INSTRUCTION stringlengths 3 1.15k | RESPONSE stringlengths 1.65k 17.1k |
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He was trying to get the total number down to a manageable 300, but his attempts again proved futile. | <0>911<0>1858<0>3935<0>1200<0>2410<0>926<0>1685<0>3966<0>63<0>562<0>2752<0>2550<0>234<0>2054<0>2339<0>234<0>2975<0>1370<0>2176<0>2176<0>1277<0>2994<0>3598<0>1114<0>90<0>2092<0>68<0>349<0>2649<0>108<0>3175<0>2178<0>1168<0>3918<0>1376<0>3237<0>3237<0>3237<0>3726<0>2239<0>3404<0>2975<0>2020<0>2592<0>1710<0>3585<0>3626<0>3... |
After much complaining, fraud and special exemptions, the Senate wound up changing very little in composition. | <0>2754<0>2860<0>781<0>235<0>2054<0>445<0>1075<0>2178<0>2178<0>614<0>4023<0>1394<0>1394<0>1277<0>1376<0>2700<0>2052<0>4044<0>5<0>3982<0>321<0>321<0>963<0>1989<0>120<0>135<0>3873<0>321<0>2032<0>2592<0>756<0>2020<0>1987<0>3918<0>1299<0>724<0>2404<0>2406<0>3237<0>3018<0>1287<0>2640<0>3422<0>2566<0>3551<0>1685<0>3287<0>144... |
So Augustus tried a third strategy, which proved to be a fairly workable one in practice. | <0>918<0>628<0>1370<0>3022<0>3185<0>3695<0>513<0>3551<0>1943<0>2181<0>492<0>1132<0>1446<0>2176<0>3609<0>2677<0>3477<0>618<0>614<0>90<0>2100<0>2729<0>3237<0>3237<0>3726<0>1219<0>3318<0>2096<0>1370<0>628<0>2705<0>3626<0>1394<0>548<0>1510<0>2038<0>1901<0>774<0>3918<0>2566<0>68<0>1370<0>4088<0>2092<0>1296<0>1488<0>1168<0>7... |
He formed a working group of 30 members, representing the Quasters, Praetors and Consuls for the year, along with a rotating group of notable senators. | <0>1655<0>746<0>2541<0>1981<0>1232<0>2665<0>2752<0>2176<0>1519<0>3918<0>2020<0>492<0>1738<0>3386<0>5<0>562<0>235<0>3111<0>1277<0>3486<0>614<0>2176<0>3386<0>2700<0>955<0>2239<0>507<0>288<0>2034<0>2627<0>4072<0>1394<0>3918<0>998<0>1289<0>3828<0>3182<0>805<0>2857<0>774<0>3918<0>2857<0>3237<0>2178<0>4010<0>3685<0>941<0>335... |
It was not a perfect solution, but it kept his reforms from getting bogged down in the morass of open debate. | <0>2405<0>2070<0>3840<0>3809<0>1981<0>1331<0>1370<0>2176<0>3598<0>1890<0>2176<0>2092<0>3918<0>3921<0>1982<0>234<0>1376<0>3237<0>2675<0>3834<0>3477<0>4067<0>4010<0>4050<0>3904<0>2020<0>3253<0>2020<0>3982<0>2339<0>1671<0>724<0>1277<0>1754<0>633<0>1329<0>3962<0>1218<0>1738<0>3808<0>192<0>724<0>2178<0>955<0>2680<0>4058<0>1... |
Augustus then turned his attention to matters of imperial administration. | <0>3150<0>807<0>2151<0>1211<0>2769<0>226<0>3287<0>2769<0>1192<0>3253<0>277<0>3904<0>1198<0>548<0>1394<0>3291<0>1277<0>1467<0>1277<0>4072<0>628<0>235<0>102<0>492<0>3918<0>290<0>743<0>4010<0>3988<0>2020<0>2566<0>724<0>724<0>2020<0>785<0>47<0>506<0>1315<0>135<0>234<0>602<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0>3981<1>... |
One of the glaring weaknesses of the previous Republican administration was that there was no static bureaucracy in place. | <0>2339<0>3809<0>3297<0>3297<0>2176<0>2181<0>3834<0>1901<0>633<0>1512<0>756<0>365<0>3474<0>3904<0>1396<0>2020<0>234<0>614<0>2700<0>1734<0>3574<0>3464<0>73<0>1639<0>614<0>1738<0>2339<0>2176<0>3873<0>1277<0>3918<0>2020<0>2857<0>1510<0>3857<0>1713<0>1277<0>234<0>1989<0>3237<0>2212<0>4084<0>424<0>348<0>3904<0>1512<0>2181<0... |
Former consoles and predators were assigned to run a province for a year, and then they were replaced by some other incoming official. | <0>1370<0>3982<0>253<0>1370<0>2176<0>1370<0>321<0>2338<0>781<0>2949<0>3873<0>1277<0>614<0>2054<0>3305<0>3918<0>1396<0>2182<0>2899<0>443<0>2548<0>2181<0>4044<0>1370<0>1118<0>277<0>2339<0>321<0>2178<0>2700<0>1738<0>3982<0>2054<0>2338<0>2564<0>1370<0>1671<0>2100<0>2949<0>1442<0>1989<0>2754<0>3224<0>3224<0>633<0>4072<0>389... |
As I noted in the episode on Julius Caesar's first console ship. | <0>998<0>253<0>309<0>309<0>492<0>4073<0>1394<0>633<0>3685<0>2181<0>2566<0>73<0>2020<0>1512<0>321<0>2088<0>799<0>2592<0>3125<0>825<0>2143<0>2657<0>1394<0>3253<0>785<0>3736<0>1370<0>2857<0>1973<0>1370<0>1488<0>1370<0>2752<0>2312<0>914<0>1222<0>3726<0>3237<0>3237<0>3981<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0>3... |
The Lex Julia had gone a long way towards reigning in the worst of the offenders, but it was still a grossly inefficient system. | <0>2592<0>2176<0>448<0>1542<0>2032<0>2668<0>805<0>277<0>2181<0>1277<0>1989<0>3904<0>4073<0>1157<0>2541<0>3135<0>2020<0>321<0>3918<0>3786<0>3108<0>90<0>2176<0>321<0>2016<0>614<0>2054<0>1396<0>633<0>633<0>724<0>2092<0>2092<0>321<0>2176<0>3534<0>234<0>2100<0>3873<0>5<0>1192<0>3918<0>235<0>309<0>2105<0>2051<0>3237<0>3237<0... |
So, in addition to passing supplementary anti-bribery laws, Augustus began building a permanent civil service, the ranks of which would be filled by slaves and freedmen. | <0>2673<0>253<0>321<0>2339<0>2538<0>3003<0>3886<0>4072<0>3353<0>696<0>2583<0>1532<0>2592<0>1690<0>300<0>3253<0>3873<0>2032<0>1935<0>484<0>3786<0>3918<0>724<0>2927<0>3348<0>3623<0>1394<0>793<0>2185<0>2339<0>321<0>321<0>2020<0>1512<0>3786<0>2548<0>2548<0>5<0>1748<0>1989<0>3237<0>3466<0>2156<0>3881<0>2239<0>2001<0>3131<0>... |
At all levels of government, out in the provinces, in the heart of Rome itself, up and down the line. | <0>2020<0>3834<0>3701<0>3982<0>3982<0>2020<0>2020<0>3598<0>2592<0>2339<0>319<0>618<0>321<0>3918<0>1277<0>3237<0>3237<0>3237<0>2239<0>321<0>321<0>234<0>614<0>1649<0>1311<0>321<0>3798<0>234<0>90<0>234<0>3165<0>3726<0>3726<0>1508<0>3224<0>1738<0>1311<0>321<0>321<0>2339<0>321<0>3918<0>1098<0>253<0>2975<0>3898<0>1488<0>1488... |
Competent slaves and ex-slaves began forming permanent support staff for their ever-changing political appointee bosses. This new system was a great success. | <0>2551<0>1370<0>1370<0>2592<0>135<0>1744<0>454<0>507<0>4072<0>3685<0>1236<0>2092<0>3371<0>3894<0>2354<0>507<0>724<0>2092<0>2105<0>1376<0>3466<0>3237<0>3153<0>2100<0>192<0>4072<0>1578<0>1446<0>1488<0>2505<0>1376<0>3469<0>3982<0>2339<0>2393<0>3609<0>326<0>2700<0>2535<0>2339<0>5<0>3927<0>2665<0>2181<0>2034<0>2406<0>2278<... |
It not only kept the political appointees happy, they were given cushy jobs with nice salaries and little real responsibility. | <0>2370<0>317<0>3253<0>628<0>2976<0>3519<0>2435<0>2181<0>5<0>2566<0>866<0>2092<0>2020<0>4072<0>2176<0>2339<0>998<0>1769<0>3898<0>3353<0>3364<0>1221<0>3292<0>1192<0>321<0>2637<0>2185<0>1376<0>3237<0>3237<0>2754<0>309<0>253<0>1064<0>1024<0>552<0>1667<0>1682<0>1354<0>3367<0>3606<0>2333<0>1289<0>2054<0>2176<0>947<0>614<0>2... |
But it also introduced a degree of professionalism to state administration that had never before existed. | <0>196<0>2152<0>4088<0>1484<0>288<0>2543<0>3974<0>3287<0>1395<0>3918<0>1394<0>805<0>135<0>2088<0>3022<0>2176<0>586<0>2700<0>614<0>1649<0>3628<0>321<0>2032<0>724<0>614<0>2592<0>2592<0>234<0>1795<0>562<0>261<0>1396<0>3629<0>234<0>1222<0>90<0>1471<0>3857<0>3810<0>1299<0>2395<0>1108<0>2278<0>3179<0>1236<0>3125<0>1376<0>168... |
Had Augustus not instituted these reforms, it is unlikely that the empire would have lasted for as long as it did. | <0>1578<0>3235<0>1378<0>628<0>63<0>309<0>326<0>1982<0>2176<0>1370<0>2006<0>135<0>1545<0>2116<0>3609<0>493<0>3153<0>1074<0>3353<0>947<0>2178<0>2338<0>1446<0>3403<0>2339<0>2051<0>3351<0>3179<0>2400<0>3873<0>3786<0>2020<0>1394<0>2020<0>2181<0>3310<0>2700<0>2960<0>2566<0>1919<0>349<0>724<0>3918<0>1639<0>321<0>327<0>390<0>7... |
Augustus was also aware that one of the great challenges facing any large-scale empire was timely communication. | <0>321<0>1858<0>2070<0>334<0>2543<0>3840<0>3840<0>998<0>288<0>1484<0>63<0>2020<0>2339<0>1296<0>3786<0>3898<0>614<0>290<0>2566<0>2975<0>253<0>235<0>3626<0>2211<0>2181<0>1394<0>917<0>243<0>321<0>3898<0>2400<0>805<0>3609<0>1396<0>2903<0>2092<0>3468<0>3175<0>1394<0>3786<0>3543<0>5<0>2143<0>3088<0>2020<0>933<0>3918<0>2178<0... |
The decision makers in Rome couldn't be expected to respond effectively to developing situations abroad when it took months for word of said developing situation to reach them. | <0>1538<0>3235<0>2413<0>3927<0>2070<0>2375<0>3297<0>696<0>1552<0>300<0>277<0>3918<0>1488<0>2054<0>1289<0>2566<0>2566<0>3762<0>3165<0>3235<0>756<0>3297<0>623<0>538<0>491<0>2705<0>2181<0>1074<0>2690<0>365<0>2719<0>3018<0>1486<0>1370<0>73<0>2769<0>321<0>2020<0>135<0>2404<0>5<0>3235<0>1376<0>135<0>2339<0>1396<0>825<0>1324<... |
Augustus pushed for other wealthy Romans to join him in improving the communications infrastructure of the empire. | <0>2551<0>348<0>2151<0>2151<0>3832<0>2152<0>2492<0>207<0>2034<0>596<0>1552<0>321<0>321<0>2176<0>492<0>3898<0>321<0>3117<0>3574<0>2339<0>2054<0>3918<0>2020<0>2903<0>648<0>3886<0>3898<0>774<0>633<0>1277<0>3726<0>3237<0>1376<0>133<0>3291<0>3253<0>871<0>1370<0>3253<0>2176<0>753<0>3224<0>3688<0>1277<0>1394<0>1485<0>3234<0>1... |
Augustus encouraged other wealthy Romans to join him in improving the system. | <0>321<0>2176<0>2070<0>538<0>2152<0>1710<0>324<0>2756<0>1370<0>235<0>102<0>3310<0>321<0>2176<0>1484<0>2949<0>321<0>3729<0>2339<0>321<0>3918<0>2568<0>2406<0>135<0>1713<0>2339<0>2181<0>1394<0>3918<0>3918<0>724<0>2566<0>1370<0>507<0>3224<0>633<0>2087<0>73<0>383<0>326<0>2020<0>2566<0>1108<0>3237<0>515<0>3981<0>2068<0>3981<... |
But either because he was loathe to wield his power like a bludgeon or because he wasn't quite as powerful as he liked to make out. | <0>2680<0>443<0>2151<0>1820<0>2975<0>235<0>3378<0>48<0>1118<0>277<0>3253<0>3551<0>2339<0>4010<0>3117<0>2406<0>866<0>1671<0>1512<0>2339<0>426<0>3873<0>1804<0>2648<0>321<0>321<0>3898<0>3973<0>1376<0>2092<0>4010<0>4072<0>1394<0>1277<0>1376<0>3003<0>3762<0>1488<0>321<0>196<0>1288<0>277<0>1768<0>2949<0>277<0>2020<0>3786<0>3... |
Right alongside his command of the legions, the personal fortune he controlled was the foundation of his rule. | <0>3786<0>628<0>253<0>2975<0>1192<0>445<0>2876<0>321<0>231<0>317<0>326<0>426<0>3918<0>941<0>1671<0>1512<0>2020<0>1512<0>756<0>825<0>633<0>2339<0>955<0>2293<0>3018<0>2176<0>443<0>3403<0>3253<0>3448<0>2339<0>3041<0>4044<0>2975<0>2550<0>136<0>633<0>61<0>3353<0>3123<0>741<0>1077<0>321<0>321<0>614<0>3018<0>2239<0>2034<0>387... |
Having built on the massive inheritance he received from Julius Caesar by first annexing Egypt and then taking control of the imperial provinces, Augustus was now by far the richest man in the empire. | <0>4089<0>1200<0>546<0>493<0>3834<0>3135<0>1846<0>2541<0>492<0>3224<0>4072<0>628<0>348<0>3729<0>1512<0>3175<0>3490<0>279<0>277<0>633<0>3873<0>2657<0>3898<0>73<0>4044<0>2506<0>3574<0>2338<0>724<0>3123<0>442<0>1512<0>1394<0>3535<0>1355<0>3280<0>1126<0>3898<0>1989<0>3726<0>2700<0>1108<0>3828<0>63<0>321<0>3280<0>290<0>172<... |
His wealth allowed him to do things like personally underwrite infrastructure projects that otherwise would not have gotten off the ground, say an improved communications network, which greatly enhanced his prestige with the people. | <0>2597<0>3834<0>2550<0>2510<0>2541<0>1846<0>2339<0>321<0>321<0>1671<0>633<0>648<0>277<0>1671<0>2903<0>941<0>3305<0>3310<0>2987<0>2239<0>3235<0>5<0>321<0>73<0>2020<0>1289<0>3629<0>1370<0>2416<0>2339<0>3786<0>3067<0>944<0>135<0>3609<0>1935<0>1555<0>321<0>1136<0>945<0>998<0>321<0>2697<0>962<0>3833<0>2406<0>2521<0>2239<0>... |
This new road is not brought to you by the slow-moving self-absorbed Senate, but rather by Augustus, the man who gets things done. | <0>234<0>2070<0>2055<0>1827<0>2339<0>321<0>54<0>3918<0>2944<0>1512<0>73<0>3253<0>2898<0>1284<0>321<0>321<0>5<0>3574<0>1671<0>1819<0>2566<0>2087<0>3318<0>1512<0>2176<0>1284<0>2176<0>2566<0>3389<0>2562<0>1935<0>321<0>1219<0>2566<0>3623<0>321<0>1219<0>562<0>3904<0>277<0>135<0>290<0>3237<0>390<0>3882<0>3882<0>492<0>2921<0>... |
Who would you rather support? The guy who's funding aqueduct expansion or the do-nothings in the senate who were, well, doing nothing? | <0>234<0>279<0>1858<0>3793<0>2615<0>4010<0>3918<0>1502<0>2143<0>1748<0>1488<0>321<0>1639<0>3237<0>3466<0>3018<0>2106<0>2566<0>277<0>1204<0>1254<0>1277<0>2404<0>1219<0>2416<0>3876<0>2711<0>2927<0>2756<0>2339<0>2176<0>321<0>2207<0>2713<0>3378<0>2486<0>4072<0>3886<0>724<0>1376<0>3466<0>4019<0>1488<0>2176<0>1394<0>3364<0>2... |
Augustus invested lavishly and wisely in his empire, and the people loved him for it. | <0>1283<0>1858<0>1547<0>3185<0>3850<0>448<0>2769<0>1394<0>648<0>3253<0>3834<0>73<0>135<0>3808<0>2176<0>3061<0>562<0>3253<0>4050<0>1935<0>317<0>2329<0>2020<0>866<0>3962<0>321<0>317<0>1064<0>633<0>3123<0>1396<0>3629<0>3918<0>3918<0>2697<0>3403<0>2864<0>1649<0>3237<0>2052<0>349<0>1982<0>234<0>1074<0>3175<0>2752<0>3898<0>2... |
Money may not buy you happiness, but it will buy you control of a multinational Mediterranean empire. | <0>2675<0>1007<0>3278<0>546<0>2070<0>3663<0>1981<0>2898<0>628<0>1394<0>426<0>4067<0>2648<0>1074<0>1394<0>2092<0>73<0>234<0>2700<0>1370<0>1512<0>2566<0>2020<0>3834<0>2550<0>2020<0>321<0>253<0>3175<0>2006<0>426<0>3302<0>288<0>3962<0>2339<0>2339<0>3798<0>1762<0>68<0>2020<0>493<0>2393<0>2054<0>2704<0>2649<0>614<0>3918<0>24... |
In 18 BC, Augustus embarked on perhaps his most controversial reform programs. | <0>2023<0>2070<0>230<0>3713<0>1306<0>3585<0>3776<0>1238<0>3670<0>369<0>73<0>1394<0>633<0>724<0>4095<0>2018<0>3534<0>1552<0>313<0>901<0>2151<0>3713<0>2070<0>2152<0>1748<0>3982<0>1370<0>947<0>2054<0>2339<0>3869<0>1192<0>2176<0>5<0>383<0>2338<0>2176<0>2513<0>2972<0>321<0>2054<0>1503<0>2339<0>507<0>2339<0>3921<0>2020<0>294... |
He joined with other social critics who abhorred the indulgent excesses of modern room. Gone were the days of rigorous discipline and austerity. | <0>3364<0>2525<0>3401<0>3663<0>2152<0>3135<0>321<0>4010<0>3079<0>669<0>321<0>2993<0>2176<0>1219<0>2898<0>2181<0>3918<0>3628<0>326<0>3003<0>3726<0>3726<0>2239<0>1031<0>348<0>277<0>3486<0>3069<0>2752<0>2181<0>3609<0>1394<0>633<0>2116<0>3701<0>507<0>135<0>4058<0>3310<0>4044<0>2975<0>562<0>3626<0>3626<0>2339<0>614<0>1488<0... |
The strict Roman ethic that had conquered the world was pushed aside. Now men and women simply wanted to enjoy the fruits of the empire that their forefathers had won for them. | <0>5<0>3318<0>1179<0>3834<0>3313<0>507<0>628<0>3253<0>805<0>3203<0>300<0>3253<0>4095<0>3598<0>2088<0>2576<0>1370<0>321<0>1219<0>2176<0>4088<0>2092<0>3786<0>3982<0>2548<0>998<0>2239<0>2566<0>73<0>234<0>2339<0>1316<0>3147<0>2404<0>934<0>3403<0>321<0>2092<0>1376<0>2566<0>4095<0>3237<0>3726<0>2754<0>1688<0>3834<0>1370<0>32... |
In the eyes of Augustus, Rome was in danger of losing what it had won if something was not done to bring back traditional virtue. | <0>116<0>243<0>277<0>628<0>1097<0>2176<0>2176<0>1678<0>1736<0>3551<0>3826<0>63<0>977<0>3237<0>1994<0>2680<0>2020<0>253<0>2949<0>3840<0>3904<0>135<0>192<0>1987<0>668<0>2550<0>1284<0>2092<0>1118<0>277<0>1396<0>724<0>3918<0>1713<0>2092<0>1748<0>3726<0>2675<0>2054<0>2980<0>1376<0>3237<0>349<0>3237<0>649<0>4044<0>235<0>135<... |
Augustus believed that the heart of the problem was the breakdown in the family structure. | <0>2541<0>807<0>1232<0>3264<0>2070<0>2096<0>3135<0>2020<0>1394<0>1394<0>648<0>3808<0>3726<0>805<0>1370<0>3523<0>288<0>2956<0>3840<0>3135<0>2239<0>1192<0>3701<0>321<0>2339<0>234<0>2038<0>3300<0>3027<0>2020<0>73<0>2339<0>1108<0>321<0>506<0>3364<0>127<0>3253<0>1114<0>135<0>1300<0>1300<0>192<0>3918<0>724<0>249<0>1713<0>139... |
He believed, not without reason, that Rome had been built on the back of strong families. | <0>1013<0>424<0>3287<0>3297<0>2474<0>2550<0>2581<0>1206<0>919<0>2054<0>3123<0>3235<0>3962<0>2176<0>2181<0>771<0>2339<0>192<0>3125<0>2568<0>234<0>3003<0>1989<0>1368<0>702<0>1955<0>2123<0>507<0>4010<0>1422<0>2538<0>2092<0>3287<0>1277<0>724<0>321<0>2339<0>2020<0>724<0>2566<0>1192<0>1192<0>327<0>1219<0>4044<0>156<0>321<0>1... |
So when Augustus took the census and realized that birth rates were on the decline, he began to worry about the next canny. | <0>725<0>3594<0>2151<0>3135<0>2675<0>2092<0>3834<0>2581<0>3663<0>3377<0>193<0>1715<0>2903<0>426<0>5<0>2826<0>2741<0>3291<0>135<0>1217<0>2509<0>135<0>3918<0>1901<0>243<0>2181<0>2181<0>504<0>2566<0>2239<0>3985<0>1370<0>3060<0>2176<0>586<0>3234<0>2339<0>1488<0>2178<0>3918<0>2100<0>1973<0>321<0>2339<0>4072<0>1277<0>1108<0>... |
Would Rome ever be able to recover if there were not any true Romans left? | <0>4007<0>2615<0>3135<0>253<0>3253<0>3203<0>321<0>2339<0>1259<0>3918<0>3243<0>3918<0>1762<0>2797<0>3675<0>1819<0>2176<0>234<0>1287<0>2521<0>3153<0>2338<0>321<0>3918<0>1370<0>2054<0>2925<0>1394<0>1395<0>1370<0>2176<0>3786<0>2054<0>2178<0>1114<0>3029<0>1503<0>1370<0>1667<0>234<0>602<0>3981<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0>2... |
He began investigating the problem and soon came to realize that the issue was not that there was some epidemic of infertility or infant mortality. | <0>493<0>3020<0>546<0>1685<0>1685<0>191<0>277<0>1419<0>3904<0>1394<0>1394<0>979<0>3918<0>614<0>443<0>1488<0>321<0>2548<0>614<0>2566<0>290<0>869<0>492<0>73<0>2152<0>679<0>1224<0>1539<0>1168<0>2020<0>2020<0>3125<0>774<0>2054<0>3486<0>2903<0>3873<0>2379<0>2100<0>1965<0>2454<0>1394<0>234<0>592<0>771<0>443<0>1118<0>3253<0>2... |
Rather, men and women were simply choosing not to have children. Children were a pain, so why waste time with them? | <0>3237<0>1376<0>2182<0>3029<0>253<0>321<0>235<0>1117<0>725<0>4020<0>1376<0>1982<0>3287<0>3297<0>2960<0>724<0>3918<0>3153<0>1376<0>2675<0>321<0>1715<0>3642<0>3036<0>135<0>3076<0>3574<0>3626<0>324<0>1502<0>724<0>2054<0>948<0>950<0>3972<0>290<0>3076<0>2181<0>2339<0>2054<0>234<0>1376<0>3237<0>3237<0>3237<0>3237<0>2700<0>3... |
It seems that everyone was pursuing their own immediate pleasures at the expense of the next generation, and possibly at the expense of the whole empire. | <0>2589<0>2506<0>2525<0>546<0>1710<0>3278<0>20<0>628<0>3253<0>3618<0>2181<0>1671<0>2034<0>3386<0>1738<0>517<0>2876<0>724<0>3918<0>3918<0>2181<0>47<0>2020<0>2020<0>234<0>3123<0>1277<0>3353<0>1394<0>3125<0>1376<0>3117<0>2020<0>277<0>3305<0>1394<0>3626<0>2665<0>3175<0>1023<0>2769<0>2592<0>4072<0>3609<0>3873<0>2566<0>1982<... |
So Augustus created incentives to encourage large families. | <0>2018<0>2151<0>3135<0>3840<0>3935<0>807<0>538<0>546<0>2005<0>2898<0>3253<0>1097<0>309<0>2509<0>3873<0>1578<0>446<0>4072<0>135<0>1354<0>2176<0>3003<0>1989<0>3237<0>4059<0>90<0>2550<0>1168<0>326<0>1370<0>1370<0>3618<0>4050<0>2092<0>3962<0>1370<0>2821<0>2338<0>30<0>3105<0>724<0>724<0>1122<0>3132<0>1056<0>2068<0>2068<0>3... |
Having one child meant that a man could stand for office a year before he was technically eligible. | <0>4012<0>3235<0>1168<0>2020<0>2181<0>3292<0>2181<0>321<0>2511<0>2239<0>2680<0>3237<0>724<0>4072<0>90<0>3253<0>2568<0>192<0>4072<0>2649<0>135<0>3318<0>2903<0>1987<0>348<0>3985<0>3543<0>3982<0>1370<0>2178<0>3904<0>3320<0>493<0>192<0>3235<0>3151<0>3665<0>1446<0>2181<0>3389<0>2404<0>2449<0>1500<0>1376<0>3973<0>3626<0>2661... |
A man who sired three sons could expect multiple legal privileges for his contributions to the state. | <0>1989<0>2034<0>3849<0>277<0>1532<0>2075<0>2796<0>618<0>3918<0>5<0>2034<0>756<0>1578<0>254<0>2176<0>1168<0>234<0>2700<0>2278<0>2700<0>103<0>243<0>2016<0>2769<0>313<0>1376<0>1277<0>3898<0>68<0>2705<0>207<0>2092<0>2566<0>756<0>1512<0>2700<0>614<0>3888<0>2566<0>2960<0>633<0>90<0>3237<0>3726<0>3027<0>2181<0>2055<0>175<0>3... |
It goes without saying that Fred McMurray would have been a very well-respected man in Augustan Rome. | <0>2640<0>3466<0>243<0>254<0>2176<0>2176<0>3224<0>4010<0>918<0>2796<0>243<0>1394<0>2840<0>3422<0>869<0>1512<0>2338<0>628<0>1512<0>3134<0>405<0>1488<0>2020<0>324<0>725<0>2239<0>2020<0>2176<0>2566<0>724<0>614<0>2054<0>506<0>2092<0>3786<0>1289<0>2898<0>2769<0>2946<0>294<0>1394<0>1376<0>3918<0>941<0>2416<0>3803<0>3466<0>63... |
But beyond concerns about children, Augustus was also distressed by what he saw as the degradation of marriage. | <0>1846<0>3974<0>1547<0>3150<0>1569<0>3981<0>2152<0>3832<0>253<0>628<0>3873<0>321<0>1734<0>2182<0>430<0>1370<0>3786<0>107<0>614<0>2566<0>234<0>918<0>1007<0>2016<0>628<0>3264<0>3966<0>2705<0>1118<0>1648<0>3543<0>651<0>2876<0>2176<0>1114<0>3921<0>3313<0>2054<0>326<0>2239<0>2640<0>3762<0>321<0>2550<0>3253<0>3291<0>4044<0>... |
Now though, adultery ran so rampant that no one even batted an eye about it anymore. | <0>633<0>3834<0>1370<0>2176<0>2176<0>614<0>1108<0>1376<0>2239<0>1118<0>2796<0>1901<0>194<0>300<0>507<0>1987<0>649<0>1607<0>1370<0>1901<0>3898<0>628<0>2034<0>234<0>234<0>2052<0>530<0>3116<0>825<0>1394<0>2020<0>2312<0>1394<0>3697<0>1277<0>321<0>2210<0>1512<0>1168<0>1762<0>2193<0>2898<0>253<0>933<0>321<0>614<0>2625<0>2566... |
In fact, many men, failing to see the point of even maintaining pretenses, simply avoided getting married altogether. | <0>2665<0>3328<0>3253<0>235<0>235<0>365<0>725<0>290<0>4072<0>309<0>1394<0>3224<0>4072<0>234<0>1571<0>2018<0>3029<0>277<0>2020<0>1394<0>979<0>4044<0>2657<0>234<0>2535<0>1488<0>3918<0>633<0>338<0>2960<0>1277<0>3918<0>633<0>1885<0>3158<0>1394<0>1277<0>1219<0>1762<0>3937<0>1827<0>135<0>48<0>3626<0>2406<0>3237<0>3726<0>3237... |
To Augustus, this persistent embrace of immorality was dangerously eroding Roman virtue. | <0>2435<0>628<0>2176<0>1670<0>2181<0>454<0>90<0>805<0>955<0>384<0>2952<0>3018<0>2775<0>3873<0>144<0>2144<0>4044<0>1000<0>4044<0>2152<0>209<0>724<0>2092<0>2339<0>2181<0>3085<0>3551<0>866<0>944<0>3328<0>1488<0>2020<0>321<0>321<0>2176<0>338<0>3762<0>2987<0>2700<0>2020<0>3873<0>2182<0>192<0>1394<0>4073<0>1901<0>300<0>63<0>... |
All that self-indulgence was simply not compatible with the self-sacrifice the state required. A man and a woman get married and they remain faithful. That was how it was supposed to go. | <0>3543<0>2174<0>1901<0>3834<0>2369<0>1607<0>321<0>2339<0>2566<0>1376<0>3786<0>3962<0>1074<0>234<0>234<0>2700<0>2018<0>2566<0>1118<0>3904<0>724<0>866<0>1394<0>1370<0>1370<0>234<0>1277<0>1645<0>2694<0>628<0>2034<0>1219<0>68<0>1108<0>3726<0>3918<0>90<0>3904<0>2020<0>3898<0>3665<0>2143<0>1820<0>580<0>1973<0>1370<0>3151<0>... |
So Augustus implemented penalties that hit unmarried men and women hard. | <0>283<0>253<0>235<0>1064<0>3834<0>3318<0>835<0>2550<0>2661<0>3253<0>2178<0>724<0>1768<0>1467<0>1108<0>1568<0>1363<0>614<0>3786<0>1394<0>963<0>1989<0>1368<0>2683<0>962<0>1635<0>1097<0>3726<0>1370<0>445<0>1982<0>1901<0>506<0>3123<0>3918<0>633<0>1982<0>724<0>3918<0>2416<0>2730<0>651<0>3982<0>1370<0>2178<0>3803<0>3762<0>1... |
The goal was to make single life so unbearable that married life seemed like a reprieve. | <0>2239<0>3626<0>1503<0>1901<0>4008<0>3135<0>538<0>226<0>235<0>57<0>2762<0>4044<0>1394<0>3918<0>4088<0>2181<0>3904<0>73<0>2876<0>628<0>2752<0>2020<0>1277<0>1820<0>321<0>1488<0>2548<0>2566<0>3466<0>3237<0>3726<0>2775<0>2960<0>324<0>1901<0>506<0>1284<0>2054<0>3898<0>1748<0>1989<0>918<0>2993<0>1394<0>1394<0>2339<0>3918<0>... |
Once he had everyone locked up in a formal marriage, he went ahead and outlawed adultery. | <0>2123<0>2070<0>2734<0>793<0>628<0>2796<0>2181<0>3898<0>1289<0>3918<0>3988<0>321<0>1569<0>1219<0>2474<0>2566<0>724<0>2338<0>1446<0>1488<0>1488<0>3918<0>3918<0>3031<0>1488<0>1168<0>1713<0>290<0>3237<0>3237<0>3237<0>3726<0>1394<0>507<0>445<0>3997<0>243<0>2975<0>2566<0>3253<0>1827<0>1192<0>1488<0>2675<0>2054<0>1762<0>270... |
It was hard for anyone to take the law too seriously when it was Augustus who was wagging his finger. | <0>1<0>3235<0>1118<0>1862<0>595<0>1157<0>3840<0>321<0>4072<0>309<0>2339<0>724<0>135<0>1785<0>941<0>3670<0>1219<0>68<0>321<0>321<0>3179<0>3466<0>1467<0>668<0>1671<0>491<0>192<0>3828<0>3305<0>2903<0>1512<0>3606<0>3881<0>1203<0>2020<0>3253<0>4010<0>1118<0>324<0>3123<0>3953<0>628<0>73<0>2509<0>1097<0>2176<0>2176<0>2339<0>2... |
The princeps had a well-earned reputation for straying from his wife with slaves, with young women, with married women, with anyone who caught his eye, really. | <0>1740<0>1632<0>1620<0>2339<0>2799<0>546<0>1211<0>3834<0>3253<0>2404<0>3237<0>3466<0>3302<0>253<0>2339<0>2020<0>1370<0>2898<0>1488<0>3253<0>2176<0>321<0>1222<0>684<0>1208<0>1324<0>1907<0>3111<0>172<0>1502<0>614<0>3062<0>1273<0>1503<0>2181<0>1601<0>324<0>2338<0>614<0>2675<0>135<0>2092<0>321<0>2181<0>1532<0>1219<0>1108<... |
The massive hypocrisy of the draconian adultery law was not lost on anyone and so it was taken with a grain of salt. | <0>3018<0>2176<0>1320<0>3591<0>807<0>1007<0>3519<0>3997<0>234<0>2054<0>321<0>1370<0>2338<0>1105<0>192<0>1394<0>1512<0>1064<0>321<0>2619<0>3388<0>3486<0>2020<0>724<0>1394<0>724<0>234<0>2006<0>3962<0>156<0>2416<0>3918<0>1488<0>1488<0>2178<0>3762<0>3237<0>3726<0>2181<0>277<0>1370<0>1370<0>3786<0>321<0>321<0>980<0>1111<0>1... |
Not that the laws didn't sometimes lead to banishment and death, but just that no one really went out of their way to inform on anyone, so most people wound up not getting caught. | <0>2492<0>2151<0>3150<0>2775<0>2339<0>2949<0>321<0>321<0>1618<0>1278<0>1394<0>1114<0>1355<0>3918<0>2178<0>1192<0>774<0>234<0>938<0>1512<0>2207<0>3003<0>3018<0>3003<0>2592<0>196<0>235<0>2668<0>135<0>408<0>2054<0>753<0>3808<0>1688<0>944<0>1419<0>3834<0>1118<0>515<0>1376<0>3237<0>3237<0>2156<0>1805<0>1846<0>1452<0>4050<0>... |
In the end, the Augustan morality laws did little to change anyone's behavior, but he refused to give up on them. | <0>970<0>1858<0>546<0>546<0>3663<0>191<0>1989<0>3351<0>2281<0>2100<0>3287<0>3194<0>3297<0>3663<0>3695<0>546<0>3642<0>2541<0>3982<0>321<0>321<0>1126<0>1296<0>1289<0>321<0>1098<0>3029<0>135<0>1284<0>1512<0>1809<0>2949<0>1512<0>90<0>3019<0>756<0>2506<0>944<0>1394<0>2092<0>2020<0>2020<0>998<0>4054<0>3685<0>1754<0>1259<0>17... |
Indeed, Augustus's peculiar obsession with adultery would eventually cost him both his daughter and his granddaughter. | <0>670<0>243<0>2637<0>277<0>1097<0>648<0>3762<0>2156<0>1994<0>1734<0>1118<0>433<0>3235<0>513<0>1715<0>317<0>1935<0>3287<0>1278<0>212<0>3840<0>3840<0>235<0>2181<0>1545<0>3804<0>4067<0>4050<0>1168<0>614<0>2020<0>2566<0>321<0>3962<0>2876<0>628<0>1768<0>1989<0>3237<0>3726<0>2020<0>235<0>2176<0>2975<0>172<0>2176<0>4062<0>20... |
But believing he had set his people back on a more virtuous path, Augustus returned to his greater imperial ambitions. | <0>1007<0>1007<0>3135<0>2978<0>2581<0>2769<0>2769<0>2581<0>2705<0>1607<0>1097<0>3291<0>3378<0>224<0>1394<0>2752<0>3786<0>3061<0>628<0>1973<0>2054<0>724<0>3057<0>1484<0>2339<0>3786<0>2176<0>2016<0>277<0>1512<0>2769<0>147<0>1827<0>628<0>1370<0>648<0>3762<0>3237<0>3466<0>3762<0>2170<0>998<0>2176<0>3591<0>2151<0>193<0>2543... |
Unlike his uncle who invaded Gaul because basically it was there and died with plans to invade Parthia sitting on his desk, Augustus did not have foreign conquest in his heart. | <0>1846<0>2070<0>1846<0>2626<0>2975<0>1935<0>2181<0>2176<0>68<0>2092<0>2675<0>3003<0>517<0>235<0>2568<0>1901<0>3125<0>3574<0>104<0>2176<0>3962<0>3962<0>614<0>2637<0>3043<0>4072<0>234<0>2492<0>3020<0>3060<0>2379<0>2551<0>2020<0>2960<0>1989<0>3183<0>1987<0>4088<0>3224<0>947<0>4072<0>1901<0>2181<0>1748<0>2018<0>3237<0>372... |
He was not really interested in winning huge new swaths of territory for the Empire. | <0>702<0>2070<0>1858<0>3447<0>2510<0>2070<0>209<0>1394<0>3328<0>3470<0>2826<0>3291<0>3353<0>3918<0>2960<0>724<0>1394<0>1277<0>2816<0>941<0>1671<0>1208<0>1771<0>493<0>2158<0>2454<0>2339<0>3962<0>1819<0>3253<0>2627<0>2700<0>793<0>506<0>4010<0>4028<0>321<0>3898<0>3705<0>2092<0>2591<0>3918<0>1277<0>2181<0>321<0>2864<0>290<... |
In fact, from his vantage point at the very pinnacle of the state, Augustus was perhaps the only one who could see the truth. The empire was big enough. | <0>305<0>426<0>2338<0>3235<0>506<0>3097<0>1538<0>725<0>3179<0>1973<0>492<0>1858<0>73<0>941<0>1097<0>2185<0>648<0>649<0>1488<0>3598<0>1394<0>2665<0>234<0>234<0>628<0>3305<0>1989<0>1354<0>1394<0>1394<0>2006<0>2339<0>3786<0>2903<0>3318<0>1545<0>1097<0>277<0>3183<0>290<0>1989<0>1376<0>3018<0>1511<0>2899<0>443<0>2034<0>1547... |
He of course did not let on to the fact that he was coming to believe that the Empire had reached its greatest manageable extent. | <0>3854<0>2070<0>2339<0>3962<0>3150<0>538<0>3713<0>3253<0>321<0>3786<0>309<0>1370<0>321<0>3253<0>3224<0>3253<0>2338<0>2181<0>2497<0>2018<0>2239<0>3147<0>756<0>3224<0>2705<0>1370<0>3918<0>2960<0>196<0>614<0>2675<0>1394<0>1394<0>3253<0>2176<0>1655<0>3464<0>3918<0>3918<0>321<0>1488<0>324<0>3762<0>3466<0>3626<0>2339<0>507<... |
Because for all its long history, Rome had been forever expanding, and most believed that like a shark, if they ever stopped moving, they would die. | <0>2096<0>909<0>2323<0>253<0>3701<0>321<0>321<0>254<0>1192<0>321<0>324<0>2660<0>1118<0>4028<0>507<0>633<0>1688<0>290<0>2675<0>2181<0>253<0>4072<0>135<0>1485<0>135<0>1578<0>1370<0>3244<0>507<0>492<0>3921<0>1715<0>2274<0>3292<0>3904<0>1982<0>410<0>290<0>4058<0>1164<0>3237<0>300<0>1277<0>2020<0>2020<0>426<0>2339<0>1396<0>... |
For all his radical reforms, the idea that Rome should stop expanding was perhaps the most radical, and so he played his cards on that account very close to his chest. But I'm actually getting a little ahead of myself. | <0>3151<0>628<0>3701<0>1192<0>426<0>2543<0>507<0>1820<0>1736<0>2176<0>3786<0>1370<0>2339<0>2338<0>2994<0>1488<0>1192<0>2338<0>3310<0>1376<0>3237<0>3237<0>1287<0>3726<0>127<0>3834<0>135<0>919<0>1306<0>3135<0>2339<0>2339<0>2181<0>2020<0>1114<0>3997<0>3534<0>73<0>2008<0>321<0>3117<0>2857<0>3927<0>805<0>700<0>4072<0>1982<0... |
Well, Augustus certainly believed that the empire would soon be as big as it would ever need to be. He also believed that it wasn't quite there yet. | <0>507<0>1901<0>2020<0>2513<0>2070<0>3927<0>2903<0>73<0>4044<0>235<0>2505<0>2034<0>3117<0>3626<0>2339<0>1512<0>3574<0>648<0>2278<0>3018<0>2176<0>317<0>3549<0>2034<0>1277<0>3246<0>321<0>4088<0>120<0>4044<0>3804<0>3966<0>3626<0>2568<0>3123<0>1394<0>3378<0>1376<0>4072<0>753<0>1376<0>3179<0>614<0>3729<0>507<0>2176<0>3857<0... |
When Augustus surveyed the empire, he could see that on the west it was bordered by the Atlantic Ocean. To the south, it was bordered by the Sahara Desert. In the east, it was bordered by the Parthian Empire. On all three sides, Rome was protected by natural boundaries or formal treaties with civilized neighbors. But ... | <0>3786<0>3809<0>2896<0>447<0>1007<0>538<0>1118<0>1555<0>1370<0>2176<0>1097<0>1394<0>1394<0>774<0>3798<0>1277<0>1738<0>1289<0>3898<0>290<0>290<0>3726<0>1532<0>2627<0>2404<0>4044<0>1394<0>1394<0>1394<0>3237<0>3123<0>235<0>321<0>2020<0>2665<0>4010<0>259<0>517<0>965<0>1512<0>135<0>998<0>1484<0>321<0>2176<0>3786<0>235<0>16... |
In the east, the northern border was simply an ill-defined frontier above Greece that offered no natural protection to anybody. In the west, Rome controlled Gaul up until the banks of the Rhine, but beyond that lay the anarchy of Germania. This was all totally unacceptable to Augustus. | <0>3183<0>426<0>2329<0>2588<0>78<0>326<0>2663<0>1989<0>3251<0>955<0>3626<0>649<0>2541<0>1846<0>3974<0>1277<0>2092<0>68<0>507<0>234<0>704<0>443<0>2176<0>3318<0>1607<0>2020<0>2020<0>1394<0>1259<0>515<0>2592<0>2752<0>2020<0>63<0>321<0>445<0>649<0>2338<0>321<0>3798<0>687<0>1987<0>3618<0>321<0>2566<0>2176<0>1219<0>1172<0>21... |
He believed that if something could be done to secure the northern frontier, a Mediterranean empire centered in Rome could continue indefinitely. | <0>3657<0>243<0>1118<0>2550<0>2581<0>1651<0>135<0>309<0>3904<0>2876<0>2034<0>135<0>3297<0>3438<0>3626<0>753<0>1919<0>4072<0>724<0>3153<0>2903<0>2087<0>2352<0>1300<0>4044<0>2550<0>2020<0>135<0>1259<0>3982<0>3918<0>3918<0>2338<0>2054<0>1688<0>2369<0>172<0>2481<0>1738<0>2700<0>3237<0>3466<0>1571<0>4019<0>2176<0>3224<0>309... |
In the East, Augustus had his eye on the Danube River as the natural northern border for the Empire. | <0>2695<0>3235<0>3287<0>121<0>2207<0>546<0>3850<0>2663<0>1108<0>1108<0>2700<0>2034<0>2070<0>1846<0>538<0>2070<0>1710<0>2070<0>4072<0>2550<0>321<0>277<0>2020<0>135<0>290<0>192<0>1408<0>2960<0>2960<0>2566<0>2020<0>507<0>2339<0>3973<0>2700<0>3726<0>3834<0>2550<0>127<0>1394<0>628<0>2034<0>2546<0>321<0>1512<0>2947<0>2339<0>... |
The Long Broad River would be easy to defend, and most importantly, if Rome controlled all the country up to its southern banks, there would be a territorial buffer between Italy and the lawless lands beyond. | <0>1565<0>2176<0>1901<0>3982<0>507<0>3918<0>2700<0>321<0>321<0>321<0>724<0>2181<0>2339<0>2176<0>3237<0>1851<0>405<0>2176<0>1671<0>3688<0>3353<0>1378<0>2506<0>78<0>3873<0>1394<0>3253<0>63<0>2393<0>724<0>234<0>3237<0>3237<0>2239<0>3918<0>2176<0>1118<0>947<0>1277<0>1488<0>1484<0>4010<0>3123<0>3918<0>633<0>1748<0>3237<0>32... |
In the West, Augustus identified the Elbe River as his preferred border. | <0>670<0>3849<0>2020<0>1396<0>3834<0>3834<0>73<0>3837<0>1989<0>3726<0>2156<0>2204<0>2239<0>2034<0>1547<0>2070<0>538<0>2769<0>3185<0>3125<0>4072<0>3253<0>2339<0>2181<0>919<0>3726<0>16<0>4010<0>68<0>2092<0>4010<0>774<0>1370<0>2178<0>3237<0>2239<0>287<0>300<0>3873<0>648<0>2339<0>3239<0>1219<0>2176<0>2700<0>2339<0>3982<0>1... |
If you could properly garrison the Elbe and the Danube, Rome would have a secure natural border from the North Sea to the Black Sea, and he could go to his grave knowing that he was leaving behind a stable empire that could last forever. | <0>2100<0>548<0>3131<0>3297<0>144<0>1311<0>321<0>3809<0>3297<0>4062<0>192<0>2181<0>3348<0>3729<0>1768<0>3175<0>670<0>1370<0>321<0>2092<0>234<0>3606<0>3688<0>3574<0>249<0>1074<0>3145<0>229<0>1376<0>1376<0>3466<0>3003<0>2052<0>3237<0>507<0>253<0>2185<0>3642<0>3585<0>2339<0>3253<0>194<0>1919<0>504<0>1987<0>1780<0>235<0>15... |
The process of establishing new eternal borders in the north, though, did not begin in Germania or Illyricum. It actually began much closer to home. | <0>2422<0>3150<0>2735<0>2151<0>2543<0>3264<0>3840<0>4044<0>3802<0>2174<0>1736<0>2020<0>4050<0>633<0>1277<0>1754<0>1671<0>2176<0>1056<0>3428<0>321<0>2898<0>1769<0>3726<0>68<0>321<0>235<0>2192<0>3224<0>633<0>1502<0>321<0>2181<0>2105<0>1512<0>1738<0>1649<0>290<0>3029<0>2725<0>2725<0>3003<0>3378<0>2070<0>1846<0>3297<0>3837... |
Augustus decided that before he could think about pushing the borders of the Empire northward, | <0>1973<0>3277<0>3591<0>2152<0>2903<0>73<0>3904<0>4044<0>2474<0>2181<0>3626<0>3116<0>2521<0>384<0>2239<0>2176<0>2176<0>2034<0>507<0>2181<0>3134<0>289<0>2665<0>1278<0>4072<0>3697<0>2339<0>321<0>614<0>1738<0>2413<0>700<0>1168<0>2566<0>68<0>321<0>348<0>2020<0>3123<0>938<0>3918<0>2864<0>2697<0>2054<0>1502<0>614<0>3982<0>38... |
Rome had never actually nailed down the troublesome mountain tribes in their own backyard. | <0>2566<0>1192<0>2510<0>3642<0>2023<0>2185<0>1846<0>4010<0>628<0>3239<0>1486<0>135<0>2092<0>3685<0>1289<0>614<0>750<0>3031<0>2339<0>1982<0>635<0>3675<0>3962<0>2020<0>3551<0>1277<0>2568<0>3918<0>2178<0>870<0>2756<0>321<0>321<0>2176<0>63<0>2980<0>2054<0>2178<0>2566<0>1990<0>3310<0>2329<0>321<0>321<0>1219<0>3263<0>2068<0>... |
To oversee the operation, he chose once again to elevate Tiberius who might get a chance to actually fight a battle this time around. | <0>1467<0>2510<0>279<0>3295<0>2354<0>1378<0>1394<0>192<0>321<0>2339<0>1370<0>1901<0>668<0>172<0>724<0>234<0>2700<0>2088<0>1208<0>430<0>1370<0>1064<0>1488<0>774<0>1300<0>684<0>1394<0>1394<0>842<0>1973<0>614<0>724<0>3670<0>296<0>3677<0>1376<0>3574<0>492<0>938<0>234<0>2116<0>3237<0>2239<0>955<0>2106<0>3018<0>348<0>628<0>3... |
Joining Tiberius as a co-general would be his younger brother, Drusus. | <0>4059<0>1007<0>782<0>1378<0>3904<0>3031<0>1376<0>2341<0>506<0>2055<0>805<0>2176<0>3097<0>2908<0>1370<0>2176<0>2464<0>3348<0>2054<0>2548<0>1989<0>1571<0>3733<0>1219<0>3297<0>3020<0>2660<0>3904<0>1097<0>2054<0>2339<0>321<0>3918<0>1442<0>1376<0>235<0>3786<0>1671<0>389<0>551<0>4044<0>2105<0>196<0>3981<0>2068<0>2068<0>206... |
Augustus wanted to make sure that whatever glory was won in the Alps and in his planned future campaigns along the Danube and in Germania, that it was all kept in the family. | <0>1883<0>3840<0>2151<0>3447<0>193<0>3791<0>2994<0>321<0>1114<0>3626<0>3918<0>1987<0>975<0>3458<0>235<0>1738<0>1748<0>3237<0>3726<0>2566<0>3834<0>2339<0>3302<0>253<0>2176<0>2339<0>2752<0>288<0>2181<0>229<0>3626<0>2092<0>2339<0>1114<0>1394<0>2657<0>253<0>321<0>2548<0>504<0>3841<0>1989<0>3466<0>3726<0>253<0>309<0>793<0>2... |
Augustus knew that the greatest and most likely threat to his rule would come from an independent general winning great battles for Rome all on his own. | <0>288<0>3131<0>2151<0>3264<0>317<0>3609<0>1394<0>277<0>1370<0>2592<0>196<0>2898<0>321<0>1901<0>3125<0>135<0>3609<0>1748<0>1376<0>4072<0>3224<0>2176<0>4044<0>68<0>253<0>127<0>2020<0>317<0>2876<0>2181<0>2406<0>2176<0>1512<0>1512<0>2339<0>666<0>68<0>207<0>1989<0>2281<0>2640<0>592<0>2176<0>513<0>3904<0>2020<0>3253<0>348<0... |
So Augustus was careful to always give overall command of a campaign he initiated to someone he could trust not to turn against him. In practice, this meant members of his own family. | <0>283<0>2151<0>3135<0>3840<0>3663<0>3150<0>3966<0>2543<0>3840<0>2705<0>3364<0>1645<0>321<0>2339<0>68<0>2566<0>3726<0>63<0>1820<0>3061<0>723<0>546<0>397<0>309<0>1734<0>3786<0>3235<0>253<0>3982<0>3701<0>2551<0>426<0>3918<0>3182<0>1394<0>2176<0>1675<0>2449<0>3685<0>3918<0>1108<0>1966<0>1394<0>1394<0>135<0>1394<0>633<0>50... |
So even though his step-sons were in their early twenties, much younger than your average Roman general, they were still put in command. | <0>2005<0>3447<0>3555<0>546<0>3287<0>3150<0>3840<0>3045<0>2055<0>2094<0>1370<0>3927<0>2020<0>1512<0>2339<0>1780<0>1394<0>3898<0>2020<0>2949<0>3626<0>829<0>1222<0>1488<0>1168<0>1394<0>2903<0>3003<0>3237<0>3918<0>2034<0>2153<0>1378<0>2181<0>1284<0>1442<0>724<0>3123<0>321<0>628<0>321<0>2176<0>69<0>321<0>2054<0>724<0>3111<... |
It was just a happy coincidence really that they turned out to be highly effective leaders. | <0>3466<0>3253<0>73<0>3280<0>3551<0>2174<0>2137<0>348<0>3626<0>2006<0>2339<0>2020<0>2032<0>135<0>3224<0>135<0>253<0>774<0>1512<0>3762<0>1571<0>2020<0>1118<0>317<0>2857<0>2054<0>235<0>1679<0>321<0>614<0>46<0>1394<0>338<0>1376<0>2239<0>1639<0>628<0>2176<0>3125<0>3253<0>2898<0>196<0>3808<0>2006<0>2020<0>3125<0>2416<0>3497... |
Next time, we'll dig into the campaigns of Tiberius and Jerusalem as they attempt to implement the vision laid out by their stepfather of pushing the borders of the empire to the Danube and Elbe respectively. | <0>962<0>3235<0>3927<0>3150<0>3135<0>4072<0>2568<0>2018<0>2649<0>2550<0>2775<0>2070<0>546<0>2152<0>3297<0>2903<0>1987<0>941<0>2176<0>793<0>1394<0>135<0>2592<0>3066<0>2137<0>1396<0>1259<0>235<0>3963<0>2030<0>2395<0>2746<0>2020<0>1671<0>2876<0>3626<0>1023<0>955<0>1541<0>2842<0>2975<0>2550<0>1097<0>2400<0>700<0>243<0>513<... |
Next week we'll also mark a transition period for Augustus personally as the old friends who had advised him and guided him for his entire career begin to die off. | <0>290<0>4072<0>3999<0>2762<0>2176<0>243<0>1108<0>3726<0>2550<0>288<0>3982<0>253<0>253<0>321<0>2054<0>321<0>1219<0>73<0>628<0>1987<0>2116<0>127<0>317<0>1299<0>1277<0>237<0>4010<0>2481<0>2338<0>321<0>3898<0>2182<0>1820<0>1370<0>2406<0>2105<0>3310<0>321<0>235<0>3904<0>724<0>3918<0>633<0>1376<0>2984<0>1252<0>2073<0>3422<0... |
I've been approached about having the show sponsored by audible.com. | <0>1883<0>2550<0>1388<0>2410<0>1117<0>1639<0>321<0>492<0>2704<0>1394<0>2181<0>1370<0>3851<0>3899<0>4088<0>2092<0>633<0>1363<0>3502<0>321<0>254<0>326<0>2548<0>3151<0>401<0>614<0>3151<0>1734<0>651<0>321<0>614<0>614<0>3786<0>771<0>3434<0>3052<0>1819<0>614<0>614<0>1219<0>3981<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0>398... |
The deal would involve me reading some ad copy and directing you, my faithful listeners, to visit their fine website in exchange for giving me some money. | <0>3629<0>135<0>127<0>277<0>2020<0>1376<0>3726<0>2020<0>277<0>135<0>1901<0>288<0>3982<0>1168<0>1173<0>3898<0>506<0>3670<0>1671<0>326<0>3798<0>1811<0>2648<0>234<0>2972<0>1819<0>614<0>2960<0>2960<0>1376<0>1376<0>1688<0>1512<0>3857<0>3808<0>2627<0>2960<0>1394<0>2960<0>614<0>614<0>614<0>235<0>1300<0>3697<0>1655<0>2338<0>20... |
The history of Rome has always been ad free, and I like it that way, but I'll admit, I am intrigued by the idea. | <0>3629<0>3287<0>546<0>3935<0>2410<0>1007<0>507<0>507<0>724<0>4072<0>2550<0>288<0>3982<0>4072<0>2592<0>1966<0>2100<0>1827<0>1671<0>1578<0>1370<0>1907<0>3670<0>1688<0>290<0>4019<0>2531<0>445<0>2949<0>3834<0>1300<0>2566<0>625<0>58<0>614<0>904<0>3299<0>290<0>1989<0>1376<0>2178<0>4010<0>1762<0>321<0>1935<0>1394<0>1277<0>24... |
Podcasting is something I enjoy immensely and any hypothetical plan | <0>1819<0>2541<0>29<0>4008<0>3235<0>1467<0>753<0>3175<0>4044<0>321<0>724<0>633<0>633<0>633<0>1394<0>2020<0>2181<0>1277<0>1982<0>4072<0>2404<0>3786<0>3125<0>3670<0>1632<0>948<0>3468<0>1394<0>1394<0>1394<0>3286<0>54<0>231<0>724<0>5<0>3904<0>3834<0>2176<0>2949<0>2566<0>724<0>633<0>1277<0>3179<0>602<0>2068<0>2068<0>3981<1>... |
My first priority is maintaining the integrity of the show, so if it turns out to be too intrusive, I will cut it off immediately, but I don't know. Let me know what you think in the comments at thehistoryofrealm.titepad.com or drop me an email. We're all in this together, so I figure we'll make a group decision. | <0>390<0>1370<0>348<0>2151<0>2152<0>3615<0>3185<0>2510<0>321<0>235<0>1394<0>1394<0>648<0>633<0>1394<0>1671<0>1987<0>1394<0>2960<0>2960<0>3140<0>3606<0>3474<0>3067<0>2054<0>3464<0>1671<0>2566<0>155<0>3292<0>2065<0>774<0>614<0>614<0>3726<0>3904<0>562<0>2338<0>3808<0>2020<0>2054<0>135<0>2181<0>2592<0>2566<0>610<0>633<0>24... |
Before we get started, I just want to thank everyone for their feedback on the sponsorship issue. Based on the comments, it looks like ads will be a go. I'm not sure exactly when they're going to start | <0>2541<0>1007<0>3489<0>3962<0>926<0>3194<0>3444<0>4044<0>1680<0>321<0>2505<0>2088<0>2239<0>2239<0>2675<0>2415<0>546<0>1587<0>2541<0>2543<0>326<0>3203<0>309<0>2627<0>941<0>2054<0>3988<0>774<0>1502<0>3299<0>3918<0>3239<0>1747<0>2657<0>3353<0>3123<0>2750<0>1039<0>771<0>3174<0>1830<0>1219<0>443<0>1762<0>669<0>1945<0>1961<... |
But I promise not to let it get in the way of anything, and the content itself won't change a bit. | <0>1648<0>2860<0>2861<0>1738<0>1311<0>2898<0>2034<0>4044<0>1370<0>321<0>2020<0>2020<0>277<0>3609<0>3026<0>2020<0>2020<0>235<0>1297<0>2092<0>724<0>1209<0>2312<0>3918<0>324<0>1108<0>3237<0>3726<0>724<0>243<0>2006<0>321<0>321<0>135<0>4072<0>3606<0>1919<0>4044<0>1607<0>2181<0>3962<0>3029<0>614<0>614<0>3364<0>979<0>3606<0>3... |
When we left off last week, Augustus had set his sights on clearing out the last pockets of resistance to Roman rule within the existent boundaries of the empire, before setting out to push those boundaries northwest to the Danube and Elbe rivers. | <0>1846<0>3809<0>1858<0>448<0>2070<0>1587<0>226<0>2541<0>2872<0>4010<0>3318<0>3318<0>326<0>2054<0>2207<0>3973<0>3726<0>543<0>3310<0>3150<0>546<0>2151<0>1703<0>3966<0>2769<0>4062<0>1578<0>1624<0>2796<0>317<0>446<0>321<0>1820<0>1394<0>5<0>1111<0>1973<0>1370<0>4072<0>2181<0>2245<0>2181<0>2176<0>2949<0>774<0>3061<0>1618<0>... |
Tiberius and his younger brother, Drusus, both in their early twenties, had been put in charge of the initial phase, pacifying the independent tribes living in and around the Alps. | <0>1989<0>3447<0>1306<0>807<0>1232<0>3401<0>3776<0>3850<0>3287<0>3287<0>1394<0>2181<0>2181<0>2339<0>321<0>2020<0>3305<0>3097<0>4010<0>1370<0>3618<0>4050<0>1236<0>3551<0>2178<0>1488<0>2239<0>628<0>2020<0>1168<0>3253<0>3786<0>1370<0>2181<0>3626<0>63<0>724<0>321<0>2994<0>1118<0>234<0>3237<0>2314<0>2640<0>2640<0>3738<0>207... |
As I mentioned at the end of last week, it was important that Augustus elevate his step-sons to prominence as quickly as possible. The princeps's health had always been a concern, and even though he wound up living well into his seventies, the specter of sudden death always loomed large in his mind. | <0>2655<0>2151<0>2070<0>807<0>1685<0>193<0>546<0>2023<0>230<0>3253<0>2338<0>321<0>562<0>2034<0>3534<0>2176<0>756<0>3003<0>1688<0>2675<0>290<0>3726<0>1007<0>2070<0>3642<0>2092<0>1518<0>1981<0>2185<0>3519<0>546<0>3837<0>1670<0>562<0>669<0>2030<0>349<0>1683<0>507<0>2176<0>4072<0>2272<0>3474<0>136<0>1824<0>522<0>5<0>348<0>... |
Agrippa had thus far served admirably as a backstop in case Augustus were to die, but let's face it, he was growing old as quickly as Augustus was. | <0>2700<0>562<0>2510<0>1846<0>1526<0>2060<0>3626<0>2020<0>1370<0>4044<0>3982<0>1820<0>2001<0>2454<0>253<0>321<0>90<0>730<0>2648<0>614<0>774<0>614<0>614<0>1168<0>4072<0>234<0>2551<0>618<0>611<0>4044<0>2006<0>321<0>614<0>3179<0>1001<0>3351<0>338<0>3918<0>231<0>78<0>3904<0>684<0>1670<0>348<0>90<0>3876<0>2092<0>2339<0>1370... |
It is worth pointing out, though, that as much as selfishness contributed to Augustus' promotion of his step-sons because he wanted power to remain within the family, he also had his eye firmly on the public good. | <0>3444<0>1773<0>2152<0>3135<0>3809<0>2026<0>1518<0>3141<0>2207<0>235<0>321<0>2700<0>724<0>614<0>290<0>2639<0>3179<0>2775<0>3966<0>2152<0>3135<0>193<0>2152<0>3927<0>4044<0>1736<0>321<0>5<0>2087<0>724<0>3609<0>2867<0>633<0>2265<0>1370<0>1671<0>1394<0>1394<0>3808<0>2176<0>196<0>1164<0>321<0>348<0>933<0>2016<0>805<0>2406<... |
By having a well established succession plan in place, Augustus could die knowing that when he did, it would not plunge his people back into immediate civil war. | <0>1883<0>2151<0>807<0>1846<0>3642<0>3642<0>2752<0>1901<0>1370<0>2020<0>1578<0>1607<0>321<0>2020<0>3921<0>2889<0>3534<0>4044<0>2750<0>2993<0>1394<0>2566<0>2339<0>2260<0>724<0>3123<0>1649<0>3786<0>4072<0>1987<0>3665<0>3762<0>3003<0>3192<0>2640<0>3018<0>2034<0>3594<0>2196<0>2369<0>317<0>199<0>243<0>3003<0>1683<0>321<0>21... |
But just as Agrippa had been a necessary stand-in when true descendants of Augustus were unavailable, Tiberius and Drusus were now being set up to play much the same role. | <0>1211<0>2196<0>2375<0>2070<0>334<0>2152<0>546<0>998<0>253<0>628<0>2176<0>426<0>548<0>3873<0>1394<0>1394<0>4072<0>3904<0>2509<0>3804<0>2181<0>3020<0>4044<0>1023<0>1465<0>309<0>1394<0>635<0>2566<0>3762<0>2239<0>2020<0>2075<0>1778<0>2020<0>235<0>1118<0>2876<0>4072<0>1512<0>135<0>2176<0>614<0>3097<0>3302<0>1618<0>1228<0>... |
Though Augustus liked and trusted his step-sons, he was still biased towards passing power to a blood relative. | <0>2866<0>2151<0>3809<0>538<0>1232<0>3695<0>538<0>2769<0>2949<0>1820<0>277<0>1208<0>633<0>596<0>1370<0>3244<0>3551<0>3609<0>793<0>3729<0>73<0>1278<0>89<0>5<0>1935<0>2511<0>724<0>2105<0>3762<0>3237<0>3466<0>3096<0>584<0>1118<0>2055<0>448<0>2185<0>614<0>321<0>321<0>3182<0>73<0>2770<0>1488<0>507<0>2274<0>1804<0>2756<0>297... |
It's almost as if they claim that he was not setting up a monarchy dominated by a royal family was completely bogus. | <0>2694<0>436<0>1927<0>2070<0>2151<0>2976<0>2752<0>63<0>1114<0>73<0>2176<0>2020<0>1442<0>1370<0>4072<0>633<0>1388<0>3598<0>1671<0>2775<0>3123<0>321<0>54<0>3927<0>2020<0>1394<0>3918<0>614<0>614<0>3918<0>2548<0>1762<0>321<0>2339<0>3697<0>648<0>2898<0>1488<0>3918<0>2400<0>2477<0>1376<0>443<0>2181<0>1488<0>2339<0>321<0>233... |
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