. Rhodopsin is a serpentine receptor imbedded in the membrane of the rod cell. Coupling of 11-cis-retinal occurs at three of the transmembrane domains of rhodopsin. Intracellularly, rhodopsin is coupled to a specific G-protein called transducin.
When the rhodopsin is exposed to light it is bleached releasing the 11-cis-retinal from opsin. Absorption of photons by 11-cis-retinal triggers a series of conformational changes on the way to conversion all-trans-retinal. One important conformational intermediate is metarhodopsin II. The release of opsin results in a conformational change in the photoreceptor. This conformational change activates transducin, leading to an increased GTP-binding by the a-subunit of transducin. Binding of GTP releases the a-subunit from the inhibitory b- and g-subunits. The GTP-activated a-subunit in turn activates an associated phosphodiesterase; an enzyme that hydrolyzes cyclic-GMP (cGMP) to GMP. Cyclic GMP is required to maintain the Na+ channels of the rod cell in the open conformation. The drop in cGMP concentration results in complete closure of the Na+ channels. Metarhodopsin II appears to be responsible for initiating the closure of the channels. The closing of the channels leads to hyperpolarization of the rod cell with concomitant propagation of nerve impulses to the brain.
Additional Role of Retinol
Retinol also functions in the synthesis of certain glycoproteins and mucopolysaccharides necessary for mucous production and normal growth regulation. This is accomplished by phosphorylation of retinol to retinyl phosphate which then functions similarly to dolichol phosphate.
Clinical Significances of Vitamin A Deficiency
Vitamin A is stored in the liver and deficiency of the vitamin occurs only after prolonged lack of dietary intake. The earliest symptoms of vitamin A deficiency are night blindness. Additional early symptoms include follicular hyperkeratinosis, increased susceptibility to infection and cancer and anemia equivalent to iron deficient anemia. Prolonged lack of vitamin A leads to deterioration of the eye tissue through progressive keratinization of the cornea, a condition known as xerophthalmia.
The increased risk of cancer in vitamin deficiency is thought to be the result of a depletion in b-carotene. Beta-carotene is a very effective antioxidant and is suspected to reduce the risk of cancers known to be initiated by the production of free radicals. Of particular interest is the potential benefit of increased b-carotene intake to reduce the risk of lung cancer in smokers. However, caution needs to be taken when increasing the intake of any of the lipid soluble vitamins. Excess accumulation of vitamin A in the liver can lead to toxicity which manifests as bone pain, hepatosplenomegaly, nausea and diarrhea.
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone that functions to regulate specific gene expression following interaction with its intracellular receptor. The biologically active form of the hormone is 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3, also termed calcitriol). Calcitriol functions primarily to regulate calcium and phosphorous homeostasis.
Active calcitriol is derived from ergosterol (produced in plants) and from 7-dehydrocholesterol (produced in the skin). Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) is formed by uv irradiation of ergosterol. In the skin 7-dehydrocholesterol is converted to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) following uv irradiation.
Vitamin D2 and D3 are processed to D2-calcitriol and D3-calcitriol, respectively, by the same enzymatic pathways in the body. Cholecalciferol (or ergocalciferol) are absorbed from the intestine and transported to the liver bound to a specific vitamin D-binding protein. In the liver cholecalciferol is hydroxylated at the 25 position by a specific D3-25-hydroxylase generating 25-hydroxy-D3 [25-(OH)D3] which is the major circulating form of vitamin D. Conversion of 25-(OH)D3 to its biologically active form, calcitriol, occurs through the activity of a specific D3-1-hydroxylase present in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys, and in bone and placenta. 25-(OH)D3 can also be hydroxylated at the 24 position by a specific D3-24-hydroxylase in the kidneys, intestine, placenta and cartilage.
Calcitriol functions in concert with parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin to regulate serum calcium and phosphorous levels. PTH is released in response to low serum calcium and induces the production of calcitriol. In contrast, reduced levels of PTH stimulate synthesis of the inactive 24,25-(OH)2D3. In the intestinal epithelium, calcitriol functions as a steroid hormone in inducing the expression of calbindinD28K, a protein involved in intestinal calcium absorption. The increased absorption of calcium ions requires concomitant absorption of a negatively charged counter ion to maintain electrical neutrality. The predominant counter ion is Pi. When plasma calcium levels fall the major sites of action of calcitriol and PTH are bone where they stimulate bone resorption and the kidneys where they inhibit calcium excretion by stimulating reabsorption by the distal tubules. The role of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis is to decrease elevated serum calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption.
Clinical Significance of Vitamin D Deficiency
As a result of the addition of vitamin D to milk, deficiencies in this vitamin are rare in this country. The main symptom of vitamin D deficiency in children is rickets and in adults is osteomalacia. Rickets is characterized improper mineralization during the development of the bones resulting in soft bones. Osteomalacia is characterized by demineralization of previously formed bone leading to increased softness and susceptibility to fracture.
Vitamin E is a mixture of several related compounds known as tocopherols. The a-tocopherol molecule is the most potent of the tocopherols. Vitamin E is absorbed from the intestines packaged in chylomicrons. It is delivered to the tissues via chylomicron transport and then to the liver through chylomicron remnant uptake. The liver can export vitamin E in VLDLs. Due to its lipophilic nature, vitamin E accumulates in cellular membranes, fat deposits and other circulating lipoproteins. The major site of vitamin E storage is in adipose tissue.
The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen. In particular vitamin E is important for preventing peroxidation of polyunsaturated membrane fatty acids. The vitamins E and C are interrelated in their antioxidant capabilities. Active a-tocopherol can be regenerated by interaction with vitamin C following scavenge of a peroxy free radical. Alternatively, a-tocopherol can scavenge two peroxy free radicals and then be conjugated to glucuronate for excretion in the bile.
Clinical significances of Vitamin E Deficiency
No major disease states have been found to be associated with vitamin E deficiency due to adequate levels in the average American diet. The major symptom of vitamin E deficiency in humans is an increase in red blood cell fragility. Since vitamin E is absorbed from the intestines in chylomicrons, any fat malabsorption diseases can lead to deficiencies in vitamin E intake. Neurological disorders have been associated with vitamin E deficiencies associated with fat malabsorptive disorders. Increased intake of vitamin E is recommended in premature infants fed formulas that are low in the vitamin as well as in persons consuming a diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids tend to form free radicals upon exposure to oxygen and this may lead to an increased risk of certain cancers.
The K vitamins exist naturally as K1 (phylloquinone) in green vegetables and K2 (menaquinone) produced by intestinal bacteria and K3 is synthetic menadione. When administered, vitamin K3 is alkylated to one of the vitamin K2 forms of menaquinone.
"n" can be 6, 7 or 9 isoprenoid groups
The major function of the K vitamins is in the maintenance of normal levels of the blood clotting proteins, factors II, VII, IX, X and protein C and protein S, which are synthesized in the liver as inactive precursor proteins. Conversion from inactive to active clotting factor requires a posttranslational modification of specific glutamate (E) residues. This modification is a carboxylation and the enzyme responsible requires vitamin K as a cofactor. The resultant modified E residues are g-carboxyglutamate (gla). This process is most clearly understood for factor II, also called preprothrombin. Prothrombin is modified preprothrombin. The gla residues are effective calcium ion chelators. Upon chelation of calcium, prothrombin interacts with phospholipids in membranes and is proteolysed to thrombin through the action of activated factor X (Xa).
During the carboxylation reaction reduced hydroquinone form of vitamin K is converted to a 2,3-epoxide form. The regeneration of the hydroquinone form requires an uncharacterized reductase. This latter reaction is the site of action of the dicumarol based anticoagulants such as warfarin.
Clinical significance of Vitamin K Deficiency
Naturally occurring vitamin K is absorbed from the intestines only in the presence of bile salts and other lipids through interaction with chylomicrons. Therefore, fat malabsorptive diseases can result in vitamin K deficiency. The synthetic vitamin K3 is water soluble and absorbed irrespective of the presence of intestinal lipids and bile. Since the vitamin K2 form is synthesized by intestinal bacteria, deficiency of the vitamin in adults is rare. However, long term antibiotic treatment can lead to deficiency in adults. The intestine of newborn infants is sterile, therefore, vitamin K deficiency in infants is possible if lacking from the early diet. The primary symptom of a deficiency in infants is a hemorrhagic syndrome.
انتهى . . . واتمنى اني وفيت وكفيت يا الهويد
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By Professor Kate Morris, Dr Will Mason, Professor Paul Bywaters, Professor Brid Featherstone, Professor Brigid Daniels, Dr Nughmana Mirza
How do we understand social work decisions in the context of inequality and poverty? We already know families face a profoundly unequal chance of experiencing care and protection interventions.
This is not a postcode lottery. For children, their social, economic and material circumstances are directly connected to the likelihood of social workers deciding they should be cared for, or be the subject of protection planning.
Put simply, being poor increases the chance of state intervention in your life. Yet there are extra dimensions to this too. Analysis of data also suggests that being poor in affluent local authorities increases the chances of intervention further – less deprived local authorities intervene more readily in children’s lives than more deprived neighbouring authorities.
The impact of deprivation
We have called this the inverse intervention law. It’s based on work on health inequalities – where the inverse care law means those who most need health are least likely to receive it. The inverse intervention law says that families experiencing similar levels of deprivation are more likely to experience care and protection if they live in less deprived local authorities.
This is a pattern rather than a specific piece of practice. It tells us this is not simply a matter of individual social workers needing to think differently about the impact of children’s social material and economic circumstances.
Looking at individual practice is hugely important, but for too long social work has avoided difficult discussions about the relationship between poverty, deprivation and child protection.Too many of the current policies that shape the approach to care and protection of children in this country do not recognise the centrality of inequality.
Beyond individual decision-making
If we are going to better understand outcomes for children, and their families, we need to develop a robust understanding of this complex area and pay attention to the patterns that go beyond individual decision-making.
We hope a unique research project we’re involved with will make a significant contribution to remedying the current knowledge gap. The study, funded by the Nuffield Foundation, is going to explore the interlocking variables that lie behind the inverse intervention law.
We want to explore several critical questions. Can we establish a difference in how deprivation is understood and experienced between higher and lower intervening authorities? Does this have a relationship with decisions to intervene and local thresholds?
How do social workers talk about and perceive poverty and deprivation? Is there a common pattern across high or low intervening areas? Are more affluent authorities reaching children in need of care and protection that deprived authorities cannot help? Or are families living in poverty more visible and marginalised in affluent authorities?
In seeking answers, we’ll be spending time with social work teams and the communities they serve in order to understand and unpick the factors involved. We’re conducting two waves of fieldwork and, by the end, will be able to compare a sample of local authorities and Scottish and English practices and responses.
We are also looking to test new methodologies and make better use of existing data. This has already helped us to arrive at detailed descriptions of who is being intervened with, when and why.
Our project will not be able to answer every question. But it will examine the relationship between child welfare intervention rates and inequality. This will be crucial in helping efforts to ensure our care and protection approaches consider the effects of poverty and, in doing so, deliver the best outcomes for children and families.
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Throw the word “vaccine” out to a crowd of people and you are bound to hear some heavy opinions. Talk of immunizations begins at birth and follows you throughout your adult life. For many, flu shots have become a common standard as the seasons approach winter. If you are living with autoimmune disease, you may want to educate yourself about the pneumonia (pneumococcal) vaccine as well.
What is pneumococcal disease?
The CDC defines pneumococcal disease as follows: “Pneumococcal disease is defined as infections that are caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as pneumococcus. Resultant infections from pneumococcal disease can be devastating and may even cause death.
The most common types of pneumococcal infections according to the CDC include:
- middle ear infections
- sinus infections
- lung infections (pneumonia)
- blood stream infections (bacteremia)
According to the CDC (see the risk category list here in full) people with diabetes are persons recommended to have the pneumococcal vaccine. The risk category is titled “immunocompetent persons”- take notice that is different than immunocompromised. The CDC powerfully states:
“Although people with diabetes are more likely to die with the flu, about 50% do not get an annual flu shot. Pneumococcal disease kills more people in the United States each year than all other vaccine-preventable diseases combined, and people with diabetes are at greater risk.” – CDC
What is autoimmune disease?
Autoimmune disease is a diverse group of immune mediated diseases, in which the body produces antibodies against its own cells. Some examples of autoimmune diseases are type 1 diabetes, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and hashimotos thyroiditis.
Dr. Bingham, director of John’s Hopkins Arthritis Center states “a lack of familiarity with vaccine recommendations and a lack of communication between rheumatologists and primary care physicians contribute to underutilization of vaccines in patients with autoimmune disease.” ~ According to the rhumatologist.org
Can children receive this vaccine?
Yes, children can receive a pneumococcal vaccine dependent upon their age, health circumstances and previous vaccination schedule. There are two different pneumococcal vaccines available. See your health care practitioner and ask them if they recommend a vaccine for you, your child or another family member.
Most recently according to the U.S. FDA, they have approved Pfizer Inc’s Prevnar 13 pneumococcal vaccine “to include the prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease in children 6 years through 17 years of age caused by serotypes contained in the vaccine.”
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|Cycas revoluta, one of the most primitive living
seed plants, are very unusual and popular ornamentals. A rugged trunk,
topped with whorled feathery leaves has lead to the common name "Sago Palm",
however it is actually related to conifer and Ginko trees - all cone bearing
plants which trace their origins back to the ancient flora of the early
Mesozoic era. Often called "living fossils", Cycads have changed very little
in the last 200 million years.
While various species of Cycads can be found throughout the world, the subtropical C. revoluta is native to the Far East and has been used as a choice container and landscape plant for centuries. The growth habit of Cycas revoluta displays an upright trunk with a diameter from 1" to 12" depending on age, topped with stiff feather-like leaves growing in a circular pattern. Rather than continuously adding foliage, Sagos produce a periodic "flush" of new leaves, called a "break". Eventually, offsets begin to grow at the base of the specimen, and occasionally in the crown. The addition of offsets provides a source of new plants and many possibilities for developing an unique specimen.
Regardless of age or size, Cycas revoluta is one of the easiest plants to grow, indoors or out, by beginner or expert. This subtropical adapts to a wide range of temperatures from 15 to 110 degrees F (-11 to 42 degrees C), accepts full sun or bright interior light, thrives with attention, and tolerates neglect. In addition, Cycads are extremely long-lived. A 220 year old specimen of Encephalartos, a relative of Cycas revoluta, is on display at the Royal Botanic Garden, Kew England; the restoration of the famous Palm House required it to be temporarily transplanted to a holding area for more than a year; the move was successful and is an example of the durability of these ancient "living fossils".
|Care and Culture of Cycas
PROPAGATION is by seed
or removal of offsets called "pups".
Cycads are dioecious, having both males and females. In South Texas, females
sagos began to "flower" and male sagos produce "cones" in May when it is
time to pollinate.
We hand pollinate our own sagos, for more information, take this link. Sometimes, wind, bees, or insects can pollinate the plants. Seed develop in the female over the summer and are ready to be removed in January or February.
Soak seed in water for several days, then remove the red skin, but leave the white hard seed coat. They can be planted immediately, or retained in a cool, dry place until March or April. Plant seed sideways, with only the top edge exposed, in well drained soil and keep soil moist but not soggy. Seed will usually germinate in 3-9 months, but may require more than three years of growth to reach a small bulb size 1" in diameter. For more information about pollinating Sagos and growing them from seed, you will find a link to another page at the end of this article.
Offsets or "pups", growing at the base or along
the sides of mature Sagos, are an excellent source of new plants. Remove
them in early spring, late fall, or winter by using a hand trowel to pop
small ones from the trunk side, or a sharp-shooter shovel to dig and gently
crow-bar large ones from the base of the plant. Remove all the pups'
leaves and roots, then set them aside for the raw spot to dry for a week
or so. Plant in well-drained soil or a sandy mixture so that half
the ball or trunk is below soil level - water thoroughly. Allow the soil
to become nearly dry before watering. It's best to start new pups in a
shady area or a bright indoor area. Roots will slowly begin to form
and the first leaves appear several months later. At that time, apply a
mild dose of fertilizer and water when almost, but not completely dry.
Allow the new plants to form a good root system before repotting into a
larger container or planting in your garden or landscape. Warning! Removing
pups can be very hard work on large Sagos with lots of babies.
TEMPERATURE RANGE is from 15 to 110 degrees F (-11 to 42 C). Temperatures in the high teens may frost-damage leaves which may turn yellow or brown. Remove these to reduce stress on the plant and encourage new leaves in the spring. If temperatures fall below 15, the sago may die, however, as long as the trunk and leaf crown is hard wood, it should recover. If the trunk turns soft, your sago may be damaged beyond recovery. Our field of sago palms survived 11 degrees, a century low in South Texas, however large live oak trees planted throughout the "sago patch" provided some protection. We removed all the damaged leaves and the sagos grew new ones the following spring.
HUMIDITY range is from dry to wet.
LIGHT: Sagos grow in full sun, but adapt to outdoor shade or an indoor area which receives bright light or a few hours of morning or afternoon sun.
RATE OF GROWTH is extremely slow. The fastest rate observed in South Texas commercial production (which has excellent growing conditions of hot summers and mild winters) under 30% shade is three new sets of leaves and an increase of 1" (3 cm) of height and trunk diameter per year. When grown as potted indoor specimens, Cycads may add only one set of new leaves every year or two and remain somewhat the same size (one reason they are excellent for bonsai).
LONGEVITY: Cycas revoluta are extremely
long lived and old specimens can grow in curious ways. The multi-trunk
and multiple branched specimen shown below was planted at the Huntington
Gardens in San Marino, California over 80 years ago and is 15' (5 m) tall
with a clump diameter of 12' (4 m).
PRONUNCIATION: sAgo (long A) often mistakenly pronounced or spelled sego (see-go) palm.
SOIL should be well drained and rich in humus, although these durable plants seem to grow in almost anything. In the landscape or garden, be sure to plant Sagos slightly above the soil line and not in a hole or depression which retains water or is "swampy". Sagos much prefer to be on the dry than the wet side.
WATER AND FERTILIZER needs are related to the amount of light available. Unlike most plants which can wilt when dry or turn yellow from lack of fertilizer, Cycads give little indication of when to water or feed. Generally, they should be treated as a cactus and watered when almost dry.
WATERING: If grown in a container, allow the soil to become almost dry, then water thoroughly slowly adding water around the top of the soil. If the plant is receiving morning or afternoon sun or temperatures are warm, Sagos may need to be watered at least weekly. Plants grown in low light or cool temperatures may need water every few weeks or so. We generally water a plant twice. The first time wets the soil, the second watering a few minutes later soaks the soil. If planted in the landscape, water when dry, but do not keep continuously wet. Established plants can easily survive drought conditions.
FERTILIZER is generally applied during spring and late summer. Sagos growing in partial sun should receive an average rate as listed on the container, those in low light should receive only 1/4 rate. Too little plant food is far better than too much. If organic or slow release fertilizer is used, do not allow any to fall into the plant crown which is protecting the formation of future leaves.
OLD LEAVES MAY TURN YELLOW from over watering or too much fertilizer.
NEW LEAVES MAY TURN YELLOW from excess fertilizer or poor soil conditions.
Note: Once leaves turn yellow or brown, they should be removed from the plant.
INSECTS are limited to scale (can form a white
or gray crust) or occasional attacks of mealy bugs. Use an insecticidal
soap or a product labeled for scale. In all cases, use caution and follow
the directions on the container. Always water a plant before treatment
or spraying during the coolest part of the day or morning. The combination
of heat, direct sun, and insecticide can burn leaves. If your Sago seems
to have an insect or fungus on the leaves, remove one or two and take them
to your nearest Garden Center for identification and recommended treatment.
REPOTTING is best done in spring or summer. Cycads prefer to be root bound and should be repotted into a container only slightly larger than the root system. If roots are trimmed for bonsai use, remove a comparable amount of lower leaves.
PLANTING IN THE LANDSCAPE OR GARDEN: Sagos do not like to be planted in a low area where they might stay continuously wet; they do best when established in a well-drained area, or when planted slightly (an inch or so) above ground level. Also, be aware that these plants can eventually become quite large with a leaf span of over 6' (2 m) in diameter. Choose an area which will allow ample room for future growth and one which is not located next to walkways or too close to buildings or homes.
PRUNING LEAVES and "SPRUCING UP" your Sago palm should be done at least once a year. Oldest and lowest leaves eventually have brown tips or turn brown (to allow the plant energy to go to growing new leaves) and should be removed. Cut as close to the trunk as possible. If new leaves emerge yellow or distorted, then you have probably been over or under fertilizing. Cut them off immediately so that the Cycad will start making a new set of leaves.
TOXICITY: The seed and plant parts of Cycas revoluta are not for
consumption and is often confused with a true palm tree Mextroxylon, also
called Sago Palm, which is used for food in tropical countries. For
more information about THAT palm, take this link: Metroxylon
If it is a relatively small one with trunk diameter of 4" or less, it won't be a big problem. First remove all but the uppermost ring of leaves - you will damage some roots in the transplant process so you must reduce the number of leaves to one ring of the topmost leaves - remove all others. This will also help you see the base of the plant while you are digging. Use a sharp shooter shovel (one that is straight and narrow, plus sharp at the end) and dig about 6" away from the trunk, at least 12" deep while retaining as many roots as possible. Using the shovel, gently crowbar it out of the ground.
Move it to a pre-dug hole slightly larger than the root-ball of the plant. Center the plant in the hole, being sure that the soil level is slightly above the old one, about an 1" (add soil to the bottom of the hole if needed). Backfill with a mixture of 1/2 peat moss and 1/2 garden soil that was removed from the hole. Water when the soil becomes almost dry. If transplanting is successful, new leaves will emerge by summer. It often takes a year or two for the Cycad to actively resume normal growth.
If you prefer to put the big sago in a large pot or box instead of planting it, use a container only slightly larger than the rootball.
If it is a large sago, with a trunk diameter of 6" or more and trunk height of over 12", then you will need plenty of help. Sago trunks and roots can be very heavy. Use the same procedure above, but dig a larger, deeper root-ball and hole.
If you have never transplanted a large palm or Cycad, then call your local landscape contractor and arrange to have them do it. I remember the first one our nursery ever dug - with a trunk diameter of 12" and height of 5'. It took two men an hour to dig the root ball, then we found it all so heavy that we had to bring our farm winch truck just to lift it out of the ground! Unless you have a winch truck handy, don't even try it. We moved about 2 more large ones over the years and then decided it was just too much trouble!
VALUE of huge old landscape specimens can vary depending on what part
of the country you are in - visit your local garden centers to check prices
or call a landscaper.
In the Rhapis Gardens collection is a fine subject
with an interesting history. During a harsh winter with a "century low"
of 11 degrees F, it froze, withered into a donut-shaped lump of trunk (leafless,
rootless, and centerless) and was tossed aside as a bad weather casualty.
The following spring, someone noticed that it was sprouting roots and a
ring of offsets. Retrieved and potted, this sago has grown into an unusual
specimen with numerous sago heads surrounding an empty center. What seemed
a total loss transformed into a one-of-a-kind "multi-head" masterpiece.
This specimen is shown below in a short 12" (30 cm) Bonsai Pot & Saucer.
MULTI-HEAD SAGOS are an unusual creation of Mother Nature. While large Sagos often produce new offshoots at the base or sides of the trunk and eventually grow into huge multi-branched clumps, this species occasionally produces a cluster of heads in the crown as shown by the one on the left above. Small multi-head and multi-trunk sagos in 6" to 10" (15 to 25 cm) pots are extremely rare and provide unique additions to indoor plant collections. They are fabulous when used as bonsai.
|Variegated Cycas Revoluta:
Variegated Cycas revoluta are extremely rare. In the numerous specimens grown at Rhapis Gardens during the last 20 years, only a few exhibit striped leaves. One of the most interesting has yellow "stripes" as illustrated above. Another has light blue-green streaks throughout the leaves which are more coarse and thicker than normal as shown in the photo and inset below.
I hope you have enjoyed learning more about Cycas revoluta.
Each day I receive lots of email asking questions about "what's wrong with my Sago" - far too many for me to answer! Usually, the answer to a question can be found within this article and the "growing from seed" or "Sago Palm Pups" article linked to this one.
If you have a question about your garden planted or outdoor sago, contact your local garden center for advice. Each region of the country has different soils, water quality, and climate. Plants may need fertilizers related to your soil conditions. So, it is impossible for me to determine what the plant problem might be related to your area.
If you are growing your Sago as a houseplant and have a problem, then it's best to contact the place you purchased it from. Sagos are grown all over the U.S. and very few nurseries grow them in shade, as we do, for houseplant use. So, I suspect that if you purchased a Sago from a garden center that it was sun grown for outdoor use and has far too much fertilizer in the soil and plant system to successfully become a indoor plant.
People often wonder the value of their ancient landscape Sago - prices vary from one end of the country to another - contact your local Garden Center and inquire, or go visit one and see if they have one the same size and what the cost is.
If you HAVE purchased a Sago palm from Rhapis Gardens, then feel free to send an email - I can probably answer your question since my greenhouse operation grew it. We use a custom blended soil, mild fertilizers, shaded greenhouses, and it should successfully become one of your favorite indoor or patio plants.
-- Lynn McKamey,
|To find out how to pollinate and grow Sagos from seed, take this
LINK to page 2 of this article.
To learn how to grow Sagos from pups (offsets), take this LINK.
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Where is the art in design?
Industrialization and the coming of the machine age provoked strong reactions in a number of artists and designers in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. While some were critical of the changes taking place, others embraced them. The Arts and Crafts movement and the Bauhaus exemplify two such responses. In both cases, the issues raised by their adherents led to serious thinking about art and design and, ultimately, had a major impact on domestic architecture and furnishing, as well as interior decoration.
Questions to Consider
- Each of these pieces is associated with a particular design movement. What are those movements and how do these pieces reflect the philosophies of each? Is there any overlap between them?
- What is the relationship between form and function in each of these cases? How would you characterize the relationship between form and function in the domestic wares produced and consumed by your own culture today? What does this suggest about contemporary values?
- Traditionally, museums have classified furniture as decorative arts, rather than fine arts. Do you think this is a valid distinction? Do you think chairs and tables like these have a place in an art museum?
© Annenberg Foundation 2016. All rights reserved. Legal Policy
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by Craig Weatherby
The positive results of a clinical trial from Korea add to the extensive research linking omega-3 fatty acids from fish (EPA and DHA) to reduced cardiovascular risks.
Persuasive evidence suggests that people who consume more omega-3s than their peers are substantially less likely to suffer a stroke or a second heart attack (The evidence is weaker for preventing a first heart attack).
Omega-3s also reduce the risk of “sudden cardiac death” …the class of fatal cardiac incidents that result from an arrhythmia and account for half of all heart-related mortalities (Mozaffarian D 2008).
Higher intakes of omega-3s have been linked to improvements in key risk factors for heart disease or death, including blood lipid (fat and cholesterol) profiles, tendency toward thrombosis (clotting), high blood pressure, arrhythmias, and poor vascular function.
And a growing body of evidence suggests that lifestyle changes – including increased omega-3 intake from fatty fish or fish oil supplements – can rival the effects of statins:
The positive outcomes of seven clinical trials published during the past decade indicate that omega-3s can further improve blood lipid profiles in patients already taking a statin drug (Durrington PN et al. 2001; Hong H et al. 2004; Davidson MH et al. 2007; Maki KC et al. 2008; Bays HE et al. 2010; Bays HE et al. 2010; Maki KC et al. 2010).
These additional benefits include sharper drops in patients’ triglyceride levels, as well as sharper reductions in blood levels of all “non-HDL” cholesterol … a change known to reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular events more than the reductions in total and “bad” (LDL and VLDL) cholesterol delivered by statin drugs.
There may be limits to how much additional risk-reduction omega-3s can provide to patients who are already taking an “optimal” combination of drugs… see “Omega-3s Can't Boost Heart Patients' Drug Cocktail.”
But it’s safer to combine omega-3s and statins than to combine statins with other prescription drugs used in “combo therapy” (e.g., fibrates).
And diets rich in omega-3s benefit vascular, brain, immune, and metabolic health as well as heart health… so they make sense even for heart patients who are already receiving optimal drug therapy.
Clinical trial confirms benefit of adding omega-3s to statin therapy
Researchers at Seoul National University Hospital recruited 62 people with mixed dyslipidemia for a partially controlled (randomized, open-label) clinical trial lasting six weeks
The term “mixed dyslipidemia” means a deadly combination of low levels of HDL (“good”) cholesterol and high levels of triglycerides and LDL (“bad”) cholesterol.
Mixed dyslipidemia is most often seen in people suffering from or developing obesity or diabetes, and metabolic syndrome … and it’s associated with a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Statin drugs alone cannot “cure” mixed dyslipidemia, because high levels of triglycerides and low levels of HDL cholesterol usually persist even after a statin drug lowers a patient’s high LDL levels.
The participants were divided into two groups, each assigned to a different daily regimen:
Control Group – 20mg of simvastatin (Zocor)
Test Group – 20mg of simvastatin (Zocor) plus 4 grams of omega-3s (1.86 grams EPA + 1.4 grams DHA).
There were seven dropouts from the combination therapy group and five from the simvastatin-only group … with compliance being good among the 50 remaining participants.
After six weeks, blood levels of triglycerides dropped by 41 percent in the omega-3 + statin group, versus only 13.9 percent in the statin-only group.
As the authors wrote, “The combination of omega-3 fatty acids plus simvastatin, which achieved a significantly greater reduction of triglycerides [than simvastatin alone] without adverse reactions, should be considered as an optimal treatment option for patients with mixed dyslipidemia.” (Kim SH et al. 2010)
Additionally, both groups showed significant reductions in LDL (“bad”) cholesterol levels, while neither group showed reductions in HDL (“good”) cholesterol levels.
The Korean team penned a clear conclusion:
“… a combination therapy of omega-3 fatty acids and simvastatin showed few adverse events. Thus, it could be considered as a good therapeutic choice for patients with mixed dyslipidemia, lowering triglycerides by 40 percent without mitigating [reducing] LDL [“bad”] cholesterol reduction by statins.”
The study was funded by the Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy (IRICT) and the Clinical Research Center for Ischemic Heart Disease in South Korea.
Bays HE, Maki KC, McKenney J, Snipes R, Meadowcroft A, Schroyer R, Doyle RT, Stein E. Long-term up to 24-month efficacy and safety of concomitant prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters and simvastatin in hypertriglyceridemic patients. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010 Apr;26(4):907-15.
Bays HE, McKenney J, Maki KC, Doyle RT, Carter RN, Stein E. Effects of prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters on non--high-density lipoprotein cholesterol when coadministered with escalating doses of atorvastatin. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010 Feb;85(2):122-8.
Davidson MH, Stein EA, Bays HE, Maki KC, Doyle RT, Shalwitz RA, Ballantyne CM, Ginsberg HN; COMBination of prescription Omega-3 with Simvastatin (COMBOS) Investigators. Efficacy and tolerability of adding prescription omega-3 fatty acids 4 g/d to simvastatin 40 mg/d in hypertriglyceridemic patients: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Ther. 2007 Jul;29(7):1354-67.
Durrington PN, Bhatnagar D, Mackness MI, Morgan J, Julier K, Khan MA, France M. An omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate administered for one year decreased triglycerides in simvastatin treated patients with coronary heart disease and persisting hypertriglyceridaemia. Heart. 2001 May;85(5):544-8.
Hong H, Xu ZM, Pang BS, Cui L, Wei Y, Guo WJ, Mao YL, Yang XC. Effects of simvastain combined with omega-3 fatty acids on high sensitive C-reactive protein, lipidemia, and fibrinolysis in patients with mixed dyslipidemia. Chin Med Sci J. 2004 Jun;19(2):145-9.
Kim SH, Kim MK, Lee HY, Kang HJ, Kim YJ, Kim HS. Prospective randomized comparison between omega-3 fatty acid supplements plus simvastatin versus simvastatin alone in Korean patients with mixed dyslipidemia: lipoprotein profiles and heart rate variability. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010 Sep 29. [Epub ahead of print]
Maki KC, Dicklin MR, Davidson MH, Doyle RT, Ballantyne CM; COMBination of prescription Omega-3 with Simvastatin (COMBOS) Investigators. Baseline lipoprotein lipids and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol response to prescription omega-3 acid ethyl ester added to Simvastatin therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2010 May 15;105(10):1409-12. Epub 2010 Mar 30.
Maki KC, McKenney JM, Reeves MS, Lubin BC, Dicklin MR. Effects of adding prescription omega-3 acid ethyl esters to simvastatin (20 mg/day) on lipids and lipoprotein particles in men and women with mixed dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiol. 2008 Aug 15;102(4):429-33. Epub 2008 May 22. Erratum in: Am J Cardiol. 2008 Nov 15;102(10):1425.
Mozaffarian D. Fish and n-3 fatty acids for the prevention of fatal coronary heart disease and sudden cardiac death. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jun;87(6):1991S-6S.
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Rigor. I hate that word. Reminds me of dead bodies. It has been a pretty popular word in education lately, especially since Common Core. It is a word many aren’t sure of the meaning. It’s definition is kind of the opposite of what kids endure on a regular basis. But even as much as I hate the word, I completely agree the idea behind it not only needs to be present in every classroom, but is something we cannot have STEM or any kind of advanced learning without.
Last week I had a meeting and in that meeting it was brought up that a complaint (which I have had a lot of this year and it’s something I’m not used to) a parent had about my class is that the student was struggling and the parent did not want the kid to struggle. It has really stuck in my mind and I had been researching (because that is all I have done this year), thinking, and trying to play out in my head about learning and struggles.
I have written before about failure and it’s importance when learning, but the struggles are not something I have evert stopped and thought about.
I feel like I need to point this out to give you a background on my class –
1. I teach technology elective and there has been a lot of discourse over whether an elective should be an easy A class. I wish I did not have to give grades here so we could focus on the learning.
2. My class is really not that hard. Yes the technology is mostly something new, but it is not hard stuff. I have actually made sure that I could find 2nd and 3rd graders who have done the same.
3. This is my first year teaching the class. I had 2 weeks to prepare for it. I have had to write my curriculum as I teach it. I have re-written this said curriculum as I have seen what works and/or researched methods, which is probably at 100 times now.
4. This class is 90% PBL using authentic assessment.
5. Classwork grades are mostly based on kids successfully completing small portions of the projects by deadlines (give or take a few days). Classwork must be 20% of grade says my district higher ups.
6. Finished projects are graded on a huge spectrum from the research to the correct use of tech, not on just being pretty. This assessment grade is 70% of the grade.
7. This is the first time my students have had any experience with PBL.
Ok back to the post. Struggle. I love science and math. Struggle comes with science and math. The entire scientific method has to have struggle to even work. There must be variables, testing, and going back to test again. That is not a do ‘without thinking’ task. But are struggle and rigor the same thing? When I look up rigor is almost always defined as the depth of understanding, questioning, and application. So maybe these words are not synonymous. But I can’t help but think that you can’t have rigor if something is simple. It takes searching and testing for answers or to see if it works. To me that is a struggle. It is not something that is easy. If you can do something the first time, did you really learn from it? If you can memorize it, are you learning it?
I read this article a while back and it has stuck with me. The title alone is “The More You Struggle with New Information, the More Likely You Are to Learn It.” It goes on the say that struggle is an essential part of learning. If that is correct, when we teach students to learn through rote memorization, are we helping or hurting? While searching for answers on this I came across this article from NPR about struggle in a Chinese classroom. It talks about a student who does not understand a math activity and the teacher makes him go to the board and do it in front of the classroom, and then talks about the class cheering for the student when he gets it right. No I would never do that in my classroom and I worry often if classrooms from the East are lacking in creativity but it has a point. The student had determination and then had a huge sense of accomplishment when he was done.
Look at sports. I love sports. I love watching. I was a cheerleading coach for years (yes it is a sport). My 8 year old daughter spends 5 hours a week in gymnastics class. If she didn’t struggle, then she would not have to go but for an hour a week. I still know every motion to the “UCA All Star” cheerleading dance I learned in 10th grade. It was so hard and I was 2 years younger than the other girls trying out, I practiced more for that dance because I could not get it. (I did eventually and I made All Stars that camp.) But because of that struggle, it stuck with me. I was a better cheerleader for it. I’m a Bama football fan, if you know who Nick Saban is, I really don’t need to draw a parallel here.
But with all of this said, struggle cannot be the only factor and rigor does not mean hard. You can’t give extra work and make it harder and call it rigor. Struggle needs to just be a part of it. There needs to be fun. There needs to be student centered motivation. There needs to be the problem solving aspect. There needs to be some passion. It is just a part of the whole. Just like the PBL lesson it self, there has to be many parts to make a whole in the end. Without each part, the learning goals are not really met. I don’t know if I am hitting each part with every lesson. I try.
This school year I’m learning. I’m struggling. I have never struggled with curriculum before. I’ve never struggled with teaching the way I have this year. BUT I know I have learned so much. I know what works with PBL and middle school kids. I know what does not work as well. I hope my sharing with y’all these “struggles” I am learning from are helping y’all in some way. Someone called me an “expert” in PBL the other day and I laughed because I have had as many failures as successes this year. You should see my private journal! Ouch! But I looked back on a PD session I was asked to give last summer on PBL, if I gave it again tomorrow, not much would be the same. There is a huge difference between having that text book knowledge of something you did 2 or 3 times a quarter and something you do everyday. I knew what PBL was, how to do it, etc, but now my knowledge is so much deeper and clearer.
If life is easy, we do not learn from experience. We would not be able to take that experience when harder things come our way. We have to find a way to give our students these experiences. We have to find a way to do it while encouraging as well. We have to celebrate the successes that come from that struggle. I think that part is forgotten. I have had so many successes in my classroom this year, but no one calls the principal about those or send me an email about how awesome their child’s website is. I know how that feels, so I know I have the goal of always pointing out the success that comes from the struggle with my students. Just like the story of the classroom in China, they celebrated when he got it. A “good job on ___” can go such a long way. The struggle cannot be the finish, just the path to get there. That means I have a finish line this year, right?
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trusses and beams
Carbon fiber composites provide an alternative to conventional materials, for example steel, aluminum, and fiberglass, for the construction of lightweight trusses and frame structures. Element 6 Composites has developed two methods for building carbon fiber tubular frames: one with high strength, robustness, and customizability, and the other with extremely low weight.
Square Tubes and Gussets
The first construction method for these types of carbon fiber structures is using tubes and gussets. The tubes range from as small as 3/4x3/4 to 2x4 and even larger. In addition to overall dimensions, wall thicknesses, gusset geometries, and layup schedules can be customized to meet the needs of each application. For example, uni-direction carbon fiber can be added to individual members to increase bending/axial stiffness and strength. Likewise, gusset thickness and geometry can be adjusted to ensure proper shear stress transfer through the joints. NeiNastran composite FEA calculations are used to optimize structures for minimum weight, while maintaining the specified strength and stiffness requirements.
Weighing in at only 6 pounds, this carbon fiber truss comprised of ¾ x ¾ tubes and gussets was subjected to a cantilever test with 800 pounds placed at the end without breaking.
|UAV flight test truss: Captive testing of a small UAV was conducting using a 50-foot long wire-braced truss. All of the compression members of the truss were made using carbon fiber square tubes and gussets. The tension members were steel wire. FEA analysis was performed on the entire structure to ensure adequate strength and stiffness.|
Pultruded Round Tubes and Connectors
An alternative lightweight, and often cost-effective, carbon fiber construction method is using our patent-pending connectors and pultruded carbon fiber tubes. The connectors give a great deal of versatility to the structural designer, with infinite combinations of lengths and angles, and a wide array of attachment components. In addition, the skills necessary for construction of this type of structure are relatively easy to master. Element 6 Composites specializes in both design and fabrication; however, many of our customers have the in-house capability to assemble the final structures once we have worked together through the design and prototyping phases of development.
The picture to the right shows a cantilever load test of a pultruded carbon fiber truss that held over 500 pounds.
|Carbon Fiber Beams
Many applications from robots to load-bearing structures require customized beams. Element 6 Composites specializes in designing and fabricating custom carbon fiber beams for a wide array of industries and users. Although carbon fiber beams are typically more expensive than a similar metal component, the substantial weight savings that can be achieved through advanced composites often outweighs this upfront investment.
Weighing in at only 9 pounds, this 8ft curved beam held 2500 pounds without breaking.
Multiple fabrication methods and material combinations are available, each with specific advantages. Using Nastran FEA modeling and proprietary fabrication processes, customized bending and torsional stiffnesses are possible to minimize weight. Often customers have a working assembly constructed from metal that would benefit greatly from reduced weight and increased stiffness; however, do not have the experience internally to redesign the structural members in carbon fiber composites. The engineers at Element 6 Composites are glad to discuss your project and how we can help both in the design/prototyping, as well as low and high volume production phases of your program.
|Cantilever beam testing and corresponding finite element analysis results for a carbon fiber box beam. Using a combination of FEA and experimental testing, Element 6 Composites is able to build highly optimized beam structures for each customer and application.|
A 24-foot long arched box beam was designed for an application that required a lightweight structure to support a heavy distributed load. Several rounds of analytical and finite element analyses drove optimization. A combination of selective carbon fiber placement and hole pattern provided a minimum weight design that met all strength specifications.
Small box beams used as wing spars for an unmanned airplane. The parts were built up out of off-the-shelf Dragonplate components, providing a cost effective solution and rapid turn-around time for the customer.
The applications for lightweight carbon fiber trusses and beams are endless. Some examples include robotic support structures and end-effectors, replacements for cantilevered beams in high-speed or portable applications, tradeshow booths, and unmanned vehicle frames. If the application requires minimum weight, yet high stiffness and strength, carbon fiber trusses or beams may be a solution worth investigating.
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November is officially Hip-Hop history month! It’s also the 40th anniversary of The Universal Zulu Nation, and the 39th anniversary of Hip Hop. Let’s take a trip to the South Bronx of the ’70s, which was a melting pot for both music and people. From this integration came the culture that would later spawn the music to be called Hip-Hop, or Rap. This was when it was in its purist form, which was just ‘culture.’ It’s kind of hard to imagine, given its current state, but follow me anyway.
Hip-Hop was started during this time as a culture; at the jams, in the parties, in the parks, you name it. It was created in spite of some of the social and economic disparities of the Bronx, which included poverty, drugs and location. The South Bronx at that time was considered everything poor by American standards. What was not being documented to most outside of the culture was the culture of the South Bronx itself. A culture that was rich. A culture that changed lives through its artistic interpretation. A culture that would change the history of music and media forever. At the helm of this cultural movement called “Hip Hop” was Afrika Bambaataa, the founder of The Universal Zulu Nation. The Universal Zulu Nation at the time was a music-oriented youth organization that became a world movement.
Bambaataa pioneered the musical genre Electro Funk. He did this by grabbing a big pot and mixing up musical ingredients. The first ingredient was the pure funk sound of Parliament Funkadelic, George Clinton and Sly Stone. Next, he added a dash of electronic music from Japan in the flavor of Yellow Magic Orchestra, and a bit of spice from Germany, with sounds from Kraftwerk. The final flavor addition was the rich culture of the South Bronx which is now called “Hip-Hop.” The staple dish of this musical mashup called Electro Funk was the critically acclaimed song Planet Rock, which he recorded with The Soul Sonic Force, which is still revolutionary to this today.
I had a chance to catch up with the legendary Afrika Bambaataa and ask him a few questions. Check it out:
Q: What was Hip-Hop like in the ’70s before your created The Universal Zulu Nation?
A: There was no name to what was happening in The Bronx. The culture was coming off the backs of what was happening in The Bronx from the early to the late ’60s. There were a lot of bands playing in the community playing popular songs by artists such as Sly and the Family Stone and James Brown. You also had DJs at the early radio stations like Frankie Crocker and Gary Bryd, which elevated into DJs from The Bronx playing music on their sound systems at parties. Eventually, the bands died out, and the DJs became the stars.
Q: A lot of artists felt like you brought a certain element to Hip-Hop. Can you elaborate?
A: The Universal Zulu Nation brought together the elements of peace, unity, love and having fun, which helped to eliminate any old gang activity that might creep up at a party. During the late ’70s, we started adding lessons to direct the culture that is now called Hip-Hop, because we were in tune and inspired by the teachings of Elijah Muhammad, Dr York, the civil rights movement, the human rights movement, The Black Panthers, and many others. We also understood the messages in music from artists such as James Brown and John Lennon. We went around re-naming a lot of the brothers and sisters in the community with names like Tommy and Cynthia to names like Monifa and Ahmed. We called all of our productions Nubian Productions, because we felt it was important to take on our Africanism and bring it to the youth early on.
Q: Tell us about the birth of Electro Funk?
A: I was heavily into Techno Pop and the Yellow Magic Orchestra from Japan, as well as Kraftwerk from Germany. I was also a serious record collector and was attracted to the funky, crazy artwork. I played the record Computer Game by Yellow Magic Orchestra at a party, and the crowd loved it. The Zulu Nation audience was a very progressive audience. I also really liked the song Trans Europe Express by Kraftwerk with the futuristic instruments and music. The punk scene was also on the rise by then, so that had an influence, but I looked around, and didn’t see any black groups that were strictly electronic. Dick Hymen did an electronic version of James Brown’s Give It Up and Turn Me Loose, so I decided I wanted to make a straight up electronic band, with all the musical elements I was playing combined. This became the birth of Electro-Funk.
Q: What is the history of the ground breaking song “Planet Rock?”
A: The song “Planet Rock” was myself, and The SoulSonic Force. It was produced by Arthur Baker and recorded on Tommy Boy records in 1982. It’s the most sampled record in Hip-Hop history. You will hear it used in “Control” by Janet Jackson to “When Doves Cry by Prince.”
This week starting November 6-10th over 50 artists are performing at venues all over New York City to celebrate the 40th anniversary of The Universal Zulu Nation, and the 39th anniversary of Hip-Hop culture. Here is a video preview of the upcoming events:
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A NASA spacecraft is right on target for its year-long orbital encounter with the huge asteroid Vesta, which is set to begin next month.
NASA's Dawn probe is now just 96,000 miles (155,000 kilometers) from Vesta, the second-largest object in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, NASA officials announced today (June 23). The spacecraft should enter into orbit around the 330-mile-wide (530 km) space rock on July 16.
Dawn will then spend a year studying Vesta from above, marking the first time any spacecraft has made an extended visit to a large asteroid. Dawn will begin making science observations in early August. [Photos: Asteroid Vesta and Dawn]
"The Dawn science campaign at Vesta will unveil a mysterious world, an object that can tell us much about the earliest formation of the planets and the solar system," W. James Adams, deputy director of NASA's Planetary Science Directorate, told reporters today. "To study this particular asteroid up-close and personal is a very unique opportunity."
The end of a long journey
Dawn has been chasing Vesta for nearly four years. Since its launch in September 2007, the spacecraft has logged about 1.7 billion miles (2.7 billion km), researchers said. Dawn is now halfway through its final approach to Vesta and has been snapping photos of the space rock with its navigation camera.
"Our destination is within sight, and this team is very excited that we're finally closing in on Vesta," said Robert Mase, Dawn project manager at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, Calif.
The huge space rock's gravity will capture Dawn into orbit on July 16, when about 9,900 miles (16,000 km) separate the pair. At that point, the probe and the asteroid will both be about 117 million miles (188 million km) from Earth.
Unlike many other spacecraft that go into orbit around other worlds, this capture won't require any dramatic maneuvers or last-minute burns, researchers said. Dawn has been using its low-thrust ion propulsion system to close in on Vesta's orbit slowly but surely, so it should slip nicely into orbit on July 16.
A year's worth of science
Many researchers classify Vesta as a protoplanet. In the early days of the solar system, it was well on its way to becoming a full-fledged rocky planet — like Earth or Mars — before Jupiter's huge gravity stirred things up in the asteroid belt, preventing further growth, researchers said.
Scientists are interested in Vesta partly because it's so big, and partly because it was one of the first rocky bodies to form in our cosmic neighborhood, researchers said. [Photos: Asteroids in Deep Space]
"The surface of Vesta will hold a record of the earliest history of the solar system," said Dawn principal investigator Christopher Russell of UCLA.
During its year at Vesta, Dawn will map the asteroid's surface in detail, characterize its topography and mineralogy and study its gravitational field. It will do this from several different orbits, ranging from 1,700 miles (2,700 km) above Vesta's cratered surface to just 120 miles (200 km).
The information Dawn gathers should help scientists learn a great deal about Vesta's formation and geological history, researchers said.
"The Dawn team is going to, over the next year, enable us to get a bird's-eye view of this new world. Until now, it's only been a fuzzy blob," Adams said. "The Dawn team will paint a face on that fuzzy blob."
Dawn's work won't be done when it finishes its year at Vesta. In July 2012, it will depart the space rock and head to an even bigger body: the dwarf planet Ceres, the largest object in the asteroid belt.
Dawn should arrive at the 605-mile-wide (974 km) Ceres in early 2015, researchers said. The spacecraft's observations will allow scientists to compare and contrast the two giant bodies, which have been shaped by different forces, researchers said.
But for now, mission scientists are focusing on Vesta, which is just now starting to come into focus for the first time.
"This is an unprecedented opportunity to spend a year at a body that we really know nothing about," said Carol Raymond, Dawn deputy principal investigator at JPL. "We're literally on the edge of our seats, waiting for this data to come in."
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In which Scrabble dictionary does HYDROCEPHALY exist?
Definitions of HYDROCEPHALY in dictionaries:
- noun -
an abnormal condition in which cerebrospinal fluid collects in the ventricles of the brain
There are 12 letters in HYDROCEPHALY:
A C D E H H L O P R Y Y
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word HYDROCEPHALY plus a
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word HYDROCEPHALY
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SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players.
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Negombo situated by the sea is the District capital of Negombo District in the North Western Province (NWP) and is adjoining Katunayake where the International Airport is situated. Negombo is linked by Road to Colombo, Kurunegala and Chilaw. It is also a main Railway Station on the Chilaw Railway from Colombo. Negombo is very famous for fish and the main lively hood of the people around Negombo is fishing. There is a Fishing Harbor to serve the boats used for fishing Negombo Beach is very popular among the Tourists and several Tourist Hotels have been built in and around Negombo. Negombo is a predominantly Roman Catholic area.
The name Negombo is derived from the Sinhalese word Meegamuwa, meaning 'village of honey'. It is said that centuries ago a swarm of bees landed in a boat, and that the point at which the boat was hauled ashore became Negombo. Negombo's early economic history was tied not to honey, however, but to its trade in cinnamon and other spices which grew wild in the jungle nearby.
At that time, Moorish traders established this important trade base by cutting the cinnamon and transporting it to Negombo. Near the end of the 16th century, the Moors were ousted by the Portuguese, who built a fort for protection and subsequently took over the cinnamon trade. In 1640, the Dutch took control of the town for a short time, but the Portuguese recaptured it that same year. It fell to the Dutch again in 1644.
The cinnamon trade came to be a major obsession of the Dutch in Sri Lanka. Once they had conquered the provinces along the coast, they planted small groves of cinnamon for commercial purposes. The groves that exist today are what is left of those planted by the Dutch - situated to the north and south of Colombo, surrounding Negombo. The most highly-prized variety grows in Negombo's 'silver sand' belt.
The British took control of Negombo in 1796, by which time the cinnamon trade was in decline. At the same time that the Europeans were involved in building up trade with the west, a warrior clan from India took up residence and developed a fishing industry in Negombo. The immigrants from India created a new economic base for the coastal region with Negombo becoming the island's most important fishing port. The Negambo is popular among travelers for its picturesque sandy beaches and vibrant night life. Many international tourists either start or end their tour of Sri Lanka from Negombo.
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What is the Latitude and Longitude on Micronesia?
Latitude of Micronesia is:6.9167 and Longitude of Micronesia is: 158.25
Micronesia, officially known as the Federated States of Micronesia, is an archipelago of islands and a subregion of Oceania located in the Western Pacific Ocean. There are more than 600 islands of volcanic origin the constitute Micronesia. It has been an independent country since 1991. Some of the islands that form Micronesia are Banaba Islands, Gilbert Islands, Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, a part of Caroline Islands and Nauru Islands.
The geographical coordinates of Micronesia are 6.9167° North and 158.25° East. Spanned across an area of 702 square kilometres, a population of around 111,000 resides in the country. The neighbouring islands and countries of Micronesia include Indonesia in the southwest, Philippines in the west, Polynesia in the east and Melanesia in the south.
Mountains dominate the topography of Micronesia. Highlands and uplands can be seen scattered all over the country. There are also some low-lying coral atolls found. Micronesia is home to a variety of flora and fauna. Plants like hibiscus, plumeria trees, mahogany, orchid and papaya constitute some of the unique species found here. The species of animals found here include tuna, barracuda, fruit bat, marlin and many more.
Palikir is the capital of Micronesia. Dolohmwar is the most elevated peak in Micronesia at a height of 791 metres. Tropical climates is experienced by the inhabitants of the island. Heavy rainfall throughout the year accompanies the weather.
The predominant religions practised in the country are protestant and catholic.
View Latitude and Longitude on Micronesia in other units.
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From Our 2010 Archives
Cigars, Pipes No 'Healthy' Alternative to Cigarettes
Latest Lungs News
MONDAY, Feb. 15 (HealthDay News) --People who think they're protecting their lungs by smoking pipes or cigars instead of cigarettes are kidding themselves, a new study shows.
"Inhalation of tobacco smoke by any means is deleterious," said Dr. R. Graham Barr, assistant professor of medicine and epidemiology at Columbia University Medical Center and lead author of a report in the Feb. 16 issue of Annals of Internal Medicine.
The cancer-causing danger of any kind of smoking has been well-publicized by the American Cancer Society and the U.S. National Cancer Institute, among others. But some smokers believe cigars or pipes can lessen respiratory danger because they think the smoke isn't inhaled, Barr said.
To test that notion, he and his colleagues looked at the effects of cigar or pipe smoking in more than 3,500 adults ages 48 to 90 who were participants in a study of heart disease. Of these, nine of every 100 said they had smoked a pipe at some time and 11 of every 100 said they had smoked cigars.
To determine whether smoke was inhaled, the researchers measured blood levels of cotinine, a byproduct of metabolized nicotine.
Among pipe or cigar users, they found cotinine levels lower than those produced by cigarette smoking but nevertheless significant.
"For pipe smoking, it was 20% compared to cigarette smoking, and for cigars it was 10%," Barr said. "Less, but still quite considerable."
The effect of smoking on breathing ability was measured by spirometry, a lung function test in which people blow into a tube to determine the maximum amount of air they can move in one second.
Pipe or cigar smokers had more than twice the incidence of airway obstruction than nonsmokers, and the degree of obstruction increased with the amount of smoking, the researchers found.
The study was done because there has been a noticeable shift away from cigarettes to pipes and cigars, partly because of health warnings, partly because of heavy taxes on cigarettes, Barr said.
"There haven't been good data in the United States from a large study showing that first, people who smoke cigars and pipes inhale the smoke and second, that on a long-term basis they have damage to their lungs," he said.
The study results show clearly that cigar and pipe smokers are exposed to toxins and run the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a progressive destruction of airways than can be crippling. Emphysema and chronic obstructive bronchitis are the two major forms of COPD, which is a leading cause of death among U.S. adults.
"Physicians should consider pipe and cigar smoking a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and counsel their patients to quit," Barr said.
"There is a public perception that this is a safer habit," said Dr. Neil Schachter, professor of medicine and community medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City. Tobacco companies have promoted that perception, he said.
"Cigarette companies realize there is a decreasing demand for cigarettes and have tried to push tobacco products in different ways," Schachter said. "They have been able to promote this image that smoking cigars and pipes is safer than smoking cigarettes. This article goes a long way toward showing this is not true."
Smokers don't often pursue medical advice about smoking, he said. "It is something patients don't go to doctors to ask about," Schachter said."'What should I smoke'? The answer is, 'Nothing'."
Copyright © 2010 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
SOURCES: R. Graham Barr, M.D., Dr.P.H., Florence Irving assistant professor of medicine and epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City; Neil Schachter, M.D., professor, medicine and community medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York City; Feb. 16, 2010 Annals of Internal Medicine
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DEAR DOCTOR K:
Growing up, I was taught that 98.6 was the standard “normal” body temperature. I think we all learn this as kids. But I find my own personal normal temperature is a bit lower. I hover around 97.9 degrees, even when I feel perfectly fine. Is there really such a thing as one normal body temperature?
It’s a fact still taught to schoolchildren all over the world: Normal human body temperature is 98.6 degrees F. More recent studies actually put “normal” a little lower: around 98.2 degrees F. But as with most measurements, “normal” has a range.
Normal temperature was based on the average temperature of hundreds of people using mercury thermometers placed in the mouth. But in some countries, the thermometer was placed in the armpit, where the temperature is a little lower than in the mouth.
Wherever you place the thermometer, body temperature varies over the course of the day. It’s low when you wake up, goes up by 1 or even 2 degrees during the day, and starts to dip in the early evening. If you’re like me, it tracks your energy level.
In addition, different people have different “normal” baseline temperatures. Most people have temperatures that can range from 97.5 to 98.9 when they are healthy. About 5 percent of people have temperatures that are even lower or higher.
Body temperature also varies with your age. When you’re an infant, it’s relatively high. It starts to slowly drop until you reach middle age. Then it starts to rise again. When you reach your 80s, it can be as high as it was when you were a baby. Why this change with age? Don’t ask me.
Women tend to have slightly higher normal temperatures than men. This may be true because the immune system of women is more active than the immune system of men. Body temperature is affected by chemicals (called cytokines) released when the immune system is activated.
Body temperature also varies with the menstrual cycle. About halfway through the cycle, the ovary releases an egg. Within 24 hours of the release, body temperature rises about a half to a full degree. Couples who do not use contraception and do not want to conceive a child often use this fact to determine the time of the month to avoid having sex.
The most common cause of higher-than-normal body temperature is infection. Almost any infection in the body can cause fever. Many doctors use 100 degrees F as a convenient cutoff for where fever begins. But it can be different for each person. There are other causes of a high temperature, too, including heat stroke or a drug reaction.
So your question is a good one, and here’s the answer: The idea of one “normal” body temperature doesn’t really hold up in actual practice. And having a body temperature of 97.9, as you do, is perfectly normal.
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Many people start off the New Year with a general desire to improve their health. But being “more healthy” can include an almost endless list of changes, leaving people unsure of where to begin. Furthermore, there is a perception that you have to implement all of the changes simultaneously or follow a complicated diet or exercise program in order to see results.
But it doesn't need to be this way. Fortunately, there are a few simple guidelines that have the potential to lead to significant improvements in health, fitness, and well-being. These are things you can implement right now, and the more you do, the bigger the benefits.
1. Eat smart
Healthy eating isn't necessarily about eating less or avoiding certain foods, it's about making smart choices when you shop, cook, or eat out. Many problems with the typical American diet probably have to do with the fact that we tend to eat heavily processed, calorie-dense foods. The major difference between what we eat now and what most people ate before the current obesity epidemic is the processing our food undergoes.
You can eat smart by focusing on eating real food – fresh and minimally-processed plants and animals – instead of the processed and prepackaged food that is so common in restaurants and in meals we eat at home. That isn't to say that all processed food is necessarily unhealthy, but it would be wise to shift the balance toward more real food.
You can do this right now by having a piece of fresh fruit, some nuts, or vegetables for a snack. Later, you can make most of your food purchases from the perimeter of the grocery store, not from the aisles in the middle.
2. Move more
Most people spend too much time sitting and not enough time moving. In fact, the amount of time someone sits during the day has nearly as much impact on their health as their exercise habits. So, step one is to sit less.
Next, move more, which means just that – finding ways to be active during the day. This includes simple things like standing rather than sitting when you talk on the phone, taking the stairs instead of the elevator, and getting up off the couch during commercials. It also includes dedicating time every day for structured exercise or other activity like yard work, house work, or taking the dog for a walk. Every little bit helps, but aim for a minimum of 30 minutes per day.
Right now you are probably sitting, so stand up and stretch or move around a little. Later, go for a walk or do something active around your house.
3. Chill out
With so much emphasis placed on diet and exercise, the health effects of stress are often overlooked. Chronic stress can have serious emotional, psychological, and physiological effects that lead to or exacerbate many health problems. While it is impossible to avoid all stress in life, minimizing stressors and managing the way you respond to stress can have important benefits.
Exercise is one good way to manage your feelings of stress as well as the effects it has on your body. Yoga has long been recommended to help reduce and control stress, but all types of exercise can help. Managing time better, including getting enough sleep, is helpful for many people.
Right now you can close your eyes and take a few deep breaths to relax. Later, spend some time doing something you enjoy.
So, if you are feeling overwhelmed by complicated and confusing health recommendations, keep it simple: eat smart, move more and chill out!
Brian Parr, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the Department of Exercise and Sports Science at USC Aiken where he teaches courses in exercise physiology, nutrition and health behavior.
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- Resource Centers
The results of a new study may explain why 65% of patients with diabetes die from heart attack or stroke. The researchers based their results on a comparison of heart function in 11 patients with type 1 diabetes and 11 patients without the disease.
The researchers found that the cardiac muscle of patients with diabetes relies heavily on fat for energy and depends very little on the usual energy source, glucose (sugar). In comparison, the heart muscle of individuals without diabetes does not have a strong inclination for fat and can use either glucose or fat as an energy source. It depends on the individual?s blood composition, hormone levels, or how hard the heart is working. (The findings were reported in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, February 7, 2006).
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On Nov. 28, the Canada-based Fraser Institute released the eighth edition of its annual report, Economic Freedom of North America 2012, in which the respective economic situation and government regulatory factors present in the states and provinces of North America were gauged.
Global studies of economic freedom, such as the Heritage Foundation’s 2012 Index of Economic Freedom and the Fraser Institute’s Economic Freedom of the World 2012, rank the United States and Canada as two of the most economically free countries in the world. But, as data from the North America report shows, not all sections of the countries are experiencing an equal level of economic freedom and it is important to look at areas in which this falters.
States and provinces were evaluated and ranked within three categories: 1) Size of Government; 2) Takings and Discriminatory Taxation; and 3) Labor Market Freedom. The Canadian province, Alberta, claimed the top spot as most economically free, followed closely by Delaware. New Mexico placed 59th, making it the least economically free state, followed by Prince Edward Island of Canada, notching the rank of least economically free area in North America (between the United States and Canada).
The Economic Freedom of North America 2012 report draws a clear link between prosperity and economic freedom, through a comparison of states and provinces. “In the United States, the relatively free Georgia does much better than the relatively unfree West Virginia. In Canada, British Columbia, where economic freedom has been increasing in recent years, has been experiencing considerably greater growth on a per-capita basis than Ontario, where economic freedom has been decreasing in recent years.” (more…)
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30 Years of Collaboration: U.S. – China Science & Technology Cooperation on Agriculture and Forestry
Recently, Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Director John P. Holdren and the Minister of Science and Technology for the People’s Republic of China, Wan Gang, signed an historic extension to the U.S.-China Agreement on Cooperation in Science and Technology. The newly extended agreement will foster a continuation of decades of cooperative endeavors that have encompassed such domains as agricultural science, high-energy physics, clean energy, and biomedical research.
USDA has been very involved in the past 32 years of cooperation. On December 7, 2007, the United States and China renewed the December 2002 protocol on cooperation in agriculture science and technology, which calls for cooperation between the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology and USDA’s Agricultural Research Service in agricultural biotechnology, natural resource management, dairy production, food safety, agricultural products processing, water-saving agricultural technology, and bioenergy. One of the earliest cooperative efforts resulting from this agreement concerned the stabilization of Chinese soils and rangeland to mitigate particulate matter in the air before the Beijing Olympic Games.
This protocol complements previous cooperative agreements, including an MOU signed by the USDA Forest Service (USFS) with the Chinese State Forestry Administration (SFA) in 2000, which launched a highly fruitful and focused exchange. In July 2010, as part of this exchange, the USFS hosted seven forest managers and technical experts from the SFA for an eight-day study visit to the United States. The Chinese delegates visited National Forests, National Parks, and Universities in Arizona, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Washington, DC. Their meetings in these locations covered such topics as the US approach to forest fire management, converting biomass to biofuel, pest species control, watershed management, climate change adaptation, and sustainable tourism.
The U.S.-China Science and Technology Agreement was the first bilateral accord signed by the two countries after relations were normalized in 1979. In the 32 years since that agreement was signed, an enormous amount of scientific and technological collaboration has been achieved. With the signing this month of a new extension to this historic agreement, the United States and China renew their commitment to continuing such endeavors.
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9 Qualifications in Higher Education Foundation Degree ( FD) courses Foundation degrees combine academic study with workplace learning and are designed to give you the skills and knowledge employers are looking for. They take around two years to complete full- time, or three to four years part- time. Being distinctly vocational they can lead on to employment or provide progression to an honours degree or further professional qualifications for successful students. There are a very wide range of subjects available including veterinary nursing, e- commerce, health and social care, and forensic science to name but a few. There are no set entry requirements for foundation degrees but as a guide school/ college leavers should expect to be asked for one of the following: A/ AS Level, BTEC National, OCR National, Advanced Diploma, Baccalaureate, NVQ or other level three qualification. Check with the institution offering the course you are interested in to see if you have the necessary experience or qualifications. BTEC Higher National Diploma ( HND) courses HNDs are also work related and focus on ' learning by doing'. They are designed to give you the skills and knowledge that will be effective in a particular job area, and are therefore highly valued by employers. They take two years to complete full- time, but can also be studied part- time which will take a little longer. There are many subjects to choose from, including agriculture, computing and IT, engineering, performing arts and exercise sciences. Many HND students go on to convert their qualification into a bachelors degree with one or two years extra study. The usual entry requirement is one A Level pass ( although normally two should have been studied), a BTEC or OCR National Diploma/ Certificate/ Advanced Diploma or a Baccalaureate. The BTEC, OCR National Diploma/ Certificate or Advanced Diploma may need to be within an appropriate related subject area. Check with the institution offering the course you are interested in to see if you have the appropriate entry requirements. Diploma of Higher Education ( DipHE) courses There are relatively few DipHE courses and they are mainly linked to vocational areas such as nursing and social work. Lasting two years full- time or three plus years part- time, they are equivalent to the first two years of a degree course, and can normally be converted to a related degree with an extra year of study. Entry requirements are usually the same as for a degree. Professional courses Some colleges, university colleges and universities run full or part- time courses leading to qualifications recognised by professional bodies: for example, within accountancy, surveying, insurance and journalism. Many of the HE qualifications introduced in this section can be studied on a part- time basis whilst in employment or training. See pages 22 & 23. Always check on relevant websites such as UCAS ( www. ucas. com), in key reference books or with the educational establishment you are applying to for the latest information on entry requirements. See pages 31 & 33.
10 Which Subject? LEAST VOCATIONALHIGHLY VOCATIONAL Think of the subjects available in higher education as a vocational/ non- vocational spectrum like this:- Here are some examples: LEAST VOCATIONALHIGHLY VOCATIONAL In practice any subject can be placed somewhere along the spectrum. A subject like philosophy is at or near the non- vocational end, as most philosophy graduates do not become professional philosophers. Strongly career orientated courses such as dentistry and medicine are highly vocational because graduates in these fields would almost always become dentists or doctors. Most subjects will fall somewhere between the two. You can work out an approximate position on the spectrum for any subject you are considering, by reading up on the course content, checking out the destination of graduates and exploring the new student employability profiles ( SEPS) - see page 25. Philosophy Psychology Economics Law Engineering Dentistry Choosing a subject to study in higher education is not easy! A quick glance at the UCAS online course search or any higher education directory will reveal a vast array of opportunities available. Sifting through them will require a lot of time and thought, but it will be well worth the effort. Around 20% of students drop out of higher education each year. One of the most common reasons is that they did not think through their choice of subject. The subject of the course should be decided first - before you think about where or how you are going to study. . Choosing a higher education subject you are already familiarwith can be a safe option, as you will have some idea of your level of ability and interest. ( See page 11). . Choosing a new non- vocationalsubject will give you the opportunity to develop new areas of academic skill and knowledge, and sustain your interest over three or four years. ( See page 11). . Choosing a vocationalcourse is right if you have a well developed career plan which is best achieved through such a course. ( See page 11). . Remember there are also joint, combined, modular and interdisciplinary degrees which enable you to mix your subjects of study in an almost infinite pattern. . Ask your school or college, how to access Higher Ideas, an excellent tool for expanding your subject ideas.
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Archaeology and Ethnography Museum
Aboriginal remains in La Atalayita
An exploration of aboriginal culture, from an archaeological, palaeontological and ethnographical perspective.
The museum is divided into three sections. The first, Aboriginal Archaeology, displays idols, ceramics and a model of the village of La Atalayita. The second section, Palaeontology, features fossils from sites on the island, while the third, Ethnography, contains objects from aboriginal and traditional culture.
- Nimitys: Provincial museum
- Tyylisuunta: Costumbrista
- Sisältö: Archaeology
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In 1836, the young town of Crawfordsville, Indiana, audaciously proclaimed itself the “Athens” of the state. In the years after the Civil War, the town could solidify its claim by pointing to a number of popular authors either born in Crawfordsville or working there.
Among modern readers, the best-known are novelists Meredith Nicholson and Lew Wallace. Nicholson (1866-1947) was born in Crawfordsville, but is generally more associated with Indianapolis, where he moved as a six-year-old boy, and where he lived as an adult and wrote his novels. Wallace (born in Brookville, Indiana in 1827) retired to Crawfordsville after a career in the military and as a territorial governor; and from his home and study he wrote his bestselling Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1880) and other works, until his death in 1905. But the town can also lay claim to other writers, widely read in their time but more obscure today.
Susan Elston Wallace (1830-1907) was born in Crawfordsville and married Lew Wallace in 1852. She was a poet, but published only a few of her poems. Most of her published work was in the form of essays about her travels in the United States and abroad. In 1888, her book The Land of the Pueblos appeared, based on her impressions of the American Southwest during the time she spent with her husband while he was territorial governor of New Mexico.
Mary Hannah Krout (1851-1927) was also a Crawfordsville native. She enjoyed a successful career as a journalist, first working as a correspondent and an editor at several Indiana newspapers. Her decade-long work for The Chicago Inter Ocean sent her all over the world, and of her eight books, seven were based upon her travels. Her favorite subject—detailed in five books—was Hawaii. She returned to her hometown the last two decades of her life.
Maurice Thompson (born in Fairfield, Indiana, in 1844) is still known to many Hoosiers as the author of Alice of Old Vincennes (1900), published not long before his death in Crawfordsville in 1901. Thompson spent much of his life, however, writing stories, novels, and non-fiction. He was best-known during his lifetime for his books on archery, including the poetically titled The Witchery of Archery, first published in 1878 and republished after his death in 1928. Thompson became known for popularizing the sport among boys and young men, and also wrote The Boys’ Book of Sports and Outdoor Life (1886).
Most of the books written by Crawfordsville’s authors can be found today only in antiquarian bookstores; some are reappearing in e-book reprints. The city of Crawfordsville continues to remember its best-known author Lew Wallace at his beautifully restored study, which is a museum and educational center.
Sources: Dorothy Ritter Russo and Thelma Lois Sullivan, Bibliographical Studies of Seven Authors of Crawfordsville, Indiana (Indianapolis, 1952); Special Issue on Lew Wallace, Indiana Magazine of History 104 (June 2008); Julia Knox, “Some Interesting Crawfordsville People and Their Homes, IMH 22 (September 1926).
A Moment of Indiana History is a production of WFIU Public Radio in partnership with the Indiana Public Broadcasting Stations. Research support comes from Indiana Magazine of History published by the Indiana University Department of History.
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Basal melt of ice shelves may lead to an accumulation of disc-shaped ice platelets underneath nearby sea ice, to form a sub-ice platelet layer. Here we present the seasonal cycle of sea ice attached to the Ekström Ice Shelf, Antarctica, and the underlying platelet layer in 2012. Ice platelets emerged from the cavity and interacted with the fast-ice cover of Atka Bay as early as June. Episodic accumulations throughout winter and spring led to an average platelet-layer thickness of 4m by December 2012, with local maxima of up to 10 m. The additional buoyancy partly prevented surface flooding and snow-ice formation, despite a thick snow cover. Subsequent thinning of the platelet layer from December onwards was associated with an inflow of warm surface water. The combination of model studies with observed fast-ice thickness revealed an average ice-volume fraction in the platelet layer of 0.25+-0.1. We found that nearly half of the combined solid sea-ice and ice-platelet volume in this area is generated by heat transfer to the ocean rather than to the atmosphere. The total ice-platelet volume underlying Atka Bay fast ice was equivalent to more than one-fifth of the annual basal melt volume under the Ekström Ice Shelf.
AWI Organizations > Climate Sciences > Observational Oceanography
AWI Organizations > Climate Sciences > Sea Ice Physics
Helmholtz Research Programs > PACES II (2014-2018) > TOPIC 1: Changes and regional feedbacks in Arctic and Antarctic > WP 1.5: Southern Ocean physics, biodiversity, and biogeochemical fluxes in a changing climate
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Join us to discuss the importance of children’s literature with visiting guest speaker:
Anita Silvey, editor of the book Everything I Need to Know I Learned from a Children’s Book which inspired the exhibit, provides insights into the topic and the importance of children’s books.
Saturday, May 19 at 2 pm, Auditorium, Main Library
The author of 100 Best Books for Children, 500 Great Books for Teens, and Everything I Need to Know I Learned from a Children’s Book, Anita Silvey has devoted 40 years to promoting books that will turn the young—and families—into readers. She has appeared frequently on NPR, The Today Show, 60 Minutes, and various radio programs to talk about our best books for young people. In a unique career in the children’s book field, Ms. Silvey has divided her time equally between publishing, evaluating children’s books, and writing. Her lifelong conviction that “only the very best of anything can be good enough for the young” forms the cornerstone of her work. Formerly publisher of children’s books for Houghton Mifflin Company and editor-in-chief of The Horn Book Magazine, she currently teaches modern book publishing, children’s book publishing, and children’s book author studies at several colleges.
The program is being held in conjunction with the exhibit “Why Children’s Books: Inspiring Generations” on display at the Main Library until May 29.
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Prunes are primarily famous for being a laxative because they are rich in fiber. It's this same vital component that makes them perfect for healthy eating and keeping your hunger to a minimum.
A prune is a dried plum, typically the European variety of plum. The fruit's name was officially changed from "prunes" to "dried plums" by the Food and Drug Administration in 2001.
Though relatively high in calories for their size, prunes have a reputation as a dieter's friend. They add a powerful dose of fiber and some nutrients to your diet that are needed when you follow a lower-calorie meal plan.
Prunes are a sweet way to add fat-free laxative fiber to your diet. A single prune contains more than half a gram of fiber and more than one gram of sorbitol (a carbohydrate that our bodies do not absorb well). Large amounts of sorbitol can cause diarrhea. Prunes also contain the laxative, diphenylisatin. No wonder they prevent constipation. So snack away, just don't go overboard. Although according to the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, it takes only 1/2 cup of dried fruit to count as 1 cup of fruit, you may want to eat less than that at any one time.
In contrast, prunes' reputation for being rich in iron doesn't hold true. In reality, they're a decent, but not spectacular, source. Prunes, however, get overlooked as a source of vitamin A, even though they provide more than ten percent of recommended levels. Potassium is another unexpected benefit you get from eating prunes, which is beneficial for blood pressure and regulating your heartbeat.
Prunes contain the same phenols that plums have, protecting the fats in our system from damage. They also have significant amounts of beta-carotene, whose antioxidant function helps prevent cataracts, cancer, and heart disease.
Selection and Storage
When selecting prunes, look for well-sealed packages, such as those that are vacuum-sealed. After opening, seal the package or transfer the prunes to an airtight container or plastic bag. Stored in a cool, dry location or in the refrigerator, they'll keep for several months.
Preparation and Serving Tips
You can eat them out of the box, of course. They make a great portable fat-free snack. Combine them with dried apricots for a delightful mix of sweet and tangy flavors. Or mix them with nuts and seeds for a healthy trail mix. But watch out: The calories add up fast, about 20 per prune.
If you're not crazy about eating whole prunes, try prune bits in your baking. They'll add sweetness, flavor, and fiber to quick breads, snack bars, even pancakes. Better yet, for real fat-fighting success, puree eight ounces of pitted prunes and six tablespoons of hot water in a food processor for a great fat substitute to use in baked goods. Replace butter, margarine, shortening, or oil in your baked good recipes with half the amount of the prune puree.
For example, if the recipe calls for one cup of butter, substitute a half cup of prune puree. Tightly covered, the prune puree will keep about one week in the refrigerator. Its flavor combines especially well with chocolate-based desserts.
So don't just think of prunes as an antidote for constipation. They help weight loss by keeping hunger at bay and potential inches off your waist.
©Publications International, Ltd.
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At the Races.
Choose five sporty boys in the class and five sporty girls. The remaining students should think of a name that each student should run under, for example Shy Smile and decide on the odds for each runner. The students should choose a boy and girl they want to back and how much money they would like to put on them. However, they should not tell anyone else their decision. The runners should then also secretly make a bet on someone in their race. All bets should be written on a piece of paper and given to the teacher. The ten students should then take part in a race. The winner is the person who wins the most money.
What Would You Do For A Million Dollars?
Go around the class and ask each student to think of a dare that somebody could do to win...
This section contains 1,062 words
(approx. 4 pages at 300 words per page)
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This beautiful iridescent beetle can occur in a variety of colours; the wingcases or elytra are typically bright green, but they may be darker, variegated or golden. The white marks on the elytra are also highly variable between individuals (2). There is always a V-shaped groove on the back where the upper parts of the elytra meet, and the underside is a coppery colour (3). The rose chafer belongs to the same family as dung beetles, Scarabidae. Chafer is a Middle English word thought to mean ‘to gnaw’ and relates to the feeding habits of these beetles (4).
The adult beetles are active between April and September; they fly clumsily (2) and are typically seen in sunny weather. They feed on leaves, fruits, flowers and buds of a range of plants including roses, (hence the common name), and are often perceived as garden pests for this reason (3).
The larvae feed on plant roots, and spend the winter hibernating in the soil or inside rotting wood, emerging the following year to pupate. After they emerge as adults they feed for a few weeks, mate and then die (3).
In beetles and earwigs, the hard fore wings. They are held aloft when the insect flies, and are often coloured or patterned.
A winter survival strategy characteristic of some mammals in which an animal’s metabolic rate slows down and a state of deep sleep is attained. Whilst hibernating, animals survive on stored reserves of fat that they have accumulated in summer. In insects, the correct term for hibernation is ‘diapause’, a temporary pause in development and growth. Any stage of the lifecycle (eggs, larvae, pupae or adults) may enter diapause, which is typically associated with winter.
Stage in an animal’s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg. Larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce.
The process of forming a pupa, the stage in an insect’s development, when huge changes occur that reorganise the larval form into the adult form. In butterflies the pupa is also called a chrysalis.
Embed this ARKive thumbnail link ("portlet") by copying and pasting the code below.
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|n.||1.||The act of injecting or throwing in; - applied particularly to the forcible insertion of a liquid or gas, by means of a syringe, pump, etc.|
|2.||That which is injected; especially, a liquid inserted thrown into a cavity of the body by a syringe or pipe; a clyster; an enema.|
|3.||(Anat.) The act or process of filling vessels, cavities, or tissues with a fluid or other substance.|
|4.||(Steam Eng.) The act of throwing cold water into a condenser to produce a vacuum.|
|Noun||1.||injection - the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure|
|2.||injection - any solution that is injected (as into the skin)|
|3.||injection - the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe; "the nurse gave him a flu shot"|
inserting liquid medication or nutrients into the body with a syringe. A person with diabetes may use short needles or pinch the skin and inject at an angle to avoid an intramuscular injection of insulin.
|1.||(mathematics)||injection - A function, f : A -> B, is injective or
one-one, or is an injection, if and only if|
for all a,b in A, f(a) = f(b) => a = b.
I.e. no two different inputs give the same output (contrast many-to-one). This is sometimes called an embedding. Only injective functions have left inverses f' where f'(f(x)) = x, since if f were not an injection, there would be elements of B for which the value of f' was not unique. If an injective function is also a surjection then is it a bijection.
|2.||(reduction)||injection - An injection function is one which takes
objects of type T and returns objects of type C(T) where C is
some type constructor. An example is|
f x = (x, 0).
The opposite of an injection function is a projection function which extracts a component of a constructed object, e.g.
fst (x,y) = x.
We say that f injects its argument into the data type and fst projects it out.
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UNIVERSIDAD DE LA AMAZONIA
EDUCATION SCIENCES FACULTY
ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING PROGRAM
PEDAGOGICAL RESEARCH I
I I -2 0 1 3
PROTOCOL No 6
Last Wednesday on September 25th of 2013 at 9:00 pm in the
living room 2115, we were surprised by our teacher Silvia
with a creative activity in order to socialize some concepts
about Research dilemmas Paradigms, methods and methodology
from a text read a class before downloaded from our inbox.
The class was developed following next steps:
1. The teacher already had organized the chairs in groups of
three members, a very good example for us to find it now
ready according what the class was about.
2. Each student received a puzzle piece. We had to look for
our group mates with the other pieces of the puzzle, organize
the puzzle and answer the question that the puzzle showed.
3. Then, we had to answer the question in a piece of paper
taking into account what we read and the workshop about
Research dilemmas Paradigms, methods and methodology answers.
4. Finally, we socialized the answers with other groups. This
exercise permitted us to reinforce our knowledge about the
The time given to answer the questions was ten minutes, from
9:03 pm to 9:13 pm because then we had to socialize it, every
group read their answer and other groups said if they were in
agreement or disagreement.
When the class finished, the teacher gave students the
principal steps and advices about students presentations for
next class. We had a different class but so much better
because it was dynamic.
By Jeison Vargas
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"On March 30, 1855, proslavery forces invaded Kansas. The "Border Ruffians" seized the polling places and voted in their own legislature. John Brown, Jr. sent an urgent letter to his father asking him to supply arms to the anti-slavery cause: "We need them more than we do bread," he wrote.
The day after receiving the letter, John Brown gathered every weapon he could find and set from North Elba. "I'm going to Kansas," he declared, "to make it a free state."
On the evening of October 16, 1859, Brown and twenty-one men -- fugitive slaves, college students, free blacks, and three of his own sons -- quietly entered Harpers Ferry.
Outnumbered, the arsenal's single guard quickly surrendered. But then a passenger train started to approach and the baggage master ran to warn the passengers. He was shot and killed, the first victim of Brown's war against slavery: a free black man.
As the news from Harpers Ferry spread to Richmond, a company of Virginia militiamen stormed into town, firing along the way. Next to die was Dangerfield Newby, a former slave fighting to free his wife. The crowd mutilated his body. Then they captured two of Brown's men and killed another, tossing his body in the river and continuing to fire on it.
Soon eight of Brown's men were dead or dying, five others were cut off, two had escaped across the river. Brown gathered those who were left in a small brick building to wait out the night.
By early morning of October 18, a company of U.S. Marines under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert E. Lee lined the yard. Although he was completely surrounded, Brown refused to surrender. Marines stormed the building and captured and held them while a lynch mob howled outside.
Just days after the raid, Brown's trial began. It would take a week. On November 2, the jury deliberated for forty-five minutes and reached their verdict: guilty of murder, treason, and inciting slave insurrection. The South rejoiced in Brown's execution. But hanging was not the end of John Brown; it was the beginning. Throughout the North, church bells tolled for him. In Massachusetts, Henry David Thoreau proclaimed, "Some 1800 years ago, Christ was crucified. This morning, Captain Brown was hung. He is not Old Brown any longer; he is an angel of light."
The American Experience | John Brown's Holy War | Program Description
Congress met a few days afterward, and the Senate appointed and investigating committee to inquire into the seizure of the United States armory and arsenal... Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, Mason, of Virginia; and Fitch, of Indiana, Democratic members of the Senate investigating committee, sought diligently but unsuccessfully to find grounds to hold the Republican party at large responsible for Brown's raid....Senator Douglas,...apparently with the object of still further setting himself right with the South, and atoning for his Freeport heresy, made a long speech in advocacy of a law to punish conspiracies in on State or Territory against the government, people or property of another ; once more quoting Lincoln's Springfield speech, and Seward's Rochester speech, as containing Revolutionary doctrines.
<i>Abraham Lincoln: A History</i>, John Nicolay and John Hay, Vol. II
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Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) Report on CDC’s Winnable Battles: Collecting Data in Order to Improve the Health of Mothers and Infants
PRAMS Report on CDC’s Winnable Battles cover art [PDF- 867KB].
In order to keep pace with emerging public health challenges and to have an impact on the leading causes of death and disability, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) embarked on an initiative to achieve measurable impact in a short time for 10 topics that are described as Winnable Battle areas.
Maternal Demographics [PDF-455KB]
Information about maternal demographic characteristics (maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, Medicaid enrollment, and insurance type before pregnancy, during pregnancy, and at delivery) was obtained from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System.
HIV in the U.S. [PDF-497KB]
The CDC has identified HIV prevention as a Winnable Battle. HIV infection can be passed on from the mother to her fetus during pregnancy or to her infant during delivery or breastfeeding.
Motor Vehicle Injuries [PDF-687KB]
The CDC has identified prevention of motor vehicle injuries as a Winnable Battle. In 2009 in the United States, motor vehicle-related injuries was the leading cause of death among women of reproductive age (15-44 years of age). Motor vehicle injuries are a leading cause of death and injury for pregnant women.
Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity [PDF-767KB]
Focusing on modifiable risk factors such as eating habits and physical activity to achieve a healthy weight prior to conception could increase the chances of a healthy pregnancy and delivery.
Breastfeeding (part of the Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Winnable Battle) [PDF-498KB]
Breastfeeding is associated with numerous health benefits for infants and mothers. Although U.S. breastfeeding rates are increasing, rates remain relatively low among some groups of women, particularly those who are young, black, at or below the federal poverty level, and have less than a college education.
Teen Pregnancy [PDF-914KB]
The U.S. teen birth rate fell 9 percent from 2009 to 2010, reaching a historic low at 34.3 births per 1,000 women aged 15-19. However, the birth rate among U.S. teens remains among the highest in the developed world.
Tobacco [PDF-1.1MB ]
Besides other known health risks, smoking before pregnancy is associated with reduced fertility and conception delays. During pregnancy, smoking has detrimental health effects on the mother and the fetus, as well as on the infant post-delivery.
- Page last reviewed: August 27, 2013
- Page last updated: November 8, 2012
- Content source:
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