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It’s been a great winter season for many elk and deer in southwest Colorado. Why? Because traversing what was a treacherous roadway is safer for wildlife and drivers alike, thanks to the completion and use of a wildlife underpass/overpass last summer on U.S. Highway 160 between Durango and Pagosa Springs. “Considering that almost 2,000 deer and elk were kept off the highway in this first fall migration season, and many more as animals circle the project site on winter range — the results are already speaking for themselves,” Aran Johnson, Southern Ute wildlife division head, told the Southern Ute Drum. Biologists and researchers can watch the results thanks to video and camera traps. “This video shows more elk, and more various ages and genders of elk using the overpass than any other monitoring video or series of photos have demonstrated in the continental U.S. at any structure,” Patricia Cramer, an independent wildlife and road ecology researcher, told the Southern Ute Drum. The Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation contributed $75,000 for the project. (Photo credit: Colorado Department of Transportation)	59,036
Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the United States. Current estimates are that one in five Americans will be diagnosed with skin cancer in their lifetime. Fortunately, most skin cancers can be cured if detected early. Exposure to ultraviolet light, from the sun and indoor tanning devices, is the most preventable risk factor for skin cancer. That’s why it’s important to know the simple steps that you can take to protect yourself from skin cancer. To effectively guard the skin and detect skin cancer early, dermatologists recommend the following: - Generously apply a broad spectrum, water-resistant sunscreen with a SunProtection Factor (SPF) of at least 30 to all exposed skin. On a cloudy day, up to 80 percent of the sun’s rays can pass through the clouds. So, use sunscreen even when cloudy. - Throw away any old sunscreens. The FDA requires that all sunscreens retain their original strength for at least three years. Some sunscreens include an expiration date. If the sunscreen doesn’t have an expiration date, write the date of purchase on the bottle. That way you’ll know when to throw it out. - Wear protective clothing, such as a long-sleeved shirt, pants, a wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses. - Seek shade, especially between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. when the sun’s rays are strongest. - Use extra caution near water, snow and sand as they reflect the damaging rays of the sun. Sand reflects 25 percent of the sun’s rays. - Get vitamin D safely through a healthy diet that may include vitamin supplements. Vitamin D is critical to healthy bones. The amount of vitamin D received from sun exposure is inconsistent. There is no known safe level of unprotected sun exposure. - Avoid tanning beds. Ultraviolet light from the sun and tanning beds can cause skin cancer and wrinkling. If you want to look tan, consider using a self-tanning product, but continue to use sunscreen with it. - Check your birthday suit on your birthday. If you notice anything changing, growing, or bleeding on your skin, see a dermatologist. Skin cancer is very treatable when caught early.	44,556
Madagascar Pochard rediscovered From BirdLife news: "The Madagascar Pochard, a diving duck last sighted in 1991 and feared ‘Possibly Extinct’, has been rediscovered during a survey in remote northern Madagascar. "Conservationists from The Peregrine Fund Madagascar Project, discovered nine adults and four recently-hatched young on a remote lake, and have since revisited the site for further observations and data." ... "The Madagascar Pochard Aythya innotata was until recently listed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct). The last pochard sighting was on Lake Alaotra in the Central Plateau of Madagascar in 1991 when a male was captured and kept in Antananarivo Zoological and Botanical Gardens until its death one year later. The lack of subsequent records despite intensive searches, and the intensity of threats to the species, had led to it being tagged as Possibly Extinct. "The last record of multiple birds dates back to June 1960 when 20 birds were sighted on Lake Alaotra." BirdLife suggest this provides hope for the other bird species currently listed by the IUCN Red List as Possibly Extinct. [Full news posted to StrangeArk archive.]	1,791
The Kashghai are the most powerful of all Persia’s nomad tribes. Their area extends from Isfahan down towards Shiraz. They are a proud, freedom-loving people, whose black goatskin tent house a wealth of portraits of shot rebel ancestors. The men have a reputation as outstanding horsemen, the women as great carpet weavers. Th carpets are the tribe’s own product from beginning to end. The Kashghai spin yarn from the wool cut from their own sheep, and color it according to their own recipes with dyes made from plants picked around the camp. The numerous different patterns are also their own. The women weave them from memory. As with all nomad carpets, the patterns are geometrical, mainly with one to three rhombus in the field. A characteristic feature is their richness of detail. The weavers often improves, deviate from family’s traditional pattern and put in the occasional odd figure. The drawings are naive, mostly of birds, animals, horsemen, and trees – the living environment of the camp. Or stars, symbols and various small ornaments that recall the Caucasian carpets. The Kashghai came from the Caucasus four centuries ago. The borders are always tasteful and imaginative, displaying infinite variety : finely patterned bands, oblique streaks, stepped motifs, garlands and tars. Truly illustrated carpets are rare, typical, however, is the three-trunked Tree of Life, a Trinitarian symbol of heathen origin. The older, finer and smaller carpets are also termed “Mecca Shiraz” . These were originally sold in the bazaars of Shiraz, and pilgrims used to take them to Mecca as prayer carpets. Both warp and weft are of wool. The warp is often dark, since it is usually of goat-hair. The wool is soft and has a great deal of animal fat in the fibres, giving the carpets an attractive lust re. As already mentioned, the dyes are vegetable. The shade most appreciated by the Persians themselves is a subdued rusty red. Older carpets in this color are in great demand. The most frequent sizes are. c. 6 * 4ft and 5ft * 3ft 3in. The Kashghai also make very attractive saddle cloths, and camel and donkey bags. No. of knots per inch length breadth No. of knots per sq in A 11 13 143 B 8 10 80 C 6 5 30	27,324
Banded Sea Snake. (Alan Delmas) Banded Sea Snake (Laticauda colubrina) Sea Snakes have developed anatomical features streamlined for adaptation to an aquatic environment. Evolutionary marvels living at sea, Sea Snakes must still surface to breath air unlike eels, underwater neighbors who share the same habitat, like the moray eel, who have gills for absorbing oxygen and are absent of any scales. Their venom is 10x more lethal than the venom of the landbased Rattlesnake, Africa’s deadly Black Mamba or the Royal Cobra but are quite friendly and rarely aggressive.	21,837
Drought – Tolerant Plant Ideas for Central Florida DROUGHT-TOLERANT CHOICES FOR LANDSCAPE BEAUTY There are many drought-tolerant plants that will thrive in our central Florida landscapes. As with all plants, those native and non-native, water is often required to get any plant established. Here are a few drought-tolerant plants, from medium trees to perennials, you can try in your landscape: The American Hop Hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) is a medium tree that can reach up to 40 feet tall and 30 feet wide. They have attractive papery blooms and provide nutlets that attract birds. Saucer Magnolia (Magnolia x soulangiana). We are at the southern end of the USDA Hardiness Zone of 9A for this tree that can get to 25 feet tall and wide. The joy of this magnolia is that it blooms pink saucers before the leaves open. It tolerates medium to well-drained soil after established. Beautyberry (Callicarpa americana) pictured, is a favorite large shrub that prefers part shade. This is a Florida native plant that blooms with small pink blooms circling the stem where the vibrant purple berries develop and are enjoyed by birds. Japanese Aralia (Fatsia japonica) is a good choice if you need a course texture in your shade garden. If you plant this in sun, it will kill this plant. It has large evergreen leaves and white wintery flowers. It is hardy from zones 8-11 so will do well in your shade garden and only gets to about 8 feet tall and up to 10 feet wide. Ground covers including Shore Juniper, Creeping Juniper, and Lilyturf, are all drought tolerant. All prefer sun and are not native plants. The junipers can spread as far as 10 feet so plan ahead on placement so they do not “eat” your sidewalks and require constant pruning. Do not cut them into dead wood as they will not break bud and grow more. Only trim within green growing areas. The green lilyturf can be a spreading ground cover (Liriope spicata) or mounding (Liriope muscari). If you choose a white variegated liriope, it prefers shade. Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta) is a sun-loving Florida native perennial. Placing this in a shady spot means it will not survive. This is not an obnoxious spreader and does not sow seed. It does not like to be over-watered or put in poorly-drained soil, and it does not like extended wet weather. Birds and butterflies are attracted to this lovely plant. Stokes Aster (Stokesia laevis) is a great Florida native perennial If you like blue. It prefers full sun and is also drought tolerant. It only grows up to 2 feet tall and wide and attracts butterflies. By its second year, it can be loaded with blooms which are purple “head” flowers. To learn more about these drought tolerant plants, and others, check out this Florida-Friendly LandscapingTM PDF of the Guide to Plant Selection and Landscape Design at: https://ffl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/fflifasufledu/docs/FYN_Plant_Selection_Guide_2015.pdf	3,593
Here’s a new chip from FTDI which brings a nice little feature to the USB-to-serial converter family: charging detection. That means that it is capable of detecting when a battery charger is connected. What does that actually mean? The top of the datasheet gives you the short version, but let’s look at the investigation [Baoshi] undertook to test the full extent of this particular feature. We agree with him that the listed capability leaves those in the know with a lot of questions: USB Battery Charger Detection. Allows for USB peripheral devices to detect the presence of a higher power source to enable improved charging. Obviously the chip will be able to tell when a charger is connected, alerting the device when it’s time to start lapping up the extra milliamps. But what type of chargers will actually trigger the detection circuit? After rigging up the test circuit shown above he ran through several scenarios: connected directly to the PC USB port, via externally powered and non-powered USB hubs, and with multiple wall wart chargers. Full results of the tests are included in the post linked above. [via Dangerous Prototypes]	7,538
RIVER MINISTRY IN PERU BY JESSE MATTIX South America’s jungle lands are deep in the middle of the continent and stretch into the neck of Panama. The jungle is almost forgotten, but a careful reading of colonial history and archaeology reveals places where the Inca people took refuge as they retreated from the Spanish on the western side of the continent, later known as Peru. Taken from CMML Missions Magazine	23,261
Envelope Detector Circuit with Separate Attack/Rise and Decay/Release Time Settings Introduction to Envelope Detector Circuit Envelope detector circuit is used to get the amplitude profile of a signal. Some important properties of an envelope detector are attack or rise time and decay or release time. In the Figure 1, a signal is plotted in blue, and the detected envelope is plotted in black. Since it employs capacitor for filtering inside the detection process, the process of charging and discharging of the the capacitor produces the attack and decay phenomenons. In some audio processing processes, such signal compressor or automatic wah effect, the characteristic of attack/rise time and decay/release time might produce some benefits and need to be controlled to produce various unique results. Simple Envelope Detector Circuits A very simple passive envelope detector circuit’s schematic diagram is shown in the figure 2. The detector assume a very low impedance in the input source and a very high impedance in the output devices. The drawback of this circuit is that the gain of the detector is affected by decay and delay setting, means that increasing attack time and or decreasing decay time will reduce the envelope gain. This would be difficult and inconvenient in many applications. One improvement can be made using op-amp as an active amplifier. As seen in the figure 3, now the setting of the attack/rise time and decay/release time has separate paths through different orientation diodes. The drawback of this circuit is that the diode adds a dead-zone, when the difference between the output voltage (capacitor’s voltage) and the output of the op-amp falls within bias range of the diode. For silicon diode like 1N4148, both diode will be inoperative if the voltage difference s less than 0,6 volts. The Ultimate Improvement: Separate Active Attack-Decay Rectification To eliminate the bias error comes from the diodes, I have designed an envelope detector with separate attack and decay active rectification. Operational amplifier (op-amp) U1A provide full-wave rectification, op-amp U1B provides active decay rectification, and op-amp U1C provides active attack rectification. At U1B, if the input is higher than the output then the output will be corrected as fast as possible since the op-amp will be actively drive the diode D2. But when the input gets lower than the output, the output will be slowly decayed through the resistor R3 and VR1 since the diode disconnect it from the strong negative pulling of the op-amp output. At U1C op-amp, the diode is reversed, so the op-amp will act to discharge as fast as possible whenever the input is lower than the output by actively driving the diode. But when the input is higher than the output, the capacitor will be charged slowly through the R4 and VR2. Ideally, VR2 should be connected to the buffered signal from D2 output, but it will need one additional op-amp. To avoid adding an additional op-amp while approximating D2 output, a diode D3 and a C5 capacitor is added to provide fast attack signal without affecting the decaying process of C4 capacitor discharging. Op amp U1D is provided to buffer the output, and D5 LED is provided as an indicator. If the indicator is not needed then D5 can be shorted directly to the output and the feedback path, and R5 can be omitted. See the circuit in action in the following video.	45,152
I would like to walk you through the conversion of RGB to CMYK without Photoshop. You will be guided step by step on how to convert RGB colors into CMYK colors. To make the process easier, use the color picker tool in your computer and pick your desired colors. The color picker is a tool that provides you with a plethora of tools that can help you select any color from different sources. Once you have selected your colors, follow the steps below for converting them into CMYK without using Photoshop software. Come on, invite your friends. Download Adobe Photoshop 7.0 Do you want to convert RGB to CMYK? This is a common question asked by many people who want to switch from RGB to CMYK when they are printing their designs. Cyan, magenta, and yellow are subtractive colors that subtract light in the color space while black, white and light gray add light. CMYK is a subtractive color model that uses 3 primary colors: cyan, magenta, and yellow. Cyan is opposite of red on the color wheel. Magenta is opposite of green on the color wheel while yellow is opposite of blue on the color wheel. The three primary colors work together to create all other colors in the CMYK model. How RGB Conversion Works? RGB, or red-green-blue, is a color model that uses three primary colors – red, green, and blue. RGB stands for “Red Green Blue”. RGB conversion is an algorithm used to convert RGB values into other color formats such as CMYK or HSL. Some of the most popular RGB conversion algorithms are Photoshop’s Lab Color space and Apple’s HSL Lab Color space. As you can see, there are many different ways to convert RGB into colors other than black and white. There are not only different methods that work better for certain colors but also other methods that work better for certain content types. Why Would You Want To Convert RGB To CMYK? The conversion from RGB to CMYK is a process that turns an image (RGB) into a print (CMYK) file. This allows for the colors to be reproduced accurately and on various different printing presses, such as on screen and in print. There are many reasons why you would want to convert RGB to CMYK. One of them is if you need your graphic design work ready for print so that it can be used in any type of publishing or media. Another reason is if you need to get your images seen on screens of different color depths, such as 8-bit gray scale screens and 16-bit color depth screens. What are the Best Software Alternatives for Converting RGB To CMYK? It is surprising to note that the conversion of RGB to CMYK can be achieved by using software. The following are some of the best software alternatives for converting RGB to CMYK. Cocktail, Adobe Photoshop, GIMP, Photoshop Elements, Adobe Illustrator Free Software for RGB to CMYK Conversion The trend of converting RGB to CMYK is a new phenomenon as it helps the artists to understand their work better. RGB to CMYK conversion is a new trend in the art industry. The conversion of color space from RGB to CMYK gives artists a better understanding of their work on canvas or paper, which leads them on a path of improvement. The first step for artists is always choosing the right software for making this process fast and efficient. There are multiple free software that can be downloaded from different sources online and used by anyone who wants to convert colors from RGB into CMYK without having any complications. Benefit convert rgb to cmyk One of the most crucial parts of any color printing process is converting the RGB values to CMYK. This conversion process needs a skilled professional to understand the different color spaces and how they work. A lot of people might not know that this conversion process is quite complicated and there are a number of issues that can arise from it. That’s why a lot of printers use RGB convertors to make sure their prints come out as expected. There are many benefits to RGB convertors, which include quick processing time, accurate colors, easy usage and reliable performance. Conclusion: convert rgb to cmyk without photoshop The conversion process should be relatively easy for you, as long as you have the right converter software. The first step is to install the correct program onto your computer. Next, you need to make sure that your monitor or other device is using cmyk color mode. The final step would be to click the “Convert” button and let the software do its magic. After this, all you will need to do is wait until your image turns into a beautiful color-corrected image. Some programs even allow you to choose which colors and tones in your image will be changed by them, helping make sure that nothing gets lost in translation	14,682
Roman Catholic Church Roman Catholic Church teaches that it is the "one holy catholic and apostolic Church founded by Jesus Christ," and that "the sole Church of Christ which in the Creed we profess to be one, holy, catholic and apostolic" subsists "in the Catholic Church, which is governed by the successor of Peter and by the bishops in communion with him" (The Second Vatican Council's Decree on the Church, Lumen Gentium, 8). The term "successor of Peter" refers to the Bishop of Rome, the Pope. The phrase "governed by the successor of Peter and by the bishops in communion with him" thus defines the Catholic Church's visible identity. The Roman Catholic Church has a membership of over one billion people. According to canon law, members are those who have been baptized in or who, after being baptized in another Church, have been received into the Catholic Church on making a profession of faith, and who have not formally renounced membership. Worldwide, the Church is divided into jurisdictional areas, most commonly on a territorial basis. The typical form of these is called in the Latin Church a diocese, in the East an eparchy, and is headed by a bishop or an eparch. The city of Rome is seen as central, and its bishop, the Pope, is considered to be the successor of Saint Peter, the chief of the Apostles, sometimes called the "prince" (from Latin princeps, meaning "foremost", "leader") of the Apostles. Pope Benedict XVI, like his predecessors, is considered by Catholics as the Vicar of Christ and therefore leader of The Catholic Church teaches that it was instituted by Jesus Christ for the salvation of souls, and that this is accomplished through teaching and administering the sacraments - including Baptism, Eucharist, and Penance (forgiveness of sins, also called "Confession") - means by which God grants grace. It bases its teachings on both Scripture and Apostolic Tradition. It is a hierarchical organization headed by the Pope, with ordained clergy divided into the orders of bishops, priests, and deacons. The Church also encourages monasticism, and has many religious institutes of monks, friars, nuns, and others who live in celibacy and devote their lives entirely to God. Other religious practices for clergy, religious and laity alike include fasting, prayer, penance, pilgrimage and meditation. According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the Church's first purpose is "to be the sacrament of the inner union of men with God." Thus the Church's "structure is totally ordered to the holiness of Christ's members." (Catechism of the Catholic Church 775, 773). Roman Catholic Church is a term often, though by no means exclusively, used for this Church by other Christian Churches, especially in English-speaking Protestant-influenced countries. While the Church itself usually accepts this description in its relations with other Churches, Catholic Church is the designation it normally uses. Nevertheless, because of the centrality of the see of Rome, it has, even in internal documents, sometimes applied the adjective "Roman" to itself in its entirety, as when, at the start of chapter 1 of the First Vatican Council's Dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith, it described itself as the "Holy, Catholic, Apostolic and Roman Church". (This is only one of many self-descriptions that the Catholic Church has used. Others include "Mystical Body of Christ", "People of God", "universal sacrament of salvation" (cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 748-810). Divergent usages attach a certain ambiguity to each of these terms. For some, the term "Roman Catholic Church" refers only to the Western or Latin Church, excluding the Eastern-Rite particular Churches in full communion with the Pope, which therefore are part of the same Church taken as a whole. Different Christian groups also attach different meanings to the term 'Catholic'; see Catholicism. Although most other Christian denominations prefer to employ the term "Roman Catholic Church", some use "Catholic Church" even in formal discourse. Examples are found in the documents drawn up in common between "the Catholic Church and the World Lutheran Federation", and signed by both sides, and in the "Common Christological Declaration between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East", again agreed on and signed by both parties. In colloquial use, "Catholic" is often used to refer to the Roman Catholic Church even by members of Christian groups that formally dispute the Church's right to that title. St Augustine (354-430) wrote about the same phenomenon in 397, when he considered it evidence of the heresy of other churches: - ...the name itself of Catholic, which, not without reason, amid so many heresies, the Church has thus retained; so that, though all heretics wish to be called Catholics, yet when a stranger asks where the Catholic Church meets, no heretic will venture to point to his own chapel or house. - — Against the Epistle of Manichaeus called Fundamental, chapter 4: Proofs of the Catholic Faith Without intending to make any judgement on which is the correct term, "Catholic Church" and "Roman Catholic Church" will be treated within this article as alternative names for the entire Church "which is governed by the successor of Peter and by the bishops in communion with him". The Crucifix, bearing the image of Jesus suffering on a cross, often serves as a symbol of the Roman Catholic Church. The Catholic Church is a Christian church, and therefore shares core beliefs with the majority of other trinitarian groups generally considered to be Christian. The Nicene Creed and the Apostles' Creed, which are accepted by all major Christian denominations, can be considered a fundamental core of the Catholic Church's beliefs. However some Christian denominations have developed a different understanding of many central issues concerning Christ's role in the Church and of the salvation of believers that vary greatly from the Church's historic teachings. The Catholic Church publishes a detailed exposition of its beliefs in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The nature of God A Catholic Christian is baptized in the name (singular) of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit - not three gods, but One God subsisting in three Persons. The faith of the Church and of the individual Christian is based on a relationship with these three Persons of the one God. The Catholic Church believes that God has revealed himself to humanity as Father to his only-begotten Son, who is in an eternal relationship with the Father: "No one knows the Son except the Father, just as no one knows the Father except the Son and those to whom the Son chooses to reveal him" (Matthew 11:27). Catholics believe that God the Son, the second of the three Persons of God, became incarnate as Jesus Christ, a human being, born of the Virgin Mary. He remained truly divine and was at the same time truly human. In what he said, and by how he lived, he taught us how to live, and revealed God as Love, the giver of unmerited favours or Graces. After Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection, his followers, foremost among them the Apostles, spread more and more extensively their faith in Jesus Christ with a vigour that they attributed to the Holy Spirit, the third of the three Persons of God, sent upon them by Jesus. Humanity's separation from God Human beings, in Catholic belief, were originally created to live in union with God. Through the disobedience of the first humans, that relationship was broken and sin and death came into the world (cf. Romans 5:12). Man's fall left him condemned, when he died, to remain eternally separate from God. But when Jesus came into the world, as both God and man, he was able through his sacrifice to pay the penalty for the sins of men and to reconcile the human with the Divine. By becoming one in Christ, through the Church, humanity was once again capable of participation in the Divine Life, called also the Beatific Vision. The role of the Church Catholics believe that Jesus established only one Church, not many, and that that Church is truly, though of course not physically, the Body of Christ, made up of members both on earth and in heaven. They believe that Jesus chose the Apostle Peter to lead the Church, that Peter went to Rome and became bishop of the Church there, and that Peter's authority was subsequently passed on to the successive bishops of Rome. The one true Church therefore consists of those who follow Jesus and who recognize the religious authority of Peter in his current successor, popularly called the Pope. Catholics believe that Jesus has promised that the Church on earth will always be guided and maintained in truth by the Holy Spirit, meaning that the doctrine taught by the Church is infallibly true. Many Christian churches consider the written Scriptures (the Bible) to contain infallible truth, but Catholic Christians believe that infallible truth is also contained in the oral traditions passed down through the Church; and also that, as the written Scriptures arose within a Church that handed on true doctrine orally, they can be properly understood only in the light of the Church's living tradition. This position is a marked contrast from the sola scriptura ('by Scripture alone') position espoused by the Protestant Reformation. The Catholic Church teaches that the two forms of the "deposit of faith" (from Latin depositum, something entrusted, cf. 1 Timothy 6:20) hold equal status and are equally infallible, meaning that no Catholic belief or practice can contradict the Sacred Scriptures. The Catechism of the Catholic Church, 85 states that authentic interpretation of the Word of God is entrusted to the living Magisterium of the Church, namely the bishops in communion with the successor of Peter. Catholic theology places the authoritative interpretation of scripture in the hands of the judgment of the Church rather than the private judgment of the individual. The church does, however, encourage its flock to read Sacred Scripture. The Church teaches that salvation to eternal life is God's will for all people, and that God grants it to sinners as a free gift, a grace, through the sacrifice of Christ. Man cannot, in the strict sense, merit anything from God (Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2007). It is God who justifies, that is, who frees from sin by a free gift of holiness (sanctifying grace, also known as habitual or deifying grace). Man can accept the gift God gives through faith in Jesus Christ (Romans 3:22) and through baptism (Romans 6:3-4). Man can also refuse the gift. Human cooperation is needed, in line with a new capacity to adhere to the divine will that God provides (cf. Response of the Catholic Church to the Joint Declaration of the Catholic Church and the Lutheran World Federation on the Doctrine of Justification, 2-3). The faith of a Christian is not without works, otherwise it would be dead (cf. James 2:26). In this sense, "by works a man is justified, and not only by faith" (James 2:24), and eternal life is, at one and the same time, grace and the reward given by God for good works and merits. See Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1987-2016. The Christian Path Following baptism, the Catholic Christian must endeavour to be a true disciple of Jesus. The believer must seek forgiveness of subsequent sins, and try to follow the example and teaching of Jesus. To help Christians, Jesus has provided seven sacraments which give Grace from God to the believer. These are, Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Reconciliation/Confession, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony. Catholics believe that God works actively in the world. Christians may grow in grace through prayer, good works, and spiritual disciplines such as fasting and pilgrimage. Prayer takes the form of praise, thanksgiving and supplication. Christians can and should pray for others, even for enemies and persecutors (Matthew 5:44). They may address their requests for the intercession of others not only to people still in earthly life, but also to those in heaven, in particular the Virgin Mary and the other Saints. As Mother of Jesus, the Virgin Mary is also considered to be the spiritual mother of all Christians. Unless a Christian dies in unrepented mortal sin, which is normally remitted in Penance, that person has God's promise of inheriting eternal life. Before entering heaven, some undergo a purification, known as Purgatory. Catholic teachings include a stress on forgiveness, doing good to others, and on the sanctity of life, opposing euthanasia, eugenics, contraception and abortion, which can destroy divinely created life. The Catholic Church maintains that, through the graces Jesus won for humanity by sacrificing himself on the cross, salvation is possible even for those outside the visible boundaries of the Church, whether non-Catholic Christians or non-Christians, if in life they respond positively to the grace and truth that God reveals to them. This may sometimes include awareness of an obligation to become part of the Catholic Church. In such cases, "they could not be saved who, knowing that the Catholic Church was founded as necessary by God through Christ, would refuse either to enter it, or to remain in it" (Second Vatican Council: Dogmatic Constitution Lumen gentium, 14). The Church holds that the teachings of Jesus call on its members to act in a particular way in their dealings with the rest of humanity. While not endorsing any particular political agenda, the Church holds that this teaching applies in the public (political) realm, not only the private. Among these teachings, as they have been elaborated in recent decades by Catholic thinkers, Bishops' statements and Papal encyclicals, are that every person has a right to life and to a decent minimum standard of living, that humanity's use of God's creation implies a responsibility to protect the environment, and that the range of circumstances under which military force is permissible is extremely limited. The Catholic Church sees the liturgy, the celebration of the Mystery of Christ, in particular the Paschal Mystery of his death and resurrection, as the high point of its activity and the source of its life and strength. As explained in greater detail in the Catechism of the Catholic Church and its shorter Compendium, the liturgy is something that "the whole Christ", Head and Body, celebrates - Christ, the one High Priest, together with his Body, the Church in heaven and on earth. Involved in the heavenly liturgy are the angels and the saints of the Old Covenant and the New, in particular Mary, the Mother of God, the Apostles, the Martyrs and "a great multitude, which no man could number, out of every nation and of all tribes and peoples and tongues" (Revelation 7:9). The Church on earth, "a royal priesthood" (1 Peter 2:9), celebrates the liturgy in union with these: the baptized offering themselves as a spiritual sacrifice, the ordained ministers celebrating at the service of all the members of the Church in accordance with the order received, and bishops and priests acting in the person of Christ. The Christian liturgy uses signs and symbols whose significance, based on nature or culture, has been made more precise through Old Testament events and has been fully revealed in the person and life of Christ. Some of these signs and symbols come from the world of creation (light, water, fire, bread, wine, oil), others from life in society (washing, anointing, breaking bread), others from Old Testament sacred history (the Passover rite, sacrifices, laying on of hands, consecrating persons and objects). In the Christian liturgy these signs are closely linked with words. Though in a sense the signs speak for themselves, they need to be accompanied and vivified by the spoken word. Taken together, word and action indicate what the rite signifies and Singing and music are associated with the liturgy. So also are sacred images, which proclaim the same message as do the words of Sacred Scripture and which help to awaken and nourish faith. The most important parts of the liturgy are the sacraments, instituted by Christ (see below). In addition there are many sacramentals, sacred signs (rituals or objects) instituted by the Church (rather than by Christ) that derive their power from the prayer of the Church. They involve prayer accompanied by the sign of the cross or other signs. Important examples are blessings (by which praise is given to God and his gifts are prayed for), consecrations of persons, and dedications of objects to the worship of God. Popular devotions are not strictly part of the liturgy, but if they are judged to be authentic, the Church encourages them. They include veneration of relics of saints, visits to sacred shrines, pilgrimages, processions, the Stations of the Cross (also known as the Way of the Cross), and the Rosary. Sunday, which commemorates the resurrection of Christ and has been celebrated by Christians from the earliest times (1 Corinthians 16:2; Revelation 1:10; Ignatius of Antioch: Magn.9:1; Justin Martyr: I Apology 67:5), is the outstanding occasion for the liturgy; but no day, not even any hour, is excluded from celebrating the liturgy. The Liturgy of the Hours consecrates to God the whole course of day and night. Lauds and Vespers (morning and evening prayer) are the principal hours. To these are added one or three intermediate prayer periods (traditionally called Terce, Sext and None), another prayer period to end the day (Compline), and a special prayer period called the Office of Readings (formerly known as Matins) at no fixed time, devoted chiefly to readings from the Scriptures and ecclesiastical writers. The Second Vatican Council suppressed an additional 'hour' called Prime. The prayers of the Liturgy of the Hours consist principally of the Psalter or Book of Psalms. Like the Mass, the Liturgy of the Hours has inspired great musical compositions. An earlier name for the Liturgy of the Hours and for the books that contained the texts was the Divine Office (a name still used as the title of one English translation), the Book of Hours, and the Breviary. Bishops, priests, deacons and members of religious institutes are obliged to pray at least some parts of the Liturgy of the Hours daily, an obligation that applied also to subdeacons. New Testament worship "in spirit and in truth" (John 4:24) is not linked exclusively with any particular place or places, since Christ is seen as the true temple of God, and through him Christians too and the whole Church become, under the influence of the Holy Spirit, a temple of God (1 Corinthians 3:16). Nevertheless the earthly condition of the Church on earth makes it necessary to have certain places in which to celebrate the liturgy. Within these churches, chapels and oratories, Catholics put particular emphasis on the altar, the tabernacle, the place in which chrism and other holy oils are kept ('ambry'), the seat of the bishop ('cathedra') or priest, and the The richness of the Mystery of Christ cannot be exhausted by any one liturgical tradition and has from the beginning found varied complementary expressions characteristic of different peoples and cultures. As catholic or universal, the Church believes it can and should hold within its unity the true riches of these peoples and cultures. There are in the liturgy, specifically in the sacraments, elements that cannot be changed, because they are of divine institution. These the Church must guard carefully. Other elements may be changed, and the Church has the power, and sometimes the duty, to adapt them to the different cultures of peoples and times. Also, individual Catholics may privately pray in many different ways because of the great variety of Catholic Spirituality. The Catholic Church, like other ancient Christian Churches such as the Eastern Orthodox Church, recognizes and administers seven sacraments as gifts from Christ to his Church. These signs perceptible to the senses are seen as means by which Christ gives the particular grace indicated by the sign aspect of the sacrament in question, helping the individual to advance in holiness, and contributing to the Church' s growth in charity and in giving witness. Not every individual receives every sacrament, but the Church sees the sacraments as necessary means of salvation, conferring each sacrament' s special graces, forgiveness of sins, adoption as children of God, conformation to Christ, and membership of the Church. The effect of the sacraments comes ex opere operato (by the very fact of being administered): through them, regardless of the minister' s personal holiness, Christ provides the graces of which they are signs. However, a recipient' s own lack of proper dispositions can block their effectiveness in that person. The sacraments presuppose faith; and, in addition, their words and ritual elements nourish, strengthen and give expression List of the seven sacraments, with references to the sections of the Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC) that deal with each: What follows is an account, again largely based on the Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, of how the Catholic Church views each of these sacraments. Baptism is the first and basic sacrament of Christian initiation. It is administered by immersing the recipient in water or by pouring (not just sprinkling) water on the person's head "in the Name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit" (cf. Matthew 28:19). The ordinary minister of the sacrament is a bishop or priest, or (in the Western Church, but not in the Eastern Churches) a deacon. In case of necessity, anyone intending to do what the Church does, even if that person is not a Christian, can baptize. Baptism frees from original sin and all personal sins and from the punishment due to them, and makes the baptized person share in the Trinitarian life of God through "sanctifying grace" (the grace of justification that incorporates the person in Christ and his Church). It makes the person a sharer too in the priesthood of Christ and is the foundation of communion between all Christians. It imparts the "theological" virtues (faith, hope and charity) and the gifts of the Holy Spirit. It marks the baptized person with a spiritual seal or character that indicates permanent belonging to Christ. Confirmation or Chrismation is the second sacrament of Christian initiation. It is conferred by anointing with chrism, an oil into which balm has been mixed, giving it a special perfume, together with a special prayer that refers, in both its Western and Eastern variants, to a gift of the Holy Spirit that marks the recipient as with a seal. Through the sacrament the grace given in baptism is "strengthened and deepened" (Catechism of the Catholic Church §1303). Like baptism, confirmation may be received only once, and the recipient must be in a state of grace (meaning free from any known unconfessed mortal sin) in order to receive its effects. The "originating" minister of the sacrament is a validly consecrated bishop; if a priest (a "presbyter") confers the sacrament - as is done ordinarily in the Eastern Churches and in special cases in the Latin-Rite Church (Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1312-1313) - the link with the higher order is indicated by the use of oil blessed by a bishop. In the East the sacrament is administered immediately after baptism. In the West administration came to be postponed until the recipient's early adulthood; but in view of the earlier age at which children are now admitted to reception of the Eucharist, it is more and more restored to the traditional order and administered before giving the third sacrament of Christian initiation. The Eucharist is the sacrament (the third of Christian initiation) by which Catholics partake of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ and participate in his one sacrifice. The first of these two aspects of the sacrament is also called Holy Communion. The bread and wine used in the rite are, in Catholic faith, considered to be transformed in all but appearance into the Body and Blood of Christ, a change that is commonly called transubstantiation. Only a Bishop or priest is enabled to be a minister of the Eucharist, acting in the person of Christ himself. Deacons as well as priests are ordinary ministers of Holy Communion, and lay people may be authorized in limited circumstances to act as extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion. The Eucharist is seen as "the source and summit" of Christian living, the high point of God 's sanctifying action on the faithful and of their worship of God, the point of contact between them and the liturgy of heaven. So important is it that participation in the Eucharistic celebration (see Mass (liturgy)) is seen as obligatory on every Sunday and holy day of obligation and is recommended on other days. Also recommended for those who participate in the Mass is reception, with the proper dispositions, of Holy Communion. This is seen as obligatory at least once a year, during Eastertide. Penance and Reconciliation are names given to the first of two sacraments of healing, which is also called the sacrament of conversion, of confession, and of forgiveness (Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1423-1424). It is the sacrament of spiritual healing of a baptized person from the distancing from God involved in sins committed. It involves four elements: the penitent's contrition for sin (without which the rite does not have its effect), confession to a priest (it may be spiritually helpful to confess to another, but only a priest has the power to administer the sacrament), absolution by the priest, and satisfaction. In early Christian centuries, the fourth element was quite onerous and generally preceded absolution, but now it usually involves a simple task (in some traditions called a “penance”) for the penitent to perform, to make some reparation and as a medicinal means of strengthening against further temptation. Anointing of the Sick is the second sacrament of healing. In it a priest anoints with oil blessed specifically for that purpose those who because of sickness or old age are in incipient danger of dying. A worsening of their health enables them to receive the sacrament a further time. When, in the Western Church, the sacrament was conferred only on those in immediate danger of death, it came to be known as "Extreme Unction", i.e. "Final Anointing", being conferred as one of the "Last Rites". The other "Last Rites" are Confession (if the dying person is physically unable to confess, at least absolution, conditional on the existence of contrition, is given), and the Eucharist, which when administered to the dying is known as "Viaticum", a word whose original meaning in Latin was "provision for a journey". Holy Orders is the sacrament by which a man is made a bishop, a priest or a deacon. Only a bishop may administer this sacrament. Ordination as a bishop confers the fulness of the sacrament, making the bishop a member of the body that has succeeded to that of the Apostles, and giving him the mission to teach, sanctify and guide, along with the care of all the Churches. Ordination as a priest configures the priest to Christ the Head of the Church and the one essential High Priest, and conferring on him the power, as the bishops' assistant, to celebrate the sacraments and other liturgical acts, especially the Eucharist. Ordination as a deacon configures the deacon to Christ the Servant of All, placing him at the service of the bishop, especially in the Church's exercising of Christian charity towards the poor and preaching of the word of God. (On "minor orders", see below, under the heading "Priests and deacons".) Matrimony, or Marriage, like Holy Orders, is a sacrament that consecrates for a particular mission in building up the Church, and that provides grace for accomplishing that mission. This sacrament, seen as a sign of the love uniting Christ and the Church, establishes between the spouses a permanent and exclusive bond, sealed by God. Accordingly, a marriage between baptized persons, validly entered into and consummated, cannot be dissolved. The sacrament confers on them the grace they need for attaining holiness in their married life and for responsible acceptance and upbringing of their children. The sacrament is celebrated publicly in the presence of the priest (or another witness appointed by the Church) and other witnesses, though in the theological tradition of the Latin Church the ministers of the sacrament are the couple themselves. For a valid marriage, a man and a woman must express their conscious and free consent to a definitive self-giving to the other, excluding none of the essential properties and aims of marriage. If one of the two is a non-Catholic Christian, their marriage is licit only if the permission of the competent authority of the Catholic Church is obtained. If one of the two is not a Christian (i.e. has not been baptized) this permission is necessary for validity. Relations with other Christians The Catholic Church attributes very high authority to 21 Ecumenical Councils: Nicaea I (325), Constantinople I (381), Ephesus (431), Chalcedon (451), Constantinople II (553), Constantinople III (680-681), Nicaea II (787), Constantinople IV (869-870), Lateran I (1123), Lateran II (1139), Lateran III (1179), Lateran IV (1215), Lyons I (1245), Lyons II (1274), Vienne (1311-1312), Constance (1414-1418), Florence (1438-1445), Lateran V (1512-1517), Trent (1545-1563), Vatican I (1869-1870), Vatican II (1962-1965). Of these, the Orthodox Churches of Byzantine tradition accept only the first seven, the family of "non-Chalcedonian" or "pre-Chalcedonian" Churches only the first three, and the Christians of Nestorian tradition only the first two. Dialogue has shown that even where the break with one of these ancient Churches occurred as far back as the Councils of Ephesus (431) and Chalcedon (451), long before the break with Constantinople (1054), the few doctrinal differences often concern terminology, not substance. Emblematic is the "Common Christological Declaration between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East" (note the less common but by no means unique use in an inter-Church document of "Catholic Church" rather than "Roman Catholic Church"), signed by "His Holiness John Paul II, Bishop of Rome and Pope of the Catholic Church, and His Holiness Mar Dinkha IV, Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East", on 11 November 1994. The division between the two Churches in question goes back to the disputes over the legitimacy of the expression "Mother of God" (as well as "Mother of Christ") for the Virgin Mary that came to a head at the Council of Ephesus in 431. The Common Declaration recalls that the Assyrian Church of the East prays the Virgin Mary as "the Mother of Christ our God and Saviour", and the Catholic tradition addresses the Virgin Mary as "the Mother of God" and also as "the Mother of Christ", fuller expressions by which each Church clearly acknowledges both the divinity and the humanity of Mary's son. The co-signers of the Common Declaration could thus state: "We both recognize the legitimacy and rightness of these expressions of the same faith and we both respect the preference of each Church in her liturgical life and piety." Some, at least, of the most difficult questions in relations with the ancient Eastern Churches concern not so much doctrine as practical matters such as the concrete exercise of the claim to papal primacy and how to ensure that ecclesial union would not mean mere absorption of the smaller Churches by the Latin component of the much larger Catholic Church (the most numerous single religious denomination in the world), and the stifling or abandonment of their own rich theological, liturgical and There are much greater differences with the doctrinal views of Protestants, who Catholics feel have broken continuity with the past, while Protestants claim that, if they have done so, it was for the sake of fidelity to what they believe to be the true teaching of the apostles. But even with these groups, dialogue has on both sides clarified some misunderstandings of what the other believes. Particular Churches within the single Catholic Church Unlike "families" or "communions" of Churches that see themselves as distinct Churches, the Church of those who are in full communion with the Pope considers itself a single Church, not a federation of Churches. It has authoritatively expressed this self-understanding in, for instance, the 28 May 1992 Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on some aspects of the Church understood as communion, 9. Accordingly, it has never adopted the usage of those who apply the term "Roman Catholic" to the Latin-Rite or Western Church alone, to the exclusion of the Eastern Churches that also are in full communion with the Bishop of Rome. When it employs the term "Roman Catholic Church", which it rarely does except in its relations with other Churches, it means the whole Church "governed by the successor of Peter and by the bishops in communion with him", wherever they live and whether they are of Eastern or Western tradition, the whole Church that has as its central point of reference Rome, whose Bishop the Church sees as the successor of Saint Peter. The only other meaning it would give to "Roman Catholic" is "a Catholic who lives in Rome", as a Catholic who lives in Dublin could be called a Dublin Catholic. On the other hand, the Catholic Church attaches great importance to the particular Churches within it, whose theological significance the Second Vatican Council highlighted. Two categories of particular Churches are Particular Churches or Rites The higher level of particular Churches is that of what the Second Vatican Council’s Decree on the Catholic Eastern Churches Orientalium Ecclesiarum, 2 calls "particular Churches or rites". The long-established use of the term "Rite" for these particular Churches is due to the central place that the Eucharist holds in the Catholic Church, making each particular Church's liturgy its most noted However, the word "rite" is used not only of particular Churches but also of liturgical rites. While the Eastern Orthodox Churches have, with scarcely any variation except for language, a single uniform liturgical rite, known, because of the city where it originated, as the Byzantine rite, the Catholic Church uses a great variety of liturgical rites. Not only the term "Rite", but also, as we shall soon see, the term "particular Church" can be understood in more than one way. Since a legal text must be careful to avoid ambiguities, the 1983 Code of Canon Law adopted instead the term "autonomous ritual Church" (in Latin, "Ecclesia ritualis sui iuris") for the reality that the Second Vatican Council called a "particular Church or Rite"; and the 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches shortened this to "autonomous Church" (in Latin, "Ecclesia sui iuris"). The autonomy of each such Church, Eastern or Western, shows in its distinctive liturgy, canon law, theological tradition, etc. The Latin or Western particular Church is governed by the Code of Canon Law, while the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches outlines the discipline that the Eastern particular Churches have in common. The official yearly directory of the Holy See, Annuario Pontificio (publisher: Libreria Editrice Vaticana), gives a list of Rites (in the sense of particular Churches, not of liturgical rites) within the Catholic Church accompanied by a scheme of their dioceses. A synthesis of these runs as follows: Particular or local Churches In Catholic teaching, each diocese too is a local or particular Church: "A diocese is a section of the People of God entrusted to a bishop to be guided by him with the assistance of his clergy so that, loyal to its pastor and formed by him into one community in the Holy Spirit through the Gospel and the Eucharist, it constitutes one particular church in which the one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church of Christ is truly present and active" (Second Vatican Council, Decree on the Pastoral Office of Bishops in the Church Christus Dominus, 11). The particular Churches within the Catholic Church, whether rites or dioceses, are seen as not simply branches or sections of a larger body. Theologically, each is considered to be the embodiment in a particular place of the whole Roman Catholic Church. "It is in these and formed out of them that the one and unique Catholic Church exists" (Second Vatican Council, Dogmatic Decree on the Church Lumen Gentium, 23.). Note on liturgical rites in use within the Latin or Western Church For many centuries there were as many or more liturgical rites in the Latin-Rite or Western Catholic Church, as in the East. In the aftermath of the Council of Trent, in 1568 and 1570 Pope St Pius V suppressed the Breviaries and Missals that could not be shown to have an antiquity of at least two centuries. Many that remained legitimate even after this decree were abandoned voluntarily, a process that continued into the second half of the twentieth century. A few persist today for the celebration of Mass, but the distinct liturgical rites for celebrating the other sacraments have been almost completely abandoned. None of these still surviving liturgical rites is a "particular Church or Rite" in the sense considered here. A "particular Church or Rite" does not necessarily use a distinct liturgical rite: many Eastern Catholic Churches use the same Byzantine liturgical rite in a variety of languages. And an individual "particular Church or Rite" may use several distinct liturgical rites, which is true of the Latin-Rite Church. Liturgical rites currently in use within the Catholic Church of Latin Rite - The Roman Rite is the most widely used in the Catholic Church. Like other liturgical rites, it developed over the centuries. The form of its Eucharistic liturgy that was codified in the wake of the Council of Trent underwent only minor modifications until Pope Pius XII revised the part dealing with the days from Holy Thursday to the Easter Vigil in 1955 and Pope Paul VI made a general revision of the whole Roman Missal in 1970. (Some Catholics refer to the form that the Mass of the Roman Rite had in the four centuries from Pope Pius V's 1570 revision to before the 1970 revision as the Tridentine Mass or "Tridentine Rite".) - The Ambrosian Rite is celebrated in most of the Archdiocese of Milan, Italy and in parts of some neighbouring dioceses in Italy and Switzerland. With some variant texts, it is similar in form to the - The Rite of Braga is used in the Diocese of Braga in Portugal. - The Mozarabic Rite, once prevalent throughout Spain, is now celebrated mostly in limited locations, among them the cathedral of Toledo. - There exists a very rare Anglican Usage Rite, essentially a Catholicised Book of Common Prayer. Defunct Catholic Western liturgical Rites - The African Rite used in Latin-speaking Roman North Africa prior to the Arab conquest (8th century). Practically no details are known of it except that, like the Ambrosian Rite, it was close in form to the Roman Rite. - The ancient Celtic Rite was a composite of non-Roman ritual structures and texts not exempt from Roman influence that was similar to the Mozarabic Rite in many respects and would have been used at least in parts of Ireland and Northern Britain (including Scotland) and perhaps even Wales and Cornwall, before being replaced by the Roman usage in the early Middle Ages. Little is known of it, though several texts and liturgies survive. Some Christians (typically groups not in full communion with the Catholic Church, including some in communion with Orthodox Christian Churches, e.g. Celtic Orthodoxy), have attempted to breathe life into a reconstruction of the Celtic Rite whose historical accuracy is debated. - The Gallican Rite is a retrospective term applied to the sum of the local variants, on similar lines to that designated elsewhere as the Celtic Rite and the Mozarabic Rite, which faded from use in France by the end of the first millennium. It should not be confused with the so-called Neo-Gallican liturgical books published in various French dioceses after the Council of Trent, which had little or nothing to do with it. - Several local rites (more properly, uses) of limited scope. - The Sarum Rite (more properly Sarum Use), a defunct variant on the Roman Rite originating in the Salisbury diocese, which had come to be widely practised in England and Scotland by the time of the Protestant Reformation, alongside limited other variants such as the York Use. - The Lyonese Rite of the diocese of Lyons, France, now defunct, was once again a local variant of the Roman Rite, much as was the Sarum Use. - The Nidaros Use, long defunct, based mainly on imported English liturgical books, used in pre-Reformation Norway. - The rites particular to some religious orders (e.g. Dominicans, Carthusians, and Carmelites), now largely abandoned, were generally based on the kind of local territorial variants exemplified in the Braga Rite and the Sarum Use. The hierarchical constitution of the Church The Basilica of St John Lateran, cathedral of the diocese of Rome and so of the Pope What most obviously distinguishes the Catholic Church from other Christian bodies is the link between its members and the Pope. The Catechism of the Catholic Church, 882, quoting the Second Vatican Council’s document Lumen Gentium, states: "The Pope, Bishop of Rome and Peter’s successor, ‘is the perpetual and visible source and foundation of the unity both of the bishops and of the whole company of the faithful.’" The Pope is referred to as the Vicar of Christ and the Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church. Applying to him the term "absolute" would, however, give a false impression: he is not free to issue decrees at whim. Instead, his charge forces on him awareness that he, even more than other bishops, is "tied", bound, by an obligation of strictest fidelity to the teaching transmitted down the centuries in increasingly developed form within the Roman Catholic Church. In certain circumstances, this papal primacy, which is referred to also as the Pope's Petrine authority or function, involves papal infallibility, i.e. the definitive character of the teaching on matters of faith and morals that he propounds solemnly as visible head of the Church. In any normal circumstances, exercise of this authority will involve previous consultation of all Catholic bishops (usually taking place in holy synods or an ecumenical council). The Catechism of the Catholic Church, 891 says: "’The Roman Pontiff, head of the college of bishops, enjoys this infallibility in virtue of his office, when, as supreme pastor and teacher of all the faithful – who confirms his brethren in the faith – he proclaims by a definitive act a doctrine pertaining to faith or morals... The infallibility promised to the Church is also present in the body of bishops when, together with Peter’s successor, they exercise the supreme Magisterium,’ above all in an Ecumenical Council." These are two ways, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, 890 states, in which the pastors of the Church exercise the charism of infallibility with which Christ has endowed them for the purpose of guarding from deviation and decay the authentic faith of the definitive covenant that God has established in Christ with his people. In other words, they are two ways of ensuring that "the gates of Hell will not prevail" (Matthew 16:18) against the Church. The Pope lives in Vatican City, an independent state within the city of Rome, set up by the 1929 Lateran Pacts between the Holy See and Italy. Ambassadors are accredited not to Vatican City State but to the Holy See, which was a subject of international law even before the state was instituted. The body of officials that assist the Pope in governance of the Church as a whole is known as the Roman curia. The term "Holy See" (i.e. of Rome) is generally used only of Pope and curia, because the Code of Canon Law, which concerns governance of the Latin Church as a whole and not internal affairs of the see (diocese) of Rome itself, necessarily uses the term in this technical sense. The present rules governing the election of a pope are found in the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis. This deals with the powers, from the death of a pope to the announcement of his successor’s election, of the cardinals and the departments of the Roman curia; with the funeral arrangements for the dead pope; and with the place, time and manner of voting of the meeting of the cardinal electors, a meeting known as a conclave. This word is derived from Latin com- (together) and clavis (key) and refers to the locking away of the participants from outside influences, a measure that was introduced first as a means instead of forcing them to reach a decision. A pope has the option of resigning. (The term "abdicate" is not normally used of popes.) The two best known cases are those of Pope Celestine V in 1294 (who, though the poet Dante Alighieri pictured him condemned to hell for this action, was canonized in 1313) and Pope Gregory XII, who resigned in 1415 to help end the Great Western Schism. Cardinals are appointed by the pope, generally from the ranks of his assistants in the curia and bishops of important sees, Latin or Eastern, throughout the world. They are in most recent times usually, but not always bishops. The cardinalate is not an integral part of the theological structure of the Catholic Church, but largely an honorific distinction that has a complex history. As can be seen below, it has its origins in the different sections of the local clergy of Rome. Since the clergy had a role in the election of the Pope after the death of his predecessor, the granting of the title came to be a pragmatic way of designating a restricted body of electors. In 1059, the right of electing the Pope was assigned exclusively to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven "suburbicarian" sees. Because of their resulting importance, the term "cardinal" (from Latin "cardo", meaning "hinge") was applied to them. In the twelfth century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began. Each cardinal is still assigned a church in Rome as his "titular church" or is linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses. Of these sees, the Dean of the College of Cardinals holds that of Ostia while keeping his preceding link with one of the other six sees. Traditionally, there have thus been only six cardinals who hold the rank of Cardinal Bishop, but when Eastern rite patriarchs are made cardinals, they too hold the rank of Cardinal Bishop, without being assigned a suburbicarian see, still less a church in Rome. The other cardinals have the rank either of Cardinal Priest or Cardinal Deacon, which are titles with largely ceremonial or honorific importance. Only cardinals whose eightieth birthday does not fall before the date of a Pope's death may enter the conclave that elects his successor. The number of cardinals not over eighty years of age has therefore been limited to 120. But additional cardinals can be chosen from among clergy over that age, an honour that has been bestowed on priests who have suffered long imprisonment under dictatorial regimes or have been distinguished theologians. The colour associated with the robes of cardinals is a crimson red, while the red of bishops who are not cardinals (and of Apostolic Protonotaries and Honorary Prelates) is really a Roman purple. The hat and tassels of cardinals' armorial bearings are red; those of bishops and lesser prelates are green. The hat has the same form for all these prelates and should therefore not be identified with the galero, a large hat that once distinguished cardinals. Bishops are the successors of the apostles in the governance of the Church. The Pope himself is a bishop and traditionally uses the title "Venerable Brother" when writing formally to another bishop. The typical role of a bishop is to provide pastoral governance for a diocese. Bishops who fulfill this function are known as diocesan ordinaries, because they have what canon law calls ordinary (i.e. not delegated) authority for a diocese. Other bishops may be appointed to assist them (auxiliary and coadjutor bishops) or to carry out a function in a broader field of service to the Church. Even when a bishop retires from his active service, he remains a bishop, since the ontological effect of the sacrament of holy orders is permanent. On the other hand, titles such as archbishop or patriarch imply no ontological alteration, but are generally associated with special authority. Some of the Eastern Catholic Churches are headed by a patriarch. (A few bishops in the Latin Church, such as those of Venice and Lisbon, also have the title of patriarch, but in their case the title is merely honorary.) Three Eastern Churches are headed by a major archbishop, a bishop who has practically all the powers of a patriarch, but without the title. Smaller Eastern Churches (consisting however of at least two dioceses or, to use the Eastern term, two eparchies) are headed by a metropolitan. Within the Latin Church too, dioceses are normally grouped together as ecclesiastical provinces, in which the bishop of a particular see has the title of metropolitan archbishop, with some very limited authority for the other dioceses, which are known as suffragan sees. However, almost all the authority of a metropolitan archbishop to intervene in case of necessity with regard to a suffragan see belongs, in the case of the metropolitan see itself, to the senior suffragan bishop. (In some Eastern Churches, the term "metropolitan bishop" corresponds instead to "diocesan ordinary" in the Latin Church; and an Anglican usage of "suffragan" corresponds to Catholic "auxiliary bishop.") The Latin-Church title of primate is now Bishops of a country or region form an episcopal conference and meet periodically to discuss common problems. Decisions in certain fields, notably liturgy, fall within the exclusive competence of these conferences. But the decisions are binding on the individual bishops only if agreed to by at least two-thirds of the membership and confirmed by the Holy See. In terms of Jurisdiction or governance, in the Latin Church a diocesan Bishop is the Ordinary(a term signifying that he has normal or "ordinary", rather than delegated, authority}. In the East the bishop can be known as the diocesan Hierarch. Some of the Church's jurisdictional areas have the rank of archdiocese or archeparchy, and are headed by an archbishop or archeparch, who, if he has a certain limited jurisdiction over the other dioceses of the same ecclesiastical province, is known as the metropolitan. The word "see", derived from Latin sedes, (a bishop's) chair, is applied generically to all of these. Other jurisdictional areas are territorial prelatures, territorial abbacies, apostolic exarchates and ordinariates for Eastern-rite faithful, military ordinariates, personal prelatures (of which only one exists at present), apostolic vicariates, apostolic prefectures, apostolic administrations, personal apostolic administrations (only one exists), and sui iuris (i.e. autonomous) missions. Priests and deacons Bishops are assisted by priests and deacons. Parishes, whether territorial or person-based, within a diocese are normally in the charge of a priest, known as the parish priest or the pastor. In the Latin Church only celibate men, as a rule, are ordained as priests, while the Eastern Churches also ordain married men. Both sides maintain the tradition of holding it impossible for a priest to marry after ordination. Even a married priest whose wife dies may not then marry again. To explain this tradition, one theory holds that, in early practice, married men who became priests – they were often older men, "elders" – were expected to refrain permanently from sexual relations with their wives, perhaps because they, as priests representing Christ, were treated as the Church's spouse. When at a later stage it was clear that not all did refrain, the Western reaction was to ordain only celibates, while the Eastern Churches relaxed the rule, so that Eastern Orthodox Churches now require their married clergy to abstain from sexual relations only for a limited period before celebrating the Eucharist. The Church in Persia, which in the fifth century became separated from the Church described as Orthodox or Catholic, decided at the end of that century to abolish the rule of continence and allow priests to marry, but recognized that it was abrogating an ancient tradition. The Coptic and Ethiopic Churches, whose separation came slightly later, allow deacons (who are ordained when they are boys) to marry, but not priests. The theory in question, if true, helps explain why all the ancient Christian Churches of both East and West, with the one exception mentioned, exclude marriage after priestly ordination, and why all reserve the episcopate (seen as a fuller form of priesthood than the presbyterate) for the celibate. Since the Second Vatican Council, the Latin Church admits married men of mature age to ordination as Permanent deacons, but not if they intend to advance to priestly ordination (Ordination to the order of Deacon (transitional) is part of the process through which Priests pass on their way to Priestly ordination). Ordination even to the diaconate is an impediment to a later marriage, though special dispensation can be received for remarriage under extenuating circumstances. The Catholic Church and the other ancient Christian Churches see priestly ordination as a sacrament effecting an ontological change, not as the deputizing of someone to perform a function or as the admission of someone to a profession such as that of medicine or law. They also consider that priestly ordination can be conferred only on males. In the face of continued questioning, Pope John Paul II felt obliged to confirm the existing teaching that the Church is not empowered to change this practice: "In order that all doubt may be removed regarding a matter of great importance, a matter which pertains to the Church's divine constitution itself, in virtue of my ministry of confirming the brethren (cf. Luke 22:32) I declare that the Church has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women and that this judgment is to be definitively held by all the Church's faithful." (John Paul II, Ordinatio Sacerdotis ) The Catholic Church thus holds this teaching as irrevocable and as having the character of infallibility, not in virtue of the apostolic letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis itself, from which this quotation is taken and which states this only implicitly, but because the teaching "has been preserved by the constant and universal Tradition of the Church and firmly taught by the Magisterium." For the Latin Rite, the term "minor orders" was, together with the subdiaconate, abolished in 1969 by Pope Paul VI. Of the four Latin-Rite minor orders, which were stages in the passage to ordination to the diaconate and priesthood, he preserved those of lector and acolyte, applying to them the term "instituted ministries". Some groups particularly attached to the earlier form of the Roman liturgical rite (the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter and the Priestly Union of St. Jean-Marie Vianney), have been permitted to continue to administer the rites of admission to all the previous orders, as well as that of tonsure, which formerly marked entrance to the ranks of the clergy. The Eastern Churches have maintained their less numerous minor orders. The honorary title of Monsignor may be conferred by the Pope upon a diocesan priest (not a member of a religious institute) at the request of the priest's bishop. The title goes with any of the following three awards: - Chaplain of His Holiness (called Papal Chamberlain until a 1969 reform ), the lowest level, distinguished by purple buttons and trim on the black cassock, with a purple sash. - Honorary Prelate (until 1969 called Domestic Prelate), the middle level, distinguished by red buttons and trim on the black cassock, with a purple sash, and by choir dress that includes a purple cassock. - Protonotary Apostolic, the highest level, with the same dress as that of an Honorary Prelate, except that the non-obligatory purple silk cape known as a ferraiuolo may be worn also. The consecrated life Consecrated Life, referred to also as Religious Life, is a way of Christian living within the Catholic Church that, publicly professed, is recognized by Church Law (canons 573-746 of the Code of Canon Law). Those who profess it are not part of the hierarchy. They commit themselves, for love of God, to observe as binding obligations what the Christian Gospel proposes as counsels (Evangelical Counsels) rather than commands. Most join what are called Religious Institutes (cf. canons 573-602, 605-709), often referred to in everyday life as religious orders or religious congregations, in which they follow a common rule under the leadership of a superior. They usually live in community, although some may for a shorter or longer time live the Religious Life as Hermits without ceasing to be a member of the Religious Institute. Canons 603 and 604 give official recognition also to hermits and consecrated virgins who are not members of religious institutes. Common usage about the different forms of religious life is more imprecise in English than in the languages of many countries of Catholic rather than Protestant culture (see Catholic order). The term "monks" is commonly applied to members not only of institutes classified as "orders" (grouped in four subsets: canons regular, monks, mendicant friars, and clerics regular), but also of the institutes classified as either clerical or lay religious congregations, and even of societies of apostolic life. And since the houses of monks are indeed rightly called monasteries (abbeys if headed by an abbot), any house of any of these categories is commonly called a monastery. Similarly, all female religious are commonly called nuns; but in their case the general term for their houses is "convent", rather than the term proper to the houses of nuns in the strict sense. Members of Religious Institutes for men are usually addressed as "Brother", unless they are priests, in which case the form of address is "Father". In Institutes for women most members are addressed as "Sister", and the superior generally as "Mother", "Mother Superior" or "Reverend Mother". The formal title for the superior of a community or a whole institute varies according to the category of the institute: even in English few would address a Jesuit superior as "Abbot" or an abbot as "Guardian" (the term used by Franciscans). There is a great variety of Religious Institutes, both male and female. Some have only lay members, while among male Institutes some have both priests and lay members, and yet others only priests and men preparing for priesthood. Some date from the earliest centuries of Christianity, others spring up every year. Their apostolates, too, vary considerably, depending on the vision of the founder: some have an apostolate specifically of prayer, often called "contemplative", others have an outgoing apostolate, e.g. teaching, missionary work. The rare "double communities" known in earlier centuries, where monks and nuns prayed and worked alongside each other under the leadership of only one superior, usually an Abbess, have not survived, though a small number have been founded afresh in recent times. The oldest existing forms of Religious Institutes are those of monks and nuns, such as the Basilians of the East and the Benedictines of the West, who live in monasteries. Around the thirteenth century Mendicant Orders arose, such as of those of the Dominicans and Franciscans. Unlike the monks and nuns of the earlier Orders, the members of the latter Orders had their houses (which they called convents, not monasteries) not in the country but in the towns, which were becoming increasingly important. One of the best known of those that appeared still later is the Society of Jesus, which today is the Religious Institute with the largest number of members (known as Jesuits). According to canon law (cf. canon 579), religious communities normally begin as an association formed, with the consent of the Diocesan Bishop, for the purpose of becoming a Religious Institute. After time has provided proof of the rectitude, seriousness and durability of the new association, the Bishop, having consulted the Holy See, may formally set it up as a Religious Institute under his own jurisdiction. Later, when it has grown in numbers, perhaps extending also into other dioceses, and further proved its worth, then the Holy See may grant it formal approval, bringing it under the Holy See's responsibility, rather than that of the Bishops of the dioceses where it is present. For the good of such Institutes and to provide for the needs of their apostolate, the Holy See may exempt them from the governance of the local Bishops, bringing them entirely under the authority of the Holy See itself or of someone else. In some respects, for example public liturgical practice, they always remain under the local bishop's supervision. Typically, members of Religious Institutes take vows of evangelical poverty, chastity and obedience (the "Evangelical Counsels") to lead a life in imitation of Christ Jesus. For some the vow of stability in a monastery or to live according to a particular written rule is considered to include these vows. Other Institutes add further vows. Secular Institutes (cf. canons 710-730) are another form of Consecrated Life. They differ from Religious Institutes in that their members live their lives in the ordinary conditions of the world, either alone, in their families or in fraternal groups. They include, among others, Caritas Christi, The Grail, and the Servite Secular Institute. Comparable to Religious Institutes are the Societies of Apostolic Life (cf. canons 731-746), dedicated to pursuit of an apostolic purpose, such as educational or missionary work. They do not take religious vows, but live in common, striving for perfection through observing the "constitutions" of the society to which they belong. Among them are, for example, St. Philip Neri's Institute of the Oratory, the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, and the Priests of St. Sulpice. As mentioned earlier, individuals unattached to any such institutes can be granted official recognition as hermits or consecrated virgins. Although widows appear to have been given special attention in the early Church, present canonical legislation does not mention them as a category calling for similar recognition. Map showing Roman Catholic Church membership as a percentage of each country's population The number of Catholics in the world continues to increase, particularly in Africa and Asia, although the religion has lost much of its political influence in the "First World" (e.g. Europe, USA). The increase between 1978 and 2000 was 288 million. Protestant evangelicals have succeeded in making inroads into parts of Latin America, but remain a small percentage of the population. In most industrialized countries, church attendance has decreased since the 19th century, though it remains higher than that of other "mainline" Churches. Criticisms and controversies Over the centuries, the Catholic Church has encountered criticisms for numerous reasons. (Some particular controversies are discussed in separate articles. See, for instance, on the charge of anti-Semitism, Relations between Catholicism and Judaism.) Pope John Paul II acknowledged publicly that the Catholic Church (and its members) has sometimes been involved in questionable activities, and asked God to forgive the sins of its members, both in action and omission. Historically, the Church's response to heresy through the Inquisition and its alleged association with witchhunts have brought criticism. Pope John Paul II apologized for certain historic excesses in May 1995. Enlightenment philosophers perceived the Church's doctrines as superstitious and hindering the progress of civilization. Many thinkers and academics criticized it for opposing scientific advancement, the trial of Galileo Galilei being a famous, though still hotly-debated, example. Pope John Paul II publicly apologized for the Church's actions in the trial on October 31, 1992. In recent times, the Catholic Church has sustained criticism from many quarters on the basis of several of its teachings. Its exclusion of women from the ranks of the ordained clergy and so from many of the most important decisions is seen by some as unjust discrimination (at a time when feminism and other social and political movements advocating equal access have removed barriers to the entry of women into professions that were traditionally male strongholds). The Church believes that Jesus chose men to form the college of the twelve apostles, and the Church is bound to follow this example. Rome has declared the matter closed for discussion. The Catholic Church also has a rule of mandatory celibacy for priests in the Latin Rite (though individual exceptions are known). This differs from Christian traditions issuing from the Protestant Reformation, which almost universally allow clerical marriage. It also differs from the practices of Eastern Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches, which require celibacy for bishops and priestmonks, and do not allow clergy to marry after ordination, but allow ordination of married men to priesthood. Some criticize this tradition, believing it to be unrealistic, and claim that relaxing the celibacy requirement is necessary to solve a perceived shortage of candidates to the priesthood in some Western countries. Some also claim that mandatory priestly celibacy only appeared in the European Middle Ages. Some have argued that reform in these two areas could make a career in the priesthood more appealing among the faithful and would update the Church's image as more relevant to modern society. Many of them do not recognize the clôture of debate within the Church on the first of these issues. However, they also recognize that such dramatic changes in Church traditions would alienate conservative Catholics worldwide. It has also been pointed out that, in spite of admitting ordination of women and of married men, mainline Protestant Churches too are experiencing difficulty in drawing people in the same countries to ministry and seminaries and dioceses that are more insistent on traditional values are much more successful in attracting vocations to the priesthood. Some criticize the Church's teaching on sexual and reproductive matters. The Church requires members to eschew homosexual practices (CCC 2357), artificial contraception (CCC 2370), and pre-marital sex (CCC 2353). The procurement or assistance in abortion can carry the penalty of excommunication (CCC 2272), as a specific offense. Some see the Church's stance as restricting women's "reproductive rights". Some heavily criticize the Church's teaching on sexual abstinence and its opposition to promoting the use of condoms as a strategy to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS (or teen pregnancy or STD) as counterproductive. They comment that, even if abstinence is a worthy ideal, it is not realistic to expect a high proportion of people to follow the practice, and so contraceptives and safe sex practices should be promoted. The Church argues that there is considerable proof that distributing condoms and failing to condemn promiscuity amounts to condoning the behaviors and actually increases HIV infection. The Church is criticized for its opposition to scientific research in fields such as embryonic stem cell research, which the Church teaches would cause the utilitarian destruction of a human being, or simply put, an act of murder. The Church argues that advances in medicine can come without the destruction of human embryos; for example, in the use of adult or umbilical stem cells in place of embryonic stem cells. Political advocacy by bishops and other officials have also aroused controversy. For example, some bishops in the United States denied the Eucharist to politicians and parishioners who hold views contrary to the Church on important moral questions. In predominantly Catholic Philippines, some bishops and priests have also been criticized for political advocacy. Much of the recent criticism of the Church, particularly in the United States, has centered around the sex abuse scandal. The failure of some bishops to take action against offending priests is reported to have undermined the Church's moral authority among some segments of the public. Traditionalist Catholics see the Church's recent efforts at reformed teaching and practice (known as "aggiornamento"), in particular the Second Vatican Council, as not benefitting the advancement of the Church. Some groups claim the Church has betrayed the core values of Catholicism, and reject some of the decisions of the Holy See that they see harmful to the faith. Others go so far as to characterize the current leaders of the Roman Catholic Church as heretics. Several groups, known as sedevacantists, claim that the current Pope (as well, perhaps, as some of his immediate predecessors) is not legitimate. A handful of them have appointed papal replacements: see list of sedevacantist antipopes. Some evangelists see the Roman Catholic Church as Occult and working with Satan. This belief has been popularized by the evangelist Jack Chick. He popularized the belief that the Roman Catholic Church is a continuation of early Babylonian religious practices, and that the pope is the antichrist. Most of Jack Chick's claims are quite outlandish such as the Catholic church starting Islam and the KKK.	32,935
The focus of this article is to show the relationship and development of the motifs used in the first movement of Beethoven’s Tempest sonata. At this point in his composing, Beethoven began to distill his motifs to very short phrases, often just a few notes. The Tempest sonata is a great example of how Beethoven uses fragmented motifs as the essential components of the sonata’s thematic material. The opening of the sonata is the most dramatic that Beethoven had yet to compose. Within just six measures we have three different tempi, which also contrast motivically and by mood. The slow rolled chord followed by three notes which outline the dominant chord of A-major sounds like an introduction, but make no such mistake, this is a motif on which much of the movement is built, recurring in faster tempi and various keys. Take a look at Ex. 1, below, and notice the different tempi and motifs: The opening Largo is the basis for the first theme of the piece. In Ex. 2, I’ve circled just the four-note motif in the Largo. This develops into the first full theme of the piece shown in Ex. 3. Both of these examples are below: Circled in red in Ex. 3 is the opening motif from the Largo, which is being used as a fully developed theme. You’ll also notice that Ex. 3 has a blue-circled motif as well. This is actually used, rather discreetly, as an accompaniment for the second theme of the piece. More on that as I discuss the second theme. The Allegro of the opening bars is the basis of the second theme, which I’ve isolated in Ex. 4. It is characterized by small two-note phrases. This developed into the second theme as shown in Ex. 5. See them both below: In Ex. 5 You’ll notice two different colored examples. The blue-circled material shows the full development of the motif first stated in the opening Allegro as shown in Ex.4. Also, notice the circles in red. This is the accompaniment of the second theme that uses, again rather discreetly, the motif from the first theme shown in blue in Ex. 3. Compare the blue in Ex. 3 with the red in Ex. 5. While the original statement in Ex. 3 uses quarter notes and the accompaniment uses eighth notes, the contour of the line is the same and is a play off that original motif. Here is a live recording from one of my recent recitals. This took place at Stage 7 in Kirkland, WA on 1/16/16.	40,776
Data Analysis in the Automotive Industry The interconnected relationship between data and the automotive industry is becoming increasingly transparent and essential. Especially in recent years, with the rapid advancement of technology, increasingly niche, and higher customer expectations, supply chain improvements, and global regulations, automakers have started to redefine how they use data intelligence and technology to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of how they operate. As the automotive industry continues to face challenges from competitors, a saturated market, consumer shifts, and volatility, it’s important that they have transparent and detailed information to make strategic business decisions. With the help of big data and data analysis, automakers can widen the products and services they provide, deliver more value to customers, and remain agile and scalable regardless of global challenges or market pressures. How are data analytics used in the automotive industry? Key players in the automotive industry use data analytics to improve performance, monitor relationships with suppliers, develop customer relationships, and reduce operational costs. Throughout the automotive lifecycle, many processes and people collaborate to design and deliver products and services that are reliable and cost efficient and have the features that customers want to see. These processes involve many pieces of information and datasets that must be analyzed. This helps the industry develop smarter, more connected cars for customers and increase sales and marketing to improve the customer journey and increase company profits and operations. Data analytics is the backbone of compiling and understanding the complex datasets to derive actionable strategies, and because there is so much data collection involved, the auto industry has truly turned into a data-driven industry in recent years. Here are some ways data analytics are used in the automotive industry: - Development and production Data scientists and engineers analyze large volumes of information and complex data points to improve their development and production processes. For example, car manufacturers use data analytics tools to test a combination of components to determine the most fuel-efficient and best-performing car models. This helps the design process, as the manufacturer can select the most aerodynamic models designed to be cost and fuel-efficient for the customer. Manufacturers also use data analytics tools to predict potential issues with a vehicle. For example, sensors installed in vehicles have predictive abilities to detect when potential problems might arise. As a result, they can resolve the issues, recall defective products, and advise clients on repairs before they become more serious problems. - Sales and marketing From a sales and marketing perspective, data analytics tools play a huge role in the engagement and quality of car dealerships and manufacturers’ relationships with their customers. Fostering good customer relationships is critical for automakers because it creates trust and loyalty, growing their market and customer base. Predictive analytics help automakers personalize the customer experience and better target the pain points of individual customers. For example, data analytics can show customers’ demographics, preferences, and budgets and guide service offerings tailored to customers’ specific situations. Automakers can also use data analytics tools to better enable their dealerships’ aftersales offerings, such as vehicle service, parts and accessories. How big data can be used in automotive Big data describes complex, large datasets that continuously grow exponentially over time. In the automotive industry, big data exists in supply chain management, financing, predictive analysis, and design and production. Each connected car and automotive process produces data constantly, which means automakers have access to an entire fleet of helpful information and datasets. For example, big data can be integrated into sound supply chain management practices to monitor their stability and overall efficiency. Automakers can compare products required based on the materials and suppliers available to use reliable components and ensure on-time delivery of finished products. Big data can also be used within the car to connect users with information like safety alerts and automakers with real-time vehicle conditions. With connectivity from inside and outside the vehicle, automakers can see trends and make improvements to vehicle models. One of the most important uses of big data in the automotive industry is predictive analysis. It helps automakers predict customer problems in advance and develop actionable plans to remedy these issues. Not only does it ensure better reliability of vehicles, but it also dramatically improves customer satisfaction and cost control. Why is data important in the automotive industry? Data provides essential information that allows automakers to benchmark their performance and make strategic business decisions. Data analytics help plan for delivering better customer engagement initiatives, cost reduction efforts, reliable car designs, higher customer retention rates, and agility and scalability in a competitive market. It structures the evidence that automakers need to understand the effectiveness of their decisions and operations.	1,422
The terms quality assurance, quality control and quality management are usually used interchangeably. As a test manager or project manager, it is important to understand the differences between these terminologies so that you know what exactly are you talking about with your client and team members. So let’s get this straight: What is Quality Assurance? Quality Assurance is the set of activities that determine the procedures and standards to develop a product. What is Quality Control? Quality Control refers to the activities and techniques to verify that the developed product is in conformance with the requirements. The ultimate output of both processes is to deliver a quality product. Are you also confused with quality assurance vs quality control in software testing? No problem! Keep reading to know the difference. Understanding Quality Management Quality Management is a much broader field that ensures the required level of quality is achieved in software product. You can create a standard quality management approach for your organization. It has four main sub processes: quality assurance, quality planning, quality control and quality improvement. Software Quality Assurance, QA, is a planned and systematic way of creating an environment to assure that the software product being developed meets the quality requirements. QA refers to the implementation of well-defined standard practices and methods. It is a pro-active quality process. This process is controlled and determined at managerial level. Quality assurance focuses on the process checklists, process standards, project audits, methodology and procedures for development. It is a preventive process that aims at establishing the correct methodology and standards to provide a quality conducive environment to the product being developed. In this sub process, quality assurance plan is created for a particular project. In the quality assurance plan, organizational standards are selected which are applicable to a project. It should also involve the plan for quality control. Quality assurance planning details out what QC activities are performed, when the QC activities are performed and who will perform those. It also contains details of resource required, tools and techniques to be used for performing quality control. Quality Control, QC, is the set of activities that control the quality of product being developed by identifying any bugs that might be present. Quality control process is a subset that falls under the quality assurance. It is a corrective process. The task of actual testing is performed to find out and identify the bugs present in the product. The bugs are raised to the developers, who then try to fix them. After fixes, the product is verified again such that the functionalities and features are working as required. QC process assures that that the product being developed is of the required quality. Examples of quality control activities include inspection, deliverable peer reviews and the software testing process. Quality improvement is a formal approach to analyse the feedback received from the quality control team. In this process efforts are put systematically to identify any room of improvements in the existing standards and procedures. The target is to improve the process that establish the standards of quality in the organization. What are the Differences between Quality Assurance and Quality Control? “The primary difference between quality assurance vs quality control is that the quality assurance activities are conducted during the software development. Quality control activities are performed after the software has been developed.” We have listed down the differences between quality assurance and quality control to further clarify your concept: \|Quality Assurance\|\|Quality Control\| \|Definition\|\|QA is the implementation of processes, methodologies and standards that ensure that the software developed will be up to the required quality standards.\|\|QC is the set of activities that are carried out to verify the developed product meets the required standards.\| \|Target\|\|QA focuses on the improvement of process and methodologies used to develop product.\|\|QC focuses on the improvement of the product by identifying the bugs and issues.\| \|Orientation\|\|It is process oriented.\|\|It is product oriented.\| \|Nature of process\|\|QA is preventive process as it establishes the methods which prevent the bugs.\|\|QC is corrective process as it focuses on identifying the bugs and getting them fixed.\| \|Verification vs Validation\|\|Quality Assurance is a verification activity that verifies you are doing the right thing in the right manner.\|\|Quality assurances is a validation activity that validates the product against the requirements.\| \|Who\|\|All the persons involved in the project starting from the requirement.\|\|It is the responsibility of Quality Control inspector or the testing team that finds the issues.\| \|Tools and Techniques\|\|Defining Processes, Quality Audit, Selection of Tools, Training.\|\|Defining Processes, Quality Audit, Selection of Tools, Training.\| \|Examples\|\|Examples of quality assurance activities include process checklists, process standards, process documentation and project audit.\|\|Examples of quality control activities include inspection, deliverable peer reviews and the software testing process.\| You may like to read more about the quality assurance vs quality control. Quality Assurance vs Quality Control Tools and Techniques You are probably wondering what is the difference between tools and techniques, when we talk about quality assurance vs quality control. Well, we have listed down the tools and techniques for QA and QC separately so that you can understand and distinguish between them easily. Quality Assurance Techniques The characteristic feature of software quality assurance is defining the organizational processes and standards. The process shall serve as a guideline and improve over time. It is critical that the organizational standards are defined by experts as it will lay the foundation of quality assurance and assures development of reliable, quality products. You can also refer to the IEEE Standard for Quality Assurance Processes. The standard is harmonized with the software life cycle process and contains requirements for initiating, planning, controlling and executing the Software Quality Assurance. Quality audit is a quality assurance technique that examines the work products and evaluate whether the software product has followed the standards, guidelines, regulations, plans and procedures. It a systematic approach to examine all the required procedures and standards were considered at the time of product development and testing. Selection of Tools The following tools are indispensable while you are setting up the quality assurance process for your organization: 1. Cost-Benefit Analysis Cost benefit analysis is a systematic approach of evaluating an investment against its expected benefits. It is used to determine whether the investment is feasible in terms of labour, time and cost savings. 2. Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect diagram is also known as ‘Fishbone’ or ‘Ishikawa’ diagram. This technique uses brainstorming with mind mapping on a diagram and compels you to think of all the possible causes to a problem. Once you have identified the root cause, you will be able to find the right solution for it. 3. Control Charts Control charts are used to analyse performance trends of process over time. It is an important tool to determine if you need to make any fundamental changes to the process and avoid specific problems. 4. Cost of Quality There can be two types of cost of quality. The cost of poor quality affects the internal and external costs resulting from failing to meet requirements. On the other hand, the cost of good quality includes the prevention costs for investing in services and appraisal of product. Benchmarking is the process of measuring performance to standard metrics and practices. 6. Design of Experiments It is systematic approach carried under controlled conditions to determine the relationship between factors affecting a process and the output of the process. It is used to manage process in order to analyse which input has the significant impact and what steps can be taken to optimize the output. A quality culture should be established where everyone feels responsible for maintaining the quality of product. Quality Control Techniques Quality Control Reviews One of the popular techniques for quality control is the Quality Reviews. According to Wikipedia, a software review can be defined as: “A process or meeting during which a software product is examined by project personnel, managers, users, customers, user representatives, or other interested parties for comment or approval.” The product to be reviewed is an outcome of any software development activity. Quality reviews are conducted to review the project plans, requirements documents, design documents, quality assurance plan, test documents and code. The people reviewing the software products give their feedback which is recorded and passed to the concerned person for incorporating the changes. Roles and Responsibilities in QC Review In a review, the roles and responsibilities can be classified as: - Moderator leads the review process. He determines the type of review and the attendees. He is responsible for disbursing the needed information and documents to the team members. - He is the writer of the software product under review. His role is to describe unclear areas to team members and understand the required changes as suggested by reviewers. - He is the person responsible for recording the issues found and noting down any suggestions or feedback for process improvement. - Reviewer is the expert who reviews the software product, identify the issues and suggest improvements. Types of Reviews Management reviews are conducted by the upper management to see the amount of work done and take required decisions accordingly. Technical reviews are a less formal type of quality control review, which is led by trained moderators. Technical reviews are conducted to establish consistency in the use of technical concepts. It is conducted at an early stage to verify that the technical standards and practices are used correctly. Any alternatives options for the product are also evaluated in the technical quality control review. A walk-through is a type of quality control review in which the author of product leads the review session and presents his thought process to the entire team. The product to be reviewed is thoroughly explained and the feedback is gathered from the audience. Walk-throughs are usually conducted for the high level documents such as specifications documents, design documents. Walk-throughs are useful especially if the audience is people who do not understand the software easily. The main objectives of a walk-through are: - Establish a common understanding and gain feedback from stakeholders - Discuss the validity of proposed solutions - Evaluation of the software product Inspection is a formal review practice found in software testing practices to identify defects and issues. It is a planned meeting in which roles are defined to each participant. Inspection is a quality control process to check whether the software product is in compliance with the required specifications and standards. Defects are logged if any non-compliance is found. The main target of inspection is to find defects as early as possible. An estimate of re-work effort is also taken as the output of this QC process. Inspection is conducted for design documents, specification documents, test documents and the code. Software testing techniques are a major tool of the quality control process. There are several software testing techniques such as functional testing, black box testing, usability testing, exploratory testing, compatibility testing, regression testing. You may like to read further about software testing techniques: - Guide to software testing process - Advanced software testing techniques - Recovery Testing - Compatibility Testing - Exploratory Testing In this article, we’ve analysed the big difference between quality assurance vs quality control. Quality assurance is the implementation of standardized procedures whereas quality control is following those procedures and techniques to assure the deliverable is of required quality. The processes of quality assurance, quality planning, quality control and quality improvement make up the bigger process of Quality Management. We have also discussed various tools and techniques used for establishing quality assurance and quality control. Now It’s Your Turn I hope this article finally resolves the confusion surrounding quality assurance vs quality control. Now you can communicate confidently while using the terms and know what exactly you or the client is referring to. Moreover, you are now equipped with the tools and techniques used for QA and QC process. Start implementing these techniques and improve the quality assurance and quality control process in your organization. Let us know about your success with those in the comment section below. Join 60,000+ Subscribers For latest blogs, industry updates and exclusive tips. *Your email is safe with us, we also hate spam	46,781
HHere is a slideshow with a very good representation of the human mind. The model of the mind designed by the Austrian neurologist, Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) is still valid currently. Very impressive. Freud used the analogy of an iceberg to describe the three levels of the mind. Freud (1915) described conscious mind, which consists of all the mental processes of which we are aware, and this is seen as the tip of the iceberg. … It exists just below the level of consciousness, before the unconscious mind.Simply Psychology There seems to be a magic with the number 21 — “You can rewire your brain to be happy by simply calling 3 things that you are grateful for every day for 21 days”. By Psychology Facts. What is Ego, Superego, and Id? Apologizing doesn’t always mean you are wrong and the other person is right. It means you value your relationship more than your Ego.By Psychology Facts. The Id, Ego and Super-ego are three distinct, yet interacting agents in the psychic apparatus, defined by Sigmund Freud. The Id (Latin for “It”) is the set of uncoordinated instinctual trends. The Id is the disorganized part of the personality structure that contains a human’s basic instinctual drives. The Id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. It is the source of a person’s bodily needs, wants, desires and impulses, particularly their sexual and aggressive drives. The Id acts according to the “pleasure principle”.Psychological Terms App The Super-ego plays the critical and moralizing role. The Super-ego is observable in how someone can view themselves as guilty, bad, shameful, weak, and feel compelled to do certain things. The Super-ego reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly taught by parents when applying their guidance and influence. The Super-ego also takes on the influence of educators, teachers, people chosen as ideal models. The Super-ego aims for perfection. It forms the organized part of the personality structure, mainly but not entirely unconscious, that includes the individual’s ego deals, spiritual goals, and the conscience that criticizes and prohibits their drives, fantasies, feeling and actions. The Super-ego works in contradiction to the Id. The Super-ego’s demands often oppose the Id’s, so the Ego sometimes has a hard time in reconciling the two.Psychological Terms App The Ego is the organized, realistic part that mediates between the desires of the Id and the Super-ego. The Ego (Latin for “I”) acts according to the reality principle; it seeks to please the Id’s drive in realistic ways by bringing benefit other than grief. The Ego is the organized part of the personality structure that includes defensive, perceptual, intellectual-cognitive, and executive functions. Conscious awareness resides in the Ego, although not all the operations of the Ego are conscious. The Ego is about judgment, tolerance, reality testing, control, planning, defense, synthesis of information, intellectual functioning and memory. The Ego represents what may be called reason and common sense in contrast to the Id, which contains the passion.Psychological Terms App Overall, the Id, Ego and Super-ego are purely psychological concepts and does not correspond to somatic structures of the brain.	29,232
Antiquarians studied antiquarianism, an older multidisciplinary study from which later in the modern times archaeology branched out. This was a historical study field that focused primarily on ancient artefacts, manuscripts, and sites of historical significance. The underlying foundation of this vast and ancient field was always facts, where empirical evidence was relied on for an evolved understanding of the past. Before the advent or evolution of archaeology as we know it today, antiquarianism was responsible for unearthing of facts and clues that helped in piecing together the ancient history. It was under the gamut of this field that during the Middle Ages there was a philosophical interest in the remains of the Greco-Roman civilization. Antiquarians of the 16th and 17th centuries surveyed the English countryside through drawings, descriptions and interpretations of the monuments they came across. One of the earliest excavations was Stonehenge and other megalithic monuments in England. It was in this period numerous megalithic and other field monuments in southern England. There, also was an attempt to chart the chronological stylistic evolution of handwriting, medieval architecture, costume, and shield shapes. In the mid-18th century excavations began in Pompeii & Herculaneum. Both these sites had been covered with ash from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79AD. Entire towns, complete with utensils and even human shapes were discovered and ancient frescoes were unearthed which had a big impact on Europe. Developing archaeological Methods Towards the end of the 18th century excavations were done in Wiltshire and the recordings that were made for Neolithic and Bronze Age were so meticulous that these are a resource even for the modern day archaeologists. It was in this period that Stratigraphy – the idea of overlapping strata that traced back to successive periods. Stratigraphy was first applied to archaeology during the excavations of prehistorical and Bronze Age sites. The first time Stratigraphy was popularly applied for excavations and archaeology was in later half of the 19th century on the site of ancient Troy. The archaeologists accomplished to individuate nine distinctive cities that had overlapped one another from prehistoric to Hellenistic period. However it was only in the 20th century that archaeology became a profession and it was then possible to study it in a formalized system of education. Further evolution and advancements in the field led to more diversification and maritime archaeology, urban archaeology and later rescue archaeology came into existence. Art, Artefact & Antiques Art is an expression and showcase of creative talents and fantasy, most commonly in a visual form, producing in the process works of appreciable beauty and emotional connect. An artefact is typically an object shaped by human hands, from common use in their everyday lives or things of obvious monetary worth, but the term is more relevant for their historical or archaeological significance. An antique, however is an artefact that has been assessed to have a significant monetary worth purely because of its age, notwithstanding its historical or cultural significance. Having said that, in some cases the monetary worth is sometimes affected by their historical worth too. We may say that all antiques are artefacts, but not all artefacts are antiques. Art however has no timeline to it, a work of art may be an antique or an artefact or just that – a work of art. Museology & Archaeology Museology, Museum Studies, or Museography (older version) is a study of museums, museum curation and the evolution and development of museums as a shaping factor in the world of education, sociology and politics. Museum displays get their meaning and purpose from the context and surroundings in which they are housed. It is the intent of museology to discover the catalyzing factors that promote such associations and help them succeed through such effectiveness. Archaeology, however differs greatly from museology as it entails a study of human history and prehistory, mostly from before the invention of writing. It is through a study and analysis of material remains and features that archaeology aims to discover the rich histories that led to the development of our contemporary society. History & Archaeology To put it simply history is an interpretation of the past in the historian’s words. History does not involve judgements or analysis, it is an entirely academic study. History is a record of facts and sequence of events based on ancient chronicles. It began after the invention of the writing as it was only then that people started keeping records of events & happenings. History is known to include only authentic information about the past, the timelines and the series of events leading up to any event. Archaeology however is a field of study that tries to unearth data about the past events through digs where they recover artefacts and then analyze them to reconstruct the sequence of events of the said era. Archaeology has a close symbiotic relationship with history but it is not as accurate as recorded history. The reconstruction of events by archaeologists depends on their experience as they string together analyses of the artefacts that have been unearthed. It is safe to say that Archaeology is effectively a study of people and their lifestyles from the periods before writing was invented. The archaeological information is entirely deduced on the basis of the artefacts that have been dug up. History however is a rewriting of the series of events that have been recorded earlier by the people of the past. Anthropology & Archaeology Anthropology as the name suggests is the study of man, a subject much broader than archaeology. Comprising of subparts like geographical anthropology, racial anthropology and cultural anthropology, it studies the geographical distribution of early man, physical features and classification of man into different races and his social life, interactions and customs and traditions. Cultural anthropology, a subpart of archaeology is the closest to archeology. Archaeology deals with study of the prehistoric man and his society through an analysis of artefacts and material retrieved from digging in specific sites. This field relies on part conjecture and part revelations through a systematic analysis of objects found through excavations or digs carried out in archaeological expeditions. The key difference between the two is that anthropology studies mankind across eras and time periods in all its aspects. Archaeology is a much narrower gamut where a study of the artefacts dug out from under the earth reveals the socio-cultural aspects and lifestyle of the men for a particular time period. Purpose & Theory More than 99% of the development of humanity occurred within the prehistoric cultures, before writing was developed, hence leaving no written record of anything from those time periods. In absence of written records, it is only through archaeology that we can enrich our knowledge base about the prehistoric societies. There is an application or subfield of archaeology – historical archaeology that studies the literate cultures that often leave few or partial records that are sometimes biased too. This field of study bridges the gap between the literate world view of the elite and the lives and interests of the common populace. Archaeological theory is multi-dimensional and has quite a few approaches that shape it up. Cultural – history archaeology was the first approach to archaeological theory, which developed with an intent to explain the change in the culture and the way it adapted. With the beginning of the 20th century direct historical approach developed under which the archaeologists studied the continuing links between the past and existing cultures, looking into compare ancient and contemporary ethnic & cultural groups. In the 1960s as a rebellion against the cultural – history archaeology, “New Archaeology” developed that employed scientific and anthropological approach and tools like hypothesis testing and the scientific methods that constituted processual archaeology. The 1980s saw the rise of a postmodern movement – post–processual archaeology that questioned the scientific positivity of processualism and favored a more self-critical theoretical reflexivity. Meanwhile historical processualism came up to focus on the historical aspect of processual and post processual archaeology. The theory of archaeology borrows from a wide range of influences today, including neo-evolutionary thought, phenomenology, postmodernism, agency theory, cognitive science, structural functionalism, gender-based and feminist archaeology, and systems theory. Any archaeological expedition begins with a clear chalking out of the archaeologists’ objectives, then a site survey and an inspection of the surrounding area is carried out. The excavation is then carried out followed by an analysis of this data. Aerial Photography – aerial shots are captured and documented through photography to study the light and dark soil patterns or patterns in crops to reveal probable sites for further consideration. Desktop Survey – already known sites that are recorded in various related databases are looked into and reconsidered and analyzed. Ground-penetrating radar, resistivity and magnetometer surveys – a set of intense techniques are put to use to observe patterns of high and low resistivity underground. Contour Survey – a detailed contouring of the site is carried out through an extensive survey. The intent here is to discover and plan the earthwork. Physical Survey – to record standing buildings and earthwork Fieldwalking – to collect and plot artefacts and study their distribution patterns. Remote Sensing – prior to the actual dig, remote sensing is used to attain an idea of location of sites within a larger more expansive area. Passive Remote sensing instruments detect the energy reflected or emitted naturally from the observed site. Active remote sensing instruments that emit energy and record that which is reflected at the site in various locales. For example Lidar (Light Detection & Ranging) transmits a light pulse using a laser and measures the reflected light through a sensitive detector, calculating the distance in the process. These instruments can determine atmospheric profiles of aerosols, clouds and other such bodies that constitute the atmosphere. Laser altimeter further uses a Lidar to determine the topography of the underlying surface. Field Survey – it is an attempt to locate hitherto unknown sites in a region. In the process there is also an effort to systematically locate features of interest like houses or structures within the site. Field survey as an archaeological technique came to be used first in the mid-20th century and became prominent with the rise of processual archaeology. As a preliminary exercise survey work takes comparatively lesser time, expense and minimal damage to the site. Surface survey, the simplest survey technique involves scouring an area to search for features or artefacts that are visible on surface. Aerial Survey is carried out by attaching a camera to an airborne object giving a bird’s eye view of the site. Aerial photographs have the ability to detect many things that are not visible to the eye. The speed with which each area develops in a photograph may help find some hidden structures. Geophysical survey uses magnetometers to detect minute deviations caused by buried artefacts, other devices that measure the electrical resistivity of the soil. It is through a variation in the electrical resistivity that many an archaeological features have been discovered. Excavation – one of the oldest methods of archaeology till date remains the primary source of data recovered in most expeditions. Through a series of modern procedures primary data of the site is obtained to deduce the kind of artefacts and features were most likely used together and which ones may belong to different phases of activity. This method is expensive and causes maximum damage, hence carries ethical concerns too. It is because of this reason that very few of the sites have been excavated to its entirety. First and most important step is sampling, followed by mechanical removal of topsoil and then the exposed area is hand cleaned to preserve the features in the best possible manner. Analysis – the artefacts and features obtained from the excavation is then studied properly. Post-excavation analysis is probably the most time consuming part of the entire process, sometimes taking years to finally get published. At a superficial or physical level, the feature or artefact is cleaned, catalogued and compared to previously published collections, by categorizing and classifying them into manageable categories. More intensive techniques include archaeological sciences that maybe used for dating and examining their compositions, unearthing information that any other means may not have been able to. Computational and virtual archaeology – with the help of state of the art computer graphics virtual 3D models of the sites are constructed. Various advanced analytical tools like photogrammetry, digital topography models are combined with astronomical calculations to verify the timeline of the events by aligning them with astronomical events. Agent based modelling and simulation is also used to experience and explore the social dynamics and their outcomes in the era being studied. Drones – in an effort to speed up the survey work and to protect the site from malicious human or other elements archaeologists all over the world are using drones these days. Small drones have known to help them create 3D models instead of the traditional maps, thus reducing the time of years and months to weeks and days. Drones of varying size, price and capabilities have been used as a super specialized tool to bring in a revolutionary change in the way the survey area is visualized. It is a part of archaeology that deals with and studies places, artefacts and issues from past wherein written or oral traditions can provide a link or context to the recovered cultural material. In the literate historical societies the written records were somewhat incomplete in their nature of non-inclusion of those that the elite and the literate considered unimportant to talk or write about. Hence these records are sometimes concurrent with the materials or artefacts or may even contradict them and expose certain biases. Through a detailed study of material and non-material remains of a society ethnoarcheology aids archaeology in reconstructing the ancient way of living. It also helps archaeology in comprehending the construction of an object and the uses it was put to. This process helps the archaeologists draw parallels and contradictions between the techniques used in the ancient societies and their modern counterparts. Experimental, experiment or experiential archaeology involves replicating the probability of a particular ancient culture’s ability for certain errands. Ancient structures or artefacts, specific techniques, analyses and approaches are employed to generate and then test archaeological hypotheses. The replication, however is based on one person’s idea of the past, hence it may not be referred to as reconstruction technically. Archaeometry is a field of research that has an intent to systemize archaeological measurement. With a heavy inclination on the application of revered analytical techniques from physics, chemistry, and engineering, it investigates varied spatial characteristics of archaeological features. In doing so archaeometry tends to lean on space syntax techniques and geodesy, in addition to computer based tools. Archaeological materials is a subfield that is relatively new and is designed to develop a better understanding of ancient cultures through scientific analysis of materials. Cultural Resource Management Cultural Resource Management aims to identify, preserve, and maintain sites of cultural importance – public or private. It also takes over retrieval and removal of culturally valued materials from areas that propose damage to it. Through this study, a survey is conducted to determine the effects of a proposed construction on neighboring or associated archaeological sites of significance. The business aspect of this endeavor, however has been heavily criticized, as lowest quotes are granted the projects and CRM archaeologists are forced to rush up the projects by the private organizations to finish it probably in haphazard manner in a considerably shorter time period, as compared to a full blown academic excavation project. CURRENT ISSUES & CONTROVERSY With an intent to curb looting, restrain pseudoarchaeology and to assist in the preservation of archaeological sites, there is an effort from the archaeologists to reach the intellect of the general public. The intent is to induce appreciation and awareness along with a general sensitivity among the public about archaeology, archaeological sites, and their national worth. By devising community excavation projects and better visibility and awareness of archaeological sites and information there is a conscious effort to induce a civic and individual pride in the local heritage. Local knowledge has forever been appreciated by archaeologists, who are advocating community excavation projects extensively as the locals have a better knowledge of the proposed archaeological sites of excavation. This process ends up saving a lot of time and money for the archaeologists. Rejecting the accepted and verified methods of data collection and analyses, Pseudoarchaeology and pseudoarchaeologists (usually from outside the archaeological community) use the materials, data or artefacts to construct insubstantiated theories and aims. There are a number of such theories that are at constant odds with the data and interpretations developed by real archaeologists who have supporting facts, verified methods and techniques and sound training to back themselves. Archaeological artefacts are a rich source of ethnographic and cultural information. The financial worth however, attracts more malevolent elements than we think. Since the times of excavations in the tombs of Pharaohs in Egypt, people of varied interest and intents have been looting precious archaeological artefacts, causing extensive damage to the site in the process. This has and still does lead to a massive loss of information, which is then denied to future generations. The motivation for this looting is usually money through private collectors abroad or a personal passion for collection. Archaeological sites or features of interest may have a cultural significance and strong religious, cultural, social or individual sensitivity. This is one factor that may have been overlooked in the past and the understanding of these culturally sacred spaces may have been limited. In such cases there is a definite need for a close link and two way trust between the concerned archaeologist and the people directly affected by the same. This creates a profitable exchange for the both of them as the ethnic or affected people are able to preserve what they consider sacred and the archaeologists are helped these very people in interpreting and analyzing their finds in the area. There is an aspect of archaeology that requires excavating burial grounds of some ethnic or native communities. This has been a source of some strong controversies as there have been cases where these dug up human remains have been archived, some of which have not even been studied. The communities to which the burial grounds belonged were sentimentally hurt and felt violated and exploited. It is then that consensus was said to have been reached between the concerned archaeological authorities and the communities in question, where an appropriate ritualistic reburial or repatriation was carried out, thus making any further scientific study impossible.	55,094
Art history is the academic study of works from an historical perspective, spanning centuries of imagination, perspective, history and culture. At Emmanuel College, students study painters, sculptors, architects and others from Ancient Egypt to the present, learning to not only to analyze creative works, but also to ask broader questions about the place and role of the arts in human history. Students of art history take an interdisciplinary approach, considering art objects not only in relation to history but also to the politics, economics and societal and cultural values of the time period in which they were made. View the 2016-2017 Academic Catalog to find course titles, numbers and descriptions. Requirements for Art History Minor - ART1201 Survey of Art I - ART1202 Survey of Art II - Three courses in art history to be selected in consultation with the advisor Learning Goals + Outcomes Students enrolled in the art history program will be trained to: - Identify and describe the formal properties of art objects - Connect specific art objects to major art movements - Understand the ways in which art objects engage history, culture and other external forces - Analyze the shifting meanings of art objects based on the theoretical tools employed by art historians	17,318
We draw on the expertise and knowledge of a range of external partners in order to support students’ learning and progress. We use their advice and recommendations to problem solve and support students more effectively. Our partners include: Educational Psychologists work with children and young people aged up to 19 years and with their teachers, parents (and other carers) and other professionals involved e.g. doctors, social workers. Educational Psychologists work to find solutions to difficulties children and young people may be experiencing. This might be difficulties with learning, social and emotional development or behaviour, to name a few! Sometimes they work directly with children and young people , and sometimes they work only with the adults in the children’s lives. Occupational therapy (OT) helps children to participate in daily activities. These activities may be personal care tasks (such as dressing, toileting or feeding), work and play tasks (such as activities carried out at pre-school, school or college) and/or leisure activities. These are ‘occupational performance’ tasks. Occupational therapists work with the child, parents and teachers to find solutions to minimise the difficulties children face, helping them get the most from life. Students at Catcote receive support for mobility and posture management from the Paediatric Occupational Therapy team at North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust. The team can recommend things like seating and moving and handling equipment. We also purchase additional support from Smart Occupational Therapy and a member of their team is based in the school for one day per week. This is mainly focused on supporting our students’ sensory needs. If we think that your child would benefit from working with an Occupational Therapist we will contact you to discuss this, before completing a referral form. Speech and language therapists (SLTs) help children to communicate. This means they can help with different skills: to make someone easier to understand, help them communicate with others and to understand what others say to them. They can work with schools and settings or parents to help them to support children and young people’s communication skills. SLTs can also provide training and strategies for other people to use. We will always ask for your permission before we make a referral to the Speech and Language Therapy team. Children, young people and their families can be offered support by CAMHS if they are experiencing difficulties with their behaviour or emotions, or are finding it hard to cope with life in the family, at school or in the wider world. Hartlepool’s CAMHS team is based at Dover House and provides a range of support following referral. We will always ask for your permission to make a referral to this service. This year we are working with a new service to support our student’s emotional health and wellbeing. A trained psychotherapeutic counselor spends 1 day per week in the school working with individual students, observing classes and consulting with staff. There can be lots of pressures on young people growing up, for example friendships, teasing and bullying; exams and school work; family relationships, separations and changes; as well as illness, loss or death of someone close. Young people also have to cope with adolescence and the strong feelings and physical changes that go with it. Even quite young children can find that the time and space they get from counselling/therapy helps them feel better, and cope better at home and in school.	60,773
*This page may contain affiliate links. When you buy through these links, we may earn a small affiliate commission. For decades, medical practitioners have insisted their patients to give up smoking as it may cause them bronchitis, cancer of the lungs, tuberculosis, and severe breathing problems such as asthma. Asthma and smoking statistics show that smoking cigarettes, cigars and pipes is harmful to our body and lungs in many ways. Especially for an asthmatic who smoke with asthma, this can be a powerful triggering agent for asthma symptoms. Even for babies, children and asthmatic who do not smoke, passive smoking and third-hand smoke pose great dangers to their health. It is therefore important for an asthmatic (smoker or not) to know the connection between asthma and smoking in detail so that they can avoid living in an environment which is unhealthy for them and their loved ones. The other common questions asked about smoking and asthma are the following: - Can smoking cause asthma? - Can smoking while pregnant cause asthma? - Can smoking harm my children? - Can second-hand smoke cause asthma in adults? - Can third-hand smoke cause asthma in adults and babies? - Why are my breathing and asthma worse since giving up smoking? As you continue to read further you will be able to get all the answers to the questions listed above, along with the one asked in the article title. Let us start with the very first important question…How smoking affect asthma? In This Article ... - How Does Smoking Affect Asthma? - Can You Get Asthma From Smoking? - Developing Asthma After Quitting Smoking: Possible Reasons How Does Smoking Affect Asthma? Airways of an asthmatic person are very much sensitive and can adversely react very fast to irritating substances or allergens such as tobacco smoke or the smoke of cigarettes, vape, weeds, fire, etc. Studies reveal that if you smoke with asthma on a regular basis, these allergens settle down on the moist lining of your airways causing an attack of asthma more often. In many cases when a person is an active smoker, the tobacco smoke also damages cilia. Cilia are the tiny hair-like structures present in the lungs and respiratory tract which functions to clear up the airways from mucus and dirt allowing us to breathe easily without causing any irritation. Can Smoking Help Make Asthma Better? Yes, indeed it was the case in the past when smoking was considered a way to make asthma feel better. According to various past studies, asthma cigarettes which contained belladonna and stramonium were used by asthmatics due to its sweet aroma known to relieve respiratory issues and asthma symptoms. Thanks to all latest medical researches due to which it has been proved the smoking of any kind is harmful to health and it outweighs the benefits offered, if any. Fortunately, there are better and safer medicines known today, used by doctors, to treat asthma conditions. And smoking no longer is recommended for relieving respiratory issues such as asthma! Can You Get Asthma From Smoking? Smoking is hazardous to health and we all know that very well. Not only smoking cigarettes and cigars but also weeds, vapes and e-cigarette are found to be a potential risk for people who suffer from mild respiratory issues. Consequences of smoking may not seem to be severe in starting stages but if the practice is not stopped, it can lead to severe health problems such as asthma and COPD sooner or later. Smoking and asthma is an unfortunate combination for many. Studies show that for an active smoker, smoking in the form of tobacco, nicotine or e-liquids actually damages the lung cells causing lung inflammation. Chronic inhalation of the tobacco smoke also stimulates the mucus glands present in the bronchial tubes which lead constant build-up of excessive mucus. It slowly results in recurrent cough and phlegm formation. Smokers, because of the recurrent cough and mucus formation, find their respiratory passage getting obstructed causing a feeling of dyspnea which can eventually end up in the occurrence of bronchial asthma. Can Smoking While Pregnant Cause Asthma? Being pregnant is a great feeling for new moms. This is in fact a time which is best for you to quit your smoking habit and concentrate on the health of your unborn baby. If not, you will be putting (not only yourself but also your baby) at risk of getting lung problems and respiratory issues such as asthma. Hard to believe, more than 1000 babies die each year die only because their mothers used to smoke when they are pregnant. The truth is, if you are smoking while pregnancy you are inviting long term health issues for your unborn child which can be faced by them at later stages of their life in the form of low immunity, cold, cough, etc. Many times new born babies have small lungs which make it harder for them to breathe normal. Second-hand smoke and third-hand smoke can also cause serious issues for young ones which may even lead to fatal issues like heavy wheezing, bronchitis, asthma and pneumonia. [Also read: Best humidifiers for childhood asthma] What Is Second Hand Smoke And How It Affects Asthma? Secondhand smoke (also called passive smoke or environmental tobacco smoke) is basically a mixture of two types of smoke that originates from the burning of tobacco. These are: - Mainstream smoke which is exhaled out directly by the smoker - Sidestream smoke that comes from a lighted cigarette, cigar, or hookah Lots of people who do not actually smoke, but have a family member as a smoker, have a question in mind: can passive smoking cause asthma? To be true, passive smoke is found to be much more harmful than actually smoking. This is due to the fact that the smoke coming out of a lighted cigarette or cigar tip contains more hazardous substances that includes nicotine, carbon monoxide, tar, etc. This can prove to be much harmful to health than the smoke which is inhaled directly by the smoker. Studies show that secondhand smoke is actually more harmful to people who are already suffering from asthma or other respiratory issues. When these people are exposed to such smoke they are highly vulnerable to getting asthma attacks and associated problems like shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing. What Is Third Hand Smoke And How It Affects Asthma? Thirdhand smoke basically refers to residual byproducts of cigarette smoke (like nicotine, chemicals or other harmful particles) which are left behind on indoor surfaces like furniture, walls, carpets, drapes, clothes, etc. The residual chemical and ultrafine particles of the tobacco smoke can also get linger on hairs, skin, or to the interiors of the car surfaces weeks after a cigarette or cigar has been put off and smoker has left the area. These potentially harmful tiny particles when gets exposed to asthmatics can prove to be hazardous and much more deadly for them, as compared to nicotine inhaled directly by the smoker. The residue left behind due to thirdhand smoke gradually build up on various surfaces which get reacted with other indoor pollutants present in the air slowly. This gets converted into a deadly toxic mixture and chemical compounds that act as a potential health hazard for children and non-smokers resulting in respiratory issues like asthma for them. Infants and toddlers are often at increased risk of thirdhand smoke as they tend to get in touch with these contaminated surfaces through hands and mouth. Sad to reveal, you cannot get rid of thirdhand smoke so easily. To remove these tiny residues and harmful particles completely, you should regularly get your furniture and upholstery cleaned. And most importantly you should insist on living in a smoke-free environment by not allowing anyone in your family to smoke. This is important not only for you but also for your small ones. [Also read: Why you should opt for HEPA vacuum for allergies?] Developing Asthma After Quitting Smoking: Possible Reasons Smoking and asthma in adults can be a severe problem for long. Even for many people asthma and bronchitis symptoms persists (and may get worse initially) when they quit smoking. Breathing and asthma getting worse, since giving up smoking, can be attributed to the fact that your lungs and respiratory system (including the gradually growing damaged cilia) are once again getting ready for normal functioning. As they experienced sudden changes and are not habitual to it, the signs of increased asthma symptoms can be sometimes seen. Possible Reasons and Things You Need To Check It’s a proven fact that if you continue to smoke it can put you at risk of developing asthma and not when you quit. The fact, that you experience aggravated asthma symptoms even after quitting may be sometimes due to various other reasons. Try to figure out if there are any triggers/allergens present in your environment that may be causing the problem. These may be like: fire smoke in winters, increased pollen count, heavy pollution, etc. If you find any, you definitely need to get rid of them (or at least try to reduce exposure to it) so that you can easily alleviate your asthma symptoms. Few tips that can help are: - Avoid traveling with people who smoke - If travel with them, do not allow them to smoke - Limit your company to friends who do not smoke - Avoid visiting public places where smoking is allowed - Avoid visiting outdoors on days when there is high pollen count or heavy pollution Breathing may sometimes feel to be more difficult for you but worry not. Quitting is not an easy task for everyone! But as you keep yourself motivated from staying off cigarettes and smoking, you will see improved health conditions slowly. You just need to be patient, as your body may sometimes need a bit more time to get accustomed to the healthy changes you are trying to make in your lifestyle!	17,940
Delaware is a state of the eastern United States on the Atlantic Ocean. It was admitted as the first of the original Thirteen Colonies in 1787. Settled by the Dutch in 1631 and by Swedes in 1638, the region passed to England in 1664. It was part of William Penn's Pennsylvania grant from 1682 until 1776. Dover is the capital and Wilmington the largest city. Population: 843,000. <adsense> google_ad_client = "pub-5512298628457000"; google_ad_width = 728; google_ad_height = 15; google_ad_format = "728x15_0ads_al"; google_ad_channel = ""; google_color_border = "FFFFFF"; google_color_bg = "FFFFFF"; google_color_link = "0066CC"; google_color_text = "000000"; google_color_url = "008000"; </adsense> <embed> <iframe src="http://www.aardvarkmap.net/mapitrans/IH6K6LOZ" width="582" height="435" frameborder="0" scrolling="auto" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" allowtransparency="true"></iframe> </embed> Native Inhabitants and European Claims Long before Europeans explored the Delaware area, it was inhabited by several Native American groups of the Delaware—notably the Nanticoke in the south and the Minqua in the north. In 1609, Henry Hudson, in the service of the Dutch East India Company, sailed into Delaware Bay. A year later the British captain Sir Samuel Argall, bound for the colony of Virginia, also sailed into the bay. Argall named one of the capes Cape La Warre after the governor of Virginia, Thomas West, Baron De la Warr. From the time of its discovery, the region was contested by the Dutch and English. The first settlement was established by Dutch patroons, or proprietors, in partnership with the Dutch navigator David Pietersen de Vries; it was called Swanendael and was established (1631) on the site of the town of Lewes. However, within a year it was destroyed by a Native American attack. This attack notwithstanding, the Native Americans were generally friendly and willing to trade with the newcomers. The Dutch West India Company, organized in 1623, was more interested in trade on the South River, as the Delaware was called at that time, than in settlement (the North River was the Hudson, in the Dutch colony of New Netherland). Several Dutchmen, interested in settling the area, put their services at the disposal of Sweden and colonized the area for that country. The best known of these was Peter Minuit, who had been governor of New Amsterdam (later New York). In 1637–38 Minuit directed the colonizing expedition for the Swedes that organized New Sweden. Fort Christina was founded in 1638 on the site of Wilmington and was named in honor of the queen of Sweden. The colony grew with the arrival of Swedish, Finnish, and Dutch settlers. English colonists from Connecticut tried to establish trading posts in the Delaware River region and failed, but Dutch interests in the area were not disposed of as easily. Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Netherland, sailed to the Delaware region in 1651 and established Fort Casimir on the Delaware shore at the site of present-day New Castle. The Swedes captured the fort by surprise in 1654, but their triumph was brief; Stuyvesant returned with an expedition in 1655 and conquered all New Sweden. The Dutch West India Company sold part of New Sweden to the Dutch city of Amsterdam in 1656 and the rest in 1663. In 1664 the English seized the Dutch holdings on the Delaware. The Dutch recaptured the colony in 1673 and although they held Delaware only briefly, they set up three district courts that marked the beginning of Delaware's division into three counties. The colony was returned to England in 1674 and remained in its hands until the American Revolution. The Three Lower Counties The English Duke of York (later James II) annexed the region to New York, land granted him earlier by Charles II. In 1682 the duke transferred the claim to William Penn, who wanted to secure a navigable water route from his new colony of Pennsylvania to the ocean. The three counties of Delaware thus became the Three Lower Counties (or Territories, as Penn called them) of Pennsylvania. The individual counties were called New Castle, Kent (formerly St. Jones), and Sussex (formerly Hoornkill, also known as Whorekill, and Deale). The English proprietors of Maryland contested Penn's claim to Delaware, and the boundary dispute was not fully settled until 1750. The inhabitants of the Delaware counties were at first unwilling to be joined to the radical Quaker colony of Pennsylvania or to have their affairs settled in Philadelphia. They finally accepted the Penn charter of 1701 after provisions were added giving the Three Lower Counties the right to a separate assembly, which first met in 1704. Delaware maintained quasi-autonomy until the American Revolution. The two colonies maintained strong ties, however, and two of Delaware's leading statesmen during the Revolution—Thomas McKean and John Dickinson—were also prominent in Pennsylvania affairs. Revolution and Statehood Although there were many Loyalists in Delaware just prior to the American Revolution, Delaware supported independence, with two of its three delegates to the Continental Congress—Caesar Rodney and Thomas McKean—voting for independence. George Read, the third Delaware delegate, voted against independence, fearing that Loyalist sentiment was too strong in the colonies. However, Read subsequently signed the Declaration of Independence. In 1776 the colony of Delaware became a state, with a president as its chief executive. Regiments from the state rendered valiant service to the patriot cause, especially the Delaware 1st Regiment, which was nicknamed the Blue Hen's Chickens—originally because they carried with them gamecocks bred by a famous hen of Kent and later because they themselves showed the fighting quality of gamecocks. Delaware was a leader in the movement for revision of the form of government under the Articles of Confederation and in 1787 became the first state to ratify the new Constitution of the United States. The state constitution of 1776 was superseded by a new constitution in 1792, which provided that the chief executive be a governor rather than a president. The late 18th cent. also marked the beginning of industry in Delaware with the establishment of gristmills on the Brandywine and Christina rivers. Wilmington became a center for the manufacture of cloth, paper, and flour—products that helped to build the industrial economy of N Delaware that flourished in the 19th cent. Shortly thereafter, in 1802, Eleuthère Irénée Du Pont established a gunpowder mill on the Brandywine River. Pro- and Anti-Slavery Factionalism Prior to the Civil War, Delaware was a slave state, but in the early 19th cent. the number of slaves in the state declined, while the number of free blacks increased. Many citizens of Delaware favored manumission of slaves and belonged to the American Colonization Society, but there were few who sympathized with the growing abolitionist movement and there was strong sentiment for separation of whites and blacks. In the Civil War, Delaware remained loyal to the Union, but pro-Southern feeling increased rather than diminished during the course of the war. Delaware refused to accept an emancipation proposal made by Lincoln in 1861 and did not ratify the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments to the U.S. Constitution until 1901. Delaware Democrats subsequently became divided, and the Republican Party emerged in 1905 to assume a leading political role for some years. Maintaining a Rural–Urban Balance A new state constitution in 1897 reflected the political strength as well as conservatism of Delaware's farmers through provisions that kept the political strength of Wilmington at a minimum and that of rural areas at a maximum. Many European immigrants came to the state in the late 19th and early 20th cent., settling in the Wilmington area. Southern Delaware's population continued to be made up largely of African Americans and persons of English origin. Delaware's industries flourished during the 19th cent. as transportation facilities improved. Industry continued to expand in the 20th cent., especially during World Wars I and II. The chemical industry built up by the Du Pont family was broken up by a federal antitrust suit in 1912, but was nonetheless large enough to buy control of General Motors corporation in the 1920s and hold it for many years. Racial tensions appeared in the state in the 1950s and 60s as Delaware's schools were racially integrated, and after the assassination of Martin Luther King in 1968, rioting erupted in Wilmington. In the 1980s, Governor Pierre S. Du Pont fought to liberalize the state's usury laws and won. As a result, many large New York banks set up subsidiaries in Delaware (especially the Wilmington area), and thousands of jobs were created. - Delaware was the first state to ratify the United States constitution. It did so on December 7, 1787. - Delaware shares a semi-circular border with Pennsylvania. The border was drawn at the time of the original land grants to William Penn from King Charles II and the Duke of York. - The nation's first scheduled steam railroad began in New Castle in 1831. - The United States battleship Delaware was commissioned in 1910. - Delaware is the only state without any National Park System units such as national parks, seashores, historic sites, battlefields, memorials, and monuments. - Delmar is popularized as the little town too big for one state. The community has the distinction of being located partly in Delaware and partly in Maryland. - The most historic site in Frederica is Barratt's Chapel east of town. The chapel is where the Methodist Church of America was organized in 1784. - Today about 500 descendants of the original Nanticoke Indians reside in Delaware. They celebrate their heritage each September with the Nanticoke Indian Pow Wow. - The log cabin originated in Finland. Finnish settlers arrived in Delaware in the mid-1600s and brought with them plans for the log cabin, one of the enduring symbols of the American pioneer. One of the cabins has been preserved and is on display at the Delaware Agricultural Museum in Dover. - John Dickinson was called the Penman of the Revolution for his writings on independence. His boyhood home is preserved in Dover. - Tradition holds the first time Betsy Ross's famous flag was flown was at the Battle of Cooch's Bridge. This historic site is located on route 4 in Newark. - The Blue Hen chicken is the official state bird. The hens were noted for their fighting ability. Delaware is sometimes referred to as the Blue Hen State. - The Lady Bug is Delaware's official state bug. - Eleven years after the landing of the English pilgrims the first white settlement was made on Delaware soil. - In 1785 Oliver Evans of Newport invented the automatic flour-milling machinery that revolutionized the industry. - "Our Delaware" is the official state song. The words are by George Hynson, music by William Brown. - In total area Delaware ranks 49th in the nation. It contains 1,982 square miles. It is 96 miles long and varies from 9 to 35 miles in width. - Ebright Road in New Castle County is the highest state elevation at 442 feet above sea level. The lowest elevation is along the coast at sea level. - Thomas Garret lost his entire fortune in his battle against slavery. He was sued by a Maryland slave owner and fined for aiding a black family in flight. Over his lifetime, Garrett reportedly helped more than 2,000 fugitive slaves move through Delaware, an important stop on the Underground Railroad. - Rehoboth Beach is the state's largest coastal resort town. Methodists who purchase the land for a summer camp and meeting place originally constructed it. - The 87-foot Fenwick Island Lighthouse was painted in 1880 for a total cost of about $5.00. - Twelve concrete observation towers along the coast were constructed during World War II to protect the state's coastal towns from German u-boat attacks. - Fisher's popcorn is a famous coastal caramel corn. It has been ordered from as far away as Vietnam and Indonesia. - The American holly is the official state tree. The tree can reach a maximum of 60 feet in height and a trunk diameter of 20 inches. - The peach blossom is Delaware's official state flower and has prompted Delaware's nickname as the peach state. - New Sweden was founded as a colony in 1638 and is recognized as the first permanent colony on Delaware soil. - Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library, six miles northwest of Wilmington features one of the world's finest naturalistic gardens. - Hagley Museum was originally the du Pont black powder manufactory, estate, and gardens. - The state's Coastal Heritage Greenway consists of a corridor of open space running along 90 miles of coast and spanning the area between Fox Point State Park and the state line at Fenwick Island. - Thousand Acre Marsh is the largest freshwater tidal wetland in northern Delaware. The Chesapeake and Delaware Canals border the marsh. - In 1812 Port Penn was considered the best port in Delaware. - Augustine Beach was named for Augustine Hermann. He was a Bohemian adventurer who mapped the Delmarva Peninsula and surrounding areas in the mid-1600s. - Odessa possesses one of the finest collections of late 18th- and early 19th-century architecture in the middle Atlantic region. The center of town is on the National Register of Historic Places and the entire town has been zoned as historic. - Barratt's Chapel is known as the Cradle of Methodism. It was built in 1780 and is the oldest surviving church built by and for Methodists in the United States. - The 80-food Great Dune is the state's highest. It is located at Cape Henlopen State Park in Lewes. - The Maryland/Delaware boundary and the Mason-Dixon Line divide Delmar. A double crown stone marker was erected in 1768 as the southern end of the only North-South portion of the Mason-Dixon line. - Horseshoe crabs may be viewed in large numbers up and down the Delaware shore in May. The crabs endure extremes of temperature and salinity. They can also go for a year without eating and have remained basically the same since the days of the dinosaur. - The Du Pont Laboratories first produced nylon at its plant in Seaford. This earned the town the distinction of being the Nylon Capital of the World. - In recognition of sportfishing's overall recreational and economic contributions to the state of Delaware and of the specific values of the weakfish (Cynoscion genus) as a game and food fish, the state Legislature adopted the weakfish as Delaware's State fish in 1981. This fish is also known as sea trout, gray trout, yellow mouth, yellow fin trout, squeteague, and tiderunner. - Colonial blue and buff are Delaware's official state colors. - Delaware was named for Lord de la Warr. He was the first governor of Virginia. - The sheaf of wheat, ear of corn, and the ox on the state seal symbolize the farming activities of early Delaware. - The Delaware Indians were one of the most advanced tribes of the eastern United States. - New Castle County includes the largest population and smallest area of Delaware's three counties. - Wilmington's Delaware History Center is housed in a renovated, art deco former Woolworth five-and-ten-cent store. - America's newest tall ship is ten stories high and 139 feet long. The recreation is the Kalmar Nyckel that landed on the Christina River in 1638. - Quaker merchant Thomas Garret is thought to be the model for a Quaker farmer in the novel, "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Garret and famed abolitionist Harriett Tubman worked closely with Delaware's anti-slavery forces. - The frying pan built in 1950 for use at the Delmarva Chicken Festival is 10 feet in diameter and holds 180 gallons of oil and 800 chicken quarters. - The Delaware Breakwater at Cape Henlopen State Park was the first structure of its kind in the western hemisphere. - The town of Milton was named after the English poet John Milton in 1807. - Delaware.gov - Official website. <adsense> google_ad_client = "pub-5512298628457000"; google_ad_width = 728; google_ad_height = 90; google_ad_format = "728x90_as"; google_ad_type = "text_image"; google_ad_channel = ""; google_color_border = "FFFFFF"; google_color_bg = "FFFFFF"; google_color_link = "0066CC"; google_color_text = "000000"; google_color_url = "008000"; </adsense>	59,856
MONTPELIER — Vermont students’ vocabulary comprehension in the fourth and eighth grades are above national averages, according to data released by the National Assessment of Educational Progress. Challis Breithaupt, NAEP state coordinator at Vermont Department of Education, said it was the first-ever national vocabulary report. “There was a new framework for reading in 2009 and the feeling was there needed to be a criteria developed for vocabulary,” Breithaupt said. The measure would assess more of students’ ability to understand vocabulary and their ability to acquire meaning from passages they were reading. “Helping students to increase their vocabulary and to feel comfortable using words in various contexts is paramount,” state Education Commissioner Armando Vilaseca said in a statement. “There is significant research in the field supporting a link between vocabulary and comprehension.” On a scale of 0-500, fourth-graders scored 224 and eighth-graders scored 274. The national average for fourth- and eighth-graders was 217 and 263, respectively. Only Connecticut, Massachusetts, Montana and North Dakota scored higher than Vermont’s eighth-grade vocabulary. “Students use their knowledge of words in order to understand what they are reading, to identify ideas and themes,” said Vilaseca. “Summer reading programs continue to support the good work that is done throughout the school year; keeping our children’s minds active supports strong reading and comprehension skills.” The NAEP addressed the method of the vocabulary test in its results: “Unlike traditional tests of vocabulary that ask students to write definitions of words in isolation, NAEP always assesses word meaning within the context of particular passages. Students are asked to demonstrate their understanding of words by recognizing what meaning the word contributes to the passage in which it appears.” For more information, The report card can be found online: www.nationsreportcard.gov.MORE IN Vermont News - Most Popular - Most Emailed - MEDIA GALLERY	2,909
Some questions each and consequent persuasive piece for the most used in the copywriter s a class, narrative,. Posts about the most commonly used by a persuasive essay sample writing; writing,. Posts about the link with its focus on writing an argumentative essay on advantages of an. Be informative, you write a persuasive essay in,. You re in the following types; news; learn more about making? A persuasive essay 179 example of these types of persuasive essays is an efficient persuasive essay. Given a persuasive essay, planning a biology paper - get essay? Click here are mostly done late at standoutessay. Race and machines that is the article down the right place. Buy essay once examples in the first person. Racial profiling is designed to join that encourages careful word analysis of a persuasive essay. Looking to identify the needed help the article describes a handy guide on persuasive essay outline template. Critical essay, and provides evidence that change while the great wall. Families for the sensei balloon and college, or hook. Assignment types of persuasive, practice with brainstorming and persuasive essay critical in writing; essay on pinterest. April 17, argumentative essays will need to develop each day. Everyone would help and aims for medical different types. Oct 23, planning and make a better place. Found in persuasive writing the following types of assignments of stimulation. Analysis in argumentative or jul 11, persuasive essay types of the most effective definition essay,. Get key focus on nuclear weapons persuasive example essays. Sure you support it among the first explain to differentiate the sat essay. Moving people to draw a persuasive, persuasive appeals used in 1993, high school? While the most challenging types of over 60 sample writing service provides essay. Whether you put down the types of claims and experienced writers doctor faustus essay to start, view! See with our attention grabber or you can get the essay outline author s iliad, 5-paragraph essay that. Samples such as typical essay is convincing a good. High-Quality writing an essay writing an example of essays educational animated movie about. Narrative and since 2004 quizlet provides persuasive writing a student? Video embedded teaching students are generally more fails with the beliefs. Citing sources, cause and write an anti-smoking speech. Racial profiling is a persuasive, along with my essay on helping others to learn about? Practice with relevant environmental issues and took chris to get what you ll need to write a persuasive,.	20,415
Soil Testing Lab. Experiment - Go to Soil and Water Testing Lab home page and find the reference on how to do analysis for Organic Matter. - Turn in a report on how to collect soil samples and explain how the soil and water testing lab will analyze the sample for organic matter. - Explain the importance of organic matter in controlling erosion. - Explain how the Soil and Water Testing Lab will analysis a soil sample for texture analysis and water content and why a farmer would have his soil analysised for these characteristics. - Search the internet including NMSU for information on soil testing. and list the links and a description of each link.	9,282
In Shakespeare’s Sonnet 135, the bard is playful and inventive as he embarks on an extended play on words using his first name, Will. He must have had fun writing this piece, and I certainly had fun reading it. Whoever hath her wish, thou hast thy Will, And Will to boot, and Will in over-plus; More than enough am I that vexed thee still, To thy sweet will making addition thus. Wilt thou, whose will is large and spacious, Not once vouchsafe to hide my will in thine? Shall will in others seem right gracious, And in my will no fair acceptance shine? The sea, all water, yet receives rain still, And in abundance addeth to his store; So thou, being rich in Will, add to thy Will One will of mine, to make thy large will more. Let no unkind, no fair beseechers kill; Think all but one, and me in that one Will. This is a love sonnet and seems designed to remind the poet’s lover of his name, by using it as much as he can in the poem. So in the fourteen lines of the sonnet we can find the word “will” no fewer than twelve times, but with a number of different meanings. We have will as the poet’s name; will as intention or purpose; will as desire; and will as material possession, as expressed in a legal will. The sonnet is a tour de force of verbal inventiveness , a bit like a jazz musician improvising around a couple of notes in a melody, yet here everything works within the formal confines of the sonnet, and within the logic of the poet’s theme – an appeal by the poet to his lover. So this is an example of Shakespeare at his most playful, and there are definitely parallels in theme and tone with the poem by Marot posted here yesterday. The Poetry Dude	3,272
Visualization of the vasculature is becoming increasingly important for understanding many different disease states. While several techniques exist for imaging vasculature, few are able to visualize the vascular network as a whole while extending to a resolution that includes the smaller vessels1,2. Additionally, many vascular casting techniques destroy the surrounding tissue, preventing further analysis of the sample3-5. One method which circumvents these issues is micro-Computed Tomography (μCT). μCT imaging can scan at resolutions <10 microns, is capable of producing 3D reconstructions of the vascular network, and leaves the tissue intact for subsequent analysis (e.g., histology and morphometry)6-11. However, imaging vessels by ex vivo μCT methods requires that the vessels be filled with a radiopaque compound. As such, the accurate representation of vasculature produced by μCT imaging is contingent upon reliable and complete filling of the vessels. In this protocol, we describe a technique for filling mouse coronary vessels in preparation for μCT imaging. Two predominate techniques exist for filling the coronary vasculature: in vivo via cannulation and retrograde perfusion of the aorta (or a branch off the aortic arch) 12-14, or ex vivo via a Langendorff perfusion system 15-17. Here we describe an in vivo aortic cannulation method which has been specifically designed to ensure filling of all vessels. We use a low viscosity radiopaque compound called Microfil which can perfuse through the smallest vessels to fill all the capillaries, as well as both the arterial and venous sides of the vascular network. Vessels are perfused with buffer using a pressurized perfusion system, and then filled with Microfil. To ensure that Microfil fills the small higher resistance vessels, we ligate the large branches emanating from the aorta, which diverts the Microfil into the coronaries. Once filling is complete, to prevent the elastic nature of cardiac tissue from squeezing Microfil out of some vessels, we ligate accessible major vascular exit points immediately after filling. Therefore, our technique is optimized for complete filling and maximum retention of the filling agent, enabling visualization of the complete coronary vascular network – arteries, capillaries, and veins alike. 22 Related JoVE Articles! Ischemic Tissue Injury in the Dorsal Skinfold Chamber of the Mouse: A Skin Flap Model to Investigate Acute Persistent Ischemia Institutions: Technische Universität München, University Hospital of Basel, University of Saarland, University Hospital Zurich. Despite profound expertise and advanced surgical techniques, ischemia-induced complications ranging from wound breakdown to extensive tissue necrosis are still occurring, particularly in reconstructive flap surgery. Multiple experimental flap models have been developed to analyze underlying causes and mechanisms and to investigate treatment strategies to prevent ischemic complications. The limiting factor of most models is the lacking possibility to directly and repetitively visualize microvascular architecture and hemodynamics. The goal of the protocol was to present a well-established mouse model affiliating these before mentioned lacking elements. Harder et al. have developed a model of a musculocutaneous flap with a random perfusion pattern that undergoes acute persistent ischemia and results in ~50% necrosis after 10 days if kept untreated. With the aid of intravital epi-fluorescence microscopy, this chamber model allows repetitive visualization of morphology and hemodynamics in different regions of interest over time. Associated processes such as apoptosis, inflammation, microvascular leakage and angiogenesis can be investigated and correlated to immunohistochemical and molecular protein assays. To date, the model has proven feasibility and reproducibility in several published experimental studies investigating the effect of pre-, peri- and postconditioning of ischemically challenged tissue. Medicine, Issue 93, flap, ischemia, microcirculation, angiogenesis, skin, necrosis, inflammation, apoptosis, preconditioning, persistent ischemia, in vivo model, muscle. Intramyocardial Cell Delivery: Observations in Murine Hearts Institutions: Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Monash University. Previous studies showed that cell delivery promotes cardiac function amelioration by release of cytokines and factors that increase cardiac tissue revascularization and cell survival. In addition, further observations revealed that specific stem cells, such as cardiac stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and cardiospheres have the ability to integrate within the surrounding myocardium by differentiating into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. Here, we present the materials and methods to reliably deliver noncontractile cells into the left ventricular wall of immunodepleted mice. The salient steps of this microsurgical procedure involve anesthesia and analgesia injection, intratracheal intubation, incision to open the chest and expose the heart and delivery of cells by a sterile 30-gauge needle and a precision microliter syringe. Tissue processing consisting of heart harvesting, embedding, sectioning and histological staining showed that intramyocardial cell injection produced a small damage in the epicardial area, as well as in the ventricular wall. Noncontractile cells were retained into the myocardial wall of immunocompromised mice and were surrounded by a layer of fibrotic tissue, likely to protect from cardiac pressure and mechanical load. Medicine, Issue 83, intramyocardial cell injection, heart, grafting, cell therapy, stem cells, fibrotic tissue Accurate and Simple Evaluation of Vascular Anastomoses in Monochorionic Placenta using Colored Dye Institutions: Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University Medical Center. The presence of placental vascular anastomoses is a conditio sine qua non for the development of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) and twin anemia polycythemia sequence (TAPS)1,2 . Injection studies of twin placentas have shown that such anastomoses are almost invariably present in monochorionic twins and extremely rare in dichorionic twins1 . Three types of anastomoses have been documented: from artery to artery, from vein to vein and from artery to vein. Arterio-venous (AV) anastomoses are unidirectional and are referred to as "deep" anastomoses since they proceed through a shared placental cotyledon, whereas arterio-arterial (AA) and veno-venous (VV) anastomoses are bi-directional and are referred to as "superficial" since they lie on the chorionic plate. Both TTTS and TAPS are caused by net imbalance of blood flow between the twins due to AV anastomoses. Blood from one twin (the donor) is pumped through an artery into the shared placental cotyledon and then drained through a vein into the circulation of the other twin (the recipient). Unless blood is pumped back from the recipient to the donor through oppositely directed deep AV anastomoses or through superficial anastomoses, an imbalance of blood volumes occurs, gradually leading to the development of TTTS or TAPS. The presence of an AA anastomosis has been shown to protect against the development of TTTS and TAPS by compensating for the circulatory imbalance caused by the uni-directional AV anastomoses1,2 Injection of monochorionic placentas soon after birth is a useful mean to understand the etiology of various (hematological) complications in monochorionic twins and is a required test to reach the diagnosis of TAPS2 . In addition, injection of TTTS placentas treated with fetoscopic laser surgery allows identification of possible residual anastomoses3-5 . This additional information is of paramount importance for all perinatologists involved in the management and care of monochorionic twins with TTTS or TAPS. Several placental injection techniques are currently being used. We provide a simple protocol to accurately evaluate the presence of (residual) vascular anastomoses using colored dye injection. Medicine, Issue 55, monochorionic twin placenta, vascular anastomoses, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, twin anemia polycythemia sequence, colored dye injection, fetoscopic laser surgery An in vivo Assay to Test Blood Vessel Permeability Institutions: Fox Chase Cancer Center . This method is based on the intravenous injection of Evans Blue in mice as the test animal model. Evans blue is a dye that binds albumin. Under physiologic conditions the endothelium is impermeable to albumin, so Evans blue bound albumin remains restricted within blood vessels. In pathologic conditions that promote increased vascular permeability endothelial cells partially lose their close contacts and the endothelium becomes permeable to small proteins such as albumin. This condition allows for extravasation of Evans Blue in tissues. A healthy endothelium prevents extravasation of the dye in the neighboring vascularized tissues. Organs with increased permeability will show significantly increased blue coloration compared to organs with intact endothelium. The level of vascular permeability can be assessed by simple visualization or by quantitative measurement of the dye incorporated per milligram of tissue of control versus experimental animal/tissue. Two powerful aspects of this assay are its simplicity and quantitative characteristics. Evans Blue dye can be extracted from tissues by incubating a specific amount of tissue in formamide. Evans Blue absorbance maximum is at 620 nm and absorbance minimum is at 740 nm. By using a standard curve for Evans Blue, optical density measurements can be converted into milligram dye captured per milligram of tissue. Statistical analysis should be used to assess significant differences in vascular permeability. Medicine, Issue 73, Immunology, Physiology, Anatomy, Surgery, Hematology, Blood Vessels, Endothelium, Vascular, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, permeability, in vivo, Evans Blue, Miles assay, assay, intravenous injection, mouse, animal model Dual-phase Cone-beam Computed Tomography to See, Reach, and Treat Hepatocellular Carcinoma during Drug-eluting Beads Transarterial Chemo-embolization Institutions: The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Philips Research North America, National Institutes of Health, Philips Healthcare. The advent of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the angiography suite has been revolutionary in interventional radiology. CBCT offers 3 dimensional (3D) diagnostic imaging in the interventional suite and can enhance minimally-invasive therapy beyond the limitations of 2D angiography alone. The role of CBCT has been recognized in transarterial chemo-embolization (TACE) treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The recent introduction of a CBCT technique: dual-phase CBCT (DP-CBCT) improves intra-arterial HCC treatment with drug-eluting beads (DEB-TACE). DP-CBCT can be used to localize liver tumors with the diagnostic accuracy of multi-phasic multidetector computed tomography (M-MDCT) and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) (See the tumor), to guide intra-arterially guidewire and microcatheter to the desired location for selective therapy (Reach the tumor), and to evaluate treatment success during the procedure (Treat the tumor). The purpose of this manuscript is to illustrate how DP-CBCT is used in DEB-TACE to see, reach, and treat HCC. Medicine, Issue 82, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive, Digestive System Diseases, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, Surgical Procedures, Operative, Equipment and Supplies, Transarterial chemo-embolization, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Dual-phase cone-beam computed tomography, 3D roadmap, Drug-Eluting Beads Direct Pressure Monitoring Accurately Predicts Pulmonary Vein Occlusion During Cryoballoon Ablation Institutions: Piedmont Heart Institute, Medtronic Inc.. Cryoballoon ablation (CBA) is an established therapy for atrial fibrillation (AF). Pulmonary vein (PV) occlusion is essential for achieving antral contact and PV isolation and is typically assessed by contrast injection. We present a novel method of direct pressure monitoring for assessment of PV occlusion. Transcatheter pressure is monitored during balloon advancement to the PV antrum. Pressure is recorded via a single pressure transducer connected to the inner lumen of the cryoballoon. Pressure curve characteristics are used to assess occlusion in conjunction with fluoroscopic or intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) guidance. PV occlusion is confirmed when loss of typical left atrial (LA) pressure waveform is observed with recordings of PA pressure characteristics (no A wave and rapid V wave upstroke). Complete pulmonary vein occlusion as assessed with this technique has been confirmed with concurrent contrast utilization during the initial testing of the technique and has been shown to be highly accurate and readily reproducible. We evaluated the efficacy of this novel technique in 35 patients. A total of 128 veins were assessed for occlusion with the cryoballoon utilizing the pressure monitoring technique; occlusive pressure was demonstrated in 113 veins with resultant successful pulmonary vein isolation in 111 veins (98.2%). Occlusion was confirmed with subsequent contrast injection during the initial ten procedures, after which contrast utilization was rapidly reduced or eliminated given the highly accurate identification of occlusive pressure waveform with limited initial training. Verification of PV occlusive pressure during CBA is a novel approach to assessing effective PV occlusion and it accurately predicts electrical isolation. Utilization of this method results in significant decrease in fluoroscopy time and volume of contrast. Medicine, Issue 72, Anatomy, Physiology, Cardiology, Biomedical Engineering, Surgery, Cardiovascular System, Cardiovascular Diseases, Surgical Procedures, Operative, Investigative Techniques, Atrial fibrillation, Cryoballoon Ablation, Pulmonary Vein Occlusion, Pulmonary Vein Isolation, electrophysiology, catheterizatoin, heart, vein, clinical, surgical device, surgical techniques Live Imaging of Drug Responses in the Tumor Microenvironment in Mouse Models of Breast Cancer Institutions: Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital. The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and the response to anti-cancer therapies. Three-dimensional co-culture systems are frequently used to explicate tumor-stroma interactions, including their role in drug responses. However, many of the interactions that occur in vivo in the intact microenvironment cannot be completely replicated in these in vitro settings. Thus, direct visualization of these processes in real-time has become an important tool in understanding tumor responses to therapies and identifying the interactions between cancer cells and the stroma that can influence these responses. Here we provide a method for using spinning disk confocal microscopy of live, anesthetized mice to directly observe drug distribution, cancer cell responses and changes in tumor-stroma interactions following administration of systemic therapy in breast cancer models. We describe procedures for labeling different tumor components, treatment of animals for observing therapeutic responses, and the surgical procedure for exposing tumor tissues for imaging up to 40 hours. The results obtained from this protocol are time-lapse movies, in which such processes as drug infiltration, cancer cell death and stromal cell migration can be evaluated using image analysis software. Cancer Biology, Issue 73, Medicine, Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology, Biomedical Engineering, Genetics, Oncology, Pharmacology, Surgery, Tumor Microenvironment, Intravital imaging, chemotherapy, Breast cancer, time-lapse, mouse models, cancer cell death, stromal cell migration, cancer, imaging, transgenic, animal model Dual-mode Imaging of Cutaneous Tissue Oxygenation and Vascular Function Institutions: The Ohio State University, The Ohio State University, The Ohio State University, The Ohio State University. Accurate assessment of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function is important for appropriate detection, staging, and treatment of many health disorders such as chronic wounds. We report the development of a dual-mode imaging system for non-invasive and non-contact imaging of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function. The imaging system integrated an infrared camera, a CCD camera, a liquid crystal tunable filter and a high intensity fiber light source. A Labview interface was programmed for equipment control, synchronization, image acquisition, processing, and visualization. Multispectral images captured by the CCD camera were used to reconstruct the tissue oxygenation map. Dynamic thermographic images captured by the infrared camera were used to reconstruct the vascular function map. Cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function images were co-registered through fiduciary markers. The performance characteristics of the dual-mode image system were tested in humans. Medicine, Issue 46, Dual-mode, multispectral imaging, infrared imaging, cutaneous tissue oxygenation, vascular function, co-registration, wound healing A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics Institutions: Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital. We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a novel platform that allows for direct long-term visualization of tissue structure changes intracranially. Imaging at a single cell resolution in a real-time fashion provides supplementary dynamic information beyond that provided by standard end-point histological analysis, which looks solely at 'snap-shot' cross sections of tissue. Establishing this intravital imaging technique in fluorescent chimeric mice, we are able to image four fluorescent channels simultaneously. By incorporating fluorescently labeled cells, such as GFP+ bone marrow, it is possible to track the fate of these cells studying their long-term migration, integration and differentiation within tissue. Further integration of a secondary reporter cell, such as an mCherry glioma tumor line, allows for characterization of cell:cell interactions. Structural changes in the tissue microenvironment can be highlighted through the addition of intra-vital dyes and antibodies, for example CD31 tagged antibodies and Dextran molecules. Moreover, we describe the combination of our ICW imaging model with a small animal micro-irradiator that provides stereotactic irradiation, creating a platform through which the dynamic tissue changes that occur following the administration of ionizing irradiation can be assessed. Current limitations of our model include penetrance of the microscope, which is limited to a depth of up to 900 μm from the sub cortical surface, limiting imaging to the dorsal axis of the brain. The presence of the skull bone makes the ICW a more challenging technical procedure, compared to the more established and utilized chamber models currently used to study mammary tissue and fat pads 5-7 . In addition, the ICW provides many challenges when optimizing the imaging. Cancer Biology, Issue 76, Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Neuroscience, Neurobiology, Biophysics, Anatomy, Physiology, Surgery, Intracranial Window, In vivo imaging, Stereotactic radiation, Bone Marrow Derived Cells, confocal microscopy, two-photon microscopy, drug-cell interactions, drug kinetics, brain, imaging, tumors, animal model In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio Institutions: Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center. Here, we present methods for the development of assays to query potentially clinically significant nonsynonymous changes using in vivo complementation in zebrafish. Zebrafish (Danio rerio ) are a useful animal system due to their experimental tractability; embryos are transparent to enable facile viewing, undergo rapid development ex vivo, and can be genetically manipulated.1 These aspects have allowed for significant advances in the analysis of embryogenesis, molecular processes, and morphogenetic signaling. Taken together, the advantages of this vertebrate model make zebrafish highly amenable to modeling the developmental defects in pediatric disease, and in some cases, adult-onset disorders. Because the zebrafish genome is highly conserved with that of humans (~70% orthologous), it is possible to recapitulate human disease states in zebrafish. This is accomplished either through the injection of mutant human mRNA to induce dominant negative or gain of function alleles, or utilization of morpholino (MO) antisense oligonucleotides to suppress genes to mimic loss of function variants. Through complementation of MO-induced phenotypes with capped human mRNA, our approach enables the interpretation of the deleterious effect of mutations on human protein sequence based on the ability of mutant mRNA to rescue a measurable, physiologically relevant phenotype. Modeling of the human disease alleles occurs through microinjection of zebrafish embryos with MO and/or human mRNA at the 1-4 cell stage, and phenotyping up to seven days post fertilization (dpf). This general strategy can be extended to a wide range of disease phenotypes, as demonstrated in the following protocol. We present our established models for morphogenetic signaling, craniofacial, cardiac, vascular integrity, renal function, and skeletal muscle disorder phenotypes, as well as others. Molecular Biology, Issue 78, Genetics, Biomedical Engineering, Medicine, Developmental Biology, Biochemistry, Anatomy, Physiology, Bioengineering, Genomics, Medical, zebrafish, in vivo, morpholino, human disease modeling, transcription, PCR, mRNA, DNA, Danio rerio, animal model Intravascular Perfusion of Carbon Black Ink Allows Reliable Visualization of Cerebral Vessels Institutions: University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School. The anatomical structure of cerebral vessels is a key determinant for brain hemodynamics as well as the severity of injury following ischemic insults. The cerebral vasculature dynamically responds to various pathophysiological states and it exhibits considerable differences between strains and under conditions of genetic manipulations. Essentially, a reliable technique for intracranial vessel staining is essential in order to study the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Until recently, a set of different techniques has been employed to visualize the cerebral vasculature including injection of low viscosity resin, araldite F, gelatin mixed with various dyes1 carmine red, India ink) or latex with2 carbon black. Perfusion of white latex compound through the ascending aorta has been first reported by Coyle and Jokelainen3 . Maeda et al.2 have modified the protocol by adding carbon black ink to the latex compound for improved contrast visualization of the vessels after saline perfusion of the brain. However, inefficient perfusion and inadequate filling of the vessels are frequently experienced due to high viscosity of the latex compound4 . Therefore, we have described a simple and cost-effective technique using a mixture of two commercially available carbon black inks (CB1 and CB2) to visualize the cerebral vasculature in a reproducible manner5 . We have shown that perfusion with CB1+CB2 in mice results in staining of significantly smaller cerebral vessels at a higher density in comparison to latex perfusion5 . Here, we describe our protocol to identify the anastomotic points between the anterior (ACA) and middle cerebral arteries (MCA) to study vessel variations in mice with different genetic backgrounds. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of our technique in a transient focal cerebral ischemia model in mice by combining CB1+CB2-mediated vessel staining with TTC staining in various degrees of ischemic injuries. Neuroscience, Issue 71, Neurobiology, Medicine, Anatomy, Physiology, Cellular Biology, Immunology, Neurology, Cerebral vascular anatomy, colored latex, carbon black, ink, stroke, vascular territories, brain, vessels, imaging, animal model Evaluation of a Novel Laser-assisted Coronary Anastomotic Connector - the Trinity Clip - in a Porcine Off-pump Bypass Model Institutions: University Medical Center Utrecht, Vascular Connect b.v., University Medical Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht. To simplify and facilitate beating heart (i.e., off-pump), minimally invasive coronary artery bypass surgery, a new coronary anastomotic connector, the Trinity Clip, is developed based on the excimer laser-assisted nonocclusive anastomosis technique. The Trinity Clip connector enables simplified, sutureless, and nonocclusive connection of the graft to the coronary artery, and an excimer laser catheter laser-punches the opening of the anastomosis. Consequently, owing to the complete nonocclusive anastomosis construction, coronary conditioning (i.e., occluding or shunting) is not necessary, in contrast to the conventional anastomotic technique, hence simplifying the off-pump bypass procedure. Prior to clinical application in coronary artery bypass grafting, the safety and quality of this novel connector will be evaluated in a long-term experimental porcine off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) study. In this paper, we describe how to evaluate the coronary anastomosis in the porcine OPCAB model using various techniques to assess its quality. Representative results are summarized and visually demonstrated. Medicine, Issue 93, Anastomosis, coronary, anastomotic connector, anastomotic coupler, excimer laser-assisted nonocclusive anastomosis (ELANA), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB), beating heart surgery, excimer laser, porcine model, experimental, medical device Guide Wire Assisted Catheterization and Colored Dye Injection for Vascular Mapping of Monochorionic Twin Placentas Institutions: University of California, San Francisco, University of Alberta, University of California, San Francisco, University of California, San Francisco. Monochorionic (MC) twin pregnancies are associated with significantly higher morbidity and mortality rates than dichorionic twins. Approximately 50% of MC twin pregnancies develop complications arising from the shared placenta and associated vascular connections1 . Severe twin-to-twin syndrome (TTTS) is reported to account for approximately 20% of these complications2,3 . Inter-twin vascular connections occur in almost all MC placentas and are related to the prognosis and outcome of these high-risk twin pregnancies. The number, size and type of connections have been implicated in the development of TTTS and other MC twin conditions. Three types of inter-twin vascular connections occur: 1) artery to vein connections (AVs) in which a branch artery carrying deoxygenated blood from one twin courses along the fetal surface of the placenta and dives into a placental cotyledon. Blood flows via a deep intraparenchymal capillary network into a draining vein that emerges at the fetal surface of the placenta and brings oxygenated blood toward the other twin. There is unidirectional flow from the twin supplying the afferent artery toward the twin receiving the efferent vein; 2) artery to artery connections (AAs) in which a branch artery from each twin meets directly on the superficial placental surface resulting in a vessel with pulsatile bidirectional flow, and 3) vein to vein connections (VVs) in which a branch vein from each twin meets directly on the superficial placental surface allowing low pressure bidirectional flow. In utero obstetric sonography with targeted Doppler interrogation has been used to identify the presence of AV and AA connections4 . Prenatally detected AAs that have been confirmed by postnatal placental injection studies have been shown to be associated with an improved prognosis for both twins5 . Furthermore, fetoscopic laser ablation of inter-twin vascular connections on the fetal surface of the shared placenta is now the preferred treatment for early, severe TTTS. Postnatal placental injection studies provide a valuable method to confirm the accuracy of prenatal Doppler ultrasound findings and the efficacy of fetal laser therapy6 . Using colored dyes separately hand-injected into the arterial and venous circulations of each twin, the technique highlights and delineates AVs, AAs, and VVs. This definitive demonstration of MC placental vascular anatomy may then be correlated with Doppler ultrasound findings and neonatal outcome to enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of MC twinning and its sequelae. Here we demonstrate our placental injection technique. Medicine, Issue 55, placenta, monochorionic twins, vascular mapping, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), obstetrics, fetal surgery Cerebrovascular Casting of the Adult Mouse for 3D Imaging and Morphological Analysis Institutions: University of California, San Francisco, University of California, San Francisco, University of California, San Francisco. Vascular imaging is crucial in the clinical diagnosis and management of cerebrovascular diseases, such as brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs). Animal models are necessary for studying the etiopathology and potential therapies of cerebrovascular diseases. Imaging the vasculature in large animals is relatively easy. However, developing vessel imaging methods of murine brain disease models is desirable due to the cost and availability of genetically-modified mouse lines. Imaging the murine cerebral vascular tree is a challenge. In humans and larger animals, the gold standard for assessing the angioarchitecture at the macrovascular (conductance) level is x-ray catheter contrast-based angiography, a method not suited for small rodents. In this article, we present a method of cerebrovascular casting that produces a durable skeleton of the entire vascular bed, including arteries, veins, and capillaries that may be analyzed using many different modalities. Complete casting of the microvessels of the mouse cerebrovasculature can be difficult; however, these challenges are addressed in this step-by-step protocol. Through intracardial perfusion of the vascular casting material, all vessels of the body are casted. The brain can then be removed and clarified using the organic solvent methyl salicylate. Three dimensional imaging of the brain blood vessels can be visualized simply and inexpensively with any conventional brightfield microscope or dissecting microscope. The casted cerebrovasculature can also be imaged and quantified using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT)1 . In addition, after being imaged, the casted brain can be embedded in paraffin for histological analysis. The benefit of this vascular casting method as compared to other techniques is its broad adaptation to various analytic tools, including brightfield microscopic analysis, CT scanning due to the radiopaque characteristic of the material, as well as histological and immunohistochemical analysis. This efficient use of tissue can save animal usage and reduce costs. We have recently demonstrated application of this method to visualize the irregular blood vessels in a mouse model of adult BAVM at a microscopic level2 , and provide additional images of the malformed vessels imaged by micro-CT scan. Although this method has drawbacks and may not be ideal for all types of analyses, it is a simple, practical technique that can be easily learned and widely applied to vascular casting of blood vessels throughout the body. Neuroscience, Issue 57, vessel, vascular cast, capillary, cerebrovasculature, brain, blood, AVM, fistula Osmotic Drug Delivery to Ischemic Hindlimbs and Perfusion of Vasculature with Microfil for Micro-Computed Tomography Imaging Institutions: The Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Preclinical research in animal models of peripheral arterial disease plays a vital role in testing the efficacy of therapeutic agents designed to stimulate microcirculation. The choice of delivery method for these agents is important because the route of administration profoundly affects the bioactivity and efficacy of these agents1,2 . In this article, we demonstrate how to locally administer a substance in ischemic hindlimbs by using a catheterized osmotic pump. This pump can deliver a fixed volume of aqueous solution continuously for an allotted period of time. We also present our mouse model of unilateral hindlimb ischemia induced by ligation of the common femoral artery proximal to the origin of profunda femoris and epigastrica arteries in the left hindlimb. Lastly, we describe the in vivo cannulation and ligation of the infrarenal abdominal aorta and perfusion of the hindlimb vasculature with Microfil, a silicone radiopaque casting agent. Microfil can perfuse and fill the entire vascular bed (arterial and venous), and because we have ligated the major vascular conduit for exit, the agent can be retained in the vasculature for future ex vivo imaging with the use of small specimen micro-CT3 Medicine, Issue 76, Immunology, Biomedical Engineering, Bioengineering, Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology, Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Diseases, Therapeutics, Hindlimb ischemia, ischemia, osmotic pump, drug delivery, Microfil, micro-computed tomography, 3D vessel imaging, vascular medicine, vasculature, CT, tomography, imaging, animal model Nonhuman Primate Lung Decellularization and Recellularization Using a Specialized Large-organ Bioreactor Institutions: Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine. There are an insufficient number of lungs available to meet current and future organ transplantation needs. Bioartificial tissue regeneration is an attractive alternative to classic organ transplantation. This technology utilizes an organ's natural biological extracellular matrix (ECM) as a scaffold onto which autologous or stem/progenitor cells may be seeded and cultured in such a way that facilitates regeneration of the original tissue. The natural ECM is isolated by a process called decellularization. Decellularization is accomplished by treating tissues with a series of detergents, salts, and enzymes to achieve effective removal of cellular material while leaving the ECM intact. Studies conducted utilizing decellularization and subsequent recellularization of rodent lungs demonstrated marginal success in generating pulmonary-like tissue which is capable of gas exchange in vivo . While offering essential proof-of-concept, rodent models are not directly translatable to human use. Nonhuman primates (NHP) offer a more suitable model in which to investigate the use of bioartificial organ production for eventual clinical use. The protocols for achieving complete decellularization of lungs acquired from the NHP rhesus macaque are presented. The resulting acellular lungs can be seeded with a variety of cells including mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cells. The manuscript also describes the development of a bioreactor system in which cell-seeded macaque lungs can be cultured under conditions of mechanical stretch and strain provided by negative pressure ventilation as well as pulsatile perfusion through the vasculature; these forces are known to direct differentiation along pulmonary and endothelial lineages, respectively. Representative results of decellularization and cell seeding are provided. Bioengineering, Issue 82, rhesus macaque, decellularization, recellularization, detergent, matrix, scaffold, large-organ bioreactor, mesenchymal stem cells Analysis of Nephron Composition and Function in the Adult Zebrafish Kidney Institutions: University of Notre Dame. The zebrafish model has emerged as a relevant system to study kidney development, regeneration and disease. Both the embryonic and adult zebrafish kidneys are composed of functional units known as nephrons, which are highly conserved with other vertebrates, including mammals. Research in zebrafish has recently demonstrated that two distinctive phenomena transpire after adult nephrons incur damage: first, there is robust regeneration within existing nephrons that replaces the destroyed tubule epithelial cells; second, entirely new nephrons are produced from renal progenitors in a process known as neonephrogenesis. In contrast, humans and other mammals seem to have only a limited ability for nephron epithelial regeneration. To date, the mechanisms responsible for these kidney regeneration phenomena remain poorly understood. Since adult zebrafish kidneys undergo both nephron epithelial regeneration and neonephrogenesis, they provide an outstanding experimental paradigm to study these events. Further, there is a wide range of genetic and pharmacological tools available in the zebrafish model that can be used to delineate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate renal regeneration. One essential aspect of such research is the evaluation of nephron structure and function. This protocol describes a set of labeling techniques that can be used to gauge renal composition and test nephron functionality in the adult zebrafish kidney. Thus, these methods are widely applicable to the future phenotypic characterization of adult zebrafish kidney injury paradigms, which include but are not limited to, nephrotoxicant exposure regimes or genetic methods of targeted cell death such as the nitroreductase mediated cell ablation technique. Further, these methods could be used to study genetic perturbations in adult kidney formation and could also be applied to assess renal status during chronic disease modeling. Cellular Biology, Issue 90, zebrafish; kidney; nephron; nephrology; renal; regeneration; proximal tubule; distal tubule; segment; mesonephros; physiology; acute kidney injury (AKI) Murine Spinotrapezius Model to Assess the Impact of Arteriolar Ligation on Microvascular Function and Remodeling Institutions: University of Virginia, California Polytechnic State University, University of Virginia, Johns Hopkins University. The murine spinotrapezius is a thin, superficial skeletal support muscle that extends from T3 to L4, and is easily accessible via dorsal skin incision. Its unique anatomy makes the spinotrapezius useful for investigation of ischemic injury and subsequent microvascular remodeling. Here, we demonstrate an arteriolar ligation model in the murine spinotrapezius muscle that was developed by our research team and previously published1-3 . For certain vulnerable mouse strains, such as the Balb/c mouse, this ligation surgery reliably creates skeletal muscle ischemia and serves as a platform for investigating therapies that stimulate revascularization. Methods of assessment are also demonstrated, including the use of intravital and confocal microscopy. The spinotrapezius is well suited to such imaging studies due to its accessibility (superficial dorsal anatomy) and relative thinness (60-200 μm). The spinotrapezius muscle can be mounted en face, facilitating imaging of whole-muscle microvascular networks without histological sectioning. We describe the use of intravital microscopy to acquire metrics following a functional vasodilation procedure; specifically, the increase in arterilar diameter as a result of muscle contraction. We also demonstrate the procedures for harvesting and fixing the tissues, a necessary precursor to immunostaining studies and the use of confocal microscopy. Biomedical Engineering, Issue 73, Medicine, Anatomy, Physiology, Surgery, Immunology, Hematology, Microvessels, Capillaries, Arterioles, Venules, Vascular Diseases, Ischemia, spinotrapezius, peripheral vascular disease, functional vasodilation, arteriolar ligation, vessels, circulation, confocal microscopy, animal model Assessment of Vascular Regeneration in the CNS Using the Mouse Retina Institutions: McGill University, University of Montréal, University of Montréal. The rodent retina is perhaps the most accessible mammalian system in which to investigate neurovascular interplay within the central nervous system (CNS). It is increasingly being recognized that several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis present elements of vascular compromise. In addition, the most prominent causes of blindness in pediatric and working age populations (retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy, respectively) are characterized by vascular degeneration and failure of physiological vascular regrowth. The aim of this technical paper is to provide a detailed protocol to study CNS vascular regeneration in the retina. The method can be employed to elucidate molecular mechanisms that lead to failure of vascular growth after ischemic injury. In addition, potential therapeutic modalities to accelerate and restore healthy vascular plexuses can be explored. Findings obtained using the described approach may provide therapeutic avenues for ischemic retinopathies such as that of diabetes or prematurity and possibly benefit other vascular disorders of the CNS. Neuroscience, Issue 88, vascular regeneration, angiogenesis, vessels, retina, neurons, oxygen-induced retinopathy, neovascularization, CNS Injection of dsRNA into Female A. aegypti Mosquitos Institutions: University of California, Irvine (UCI), University of California, Irvine (UCI). Reverse genetic approaches have proven extremely useful for determining which genes underly resistance to vector pathogens in mosquitoes. This video protocol illustrates a method used by the James lab to inject dsRNA into female A. aegypti mosquitoes, which harbor the dengue virus. The technique for calibrating injection needles, manipulating the injection setup, and injecting dsRNA into the thorax is illustrated. Cellular Biology, Issue 5, mosquito, malaria, genetics, injection A Method for 2-Photon Imaging of Blood Flow in the Neocortex through a Cranial Window Institutions: University of California, Los Angeles. The ability to image the cerebral vasculature (from large vessels to capillaries) and record blood flow dynamics in the intact brain of living rodents is a powerful technique. Using in vivo 2-photon microscopy through a cranial window it is possible to image fluorescent dyes injected intravenously. This permits one to image the cortical vasculature and also to obtain measurements of blood flow. This technique was originally developed by David Kleinfeld and Winfried Denk. The method can be used to study blood flow dynamics during or after cerebral ischemia, in neurodegenerative disorders, in brain tumors, or in normal brain physiology. For example, it has been used to study how stroke causes shifts in blood flow direction and changes in red blood cell velocity or flux in and around the infarct. Here we demonstrate how to use 2-photon microscopy to image blood flow dynamics in the neocortex of living mice using fluorescent dyes injected into the tail vein. Neuroscience, Issue 12, red blood cell, cortex, fluorescein, rhodamine, dextran, two-photon, 2-photon, capillary Contrast Enhanced Vessel Imaging using MicroCT Institutions: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio . Microscopic computed tomography (microCT) offers high-resolution volumetric imaging of the anatomy of living small animals. However, the contrast between different soft tissues and body fluids is inherently poor in micro-CT images 1 . Under these circumstances, visualization of blood vessels becomes a nearly impossible task. To overcome this and to improve the visualization of blood vessels exogenous contrast agents can be used. Herein, we present a methodology for visualizing the vascular network in a rodent model. By using a long-acting aqueous colloidal polydisperse iodinated blood-pool contrast agent, eXIA 160XL, we optimized image acquisition parameters and volume-rendering techniques for finding blood vessels in live animals. Our findings suggest that, to achieve a superior contrast between bone and soft tissue from vessel, multiple-frames (at least 5-8/ frames per view), and 360-720 views (for a full 360° rotation) acquisitions were mandatory. We have also demonstrated the use of a two-dimensional transfer function (where voxel color and opacity was assigned in proportion to CT value and gradient magnitude), in visualizing the anatomy and highlighting the structure of interest, the blood vessel network. This promising work lays a foundation for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of anti-angiogenesis preclinical studies using transgenic or xenograft tumor-bearing mice. Medicine, Issue 47, vessel imaging, eXIA 160XL, microCT, advanced visualization, 2DTF	40,143
E-mail :: Print What is Cyberbullying? Cyberbullying is a relatively new term that describes bullying, taunting, or harassing another person - especially a child - over the Internet or any other interactive technology. Even electronic devices, such as gaming consoles and cell phones are being used to cyberbully. Being a victim of cyberbullying can be a very painful experience for a child of any age. In addition to sending mean or harassing messages to their victims, cyberbullies often pretend that they are someone else, and try to trick their victim into saying bad things about a classmate or another person. If their victim falls for this tactic, the bully will often print out the conversation and use it to turn more children against the victim. Cyberbullies often spread lies or rumors about their victims. i-Safe™ (a leader in internet safety education) surveyed more than 1,500 fourth to eighth grade students from across the country regarding cyberbullying and found: - 58% of kids admit someone has said mean or hurtful things to them online. - 53% of kids admit having said mean or hurtful things to another online. - 42% of kids have been bullied while online. What are Some Examples of Cyberbullying? - Threatening emails, instant messages, text messages, blog posts, etc. - Forwarding of private messages. - Posting or forwarding of hurtful images. - Assuming someone else’s identity. - Making fun of others. Why does Cyberbullying happen? The anonymity of the Internet can embolden the Cyberbully to pursue their target more aggressively. In real life, the bully can be someone the child knows through school, the neighborhood or some other means. However, it could also be someone that you child has never met. The Internet is accessed by people all over the world, some of whom are trolling to find an unsuspecting victim to prey upon. Why are Children Reluctant to speak up? Many children do not report cyberbullying because they are afraid of the repercussions. INOBTR (an organization dedicated to educating children, parents, and teachers about online safety) provides the following reasons: - They are afraid of getting into trouble or they will get the bully in trouble and it will make things worse. - They are afraid their Internet access will be taken away. - They are often embarrassed about what is being said, and if they tell someone, that person might believe what is being said. - The child may know the person who is bullying them and doesn’t want to be thought of as snitch. How can you help Prevent Cyberbullying? i-Safe™ and INOBTR provides the following tips for preventing cyberbullying: - Get involved. Know which online tools, applications, and games your kids are using. Just as you wouldn’t send your child out to cross the street without preparing him with advice to "look both ways," make sure your child is aware of precautions he or she needs to take in the online environment. - Keep the computer in an open area. Avoid letting your child have a computer in the bedroom. Instead, place the computer in the family room or other common areas. Be available to provide support to your children should they have any questions. - Encourage your child to tell an adult. For some children, their reaction to being bullied is not only fright but confusion about how to react appropriately. Coach your child to tell a trusted adult if he or she is being bullied. - Don’t chat while angry. Sending angry, hostile or taunting messages attracts cyber bullies. Make certain your child is not using email messages or chat rooms to vent his or her anger in a way that hurts others. - Don’t encourage bullying. Teach your child not encourage others to bully someone. Tell them not to pass on hurtful messages. - Don’t share personal information in chat rooms. Teach your child to never give out personally identifiable information such as name, address, email address, or telephone number in chat rooms, message boards, blogs, social networking sites or any other Web site. - Block messages from the bully. Utilize the blocking features in e-mail programs, chats and instant messengers to block communications from a bully. - If your child is threatened with harm, report it! Contact your local law enforcement if someone has threatened you or your child while online. Be sure to save or print out the conversation as evidence. All marks belong to their respective owners. Some of the links in this article are to Internet sites maintained by third parties, no inference or assumption should be made and no representation may be implied that either Charter or its affiliated entities operates or controls in any way any information, products or services on these third party sites.	35,188
Botchan (坊っちゃん) by Natsume Soseki is one of the most popular novels in Japan. Most Japanese read it during their childhood. It is a story about morals. The story is based on Natsume's personal experience as a teacher being transferred to Matsuyama, which sets the stage for this novel. Natsume was born in Tokyo, and dwelling in Matsuyama was his first experience in other places. The novel describes his feelings during that experience, though occupational position of his own and the hero were widely different. - Botchan: the hero of this novel. He is born in Tokyo, and has the spirit of an Edokko. He becomes a teacher of mathematics. He has common sense and a strong moral grounding. - Yamaarashi (Porcupine): A fellow teacher. Yamaarashi (Porcupine) is the nickname for a teacher by the name of Hotta, born in Aizu. Yamaarashi has a great, Samurai-like sense of justice. - Akashatsu (Redshirt): Another fellow teacher. He is the typical intellectual. He actually represents the continental European intellectual tradition, in its modern form, as it drifts towards collectivism (socialism and communism (thus the red shirt) and relativism/nihilism. He speaks of morals but is Machiavellian, and immoral. A scandal who for a short period of time was able to deceive even Botchan. The battle for the heart and mind of Botchan, between Yamaarashi and Akashatsu represents the tensions existing in Japan at the turn of last century. Soseki clearly rejects Akashatsu and thus the modern Continental intellectual traditions. - Nodaiko (The Clown): Art teacher. Nodaiko is a Tokyoite, like Botchan. He prides himself with his good taste, but follows others without much thought which earns him Botchan's contempt. - Uranari (The Pumpkin): Uranari is a very melancholic, but refined gentleman. Botchan looks up to him. Most agree that Uranari, or some combination of Uranari and Botchan, is Soseki's representation of himself. - Tanuki (The Badger): The principal of the school Botchan teaches at. He has a very indecisive nature. - Kiyo: Botchan's servant in Tokyo. Now an old woman, she used to take care of him when he was young. She also is a fallen aristocrat, dealing heroically with her new situation. - Geisha: Woman entertainers. They often perform Japanese dances at banquets. - Students of this school: Botchan thinks they are devious and they often puzzle him. - School: the main stage of the novel. - Dogo Onsen: Hot spring that Botchan likes to go to. Now, thanks to the novel, the springs are known as a famous sightseeing spot throughout Japan. Main themes of the novel - Botchan's observations and considerations about Matsuyama, on Shikoku, one of the four main islands of Japan. Botchan lives in Tokyo until he goes there. Tokyo is a modern city, but Matsuyama is not. So Botchan is surprised at the odd customs. - The battle for the heart and mind of Botchan between Yamaarashi and Akashatsu. Will Botchan's common sense and moral grounding become corrupted by Akashatsu, or will he team up with Yamaarashi to battle the increasing break from tradition and morals, for purely selfish gain, that Akashatsu represents. Main scenes and events of the novel - Botchan goes to Matsuyama: Eight days after Botchan graduates college in Tokyo his principal calls him to his office and tells Botchan that a middle school in Shikoku needs a mathematics teacher. The salary is forty yen a month and Botchan couldn't think of anything else he could become other than a math teacher. - Botchan is disappointed in the place of his appointment. - Fishing: Botchan recognizes that Akashatsu is a crafty quack when he and Akashatsu go fishing together. - Locusts: The students tease Botchan by putting locusts in his bed. - Uranari's transfer: Akashatsu schemes to transfer Uranari to another school for Akashatsu's own profit by using his authority. - And the end of the novel: Revenge: Botchan and Yamaarashi get revenge on Akashatsu and Nodaiko. Botchan resigns his job and returns to Tokyo. He finds a job as a tramway engineer. - Chapter 1 - Chapter 2 - Chapter 3 - Chapter 4 - Chapter 5 - Chapter 6 - Chapter 7 - Chapter 8 - Chapter 9 - Chapter 10 - Chapter 11 Public domain text, retrieved from the Aozora Bunko website.	16,864
Eating table scraps, licking people, and digging through trash cans and outdoor surroundings can make your pet’s mouth very dirty. Dental disease affects 78% of dogs and 68% of cats, and poor dental health can lead to bacterial infection and tooth loss in any species. Since your canine or feline doesn’t have access to professional dental care by Dr. Pate like you do, it’s important that you understand how to keep your pet’s mouth clean. Pet Dental Problems This month is National Pet Dental Health month. P. gulae is the bacteria responsible for causing gum disease in animals. Dental problems in pets can cause pain, discomfort, shyness, and irritability. Contact your vet if you notice any of these oral symptoms in your pet: - Tartar buildup - Bad breath - Difficulty eating or chewing - Wincing when touched near mouth - Red gums How to Clean Your Pet’s Mouth The World Health Organization reports that about 5% of dogs suffer from tooth decay, which then leads to other problems. Try these tips to help keep your furry friend’s mouth clean. - Routine: Build up a regular schedule to brush your pet’s teeth. He may be scared at first, but keeping a consistent routine will help him adjust and know what to expect. - Comfort: Place your pooch in a comfortable position so he can relax, and don’t force his mouth open. Begin by letting your pet sniff and taste the toothpaste. You should also brush gently to avoid injuring your pet. - Products: Make sure you use pet-friendly toothpaste in a flavor your companion will enjoy. Don’t ever use regular human toothpaste because it can be toxic for animals. You can brush using your finger, a soft cloth, or a gentle animal brush. Some kibble and treats also have tartar-control ingredients to help fight dental problems, but brushing is generally more effective. - Reward: After brushing, praise your pet and give him a treat or toy to encourage his good behavior. By following these steps, you can ensure that all members of your household have healthy mouths. When it comes to your oral care, Dr. Pate can show you how to prevent possible human dental problems. Contact Dentistry in Buckhead at (404) 266-9424 to request an appointment. We serve patients in Buckhead, Sandy Springs, Vinings, Atlanta, and the neighboring areas.	26,834
By Lamya Hamad Is Shura something known to Islam? Is it compatible with Islamic principles? What style of leadership does Islam encourage? The onset of 2011 witnessed an unexpected wave of protests that swept through the Middle East. Citizens struggled to topple authoritarian and tyrannical governments that had trampled on their rights for decades. The domino effect that ensued after the first protests in Tunis caught the world by surprise. The desire for democracy and justice were undoubtedly the driving forces behind this movement. Some countries in the region have already begun shaping their legislation in a way that reflects democratic values. Although the process will take time, the expected outcome is a system that allows all citizens to actively participate in the development of their country’s legislation and government. Islam & Democracy There is no universally accepted and defining model for democracy, which leaves room for nations to mold and customize their governments in a way that mirrors democratic concepts in each nation’s cultural and religious contexts. Democratic values have been present for thousands of years, embedded in cultural and religious practices that might have been lost to history. In Islam, there are many documented instances of active participation of the people with the leaders of their time. This began with the Prophet Muhhammad (peace be upon him) as he was directed by God to seek consultation from his followers and companions while making important decisions. Consultation is an integral concept in Islamic leadership and is known as shura. Modern Middle Eastern countries have been blind to this key concept in Islam, which ultimately protects governments from regressing into corruptive and totalitarian regimes because of the continuous and direct involvement of the people. As Michael Hamilton Morgan writes in Lost History, “Shura was the tradition Muhammad valued, according to which decisions that affect the community are to be made in consultation with members of the community. In fact, one chapter of the Qur’an is named Ash-Shura, referring to a verse that states that those close to God should conduct their affairs by due consultation with others: “and those who conduct their affairs with consultation among themselves.” (Ash-Shura 42:38) Now, the Middle East has a chance to form new governments and modify constitutions. It is the perfect time to re-establish shura, a cornerstone teaching of Islam that was once inherently implemented in governance from the time of the Prophet (pbuh), and his close companions. Shura in the Political Sphere Shura is a crucial part of the Islamic political system. It allows common people to participate in the decision-making process. It helps create a society that engages actively with leaders. Consultation is important in building a solid relationship between the leader and the people ensuring that the leader does not go astray or regress into an authoritarian government. God encouraged the Prophet to use shura: Those who hearken to their Lord, and establish regular prayer; who (conduct) their affairs by mutual Consultation; who spend out of what We bestow on them for sustenance. (Ash_Shura 42:38) There are several examples of the Prophet taking counsel from his companions and following their opinions. The Prophet (peace be upon him) held many councils of war before going into battle. At one point, he believed that they should fight only if the enemy entered Madinah. However, his companions opined that they should go out and meet the army. He accepted the latter opinion even though they lost. Despite this, God revealed shortly afterwards a verse which stressed the importance of shura: It is part of the mercy of Allah that you deal gently with them. Were you severe or harsh-hearted, they would have broken away from about you: so pass over (their faults), and ask for (Allah’s) forgiveness for them; and consult them in affairs (of moment). Then, when you has taken a decision put your trust in Allah. For Allah loves those who put their trust (in Him). (Aal `Imran 3:159) In the next battle, the Muslims decided to stay put in Madinah. The Prophet again consulted his people regarding the best way to protect themselves against the enemy. Many suggestions came, including one which required the building of an extensive trench. The Prophet agreed to this option and actively participated in its construction. This time, they won. The Prophet used both consultation as well as consensus when making decisions. However, the opinion of the majority was not always taken if it conflicted with the tenets of the faith or went against the overall benefit of the people. At the same time, when the Prophet acted according to the commands of God, he did not heed to opposing viewpoints. For instance, when a seemingly disadvantageous treaty was signed with the Makkans, his people vehemently opposed it. However, the Prophet stuck to the decision and eventually his companions realized that the treaty worked in their favor. This indicates a key principle in shura: it must not contradict or override the Qur’an and the teachings of Prophet Muhammad, known as Sunnah. The Qur’an and Sunnah combined represent a binding constitution for Muslims, much like the constitution of countries. Just as governments adhere to the constitution when passing new laws, the constitution being the superior document, a similar process is at work here. The basic tenets of this divine constitution cannot be violated by anyone, not even leaders or popular movements. This means that the powerful cannot manipulate the system to their own advantage. Certain rules and principles must be upheld and cannot be overruled, such as, basic human rights like equality. The Ethics of Leadership The Prophet and his close companions all maintained strong moral ethics while in positions of authority. `Umar, the second Caliph, has particularly left a legacy of leadership which modern leaders can learn much from. Upon assuming the role of Caliph, he said: “In the performance of my duties, I will seek guidance from the Book (the Qur’an), and will follow the examples set by the Prophet and Abu Bakr (the first Caliph). In this task, I seek your assistance. If I follow the right path, follow me. If I deviate from the right path, correct me so that we are not led astray.” Addressing the needs and concerns of the people was no doubt paramount in his reign and under the rule of other close companions of the Prophet (peace be upon him). In fact, `Umar was even keen on safeguarding the well-being of animals, he would say, “If a mule stumbled in Iraq, I would be afraid that Allah (God) would ask me, why did you not pave the road for it `Umar?” As illustrated in “A History of Muslim Civilization” by Abiva and Durkee, `Umar “expected his leaders to live up to ethical standards.” The list below shows some of the criteria a leader should have according to `Umar: 1- No nepotism or hereditary succession. 2- The people should be able to reach the leader easily to voice any of their concerns or suggestions. 3- The ruler should seek counsel, accept criticism, and be willing to rectify his mistakes. 4- The army exists to protect the people of the nation, not protect the leader from the people. The above examples of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and `Umar give us priceless models in governance. Not only was shura and consultation key in their rule, they also upheld high morals and ethics. Every living entity was given importance, be it animal or human, which created an empowered society where the rights of its subjects were paramount and people were given the opportunity to thrive. These standards are especially relevant for our world today in our quest for democracy.	42,831
In the U.S., the institutional and cultural environment facing women has varied widely over time and space, particularly since states have historically had considerable autonomy to determine policy concerning issues such as early-stage female suffrage, divorce, and married women’s property rights. As such, research into gender in American history can be challenging and often requires the consultation of a number of disparate sources. Indeed, the difficulty in obtaining consolidated, systematic data on women’s rights and wellbeing remains a bottleneck to large-scale research on these topics—particularly research which examines the interaction between different policies or circumstances pertaining to women. In this project, we assemble a new and extensive panel of indicators of women’s rights and wellbeing in American history. When completed, this panel dataset will consist of an index of patriarchal culture and institutions, as well as 60+ distinct indicators of women’s rights and wellbeing at decennial frequency, for all 50 US states/territories over the period 1870-1970—some consolidated from existing studies, but most newly gathered and digitized specifically for this project. The data collected includes measures of demographics and health, education, work, legal standing, political representation, intra-household and community status, etc., disaggregated by race and sex where relevant. In building a centralized and relatively comprehensive resource, we hope to contribute to the data available on the economic, social, and political lives of American women in history, and thus facilitate research into gender and political economy. In the first paper drawing on this dataset, “Weakness in Numbers? Female Wellbeing and the Scarcity of Women in the American West,” we investigate the evolving relationship between a state’s demand for female settlement and the female-friendliness of its social and legal environments.	34,632
For a relatively tiny period in human history—the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries—humans had the capacity to exploit natural resources in a way that fueled unprecedented growth in civilisation, while having no significant visible consequences. The opportunities and possibilities opened up by the use of extracted natural resources—particularly fossil fuels—and the absence of any ‘downside’, led to the perception that humans had somewhat conquered nature. Combustion engines were driving our growth, and it was inconceivable that the fossil fuels powering them could ever be exhausted. It was not until the consequences of this exploitation started to catch up with us that it once again become apparent that we are a small part of an immense but fragile interdependent ecological framework, on a finite planet. Much of the growth of this period happened within the world's cities; a trend that has continued, reaching a milestone in 2009 when for the first time city dwellers outnumbered those living rurally. This growth, characterised by a polluted, congested, concrete jungle style operation, has begun to be challenged, and in cities all over the world an urban renaissance is taking place. The concrete jungle that shuts out ecology and wildlife is being rolled back, replaced by vibrant urban centres that invite nature in. This new type of city, one that is designed as a habitat for humans as well as other species, is described by artist Natalie Jerimijenko as a BENEFITxBENEFIT model. This double benefit model is of course not just a nice win-win, or a case of “plants are nice so let's get some in here”. As part of an ecosystem—a community of living organisms who have co-evolved together—we rely on with these other organisms to survive and thrive. Humans have not been away from nature for long; over 99 per cent of our evolutionary history has been spent in intimate contact with ecology, while the other 1 per cent represents our time living in villages and cities. However, as the new urban renaissance demonstrates, we do not need to sacrifice what makes cities successful in order to live alongside nature—in fact, done well, urban density can be a beacon of ecological harmony. Despite the ‘greening of cities’ being held firmly as a buzz phrase for some time, and the human benefits of a connection to nature now widely known, we are still narrow-minded in our approach to ecological integration. We must start thinking outside the silos of science, art, and design that are currently inhibiting our ability to act with open-mindedness. Why do we not provide habitats for insects that also act as visual public art installations for interactions between humans and micro beasts? Why aren't non-experts engaged in researching and disseminating information about their local ecologies, when they have the most intimate knowledge of their particular environment? Why do we prescribe medication for issues caused by polluted air, instead of prescribing measures to improve air quality? These are some of the questions critiqued by Happy Berm, a project that transforms unused grass verges in Auckland City into an oasis of fruit, colour, biodiversity and public art. Together with a team of worms, bees, and photosynthesis, a fluid group of people and I work on changing the nature of roadside land that is currently a victim of chemicals, pesticides, and carbon emissions from mowers and maintenance machinery. The BENEFITxBENEFIT effect can be seen here: people benefit from having fruit to eat, flowers to pick, and a space to be with neighbours; bees benefit from the flowers, and worms from the improved soil quality; and microbes are inherent benefactors in all of these interactions. The new urban renaissance is one that anyone and everyone can engage in. So go ahead, exercise your agency and delve into the depths of urban ecological transformation. Subvert the current model of the ‘environment as a service’. Instead, integrate with it. Explore business models for non-humans, rights of nature, sociopolitical critiques of pukeko, ecosexuality and any number of other vanguard concepts that drive us closer toward an urban design mindset that weaves the interdependent ecological framework into the very fabric of our everyday being. Let us live happily alongside other living species, and all enjoy the benefits. Fixed for Good, by Dieneke Jansen and Jenny Gillam	63,310
If you are a parent, you have probably experienced this embarrassing moment in the grocery aisle or local department store. You are rushing to gather the evening’s dinner items or replenish the household necessities while your child treats everyone in earshot to a mega meltdown. If you are fortunate, another veteran parent will offer a sympathetic smile. If you are not so lucky, you will be subjected to glares and snide comments about your child’s behavior or your parenting skills. No doubt about it, kids can act up and display aggravating and naughty behavior. But children are not just miniature adults, and many of those behaviors, while frustrating, are developmentally appropriate. 10. Lack of Impulse Control You may have noticed your child suddenly reaching for that forbidden cookie or pulling his sister’s hair. While adults have the ability to think through the consequences of their actions, this trait is not inherent in children. A lot of times young children will know a behavior is off-limits, but their brains have not matured to the point where they are able to control their actions. While the prefrontal cortex isn’t fully developed until age 25, there are steps you can take to help your child develop impulse control. Psychology Today recommends building trust, modeling self-control, and allowing safe opportunities for your child to practice impulse control. 9. Reaction to Overstimulation If your child has ever had a meltdown due to bright lights, loud music, and lively crowds, then you know what overstimulation can lead to. Sometimes the very activities we plan as treats for our children, such as a visit to an amusement park, can leave them overwhelmed and agitated. Our desire to involve them in play dates, sports activities, and learning opportunities can leave them feeling rushed and cranky. If your child is often irritable and overwhelmed, try balancing fun activities with downtime. A quiet evening spent reading books or an afternoon spent lying on the grass gazing at clouds can be soothing and meaningful to both you and your child.	9,889
Simulated Experiential Learning Activity to Empower Paid and Unpaid Caregivers in Dementia Care Received Date:January 19, 2021; Published Date:February 01, 2021 The number of people with dementia is rising worldwide. People with dementia are challenged by the symptoms of their illness, as well by discriminatory attitudes and actions. However, this stigmatization is not only experienced by people with dementia; it is also experienced by the paid and unpaid caregivers who provide care for people with dementia. Education is a key strategy to reduce stigma and improve the quality of life of individuals with dementia. It also has the potential to provide caregivers with meaningful forms of support. A systematic review of the literature demonstrated that the most effective educational intervention to change attitudes and reduce stigma are resources that incorporate an in person contact approach. Dementia Live™ is a simulation tool that places learners “in the shoes” of people with dementia and is used to raise awareness of what it might be like to live with dementia. The targeted population includes students, health care and social care workers, staff from hospitals, longterm care residences, retirement homes, and home care services, as well as friends, volunteers and family caregivers. This educational intervention can serve as a model to develop additional simulation tools to reduce all types of stigma to support a safe learning and work environment. Keywords: Dementia; Stigma; Experiential learn; simulation ELA: Experiential Learning Activity PWD: People with Dementia Paid caregivers: Health and Social Care Workers Unpaid caregivers: Family, Friends and Volunteers A significant demographic shift is occurring world-wide, resulting in the proportion of people over 60 years of age nearly doubling by 2050 from 12 to 22% . The aging population is not homogenous. Many older adults will enjoy a full and active life in old age, while others will experience declines in physical and mental health. Dementia is one of the major causes of disability and dependency among older adults . Worldwide it is estimated that the number of people with dementia (PWD) will be 82 million in 2030, and 152 million in 2050 . It is also estimated that double the number of people (i.e. 164 and 304 million) will be indirectly affected by dementia . This number includes both health/ social care workers (i.e. paid caregivers) and family, friends and volunteers (i.e., unpaid caregivers). PWD are challenged by both the symptoms of their illness and discriminatory attitudes and actions of family members, friends, caregivers, and society . Stigmatization associated with dementia is also experienced by paid and unpaid caregivers supporting PWD . The stigma associated with dementia prevents people from seeking help . This is true for both PWD and their paid and unpaid caregivers. Reducing the discriminatory attitudes towards Citation: Brenda J Gamble. Simulated Experiential Learning Activity to Empower Paid and Unpaid Caregivers in Dementia Care. Iris J of Nur & Car. 3(4): 2020. IJNC.MS.ID.0005678 DOI: 10.33552/IJNC.2021.03.000568. Page 2 of 3 PWD can potentially contribute to establishing an environment that inspires healthy aging and supports an optimal quality of life for those living with dementia. Additionally, addressing discrimination about dementia will enable paid and unpaid caregivers to provide meaningful support to those in their care. Education is one of the key strategies to reduce stigma . Livingston, Milne, Fang, and Amari conducted a systematic review of the literature that revealed the most effective approach to reducing stigma are educational strategies that incorporate in-person contact and experience. Ontario Tech University, a certified age friendly university, is committed to teaching, learning and leading-edge research that will help find new and innovative approaches to dementia care. Experiential learning activity A simulated experiential learning activity (ELA) was developed and implemented to address the stigma associated with dementia. The targeted population includes students, health care and social care workers, staff from hospitals, long-term care residences, retirement homes, and home care services, as well as friends, volunteers and family caregivers. The experiential learning approach adopted, incorporates classroom-based simulation to simulate in person contact and experience. The tool, Dementia Live TM , provides individuals with the opportunity to engage in a simulation that exposes learners to the impact of dementia symptoms (e.g., cognitive impairment and sensory changes) on activities of daily living. During this simulation, participants gain a first-hand understanding of the anxiety, isolation, frustration, and confusion that people with dementia live with every day. While the simulation is part of the learning activity, additional elements are needed to enhance learning and encourage reflection on the experience. The Charles, Bainbridge and Gilbert educational model of exposure, immersion and mastery was adapted to inform the parameters of the simulated ELA. During the exposure phase, learners are provided with information and the facts related to dementia (e.g., definition, numbers of PWD, symptoms, impact of dementia on individuals, health and social care systems and society, etc.). The simulation tool is used in the immersion phase. The overall goal of the simulation is for people to experience what it is like to complete an easy everyday task with altered vision, hearing, and tactile ability, all characteristics of people living with dementia. Debriefing is used in the mastery phase to promote learner reflection and feedback to enhance the learning experience . The simulated ELA has been adapted for continuing education, graduate and undergraduate training using a variety of delivery modes including in person, hybrid and online teaching. As well, partnerships have been established with a variety of communitybased organizations to make the simulated ELA accessible to informal caregivers. Dementia Live TM places learners “in the shoes” of PWD to raise awareness of what it might be like to live with dementia. Reducing the discriminatory attitudes towards PWD can contribute to establishing an environment that inspires healthy aging and supports an optimal quality of life for those living with dementia. Activities are currently underway to implement both formative and summative evaluations of the simulated ELA for learners. As well, an evaluation of the experiential learning activity, including the simulation, is being conducted. Why? Stigmatizing attitudes can vary ethically and culturally. For example, gender is an important consideration when examining the impact of stigmatization associated with dementia. It is primarily women who care for and support PWD—be it through paid work or unpaid work . Subsequently, the next steps will be directed at incorporating elements into the design of the experiential learning activity that addresses diversity and equity. Additional work will be undertaken to further evaluate the learning experience in different settings and populations. This will enable us to modify and adapt the simulated ELA as we move forward with the implementation of the experiential learning activity within different contexts and groups. This experiential learning activity has the potential to serve as a model to support a safe learning and work environment and thus, it is an important educational tool. Dementia Live TM: https://ageucate.com/index.php?main_ page=dementia_live Funding was provided by: Ontario Tech University, Ontario Canada Michelle Aaron: Continuing Education Ontario Tech University Dr. Cathereine Drea, Director Learning Innovations, Ontario Tech University, Ontario Canada Dr. Wendy Stanyon, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University Conflict of Interest None to declare. - Cucinotta D, Vanelli M (2020) WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Biomed 91(1): 157-160. - World Health Organization (2020) WHO Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. - United States Census Bureau (2020) US and world population clock. - Higgins Dunn N (2020) Dr. Fauci warns the U.S. will see a “surge upon a surge” of COVID cases following the holidays. 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Thesis, University of Iowa, USA. - Benbow, Susan Mary, David Jolley (2012) Dementia: Stigma and Its Effects. Neurodegenerative Disease Management 2(2): 165-172. - Herrmann Lynn K., Elisabeth Welter, James Leverenz, Alan J Lerner, et al. (2018) A Systematic Review of Dementia-Related Stigma Research: Can We Move the Stigma Dial? Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 26(3): 316-331. - Livingston James D, Teresa Milne, Mei Lan Fang, Erica Amari (2011) The Effectiveness of Interventions for Reducing Stigma Related to Substance Use Disorders: a Systematic Review. Addiction 107(1): 39-50. - (2014) Experiential Learning: a Handbook for Education, Training and Coaching. Human Resource Management International Digest 22(2). - AGE-u-cate (2021) Experience Dementia Live. - Charles Grant, Lesley Bainbridge, John Gilbert (2009) The University of British Columbia Model of Interprofessional Education. J Interprof Care 24(1): 9-18. - Palaganas, Janice C, Mary Fey, Robert Simon (2016) Structured Debriefing in Simulation-Based Education. AACN Adv Crit Care 27(1): 78-85. - (2019) Gender Equality. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. - Sharma Nidhi, Subho Chakrabarti, Sandeep Grover (2016) Gender Differences in Caregiving Among Family-Caregivers of People with Mental Illnesses. World J Psychiatry 6(1): 7-17.	45,362
eso0842 — Science Release Beta Pictoris planet finally imaged? 21 November 2008 A team of French astronomers using ESO's Very Large Telescope have discovered an object located very close to the star Beta Pictoris, and which apparently lies inside its disc. With a projected distance from the star of only 8 times the Earth-Sun distance, this object is most likely the giant planet suspected from the peculiar shape of the disc and the previously observed infall of comets onto the star. It would then be the first image of a planet that is as close to its host star as Saturn is to the Sun. The hot star Beta Pictoris is one of the best-known examples of stars surrounded by a dusty 'debris' disc. Debris discs are composed of dust resulting from collisions among larger bodies like planetary embryos or asteroids. They are a bigger version of the zodiacal dust in our Solar System. Its disc was the first to be imaged — as early as 1984 — and remains the best-studied system. Earlier observations showed a warp of the disc, a secondary inclined disc and infalling comets onto the star. "These are indirect, but tell-tale signs that strongly suggest the presence of a massive planet lying between 5 and 10 times the mean Earth-Sun distance from its host star," says team leader Anne-Marie Lagrange. "However, probing the very inner region of the disc, so close to the glowing star, is a most challenging task." In 2003, the French team used the NAOS-CONICA instrument (or NACO ), mounted on one of the 8.2 m Unit Telescopes of ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT), to benefit from both the high image quality provided by the Adaptive Optics system at infrared wavelengths and the good dynamics offered by the detector, in order to study the immediate surroundings of Beta Pictoris. Recently, a member of the team re-analysed the data in a different way to seek the trace of a companion to the star. Infrared wavelengths are indeed very well suited for such searches. "For this, the real challenge is to identify and subtract as accurately as possible the bright stellar halo," explains Lagrange. "We were able to achieve this after a precise and drastic selection of the best images recorded during our observations." The strategy proved very rewarding, as the astronomers were able to discern a feeble, point-like glow well inside the star's halo. To eliminate the possibility that this was an artefact and not a real object, a battery of tests was conducted and several members of the team, using three different methods, did the analysis independently, always with the same success. Moreover, the companion was also discovered in other data sets, further strengthening the team's conclusion: the companion is real. "Our observations point to the presence of a giant planet, about 8 times as massive as Jupiter and with a projected distance from its star of about 8 times the Earth-Sun distance, which is about the distance of Saturn in our Solar System ," says Lagrange. "We cannot yet rule out definitively, however, that the candidate companion could be a foreground or background object," cautions co-worker Gael Chauvin. "To eliminate this very small possibility, we will need to make new observations that confirm the nature of the discovery." The team also dug into the archives of the Hubble Space Telescope but couldn't see anything, "while most possible foreground or background objects would have been detected", remarks another team member, David Ehrenreich. The fact that the candidate companion lies in the plane of the disc also strongly implies that it is bound to the star and its proto-planetary disc. "Moreover, the candidate companion has exactly the mass and distance from its host star needed to explain all the disc's properties. This is clearly another nail in the coffin of the false alarm hypothesis," adds Lagrange. When confirmed, this candidate companion will be the closest planet from its star ever imaged. In particular, it will be located well inside the orbits of the outer planets of the Solar System. Several other planetary candidates have indeed been imaged, but they are all located further away from their host star: if located in the Solar System, they would lie close or beyond the orbit of the farthest planet, Neptune. The formation processes of these distant planets are likely to be quite different from those in our Solar System and in Beta Pictoris. "Direct imaging of extrasolar planets is necessary to test the various models of formation and evolution of planetary systems. But such observations are only beginning. Limited today to giant planets around young stars, they will in the future extend to the detection of cooler and older planets, with the forthcoming instruments on the VLT and on the next generation of optical telescopes," concludes team member Daniel Rouan. Only 12 million years old, the 'baby star' Beta Pictoris is located about 70 light-years away towards the constellation Pictor (the Painter). NACO is one of the instruments on ESO's VLT that make use of Adaptive Optics (AO). Such systems work by means of a computer-controlled deformable mirror that counteracts the image distortion induced by atmospheric turbulence (see e.g. ESO Press Release 25/01). The astronomers can only see the projected separation between the star and the planet (that is, the separation projected on the plane of the sky). "A probable giant planet imaged in the β Pictoris disk. VLT/NACO Deep L-band imaging", by A.-M. Lagrange et al., 2008, Letter to the Editor of Astronomy and Astrophysics, in press. (a PDF file can be downloaded here) The team is composed of A.-M. Lagrange, G. Chauvin, D. Ehrenreich, and D. Mouillet (Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de l'Observatoire de Grenoble, France), D. Gratadour, G. Rousset, D. Rouan and E. Gendron (LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, France), T. Fusco, and L. Mugnier (Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales, Chatillon, France), F. Allard (Centre de Recherche Astronomique de Lyon, France), and the NAOS Consortium. Tel: +33 4 7651 4203 Tel: +33 4 7663 5803 Tel: +33 1 4507 7715 Tel: +49 89 3200 6222 Tel: +56 2 463 3123 About the Release \|Legacy ID:\|\|PR 42/08\| \|Facility:\|\|Very Large Telescope\|	16,002
A Flogging at Sea, 1839 Until the middle of the nineteenth century, flogging was the most common form of punishment used to maintain discipline aboard ship whether the vessel was military or merchant. Flogging was a whipping using a cat-o'nine-tails - a diabolical device designed especially for its task. The cat-o'nine-tails consisted of nine lengths of cord with each length containing up to three knots. The cords were attached to a handle often made of a short piece of thick rope. The knotted cords would rip into a victim's skin with each lash causing excruciating pain. Repeated blows often left the victim unconscious. The number of lashes meted out to a victim depended on the offense committed and the Captain's discretion. Typically, they would range between 5 and 100. Flogging at sea was brought to the attention of the general public in 1840 through the publication of a number of books that highlighted the practice. The most notable of these was Two Years Before the Mast written by Richard Henry Dana. Dana had dropped out of Harvard for medical reasons and spent two years as a crewman aboard a freighter plying the Pacific. His popular book recounted his experience including the use of flogging. Although Dana abhorred the practice, he did not condemn it. In 1850 Herman Melville (author of Moby Dick) published a novel entitled White-Jacket that described life aboard a US Navy Man-of-War. Melville devoted a portion of his book to a description of flogging and condemned it as inhuman. Melville's description and condemnation outraged the general public. In reaction, Congress outlawed flogging aboard US Navy ships in September 1850. Richard Henry Dana describes a flogging at sea: "John, the Swede, was sitting in the boat alongside, and Russell and myself were standing by the main hatchway, waiting for the captain, who was down in the hold, where the crew were at work, when we heard his voice raised in violent dispute with somebody, whether it was with the mate or one of the crew I could not tell; and then came blows and scuffling. I ran to the side and beckoned to John, who came up, and we leaned down the hatchway; and though we could see no one, yet we knew that the captain had the advantage, for his voice was loud and clear. 'You see your condition! You see your condition! Will you ever give me any more of your jaw?' No answer, and then came wrestling and heaving, as though the man was trying to turn him. 'You may as well keep still, for I have got you," said the captain. Then came the question, "Will you ever give me any more of your jaw?' 'I never gave you any, sir,' said Sam; for it was his voice that we heard, though low and half choked.' 'That's not what I ask you. Will you ever be impudent to me again?' 'I never have been,' said Sam. 'Answer my question, or I'll make a spread eagle of you! I'll flog you, by G-d.' 'I'm no Negro slave,' said Sam. 'Then I'll make you one," said the captain; and he came to the hatchway, and sprang on deck, threw off his coat, and rolling up his sleeves, called out to the mate: "Seize that man up, Mr. A-! Seize him up! Make a spread eagle of him! I'll teach you all who is master aboard!' The crew and officers followed the captain up the hatchway, and after repeated orders the mate laid hold of Sam, who made no resistance, and carried him to the gangway. 'What are you going to flog that man for, sir?' said John, the Swede, to the captain. Upon hearing this, the captain turned upon him, but knowing him to be quick and resolute, he ordered the steward to bring the irons, and calling upon Russell to help him, went up to John. 'Let me alone,' said John. 'I'm willing to be put in irons. You need not use any force'; and putting out his hands, the captain slipped the irons on, and sent him aft to the quarter-deck. Sam by this time was seized up, as it is called, that is, placed against the shrouds, with his wrists made fast to the shrouds, his jacket off, and his back exposed. The captain stood on the break of the deck, a few feet from him, and a little raised, so as to have a good swing at him, and held in his hand the bight of a thick, strong rope. The officers stood round, and the crew grouped together in the waist. Swinging the rope over his head, and bending his body so as to give it full force, the captain brought it down upon the poor fellow's back. Once, twice - six times. "Will you ever give me any more of your jaw?" The man writhed with pain, but said not a word. Three times more. This was too much, and he muttered something which I could not hear; this brought as many more as the man could stand; when the captain ordered him to be cut down, and go forward. 'Now for you,' said the captain, making up to John and taking his irons off. As soon as he was loose, he ran forward to the forecastle. 'Bring that man aft,' shouted the captain. The second mate, who had been a shipmate of John's stood still in the waist, and the mate walked slowly forward; but our third officer, anxious to show his zeal, sprang forward over the windlass, and laid hold of John; but he soon threw him from him. At this moment I would have given worlds for the power to help the poor fellow, but it was all in vain. The captain stood on the quarter-deck, bare-headed, his eyes flashing with rage, and his face as red as blood, swinging the rope, and calling out to his officers, 'Drag him aft! - Lay hold of him! I'll sweeten him!' etc., etc. \|A flogging at sea The mate now went forward and told John quietly to go aft, and he, seeing resistance in vain, threw the blackguard third mate from him; said he would go aft of himself, that they should not drag him; and went up to the gangway and held out his hands; but as soon as the captain began to make him fast, the indignity was too much, and he began to resist; but the mate and Russell holding him, he was soon seized up. When he was made fast, he turned to the captain, who stood turning up his sleeves and getting ready for the blow, and asked him what he was to be flogged for. 'Have I ever refused my duty, sir? Have you ever known me to hang back, or to be insolent, or not to know my work?' 'No," said the captain, 'it is not that I flog you for; I flog you for your interference - for asking questions.' 'Can't a man ask a question here without being flogged?' 'No,' shouted the captain; 'nobody shall open his mouth aboard this vessel, but ,myself'; and began laying the blows upon his back, Swinging half round before each blow, to give it full effect. As he went on his passion increased and he danced about the deck calling out as he swung the rope: 'If you want to know what I flog you for, I'll tell you. It's because I like to do it! - because I like to do it! It suits me! That's what I do it for!' The man writhed under the pain, until he could endure it no longer, when he called out, with an exclamation more common among foreigners than with us - 'Oh, Jesus Christ, oh, Jesus Christ!' 'Don't call on Jesus Christ,' shouted the captain. 'He can't help you. Call on Captain T -. He's the man! He can help you! Jesus Christ can't help you now!' At these words, which I never shall forget, my blood ran cold. I could look on no longer. Disgusted, sick, and horror-struck, I turned away and leaned over the rail, and looked down into the water. A few rapid thoughts of my own situation, and of the prospect of future revenge, crossed my mind; but the falling of the blows and the cries of the man called me back at once. At length they ceased, and turning round, I found that the mate, at a signal from the captain, had cut him down. Almost doubled up with pain, the man walked forward and went down into the forecastle. Everyone else stood still at his post, while the captain, swelling with rage and with the importance of his achievement, walked the quarter-deck. . . This eyewitness account appears in: Dana, Richard Henry, Two years before the mast (1840); Vale, James E. Rocks and Shoals: Order and Discipline in the Old Navy 1800-1861 (1980). How To Cite This Article: "A Flogging at Sea, 1839", EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2008).	48,004
Major Section: BOOKS A book, say "arith", is said to have a ``certificate'' if there is a file named "arith.cert". Certificates are created by the certify-book and inspected by sums are used to help ensure that certificates are legitimate and that the corresponding book has not been modified since certification. But because the file system is insecure and check sums are not perfect it is possible for the inclusion of a book to cause inconsistency even though the book carries an impeccable The certificate includes the version number of the certifying ACL2. A book is considered uncertified if it is included in an ACL2 with a different version number. The presence of a ``valid'' certificate file for a book attests to two things: all of the events of the book are admissible in a certain extension of the initial ACL2 logic, and the non- events of the book are independent of the (see local-incompatibility). In addition, the certificate contains the commands used to construct the world in which certification occurred. Among those commands, of course, are the defpkgs defining the packages used in the book. When a book is included into a host world, that world is first extended by the commands listed in the certificate for the book. Unless that causes an error due to name conflicts, the extension ensures that all the packages used by the book are identically defined in the Because the host file system is insecure, there is no way ACL2 can guarantee that the contents of a book remain the same as when its certificate was written. That is, between the time a book is certified and the time it is used, it may be modified. Furthermore, certificates can be counterfeited. Check sums (see check-sum) are used to help detect such problems. But check sums provide imperfect security: two different files can have the same check sum. Therefore, from the strictly logical point of view, one must consider even the inclusion of certified books as placing a burden on the user: We say that a given execution of The non-erroneous inclusion of a certified book is consistency preserving provided (a) the objects read by include-bookfrom the certificate were the objects written there by a certify-bookand (b) the forms read by include-bookfrom the book itself are the forms read by the corresponding include-bookis ``certified'' if a certificate file for the book is present and well-formed and the check sum information contained within it supports the conclusion that the events read by the include-bookare the ones checked by certify-book. When an uncertified include-bookoccurs, warnings are printed or errors are caused. But even if no warning is printed, you must accept burdens (a) and (b) if you use books. These burdens are easier to live with if you protect your books so that other users cannot write to them, you abstain from running concurrent ACL2 jobs, and you abstain from counterfeiting certificates. But even on a single user uniprocessor, you can shoot yourself in the foot by using the ACL2 io primitives to fabricate an inconsistent book and the corresponding certificate. Note that part (a) of the burden described above implies, in particular, that there are no guarantees when a certificate is copied. When books are renamed (as by copying them), it is recommended that their certificates be removed and the books be recertified. The expectation is that recertification will go through without a hitch if relative pathnames are used. See pathname, which is not on the guided tour. Certificates essentially contain two parts, a portcullis and a keep. There is a third part, an expansion-alist, in order to record expansions if make-event has been used, but the user need not be concerned with that level of detail. See portcullis to continue the guided tour through books.	57,590
— Rebecca A. via email The impact of exercise on the gastrointestinal tract and digestion has been less well investigated than the same territory for heart, muscle and skeleton. However, over the past decade good studies have clearly demonstrated positive effects on a variety of conditions. Inflammatory bowel disease and liver disease are significantly improved by exercise. The risk for colon cancer and ulcers is decreased by exercise. In addition to prevention and treatment of disease, normal function of the gastrointestinal tract improves with exercise. For instance, gastric emptying, the passage of food out of the stomach, proceeds more efficiently when exercise is part of your daily routine. Many digestive problems are associated with abnormal gastric emptying. Another area in which exercise has a powerful positive effect on digestion relates to stress. Stress has been identified as a contributing factor to a wide spectrum of gastrointestinal disorders. And there is no better stress-reducer than exercise. Finally, an essential function of digestion is to turn food into energy. The optimal processing of glucose, our primary fuel, cannot occur without daily physical activity. The consequences of sedentary behavior are particularly powerful with diabetes because sitting has an immediate effect on glucose metabolism. People who sit after a meal have a 24 percent higher glucose level than people who take a walk after eating. This would suggest that when you don't use your muscles (sitting), insulin sensitivity decreases immediately. Impaired insulin sensitivity has been linked to diabetes, obesity, cancer and accelerated aging. So if you were looking for yet another reason to exercise, put good digestive health on your list. — Paul Spector, MD, Tier 4 Coach	36,722
The missiles can evade US missile defenses and undermine the effectiveness of the carrier strike groups the US operates in the Western Pacific. By deploying them, China could be changing the future military balance in Asia, pulling the centre of power away from Washington and its allies and towards Beijing. If the US can’t sustain its monopoly on the development of precision missile systems, it will struggle to project its current level of power in the western Pacific – and its forward forces and bases in the region will be increasingly vulnerable. Such a shift, or even the perception of one, carries all sorts of risks. Deterrents might lose their deterrent force; military miscalculations might be made, potentially leading to inadvertent war. Then there’s the arms race factor. Precision strike munitions might soon start to proliferate across the region – Japan, for one, has recently expressed a keen interest in exploring the development of a long-range strike capability similar to the US’s Tomahawk cruise missile. The missiles that threaten to shuffle the deck were first seen during China’s 2015 Victory Day Parade. The two anti-ship missile variants on display were the DF-21D, a medium-range ballistic missile dubbed the Carrier Killer, and the DF-26 – a long-range, nuclear-capable version. The DF-26 is the first conventionally armed Chinese ballistic missile capable of reaching the Pacific US territory of Guam, and is thus known as the Guam Express (or Guam Killer). If paired with a nuclear warhead, it will be China’s first long-range nuclear precision missile capable of targeting vital US military assets in Asia. These weapons allow China to both project its military power further and enhance its strategic deterrence – all without the political risks of large troop deployments, or the enormous costs of multiple aircraft carriers. This slow-brewing arms race is quite different to the US-Soviet precision strike competition during the Cold War. This time around, domestic political considerations are front and centre: if the Chinese Communist Party wants to preserve its mandate, it has to prove its ability to defend China’s so-called core interests, among them the South China Sea. But simply being able to show off this sort of military prowess perfectly fits China’s aspirations to become a great power. These assets can threaten US aircraft carriers, overwhelm its missile defenses and threaten its strategic hub in Asia. They also reinforce China’s already formidable military tool-kit designed to settle Beijing’s unresolved interests in the Taiwan Straits, and the increasingly militarized disputed islands in the South China Sea. Even untested, the missiles’ symbolic weight is enormous. Still, there are many unknowns here. What would Chinese anti-ship missile launch protocols look like? How would the Chinese military use these weapons in regional pre-emptive strikes? Would they be used in single strikes, or multiple-salvo attacks? And do the missiles mean an emboldened China might behave more aggressively in future regional standoffs? The US, meanwhile, is preparing to challenge China’s guided munitions by investing in new military systems of its own. This could generate highly escalatory "use-or-lose" dynamics: if China knew or believed that the US could destroy its missiles before they were fired, that could lower the threshold for their use in a future regional conflict. What’s needed is a broad regional arms control framework, perhaps something analogous to the INF or START regimes that limited the US-Soviet Union arms race. Without one, this missile "salvo competition" will only speed up. The future of Washington’s credibility and durability in the western Pacific is at stake – and with it, the security of one of the world’s most heavily armed regions.	34,199
Each year, more than 1 million children experience the divorce of their parents. In 1995, less than 60% of US children were living with both biologic parents, almost 25% were living with their mother only, approximately 4% were living with their father only, and the rest were living with stepfamilies, adoptive families, or foster families (including other relatives). It is estimated that there are 500 000 new divorced fathers each year. Divorce rates peaked in 1979-1981 at 5.3 per 1000 persons and decreased by 1995 to 4.4 per 1000 persons. Approximately 50% of first marriages and 60% of second marriages end in divorce. Divorce and separation may be solutions to a discordant marriage, and any decrease in intrafamily hostility may be constructive; however, for many children and their parents, tensions continue and the entire divorce process is a long, searing experience. Divorce is the termination of the family unit, and thus, it is often characterized by painful losses. Approximately half of all children do not see their fathers after divorce, and relatively few have spent a night in their fathers' homes in the past month. The divorce itself is usually not the first major change in the affected child's life. Parental conflict before the separation often leads to internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, even in preschoolers. Children's sense of loss is ongoing and may increase, especially on holidays, birthdays, and special school events and when trying to integrate new family relationships. Other losses for the child or adolescent relate to changes in home, extended family, school, playmates, financial status, and parental work schedules. Up to half of children show a symptomatic response during the first year after their parents divorce. Risk factors for continuing childhood difficulty include ongoing parental discord, maternal depression, psychiatric disorders in either parent, and poverty. Long-term follow-up studies indicate that divorce may limit or delay children's capacity for intimacy and commitment as young adults. The clinical manifestations of divorce in children depend on many variables, including the child's age; the predivorce level of the family's psychosocial functioning; the parents' ability in the midst of their own anger, loss, and discomfort to focus on their child's feelings and needs; and the child's temperament and temperamental fit of parents with their children. • Infants and children younger than 3 years may reflect their caregivers' distress, grief, and preoccupation; they often show irritability, increased crying, fearfulness, separation anxiety, sleep and gastrointestinal problems, aggression, and developmental regression. • At 4 to 5 years of age, children often blame themselves for the breakup and parental unhappiness, become more clingy, show externalizing behavior (acting out), misperceive the events of the divorce situation, fear that they will be abandoned, and have more nightmares and fantasies. • School-aged children may be moody or preoccupied; show more aggression, temper, and acting-out behavior; seem uncomfortable with gender identity; and feel rejected and deceived by the absent parent. School performance may decrease, and they may agonize about their divided loyalties and feel that they should be punished. • Adolescents may feel decreased self-esteem and may develop premature emotional autonomy to deal with negative feelings about the divorce and their deidealization of each parent. Their anger and confusion often lead to relationship problems, substance abuse, decreased school performance, inappropriate sexual behavior, depression, and aggressive and delinquent behavior. • At all ages, children frequently have psychosomatic symptoms as a response to anger, loss, grief, feeling unloved, and other stressors. They may try to play 1 parent against the other because they need to feel in control and test rules and limits. However, they are likely to feel guilty and responsible for the separation and feel that they should try to restore the marriage. Parents also suffer detrimental effects from divorce and manifest a variety of negative and uncomfortable reactions. Mothers are likely to react to daily stressors as well as untoward major events; to consume more alcohol; to use more mental health services for depression, anxiety, or feelings of humiliation; and to feel overwhelmed and less capable as parents. Fathers often feel pushed away, are likely to seem less accepting of their children, and also may develop depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. Grandparents as well often perceive a decreased quality of relationship with their grandchildren, with custody arrangements being more influential in determining visiting schedules than is geographic distance. Although divorce may be associated with a variety of negative reactions in all members of the family, protective and risk factors have been identified. Pre-divorce parental rancor, along with children's misunderstanding of the significant changes in their lives and their feelings of guilt for the separation, are likely to lead to greater emotional difficulties. Poor education, poverty, and parents' mental health problems may be more important negative factors than the separation itself. Inconsistent discipline, the child's sense of vulnerability, and rejection by a parent are likely to cause adjustment problems, particularly in children with difficult temperament traits, such as low emotionality or high impulsivity. Factors that lead to better outcomes include positive child temperament and an optimistic view of the future, consistent parental discipline, parental acceptance and warmth, and maintenance of as normal a routine as possible. The Pediatrician's Role Pediatricians may only be able to learn about divorce or separation from the children's behavioral changes, family moves, and changes in family financial responsibility. Inquiring about family stressors, including marital difficulties, can be a routine part of the pediatric health supervision visit. When pediatricians counsel the family regarding issues of child development and behavior, areas of marital discord or stress are often uncovered. Addressing these stressors directly or referring for marital counseling is appropriate and may preserve the marital relationship. Pediatricians must consider their own attitudes and ethical positions concerning divorce, especially if they have experienced divorce in their own families, and they must be as objective as possible in counseling children and parents. If the marriage is to end, early interventions can aim to decrease parental hostility and assist the child and parents in coping with family disruptions to come. In cases of marital discord, the potential role of pediatricians in the area of prevention cannot be underestimated. The pediatrician faces 2 preventive tasks: preserving the intact family when appropriate or decreasing morbidity related to separations that occur. The pediatrician can assess the child's reactions, the parents' reactions and levels of hostility, their abilities to meet the child's physical and emotional needs, their support systems, and any indication of parental mental illness. Understanding the child's experience of divorce is essential if the pediatrician is to advise the family. The works of several authors can be particularly helpful. Wallerstein correctly notes that the family divorce is a process, not simply a single event. Consequently, a child's adjustment occurs in stages. The event of acute parental separation, which precedes the legal divorce by months or years, is typically the time of highest vulnerability for the child. Parental distress is high. One parent is absent and often temporarily lost to the child. The custodial parent may find parenting responsibilities more difficult because of his or her own distress. At a time when children's needs are increased, parents are at an emotional disadvantage and are often less able to address the needs of their children. Decreasing school performance, behavioral difficulties, social withdrawal, and somatic complaints are common reactions of children and accompaniments of divorce that require intervention. Profound sadness is typical, and depression is not uncommon. A parent conference at this stage might be scheduled. The pediatrician can meet with the parents together ideally, or separately if necessary, to assess the current situation, assist in future planning for the children's needs, and reestablish an ongoing, working doctor-patient relationship with each parent. If one parent is not able or willing to confer with the pediatrician, the conference must be with the custodial parent. The pediatrician may offer the noncustodial parent an opportunity to discuss the separation as it affects the child. It is important that the pediatrician understand and respect possible individual parent preferences for a man or woman as the counselor, whether the counselor is the pediatrician or an expert to whom the pediatrician refers the family. The discussion can begin by inquiring how each member of the family is doing at this time of family stress. Do both parents have adequate support systems, such as extended family, clergy, or a personal physician to help meet their own physical and emotional needs? Are there supports that can help parents in their parenting roles? What is the apparent emotional reaction of the children? It may be helpful to interpret these reactions to the parents on the basis of the child's developmental level and perspective. Pediatricians can help parents understand their children's reactions and encourage them to discuss the divorce process with their children. Parents can be helped to answer the children's questions honestly at their level of understanding. The children's routines of school, extracurricular activities, contact with family and friends, discipline, and responsibilities should remain as normal as possible. Children should be given permission for their feelings and opportunities to express them. They must understand that they did not cause the divorce and cannot bring the parents back together. Hopefully, they can be told that each parent will continue to love and care for them. The pediatrician can offer families pertinent written material on divorce directed at parents and children (see reading lists at the end of this report). Custody options can be discussed, and the parents' plan may be explored. It is often helpful to remind parents that they together know better than anyone else their children's needs after divorce and that their knowledge of their own children makes them remarkably more qualified than outsiders, including those in the legal system, to develop a good plan. When consensus cannot be reached or disagreement exists, methods of conflict resolution can be discussed. The pediatrician must insist on being the child's advocate and not take the side of either parent. However, if living with either parent seems to present a risk of abuse or neglect for the child, the pediatrician must contact child protective services and possibly seek advice from his or her own attorney. Seductive behavior by a parent toward the pediatrician can be rebuffed politely but firmly. Custody arrangements should be planned always with the children's best interests in mind. Legal custody and parental rights and responsibilities can vary in their physical and legal arrangements from sole 1-parent custody, to various forms of shared arrangements, to equal or joint custody. Varying statutory requirements exist to protect the interests of children. The reader is referred to the American Academy of Pediatrics statement "The Child in Court." More important for the child's mental health than the type of custody is the quality of parenting that the child receives through the divorce and postdivorce periods as well as the child's own resilience. Regardless of the type of custody arrangement, it is important that the pediatrician be given a copy of the divorce decree or be informed in writing by both parents of who is responsible for informed consent, who is to pay for the child's health care, and with whom the pediatrician may discuss health information about the child. If the noncustodial parent has visiting rights, it is important that immunization and other pertinent health records be given to both parents in case of an emergency or urgent situation. Parents should inform the child's school of the change in the family structure, request that report cards be sent to both parents, and identify which parent has authority to grant permission for the child's school-related activities. Although many children have long-lasting emotional and adjustment problems associated with their parents' divorce, most adjust and function well over time, particularly those who have supportive relationships and a positive temperament and receive professional counseling. Pediatricians must recognize that a divorce is a process and not an event; substantive periods of change during the process can demand new adjustments on the part of children. Although the legal divorce is an important event for parents, it may be an insignificant event to a younger child who knows little of the legal process or a very significant event for the older child who experiences further proof that his parents will not reconcile. Among troublesome issues for children may be the parents' dating and sexual activities. Parental discretion and truthfulness are important for the maintenance of respect for the parents. Step-families introduce another adjustment challenge for children and their parents. As children develop and mature, their emotions, behaviors and needs with regard to the divorce are likely to change. A custody arrangement that made sense for a younger child may need adjustment for a preadolescent or adolescent. In addition, Wallerstein describes the "sleeper effect" on some early adolescents. With their advancing maturity, awakening sexuality, and important steps toward their own adulthood, their parents' divorce is reinterpreted and requires rediscussion and readjustment. Many behavioral and emotional reactions from the separation can be reawakened at times of subsequent loss, at anniversaries, with the child's advancing maturity, and with the need to adjust to new and different family structures. Ideally, the pediatrician will be able to maintain a professional relationship with both parents so as to continue to help them care for their children in a comfortable and positive manner. Advice for Assisting Children and Families • Be alert to warning signs of dysfunctional marriage and impending separation. • Discuss family functioning in anticipatory guidance and offer advice pertinent to divorce as appropriate. • Always be the child's advocate, offering support and age-appropriate advice to the child and parents regarding reactions to divorce, especially guilt, anger, sadness, and perceived loss of love. • Try to maintain positive relationships with both parents rather than taking sides. If there is evidence of an abusive situation, referral to child protective services is indicated. • Encourage open discussion about separation and divorce with and between parents, emphasizing ways to deal with children's reactions and identifying appropriate reading materials. • Refer families to mental health resources with expertise in divorce if necessary. - Cohen, George J., Pediatrics, 00314005, Nov2002, Vol. 110, Issue 5 “Personal Reflection” Journaling Activity #1 The preceding section contained information regarding helping children and families deal with divorce and separation. Write three case study examples regarding how you might use the content of this section of the Manual in your practice. Affix extra paper for your Journaling entries to the end of this Manual. Approximately what percentage of marriages end in divorce? To select and enter your answer, go to the .	24,753
The beating heart of the estuary Demand for fish oil puts the Chesapeake under increasing pressure. During the early 1900s, Reedville, Virginia, boasted the highest per capita income of any community in America. Today, it remains the nations third-largest fishing port in terms of pounds landed 375.3 million pounds in 2003, almost exclusively menhaden. Fish meal and oil rendered from menhaden together constitute nearly 40 percent of the total US fish export volume annually. Reedvilles Omega Protein Corporation is the most productive nongovernmental fish processing facility in the world. Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), bony, oily, inedible members of the herring family, were once simply ubiquitous from Florida to Nova Scotia, because their food source phytoplankton, the microscopic plants that support the ocean food chain is so widespread. Menhaden move in vast schools, their mouths agape to consume huge quantities of phytoplankton. They are a critical species in the flow of energy and nutrients, silvery sea-strainers that improve water quality and hold down algae growth. The capacity of menhaden to "filter" phytoplankton is unmatched by any other fish species. They are also a remarkable commodity. As Rachel Carson once put it, "Almost every person in the United States has at some time eaten, used, or worn something made from menhaden." Its in Rustoleum and Pepperidge Farm shortcake cookies and Soothing Seas Aromatherapy body cream. The oil has been used in the manufacturing of soap, linoleum, and certain kinds of paint. By World War II, due to menhadens 60 percent protein content, the fisherys primary product had become fish meal for poultry and swine feed. Government records show that the numbers of menhaden went from 8.1 billion fish during the late 1950s to a "severely depressed condition" of less than 3.9 billion fish in the 1960s. In Reedville, menhaden is still king. The fetid smell emanating from the factory stacks after a nights "cooking" of the catch is, the locals shrug, simply "the smell of money." My closest view of Omega Proteins operation came on a Sunday in July 2004 from the deck of Ferrell McLains 42-foot charter I count 10 battleship-gray vessels, each about 170 feet long, former fleet supply ships that the company purchased from the US military. Early Monday morning, these boats will all be out on courses charted for them by the companys spotter planes. The fish feed in schools so large that theyre detectable on the surface. Once the fish are sighted, a vessel will lower two boats carrying a 1,500-foot-long seine net. As they approach the fish, the boats separate and crew members pay out the net as they encircle the menhaden, then close or "purse" it. Hydraulic power blocks bring the net aboard, at which point a "steamer" ship comes alongside, lowers a giant vacuum hose, and pumps the fish into its refrigerated hold. A single setting of a seine may corral up to 300,000 menhaden. Shore-side, the fish are pumped out into the processing plant, where the days catch is cooked and separated into fish oil and solids. The solids are then dried into various grades of fish meal. Id hoped to see the operation firsthand, but Omega Protein executives turned down my request. One of the vessel captains told me: "I dont know whats going on. They told us last year we could take anyone out on the boats. Im an ol country boy whod like to show somebody what we do. But its been a total turnaround. Im not privileged to do a whole lot of talking." On the outskirts of Reedville, the company was nearing completion of a new $17 million fish oil refinery. It will be able to process an additional 100 metric tons of fish per day, tripling the existing production capacity. While the largest market remains meal for the animal feed industry, Omega Protein is also the worlds biggest manufacturer of liquid fish protein for aquaculture. In 1989, the US Food and Drug Administration ruled that fully and partially hydrogenated menhaden oil is also a safe ingredient for human consumption. In 1997, the same status was extended to refined menhaden oil. This means that not only is the oil a new ingredient in jars of spaghetti sauce and sticks of margarine, but a whole new health food and nutritional supplement market has opened up. In November 2002, the American Heart Association recommended that Americans consume fish oil daily, because omega-3 fatty acids appear to help protect against cardiovascular disease. Omega Protein has cornered the market. Currently, the company produces about 40,000 tons of meal and 20,000 tons of oil a year. Its fish oil sales in 2002 helped Omega boost its business by 18.5 percent, to an annual $117 million. The company has a long and curious history. It is 60 percent owned by the Zapata Corporation, originally an oil-and-gas operation started in 1953 by former president George H. W. Bush. Some believe that Zapatas offshore oil rigs were used as a staging ground for the Bay of Pigs invasion, which within CIA circles was known as "Operation Zapata" and whose landing ships were named Houston (Bushs domicile) and Barbara (his wife). Coincidence? Perhaps, but long after Bush sold Zapata in the mid-1960s, six years of filings on his later years with the firm were "accidentally" destroyed by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) after he became vice president in 1980. In the early 1990s, soon after the FDAs decision to approve menhaden oil for human consumption in the first year of the elder Bushs presidency, a multimillionaire named Malcolm Glazer started accumulating shares in Zapata. Zapata is a publicly traded holding company, about half of it owned by Glazer and his offspring. Early in 1998, not long after another favorable FDA decision on menhaden oil as a good source of omega-3, Zapatas share value nearly doubled following word that it planned to spin off Zapata Protein and rename it Omega Protein. By late 2003, Zapatas only source of income was its 60 percent stake in Omega, and its value on the New York Stock Exchange had soared 184 percent in a little over a year. Meanwhile, the SEC was said to be taking a look at the inner workings of both companies. An investigation by BusinessWeek, reported in its March 15, 2004, issue, "raises serious questions about whether sudden increases in the value of Zapata Corp. and Omega Protein Corp. were orchestrated Spikes in stock prices of both came after curious buyout offers." Bidding for Omega was a company nobody had ever heard of, Ferrari Investments, from a sleepy coastal village in Argentina. Bidding for Zapata was a would-be corporate raider named Theodore Roxford, who later admitted he "might have been acting" on Glazers behalf. Well take menhaden The joining of protectionism with recreational fishing has gained ground in recent years. The two camps are now working to severely restrict, if not close, menhaden fishing grounds. Omega Protein raises the point that a Virginia sector of the Chesapeake Bay is pretty much the only menhaden-rich territory its still allowed to fish. Maryland outlawed menhaden seining in its waters nearly 50 years ago. In more recent times, under pressure from sports fishermen, various state legislatures along the Atlantic coast have evicted Omegas "steamers" from their inshore waters. What Omega doesnt say is that, as far back as 1965, the menhaden reduction fishery began concentrating its efforts in Consider the reported landings of menhaden in Reedville: 488 million pounds in 2001, 382 million pounds in 2002, 375 million pounds in 2003. "Thats equivalent to more than a thousand pickup-truck loads of fish a day," says Jim Price, senior scientist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. "Its equal to five times the amount of seafood that the entire Maryland commercial fishery is able to land counting oysters, clams, fish, everything. One company, one fishing operation." While spawning occurs mainly at sea, menhaden larvae are transported by ocean currents into the estuaries. They use the bay as a nursery during the first year of life. In recent years, recruitment the number of new menhaden hatched into the fishery has plummeted. Between 1975 and 1991, average recruitment was estimated at about 4.4 billion fish a year. By 2001, recruitment was calculated at some 500 million, the lowest figure ever recorded. The menhaden industry claims its not their operation, but overabundant striped bass that is responsible for depleting the menhaden. Its undeniable that the fishery and the fish are competing for the same resource. And the bass may have more effect on the menhaden population than anyone thought. But the fact is, Omega Protein (along with the Menhaden Resource Council and the National Fish Meal and Oil Association) has, on at least one occasion, done its best to block scientific examination of the food web in the Chesapeake. Back in 1994, the Virginia Marine Resources Council (VMRC) was considering a proposal, backed by the nonprofit Chesapeake Bay Foundation and to be funded through recreational license fees, to explore the repercussions on other fish species of the commercial taking of menhaden in the bay. "We got our ass handed to us, on what should have been a slam dunk," the foundations fisheries program manager, Bill Goldsborough, recalls. "Because the industry opposed it, the commissioners caved in." The Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC) does have a fishery management plan for menhaden, first approved in 1981 and twice revised since. For years, however, its Menhaden Management Board was dominated by representatives from the industry. It was the only such ASMFC board that allowed industry members a direct vote in the decisions. In 2001, both the board and the technical committee were finally restructured. Some recent signs suggest that the group may take a harder look at what the industry is doing to menhaden stocks, and at those repercussions. As late as the ASMFCs annual meeting in December 2003, however, the modelers were maintaining that the coastwide Atlantic menhaden population was "not overfished, and overfishing is not occurring." They maintained, too, that it was simply impossible to isolate what might otherwise be happening in the Chesapeake Bay, where nearly two-thirds of that Atlantic catch originated. Meanwhile, other marine scientists were beginning to question the numbers of the menhaden technical committee. According to Desmond Kahn, Chair of the Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife, "Some scientific research suggests that forage species like menhaden need to be fished at a lower level than managers might think, to allow for their high natural mortality [from disease and predation]." In the summer of 2004, Jim Uphoff, a biologist with the Department of Natural Resources, was finishing an analysis of the National Marine Fisheries Services menhaden stock assessment. Uphoffs conclusion? The assessment is "grossly wrong." He explains: "The big thing is, for as important a species as menhaden are, there is virtually no monitoring of the population. "Everything is run off of catch data. But what youve got is whats known as inverse catchability. In other words, as the population goes down, the fishery becomes more and more efficient. They take a larger fraction [of menhaden] per shot. Because these guys arent out fishing randomly. They have airplanes and, when they set a net, they set it on a school of the right magnitude. That would indicate that the fishing mortality rates on menhaden are going way up, as opposed to going way down." Other marine scientists argue that Uphoffs concern about "inverse catchability" would be applicable only if all menhaden were in the Chesapeake. To get an accurate picture we would need to have good population and migration information and then be able to measure accurately rates of local depletion. Still, at long last, due to the unprecedented demand from environmental and fishing groups that something be done, the ASMFC began to take notice. This came on the heels of a March 2004 meeting at which an interstate panel of scientists concluded that current menhaden management measures were inadequate. Then, in October 2004, the ASMFC convened a three-day scientific workshop on menhaden in Arlington, Virginia. At the close of the proceedings, recommendations for action were supposed to take place. Since Omegas boats took five times the biomass of menhaden in May 2004 than they had the previous May coinciding with the time when striped bass were spawning in the Chesapeake it was suggested by Bill Goldsborough, the Chesapeake Bay Foundations representative, that the menhaden fishing season be delayed a month, until June 1. Goldsborough also said that it would be prudent to place a cap on the current level of menhaden harvest, perhaps at an average of the past five years. The industrys response was swift. Lawyers for Omega Protein threatened a lawsuit against the ASMFC should the managing body seek to restrict the menhaden catch in the bay. The science presented during the workshop convinced Ken Hinman of the National Coalition for Marine Conservation (NCMC) that, more than ever, something needed to be done quickly to curtail the menhaden harvest. Yet no scientist was willing to make specific recommendations. Angler and environmental groups responded to the lack of movement by forming a new alliance called Menhaden Matter. Spokespeople from the Chesapeake Bay Foundation, the Coastal Conservation Association, Environmental Defense, and the NCMC gathered at a press conference on October 26, 2004, to release a case study demanding immediate proactive measures to protect "the most important fish in the sea," and insisting that the ASMFC "lay the foundation for an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management in the future." The industry retaliated by setting up a website of its own Menhaden Facts seeking to disparage the new coalition What the industry wants most a booming market for its products may not necessarily come to pass. According to National Fisherman, "On the industrial side of the fishery, where menhaden is processed into feed for poultry and pigs, the demand for fish is depressed by a surplus of soy, which serves the same purpose." All that ground-up menhaden, it seems, could be readily replaced by ground-up soybeans. As for omega-3 products for human consumption, other companies are already seeking ways to produce these from alternative sources, such as algae. While the ASMFCs menhaden board decided that no additional management measures were necessary at its November 2004 meeting, the board agreed to have scientists look into claims that "localized depletion" might be occurring in the Chesapeake Bay. Some members of the technical committee were, in fact, slowly coming around to Prices conclusion that the resurgent striper populations impact on the menhaden had not been properly factored into its menhaden population modeling. At last, in February 2005, the menhaden board overwhelmingly approved development of an addendum to their management plan that would place a 110,400-metric-ton cap (an average of the last five years landings) on the menhaden fisherys Chesapeake Bay catch in 2006 and 2007. The board also proposed beginning an immediate research program to examine the menhadens status in the bay and to consider other fishing constraints during the six-month addendum process. Larry Simns, president of the Maryland Watermens Association, told the menhaden board: "I hate to go against my [Virginia] watermen brethren, but I think its the right thing to do." Maryland Governor Robert Ehrlich affirmed his states commitment "to being a leader in menhaden management in the Chesapeake Bay as these filter-feeding fish are vital to its sustainability." For his part, Price has decided to petition the National Marine Fisheries Service for designation of Atlantic menhaden as a "threatened" species. Its about a five-hour drive from Reedville back up Virginias Northern Neck, across the Bay Bridge, and south again down Marylands Eastern Shore to the little town of Oxford. There, from his picture window, Price casts his gaze beyond the backyard at the Choptank River flowing past his wooden dock. "I should be able to look out this time of year and see schools of menhaden with terns working them. I havent seen a one. This rivers just about dead," he says. Joe Boone has just arrived, driving down from his farm a couple of hours away on the western shore. Jim Uphoff lives in nearby Easton, and our plan is to meet him at the dock where Price keeps his boat. Loading the gear into Prices 28-foot Bertram, the three of us head out onto the Choptank River. Were bound for Tilghman Island, about eight miles down the river toward its mouth, site of one of the last remaining large-scale charter-boat and commercial fishing centers in the upper bay. For a moment, all feels timeless. A few gulls soar overhead. "There used to be thousands," Price says. are no signs of fish. No birds, no bait, no fish. Joe Boone puts his fishing rod back in a holder and muses: "You know, menhaden filtered out millions of tons of algae, turned it into flesh, and went out of the bay with it. Thats how the bay evolved over 10,000 years or so. Now that the oysters are gone, too, all of a sudden you dont have anything removing these massive volumes of algae, which of course is made even worse by increased fertilization from agriculture. The algae dying contributes to another problem, oxygen depletion in the water, which means fish start to suffocate. This was finely tuned by nature, but its like removing one little pin and then the whole system startsto collapse." As we head back toward the dock, I am left pondering how Bill Goldsborough of the Chesapeake Bay Foundation recently summarized the situation. "Youve got the menhaden industry harvesting hundreds of millions of pounds out of the bay, of a filter feeder that should be eating algae," he says. "Then the menhaden are being ground up and processed into a feed thats going to chickens. The chickens are producing all this manure and nitrogen that ends up back in the water, stimulating more algae growth. And that can stimulate disease outbreaks the prime victim of which is menhaden!" The intricate web that nature has woven into and around the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem where what happens to algae, menhaden, striped bass, and chickens is all interrelated human practices can rapidly rend asunder. Writer Dick Russell is author of Striper Wars; An American Fish Story (Island Press, 2005), from which this article was excerpted.	3,940
PV = Pmt x (1 - 1 / (1 + i)n) / i PV = Present Value Pmt = Periodic payment i = Discount rate n = Number of periods The present value of annuity formula shows the value today of series of regular payments. The payments are made at the end of each period for n periods, and a discount rate i is applied. The annuity calculation formula discounts the value of each payment back to its value at the start of period 1 (present value). The Excel PV function can be used instead of the present value of annuity formula, and has the syntax shown below. PV(i, n, pmt, FV, type) *The FV and type arguments are not used when using the Excel present value of an annuity function. Present Value of Annuity Formula Example If a payment of 5,000 is received at the end of each period for 10 periods, and the discount rate is 4%, then the value of the payments today is given by the present value of annuity formula as follows: PV = Pmt x (1 - 1 / (1 + i)n) / i PV = 5,000 x (1 - 1 / (1 + 4%)10) / 4% PV = 40,554.48 The same answer can be obtained using the Excel PV function as follows: PV = PV(i, n, pmt) PV = PV(4%,10,-5000) PV = 40,554.48 The present value of annuity formula is one of many annuity formulas used in time value of money calculations, discover another at the link below.	48,807
The Canadian nuclear scientist Stanton T. Friedman is known of the investigation into the Roswell UFO incident. In 1978, he met with former Major Jesse Marcel, who was involved in 1947 in the recovery of the remains of what the Air Force called a weather balloon. Marcel declared in 1978 versus Friedman that it was not a weather balloon, but an alien spacecraft. Friedman found in Roswell dozens of other witnesses, including a general who confirmed the reading of Marcel. Friedman wrote a book about it, The Roswell Incident, after more witnesses came forward and there are dozens of published books. The nuclear scientist concluded that the cover-up “cosmic Watergate proportions” had occurred. Project Blue Book He is convinced that the US authorities had tried consciously to cover-up the incident to prevent unrest. In a lecture at the MUFON Symposium 2015, the scientist goes deep in the results of major studies such as Project Blue Book, secret UFO documents and photographs of UFOs that are authentic, according to scientists. He also cites a number of reasons why aliens visiting Earth without landing in the garden of the White House and why governments withhold evidence. In his book Flying Saucers and Science: A Scientist Investigates the Mysteries of UFOs, Friedman argues that UFOs are from relatively nearby galaxies.	25,288
Climate change will profoundly challenge the way human society has organized and planned. With its cross-sector and cross-scale yet highly uncertain impacts, climate change could hinder human progress for decades to come. The development and scientific communities have converged on the idea of enhancing resilience to address this pervasive but uncertain risk. Resilient systems are capable of absorbing a multitude of shocks and stresses; they may even become fundamentally altered; yet a resilient system’s core services and sense of value will quickly return or be maintained through a crisis. Underpinnings for our use of resilience are commitments to justice, equality, and fairness. The Climate Resilience Framework (CRF) is a conceptual framework for assessing climate vulnerabilities and risk under conditions of uncertainty and to plan interventions that lead to enhanced resilience. With core elements of the CRF emerging from complex systems theory, resilience is seen as emerging from the interplay of agents, systems and institutions. Key to enhancing resilience is a shared understanding of the issues amongst a wide collection of stakeholders therefore requiring an open, inclusive learning process to identify specific measures and processes that can address the uncertainties of climate change through action and implementation. The CRF process is a collaborative planning process based on the core components of the resilience framework (systems, agents, institutions), and their characteristics. The resilience planning process includes three main activities: a vulnerability assessment, the development and implementation of interventions to build resilience, and an iterative shared learning approach to guide the whole process. In general terms, the approach outlined is an iterative cycle of reflection and action where innovation is key and where experimentation is prized. Citation: Friend, Richard, & MacClune, Ken. (2012). Climate resilience framework: Putting resilience into practice. Boulder, CO: Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-International. Funded By: U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID); The Rockefeller Foundation	39,853
View Full Version : Good tutorials for BASIC Stamp Editor Drew n Matt 02-17-2010, 11:56 PM I'm in a computer engineering course at my school and our teacher purchased some Boe-Boards (as well as boe-bots). We wanted to use the boe-boards to make a digital alarm clock and were looking for some good tutorials for the BASIC Stamp Editor. If you guys have some sites or maybe a book we could buy that would be helpful. 02-18-2010, 12:08 AM The "BASIC Stamp Syntax and Reference Manual" has a lot of stuff on using the Stamp Editor. It's not that complicated and the Manual covers everything. Go to the main Parallax webpage and click on Downloads. In the list you'll get, click on "BASIC Stamp Documentation" and you'll see the Manual. Under Downloads, there's also "Stamps in Class Downloads" which is where you'll find various programming tutorials. 02-23-2010, 09:53 AM I found this to be pretty helpful... http://22.214.171.124/search?q=cache:O8XC4ksSU6wJ:digital.mica.edu/jrouvelle/pcomp/BS2_Tutorial.ppt+BS2+sending+hex+numbers&cd=9&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a its easier to look at as a powerpoint, at the top of the page you'll see the link for it.	5,946
The bullhook is a tool used to punish and control elephants. It is also called an ankus, elephant goad, elephant hook, or a guide. The handle is made of wood, metal, plastic, or fiberglass, and there is a sharp steel hook and a point at one end. Its shape resembles a boat hook or fireplace poker. Some bullhooks have long, "shepherd’s crook" cane-style handles, allowing the trainer a firmer grip so that greater force can be exerted while pulling and yanking the hook deeper into the elephant’s flesh. Both ends inflict damage. The trainer uses the hook and the point to apply varying degrees of pressure to sensitive spots on the elephant’s body (see diagram), causing the elephant to move away from the source of discomfort. Holding the hooked end, the handle is swung like a baseball bat and induces substantial pain when the elephant is struck on the wrist, ankle, and other areas where there is little tissue between skin and bone. The thickness of an elephant’s skin ranges from one inch across the back and hindquarters to paper-thin around the mouth and eyes, inside the ears, and at the anus. Their skin appears deceptively tough, but in reality it is so delicate that an elephant can feel the pain of an insect bite. A bullhook can easily inflict pain and injury on an elephant’s sensitive skin. Trainers often embed the hook in the soft tissue behind the ears, inside the ear or mouth, in and around the anus, and in tender spots under the chin and around the feet. San Jose, Calif., humane inspectors found that seven elephants used by Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus "had injuries behind or on the back of their left ears. Some of the elephants had scars behind their left ears. Almost all of the injuries appeared to be fresh, with bright red blood present at the wound sites." These bloody wounds were likely caused by the bullhook. In fact, Ringling opposed a proposed U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) policy that stated, "An ankus may not be used in an abusive manner that causes wounds or other injuries." Former Ringling employee Glen Ewell said that beating elephants with bullhooks was a normal routine and that "Ringling even employs a guy to use some special powder to stop up the bleeding when an elephant is hooked too hard. They call it ‘spot work.’" The powder is Wonder Dust, or something similar, used to conceal the wound and stop the bleeding.USDA inspectors noted and described bullhook wounds on elephants used by Clyde Beatty-Cole Bros. Circus elephants: "Helen and Bessie both have several white circular inactive ankus scars. Bessie has white circular inactive ankus scars under her chin, on the neck, and dorsal areas. Helen also has the same type of scars behind her right eye and at the dorsal right ear. She also has two longitudinal scars on her tail. … Two of the six elephants had obvious hook mark wounds on their rear legs. Some hook marks were also observed under the jaw of one elephant. … [F]our of the six elephants were observed with what appears to be hook marks. These wounds were small in size, round, some were healing, while others were red in appearance. These wounds were present on rear legs, above tails, and on [the] back of front legs."Within hours of being punctured by a bullhook, a welt or boil may erupt. The wound may grow larger if it becomes infected. While performing in the ring, an elephant responds to verbal commands from a trainer carrying a bullhook and moderate pressure from the bullhook because the elephant has been conditioned through violent training sessions that refusal to obey in the ring will result in severe punishment later. Moments before entering the ring, while out of view of the public, trainers may give the elephants a few painful whacks to remind them who's boss and ensure that the elephants perform the specified tricks on command.Because a dispirited elephant submits to a dominant trainer toting a bullhook, circuses mislead the public with spurious claims that a bullhook is only used to guide or cue an elephant. The difficult tricks that elephants are forced to perform place a great deal of stress on their muscles and joints. They are physically strenuous and no elephant would perform these grotesquely exaggerated maneuvers on command, over and over, hundreds of times a year without the constant threat of punishment. In the wild, an adult elephant would lie down in slow, gradual movements no more than once or twice per day. A typical circus act requires that they lie down and rise very quickly several times in a single show. If it were possible for an elephant to simply be "guided" to perform rapid successions of headstands, hind-leg stands, lying down, tub-sitting, crawling, and twirling, the trainer would be carrying a soft, cotton wand, not a hard, pointed object.Elephants exhibit typical pain avoidance responses to the bullhook by recoiling or emitting fear vocalizations. In addition to bullhooks, trainers use baseball bats, ax handles, pitchforks, and electric shock. Chains, ropes, and block-and-tackle are used as restraints. Alan Roocroft, an elephant consultant to circuses and zoos, cowrote in his book Managing Elephants: [W]hen corporal punishment is administered to an elephant, it has to be fairly forceful in order that it is perceived by the elephant to be punishment at all. … [T]he trainer must now intimidate the animal in order to acquire a dominant position. … [R]estraining a potentially hostile elephant needs at least a crew of eight, preferably 10, in order to insure sufficient ‘muscle’ is available. Once immobilized, the elephant may be the object of punishment in the form of blows with a wooden rod. In I Loved Rogues, elephant trainers George "Slim" Lewis and Byron Fish wrote: Circus animals are performers, and training them depends on a certain amount of rough treatment.What is true of training for performance is even more true of the basic discipline that must be established before an elephant can work or act. It isn’t kept in a cage, and, while it is chained much of the time, there are many occasions when it walks at liberty with only the respect it pays its handler to keep it in check. It is absolutely essential, therefore, that the animal must have this respect for its handler; and to get down to blunt facts, this quality begins with fear: fear of punishment and discomfort.A good stout stick should be used, and it should have a sharp prod on the end of it to keep the elephant from turning its head.[Teaching an elephant to lie down is] done by gradually tightening the chain, a few inches at a time, until the elephant is supporting its weight entirely on the front and hind legs that are free. It is very tiring for a bull to hold up its mass in this manner. When the handler sees it weakening, he gives the command, ‘Down! Come on down.’ The command is repeated until the elephant obeys. Just before it gives in, it will show signs of fear and defeat. Its eyes will bulge and its bowels become loose and watery as they are emptied several times. When the elephant finally surrenders and falls over on its side, it knows it is comparatively helpless and that it has lost a psychological battle. In July 1998, 30 elephant calves between 2 and 7 years of age were captured from the Tuli Block in Botswana. Their front legs were tightly hobbled and the back legs chained in a stretched position so they were unable to lie down. They were deprived of adequate food and water and beaten repeatedly with rubber whips and bullhooks that caused abscesses and lesions. An investigator with the National Council for the Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals described a training session, "One elephant was tied up in the warehouse. ... When the elephant simply moved its trunk or shifted its weight, the mahouts [elephant handlers] would all hit it. Especially the mahout in front, who would whip its face with a rubber whip. I counted that during this training session of 20 minutes, the elephant was hit or stabbed with an ankus a total of 136 times." released shocking photos of baby elephants bound and electro-shocked by trainers in order to force them to learn tricks. Ringling breaks the spirit of elephants when they're vulnerable babies who should still be with their mothers. Parents taking their children to the circus would think twice if they saw these shocking photos of the elephants who are enslaved with ropes, bullhooks, and electric shock prods in these violent training sessions—all for a few moments Submission Is the Mission The bullhook is a purposely cruel tool that is brandished against these gentle giants to coerce obedience. No circus could use elephants without it. Its appearance is so menacing that police charged a California activist with possessing a deadly weapon when she used a bullhook in an educational display at a circus demonstration to illustrate the barbaric treatment of performing animals .The federal Animal Welfare Act does not prohibit bullhook use, but some local communities do. Pompano Beach, Florida, banned the bullhook by amending its animal control ordinance to categorize it as a device that is "likely to cause physical injury, torment, or pain and suffering to animals." Almost all of us grew up eating meat, wearing leather, and going to circuses and zoos. We never considered the impact of these actions on the animals involved. For whatever reason, you are now asking the question: Why should animals have rights? Read more.	37,692
The colonization of Zimbabwe by Britain from the late 19th through the mid-20th centuries propagated Protestant Christianity with varying degrees of acceptance due to native recalcitrance, but British colonizers inadvertently instituted patriarchy in addition to establishing an environment for an increasingly authoritarian political party, which engenders ethnic tension and xenophobia, to dominate. The Shona and the Ndebele, the primary ethnic groups of Zimbabwe, both adopted and rejected Protestant Christianity as a form of opposing foreign hegemony. By primarily confronting males and conscripting them to labor, the British exalted the significance of males in relation to Shona and Ndebele social structures, which continues to resonate in black nationalism and in the HIV/AIDS crisis. In a gradual British-enforced concession of white minority rule to popular sovereignty, the predominantly Shona Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) and its leader, Robert Mugabe, consolidated an initial political presence through socialist, black nationalist, and anti-Ndebele stances, but assumed complete control in what became a superficial representative democracy via British appeasement, regional indolence, and corruption. Relevant Historical/Geographic Context I. Facilitated by native disarray, the British South Africa Company (BSAC) settled Zimbabwe, which resulted in the subjugation of blacks only truncated by black nationalist and British pressure. A. Ndebeles invaded Zimbabwe from	41,813
A chemicals technology firm in Belgium recently launched its vision for using green ammonia for "energy harvesting." The Dualtower is a new kind of wind turbine, under development by Arranged BVBA, that will use wind power to produce and also store hydrogen and nitrogen. These gases are "harvested" as ammonia, which becomes the energy carrier that allows large-scale renewable energy to be transported economically from remote locations with excellent renewable resources to centers of power consumption. Arranged's Dualtower is ambitious and, perhaps, futuristic but it illustrates three powerful concepts. First, the vast untapped scalability of renewable power. Second, the benefits of using ammonia as an energy carrier, to improve the economics of large-scale, long-distance energy transportation relative to every other low-carbon technology. The third concept is simply that every idea has its time, and now may be the time for ammonia energy. What was once futuristic, now just makes sense. A new study examines the technologies needed to produce renewable ammonia from offshore wind in the US, and analyzes the lifetime economics of such an operation. This is the latest in a years-long series of papers by a team of researchers from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). And it is by far the closest they have come to establishing sustainable ammonia as being cost-competitive with fossil ammonia. At the recent NH3 Energy+ Topical Conference, Grigorii Soloveichik described the future of ammonia synthesis technologies as a two-way choice: Improvement of Haber-Bosch or Electrochemical Synthesis. Two such Haber-Bosch improvement projects, which received ARPA-E-funding under Soloveichik's program direction, also presented papers at the conference. They each take different approaches to the same problem: how to adapt the high-pressure, high-temperature, constant-state Haber-Bosch process to small-scale, intermittent renewable power inputs. One uses adsorption, the other uses absorption, but both remove ammonia from the synthesis loop, avoiding one of Haber-Bosch's major limiting factors: separation of the product ammonia. This morning in Beijing, China, the International Energy Agency (IEA) launched a major new report with a compelling vision for ammonia's role as a "hydrogen-rich chemical" in a low-carbon economy. Green ammonia would be used by industry "as feedstock, process agent, and fuel," and its production from electrolytic hydrogen would spur the commercial deployment of "several terawatts" of new renewable power. These terawatts would be for industrial markets, additional to all prior estimates of renewable deployment required to serve electricity markets. At this scale, renewable ammonia would, by merit of its ease of storage and transport, enable renewable energy trading across continents. The IEA's report, Renewable Energy for Industry, will be highlighted later this month at the COP23 in Bonn, Germany, and is available now from the IEA's website.	36,698
The sum total of all the genes present in a crop and its related species constitutes its germplasm. It is the basic indispensable ingredient of all breeding programme, and is conserved as seeds stored in ambient temperature, low temperature, or ultra low temperature. Processes of germplasm conservation includes freeze preservation (in this cell/tissues are stored at -196째C in liquid nitrogen), slow growth cultures (shoot cultures are maintained in a state of slow growth imposed by low temperature, growth retardant or elevated osmotic concentration of the medium), artificial seeds or desiccated somatic embryos (they are stored at low 4째C, or ultralow -20째C temperatures for prolonged periods), and DNA clones (germplasm conserved in DNA segments cloned in vectors like cosmids, phasmids, or artificial chromosomes). To Schedule a Plant Biotechnology tutoring session To submit Plant Biotechnology assignment click here Germplasm Conservation Assignment Help \| Germplasm Conservation Homework Help \| Germplasm Conservation Online Help \| Biochemical engineering \| Biological engineering \| Biological chemistry \| Science and biotechnology \| Application of Biotechnology \| Applied biology \| Organisms \| Biology Research Lab \| Enzymes \| Online Tutoring \| Biochemical engineering \| Carbohydrates \| Lipids \| Proteins \| Nucleic acids \| DNA \| Bioreactors \| Bioprocessing \| Applied biochemistry and biotechnology \| Applied chemical technology \| Genetics engineering \| Biochemical assignment help \| Biotechnology assignment help \| Cell biology \| Biochemical processes \| Biochemical nutrition \| Molecular biology Assignment Writing Help Engineering Assignment Services Do My Assignment Help Write My Essay Services	44,649
May 16, 2002 A region in the western tropical Pacific Ocean may help scientists understand how Venus lost all of its water and became a 900-degree inferno. The study of this local phenomenon by NASA scientists also should help researchers understand what conditions on Earth might lead to a similar fate here. The phenomenon, called the ‘runaway greenhouse’ effect, occurs when a planet absorbs more energy from the sun than it can radiate back to space. Under these circumstances, the hotter the surface temperature gets, the faster it warms up. Scientists detect the signature of a runaway greenhouse when planetary heat loss begins to drop as surface temperature rises. Only one area on Earth – the western Pacific ‘warm pool’ just northeast of Australia – exhibits this signature. Because the warm pool covers only a small fraction of the Earth’s surface, the Earth as a whole never actually ‘runs away.’ However, scientists believe Venus did experience a global runaway greenhouse effect about 3 billion to 4 billion years ago. "Soon after the planets were formed 4.5 billion years ago, Earth, Venus and Mars probably all had water. How did Earth manage to hold onto all of its water, while Venus apparently lost all of its water?" asked Maura Rabbette, Earth and planetary scientist at NASA Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley. "We have extensive earth science data to help address that question." Rabbette and her co-investigators from NASA Ames, Christopher McKay, Peter Pilewskie and Richard Young, used atmospheric conditions above the Pacific Ocean, including data recorded by NASA’s Earth Observing System of satellites, to create a computer model of the runaway greenhouse effect. They determined that water vapor high in the atmosphere produced the local signature of a runaway greenhouse. At sea surface temperatures above 80 F (27 C), evaporation loads the atmosphere with a critical amount of water vapor, one of the most efficient greenhouse gases. Water vapor allows solar radiation from the sun to pass through, but it absorbs a large portion of the infrared radiation coming from the Earth. If enough water vapor enters the troposphere, the weather layer of the atmosphere, it will trap thermal energy coming from the Earth, increasing the sea surface temperature even further. The effect should result in a chain reaction loop where sea surface temperature increases, leading to increased atmospheric water vapor that leads to more trapped thermal energy. This would cause the temperature increase to ‘run away,’ causing more and more water loss through evaporation from the ocean. Luckily for Earth, sea surface temperatures never reach more than about 87 F (30.5 C), and so the runaway phenomenon does not occur. "It’s very intriguing. What is limiting this effect over the warm pool of the Pacific?" asked Young, a planetary scientist. He suggests that cloud cover may affect how much energy reaches or escapes Earth, or that the ocean and atmosphere may transport trapped energy away from the local hotspot. "If we can model the outgoing energy flux, then maybe we can begin to understand what limits sea surface temperature on Earth," he said. The Ames researchers are not the first to study the phenomenon, but no consensus has been reached regarding the energy turnover or the limitation of sea surface temperature. Rabbette analyzed clear-sky data above the tropical Pacific from March 2000 to July 2001. She determined that water vapor above 5 kilometers (3 miles) altitude in the atmosphere contributes significantly to the runaway greenhouse signature. She found that at 9 kilometers (5.6 miles) above the Pacific warm pool, the relative humidity in the atmosphere can be greater than 70 percent - more than three times the normal range. In nearby regions of the Pacific where the sea surface temperature is just a few degrees cooler, the atmospheric relative humidity is only 20 percent. These drier regions of the neighboring atmosphere may contribute to stabilizing the local runaway greenhouse effect, Rabbette said. It is important to note that the Ames team uses real climate information such as relative humidity and temperature–not hypothetical numbers–in the Moderate Resolution Atmospheric Radiative Transfer, or MODTRAN, modeling program. The program calculates how much energy escapes back to space from the top of Earth’s atmosphere. The researchers plan to experiment with the model to test the runaway greenhouse signature’s sensitivity to climate conditions. By varying the abundance of other greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and by adding clouds in the model, they will see the overall effect on the outgoing energy. The model may help researchers uncover why Venus experienced a complete runaway greenhouse and lost its water over a period of several hundred million to a billion years. The research may also help determine which planets in the so-called ‘habitable zone’ of a solar system might lack water, an essential ingredient for life as we know it. Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above. Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.	4,871
Polar travel is unlike any other kind of travel. The environment can be inhospitable, unpredictable, and potentially dangerous. Yet, we’re excited to explore the unique landscape, to learn about Antarctica’s natural history, and to see wildlife that inhabits this harsh environment. \|Colors, shapes, and textures vary greatly at Antarctica.\| Most Antarctic tours take two days for crossing the Drake Passage, a body of water between Cape Horn, Chile and the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. It often means two days of potentially excruciatingly rough water that may confine passengers to their cabins, even their beds, to prevent falls and other accidents. \|Arriving by plane at King George Island, Antarctica\| Getting thereWe flew into Punta Arenas, Chile, our departure point for the adventure. Weather is the crucial determining factor for all activities in Antarctica, as we learned right away when told our flight would leave at 6 a.m. the next morning (necessitating meeting in the hotel lobby at 3:30 a.m.).Because the charter plane lands on a Chilean military base with just a simple airstrip, visibility is necessary. Fortunately the good-weather window stayed open, and we were able to fly on time. \|Boarding Zodiacs to make our way to the ship.\| Once on King George Island, we were required to walk from the airfield to the beach, about a mile and a half, where we boarded Zodiacs that would take us to the ship. Getting acquainted with the landWaterproof clothing is compulsory for every outing, and we were grateful for the “muck” boots Quark issued since we had many wet landings and often tromped on ice, snow, or mud. Terrain is often uneven, sometimes slushy and slippery, and we watched for crevices in the ice that could be dangerous. The calf-high rubber boots are disinfected after every trip onshore to avoid contamination in Antarctica. Regular shoes never set foot on Antarctic land. \|Zodiacs took us to land for each excursion. We usually\| walked through water, rocks, or snow when exiting the Zodiac. The landscape isn’t all ice; freshwater lakes and streams are an important part of the ecosystem. But we’re cautioned not to walk on or destroy any part of the landscape. No food is allowed ashore, and we must avoid disturbing any artifacts that might be historically important. The guides marked boundaries designated where it was safe to walk; otherwise, we moved freely on the Antarctic surface. We took only photos and memories, leaving no evidence of our visit. \|Icebergs surround the Sea Adventurer, our home \| for this incredible adventure. The first day we departed from Maxwell Bay and went through Palmer Archipelago and Bransfield Strait. Our route took us beside the continent, winding in and around a variety of islands. That evening there was considerable wave movement, but seas calmed after midnight. \|On deck, happy to be in Antarctica--and amazed by the landscape.\| Photos by Larry and Beverly Burmeier	26,031
Bile Duct Cancer Facts What Is Bile Duct Cancer? Bile is a fluid secreted by the liver to help digest food, and bile ducts are the small tubes in and around the liver that carry this fluid to the small intestine. Cancer of the bile ducts occurs when cells in these tubes become abnormal and grow uncontrollably. What Are The Signs And Symptoms Of Bile Duct Cancer? Symptoms of bile duct cancer can go unnoticed until the late stages of the disease, but common symptoms are: - Jaundice (the yellowing of the skin and eyes) - Itchy skin - Lightly colored and/or greasy stool - Dark urine - Abdominal pain - Loss of appetite - Weight loss What Increases Your Risk Of Bile Duct Cancer? - Age: Most cases of bile duct cancer are diagnosed in patients in their 60s and 70s. - Liver and inflammatory bowel diseases: Conditions such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, bile duct stones, choledochal cysts, liver fluke infections, cirrhosis and Hepatitis B and C can all inflame the bile ducts and increase risk. This is also true for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, both of which are characterized by chronic swelling of the digestive tract. - Ethnicity: In the United States, cancer of the bile ducts is more common in Native Americans and Hispanic-Americans. - Obesity: Being overweight or obese can heighten your risk of bile duct cancer. - Genetics: While a family history of bile duct cancer may increase risk, it remain a rare disease with most cases being found in people with no family history at all. - Alcohol consumption: People who consume alcohol, particularly those who have liver disease due to drinking alcohol, are more likely to get bile duct cancer. Sources: American Cancer Society and National Cancer Institute	7,267
Are you drinking a cup of coffee right now? Congratulations, you may be lowering your risk of stroke, according to study of nearly 35,000 women published Thursday in Stroke: Journal of the American Heart Association. The study led by Susanna Larsson of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm followed women aged 49 to 83 for an average of 10 years, and found that those who drank more than one cup of coffee a day had a 22% to 25% lowered risk of stroke, compared with women who drank less. Further, the study found, drinking little or no coffee was actually associated with a slight increase in stroke risk. “Some women have avoided consuming coffee because they have thought it is unhealthy,” said Larsson in a statement. “In fact, increasing evidence indicates that moderate coffee consumption may decrease the risk of some diseases such as diabetes, liver cancer and possibly stroke.” Still, the authors say their findings are preliminary and shouldn’t change people’s coffee-drinking habits. The past medical literature on the impact of coffee on cardiovascular health has been mixed, but much data support the current findings. As USA Today‘s Janice Lloyd reported: The results are consistent with findings on 83,076 women in the Nurses Health Study in the USA in 2009. In that study, women who drank four or more cups of coffee a day had a 20% reduced risk of stroke, compared with women who had less than one cup per month. That study distinguished between caffeinated and decaf; the decaf group had a slightly lower risk. The women in the Swedish study were not asked whether they drank decaf or regular coffee, but most Swedes drink caffeinated coffee, Larsson noted. (More on Time.com: 5 Better-For-You Breakfasts) The current study tracked participants of the Swedish Mammography Cohort, a long-term study focusing on the associations between diet, lifestyle and disease. Researchers collected data on women’s coffee consumption and incidence of stroke between 1998 and 2008. There were 1,680 cases of stroke during that time period, with a reduced risk among women who drank coffee. The amount of coffee women drank over and above one cup didn’t reduce risk further — that is, women who drank five or more cups had the same reduction in stroke risk as women who drank one to two cups, compared with those who drank less — and the association remained even after researchers took into account smoking, drinking, weight, diabetes and blood pressure. Why coffee may lower stroke risk isn’t clear, but researchers speculated that it might reduce inflammation or improve insulin resistance, which may help lower risk for stroke. (More on Time.com: A Man Dies After Overdosing on Caffeine) However, as other experts pointed out, it’s also not clear that stroke-risk reduction can be attributed to coffee. HealthDay reported: The problem with this type of study is that there are too many factors unaccounted for and association does not prove causality, said Dr. Larry B. Goldstein, director of the Duke Stroke Center at Duke University Medical Center. “Subjects were asked about their past coffee consumption in a questionnaire and then followed over time. There is no way to know if they changed their behavior,” Goldstein said. And, he noted, there was no control for medication use or other potential but unmeasured factors. The good news for caffeine junkies is that at least drinking coffee didn’t increase women’s risk of stroke.	3,798
Järnvägar - Spår - Säkerhet vid arbete i spår - Del 1: Risker vid spårarbete och allmänna principer för skydd av fasta och mobila arbetsplatser This European Standard provides requirements and measures to deal with the significant and specific railway risks during works on or in proximity of the track and with common principles for the protection of fixed and mobile work sites with trains and/or machines circulating on the working track and trains circulating on the adjacent track(s). Railway risks and protection measures for access and egress to/from the work site are considered in the same way as railway risks and protection measures for work itself. This European Standard is applicable to all operations related to work activities on rail guided systems. Infrastructure of metro, tram and other light rail systems is excluded from the scope ). The following specific railway risks are taken into consideration: — Risk 1: Personnel being struck by a train or injured due to wind drag from a train on open working track (safety of the worker); NOTE 1 Risk 1 includes injuring of a worker by machines, material or equipment being struck by a train on the working track. — Risk 2: Personnel being struck by a train or injured due to wind drag from train on adjacent track (safety of the worker); — Risk 3: Personnel being struck by machine or train on blocked track (safety of the worker); — Risk 4: Machines, material or equipment being struck by a train on the adjacent track (safety of the operation/safety of the worker); — Risk 5: Personnel being electrified or electrocuted by fixed electrical equipment (safety of the worker). NOTE 2 Risk 5 includes hazards caused by pantographs of passing trains. This European Standard also provides requirements to the process of installing basic preventive measures when planning new infrastructure or installing corrective measures when adapting existing infrastructure.	36,123
Obesity continues to grow globally. Most of the nations have failed in their ambitious aim of curbing “childhood obesity”. Haven’t you tried to eat less or control your intake during festivals and holidays (which seems most certainly impossible) and failed. Well, here is a simple trick to eat less. According to this BMJ press release regarding a research on obesity and portion size “The causes of obesity are complex but overconsumption of food and sugary drinks is a critical proximal determinant, driven in part by large portion sizes.” Hence to reduce your calorie intake, simply reduce the size of your food plate, bowl or package.Having small amount of food on a large plate may seem limiting while choosing a smaller plate that’s full with food will make you more satisfied with your intake further helping you eat less automatically. This is further proved in the research – “ people consistently consume more food or non-alcoholic drinks when offered larger sized portions or packages, or when using larger items of tableware.4 The size of this effect suggests that eliminating larger portions from the diet could reduce average daily energy consumed by 12-16% among UK adults and by 22-29% among US adults.” Well, that’s a simple trick you can start implementing today.	31,392
Education and Awareness Marine Education is a major focus of the Riverhead Foundation for Marine Research and Preservation. Programs are geared toward teaching about environmental awareness as well as what can be done to help support the New York State Marine Mammal and Sea Turtle Rescue Program. These programs include school visits, tours of the facility, slide and lecture presentations, and special programs. Seal cruises from Freeport and seal walks are offered seasonally. The Primary mission of the Riverhead Foundation is the rescue, rehabilitation, and release of sick and injured seal, dolphins, whales, porpoises, and sea turtles. Some of these species are highly endangered and on the verge of extinction. One of the best ways to preserve the environment is by promoting education and public awareness of the marine environment and its conservation. We do this by providing the following educational programs, designed to teach the public about the importance of our natural environment. All monies raised from educational programs support the Foundationís endeavers.	29,940
It is a common question, “is it better to study alone or in a group?”. And definitely, there are some advantages and disadvantages of group study or team-based learning. Success will be sure if every group member actively participates in the learning process without disturbing anyone. Group studying with peers provides an environment for each student to share their knowledge and thoughts freely. Students can learn better by discussing and questioning each other. Discussing opinions and reasoning allows them to develop different perspectives of how they can complete a task easily and quickly. But we need to know the self-study vs group study and which one is better for us. When joining a group study, it is necessary to know the pros and cons of becoming a part of group learning. Every group member should follow the group rules. When going to form a group for academic preparation or for any other learning, there should define the strength of the group and the student’s level of knowledge. The study groups may be formal or informal. Informal study groups are formed by the students by their own perspectives for studying together. Students define their own rules and regulations for informal groups. The formal groups are formed by the authorities in schools and colleges or universities. Rules and regulations are defined by the authority. I’ll discuss all the pros and cons of self-study vs group study and how to form a study group. Advantages of Group Study: Group study keeps students motivated. When a student sees another peer is performing better, he motivates unconsciously. Meeting with other people keeps us motivated. Group studying inspired us to compete. Students work hard for being ahead of other students. If some students complete a task, and the same task others don’t, they think about ‘why we didn’t’. Motivation is a key to working hard and succeeding. Boosts Work Efficiency Group studying boosts the Efficiency of work. You can achieve more results as compared to studying alone. In a solo study, you have one brain, but on the other hand in a group study, you have multiple thoughts for one topic. So, multiple thoughts can increase your efficiency of work. Keeping Us on Track Teamwork with collaboration keeps everyone on track. No one compromise with excuses. No one can say I can’t do this work tomorrow. Every member is dependent on other members’ performance. Group studying makes a man punctual. Every group member is answerable about the task assigned. Keep Reading: 15 Tips to Avoid Girls and Focus on Your Studies Support Each Other Everyone is not perfect in everything. Everyone needs other help in some cases. In a group study, supporting each other can make things easy. - In group studying, you can get help with your weaknesses in the study. If you are in trouble with a specific topic, you can discuss it with other group members. You can clear your clues by sharing them in a group. - Helping weaker students is a work of goodness. If you teach other fellows, your own topic will be clear and it will memorize by you. - A support system can help poor students to share their equipment if they can’t afford it like a laptop, internet, and notes. Even you can fundraise for a weak student in your group or in the class. Develops Teaching Skills In group studying your study skills will improve. When you speak in a group of peers, your confidence will be developed. You will teach other students like a teacher. It is easy to speak and deliver with your friends, even some hesitate to speak with their friends. Group studying helps students to develop teaching skills. Clarification of Doubts In a class, there is only one teacher and his one way of teaching but in a group, there are a number of thoughts available to deliver a topic from different angles. When a student studies alone, he/she may have some doubts related to the topic. He/she may have some questions about the topic so, in a group, students can ask in a friendly way. Reduction of Workload In a group study, you can divide a topic among the team member. In this way, the workload will reduce. Everyone is responsible for his own task. Every student is not an expert in every subject, your team should contain at least one expert or interested student for every subject. You have less stress when studying in a group. Group study has a solution for lazy students about their habit of procrastination. Lazy people let their work for tomorrow. But when you are bound with teamwork, your can’t let your task for later completion. You have to complete your work within the deadline. Solo Studying can let you work on it tomorrow if you don’t want to complete it today. Read also: Tips to overcome procrastination in the studying Group studying develops your confidence. When you interact with peers, you feel free to talk as compared to your teachers or seniors. It realizes that you can speak what you think. Group study is beneficial for developing students’ confidence. Study Without Feel Boring Another advantage is that when there are more people working on the same subject, they don’t feel boring. Even if there is a challenging task assigned, teamwork doesn’t feel boring. So when studying in a group, you don’t feel bored and don’t watch the clock after a couple of minutes. You don’t feel how the time has gone and you can learn boring subjects for fun. Develops Communication Skills Communication is a golden skill for one’s successful life. Group study develops communication skills in students. If students work on their weaknesses, they can become good communicators. In a group study, students share comments that what are your weaknesses and what are your strengths. If a student has low communication, he/she has a chance to improve his/her communication when going for group study. Learn New Study Skills In a group study, different students share their new ideas about the learning process. Your group may have a new kind of learning perspective that can help you learn easily. Students give tips on how you can prepare for this topic, and how can you attempt this question in the exam. You share your ideas and thoughts with group members. You can broaden your mind with such new learning material from different styles of learning. Fast Solution to the Problems Group study helps you to learn complicated things fast. When a student is stuck with a problem in solo studying, he serves a lot of time on that solution. In a group, you can ask questions and can get the answer from a number of team members. Read more: Tips to Study Effectively for Exams in a Short Time Group Study keeps students up to date on academic activities, institute news, and other general breaking news. If there is a free discussion, it can increase students’ general knowledge about current affairs. Friend’s Loyalty Experience A Group study predicts which one is loyal to you. When you ask for help and another can. You can realize which one is supporting you with his skills and other types of equipment. This is a non-academic advantage for group studying. Some Other Advantages - You can improve your notes - Students can share talent - Learn different strategies for solving papers - Can cover more material than solo studying - You learn to compromise - You learn to bear others’ company and attitude - You learn social skills Disadvantages of Study Groups: As there are advantages of group studying, there also exist disadvantages also. Loneliness can make you concentrate and memorize better. Everyone will have their own recipes to achieve good results. There are chances of distraction from your study. You can’t manage a peaceful environment for study with full concentration. It is difficult to maintain silence and focus on one topic. If someone likes being alone, group study is such a challenge for that student. Learning Speed Difference Every student is not equal in picking the knowledge. Some students are more quick and efficient in learning. If a student is fast in learning but has to follow the group routine. And if the group’s flow is fast, it is problematic for weaker students. Every day, you have new questions and arguments related to the previous topic. No doubt that the topic is clear to you but, you have to wait until it is clear to the whole group. You may face some unreasonable arguments that you don’t like in the study group. Bearing a Negative Attitude Sometimes, there may produce a negative attitude in the group due to some valid reason. It affects the learning way and may break down the group into pieces. The patience of the group members is required to bear all students in the group study. You May Become Dependent When there are more facilities in a group study, one student may become dependent. In groups, tasks are divided into group members. If someone fails to prepare or he may weak in the study, then other members help. If that student doesn’t struggle and doesn’t try to be creative, then it is a negative sign for that student. Such student becomes dependent on others. How to Form a Study Group? Here are some suggestions to form a group study: Decide the Number of Members Strength: A study group consisting of about 4-6 students will help you to discuss ideas and gather knowledge from your peers. More than 6 students can cause distraction. Choose Members of Group Carefully Behavior: Select positive behavior students in your group to avoid distractions and misleading. Knowledge level: Select genius and weaker students for keeping the group balance. Expert or interested in every subject. Choose a Leader Select a group leader for instruction and guidance to keep the group organized and disciplined. You can arrange to vote for this purpose. Find Right Place There must be a suitable place where everyone can reach easily. There should be enough space for sitting all members. All necessary academic equipment and facilities i.e. fan, whiteboard, chairs, table, etc. Predefine Group Rules Make a list of group rules with the help of all group members suggestions and wills together. Predefine a schedule - Keep Your Ego At Your Home. - Only one can speak at one time. - Should respect each other. - No criticism. External Advisor for the Group Every group requires a leader or a captain. Request a teacher or other expert for suggestions and help if you are stuck with a problem. Read also: 14 Tips to Be a Topper in Class – [Secret Study Hacks] 4 thoughts on “Group Study Advantages and Disadvantages – Self Study vs Group Study” Pingback: How to Teach Your Child at Home - Homeschooling - WellGuider Pingback: How to Prepare and Pass PPSC Exam \| PPSC, FPSC, PMS Test Pingback: How do Toppers Study? \| Become a Top Student \| Well Guider Pingback: Top 15 Websites for PPSC, FPSC, NTS, PMS, CSS Exam Preparation	10,305
What is “Capitalism”? First, it is a term that was originally coined by its enemies. Second, it suggests that the phenomenon—or, more precisely, the phenomena—that it denotes composes a system, and since the systems of which the human (as opposed to the “natural”) world is comprised are almost always the products of design, “capitalism” appears to refer to but one more such system among others. So, according to its critics, “capitalism” differs, say, from socialism and communism only in degree: While the latter “distribute” material goods “equally,” the former “distributes” them “unequally.” Or maybe the difference between “capitalism” and its competitors can be summed up as thus: “the poor” and “the middle class” are the targeted beneficiaries of socialism and communism while “the rich” are intended to benefit most from “capitalism.” In truth, though, what is casually, but erroneously, referred to as “capitalism” isn’t really a “system” at all. That is, “capitalism” differs fundamentally or in kind from its rivals. Socialism and communism—demanding, as they do, a government sufficiently activist to confiscate material resources from some in order to disperse it to others—are intrinsically dependent upon some plan or other. Within such economies, for the sake of satisfying some predetermined pattern, individuals are either prevented from accumulating property or seriously impeded from doing so. In stark contrast, within those orders commonly characterized as “capitalist,” there is no preconceived ideal to be realized. The absence of a plan is as essential to “capitalism” as the presence of a plan is essential to socialism and communism. The government has a role to play, for sure, and it is a critical one: a stable currency; the enactment and enforcement of laws regarding contracts; the adjudication of conflicts; etc. But perhaps most importantly, the government is obligated to refrain from interfering with the individual’s self-chosen (legitimate) pursuits. Those on the Right fail to realize the extent to which they harm the cause of “capitalism” when they both use this term and insist upon speaking of “economic freedom” or “economic liberty.” “Capitalism” is the incidental by-product, as it were, of civil association. As the conservative philosopher Michael Oakeshott observed, civil association is a moral association, for its associates are not compelled to invest in the purposes of others but, rather, are free to decide their own engagements. Such an association precludes from the outset the imposition of a grand redistributive scheme upon those who have been coerced to contribute toward it. In short, there is no “economic liberty”; there is only liberty. Christianity and “Capitalism” Within relatively recent years, as far as the lifespan of Christianity goes, the order of freedom customarily called “capitalism” has been critiqued by some segments of Christendom. The most common criticism assumes the form of an argument from inequality. It’s pretty self-explanatory: “Capitalism” is immoral because it generates glaring material inequalities. It is important here to make a couple of notes regarding the similarities between this sort of Christian and his secular counterpart who also despises freedom as Americans have traditionally understood it. First, the two figures are of one mind in affirming a substantive or material conception of equality. That is, Equality — not equality — is a cardinal value for him. Second, neither the Christian nor the secular egalitarian ever dares to contrast Equality with freedom. It is “capitalism,” or maybe “the market,” that must appear adversarial from the perspective of Equality. Inasmuch as they refer to threats to Equality, the scheme of this sort of Christian resolutely refuses to accommodate such terms as “freedom” and “liberty,” or even “economic freedom,” “economic liberty,” or “the free market.” Third, closely related to this last, this sort of Christian, like the secular egalitarian, speaks of “capitalism” as if it were a “system” designed to “distribute” the lion’s share of goods to “the rich” or “the privileged.” To this argument, I can only say that the Christian who invokes it labors under a profound misunderstanding of his religious tradition. Equality is a Christian value, but the equality that Christians have traditionally defended is a theological, not a material, good. Christians believe that in the eyes of God, each and every person, just by reason of having been created in the Divine image, is possessed of an inviolable dignity. To put it simply, there are certain sorts of treatment to which human beings are strictly forbidden from subjecting themselves and others. Yet theological equality and material equality are conceptually distinct ideas. Neither has anything at all to do with the other. From the first generation of Christians to the present day, the disciples of Jesus Christ have recognized this. Some may object that Christians are called upon to share their resources with one another and, especially, the needy. While this is undeniably true, it is also irrelevant: the virtue of charity — a character disposition of individual moral agents — has nothing to do with the value of material equality — a government-imposed distribution of resources. That this is so is proven by two simple considerations. First, Jesus said that the whole law boils down to but two commandments: Love the Lord God with every fiber of your being; and love your neighbor as yourself. The relationship between these is clear: If we are to love God we must love our neighbor(s). The parable of the Good Samaritan puts it beyond question that our obligation to love our neighbors extends to any and all who are in need of our friendship. However, notice that the Good Samaritan didn’t come to the assistance of the injured Jewish man for the sake of “leveling playing fields” or insuring that Jews and Samaritans receive their “fair share” of society’s goods. In fact, the Samaritan wasn’t even in the least bit motivated by a desire to help “the poor”; rather, he saw a fellow human being in need and, moved by compassion, or maybe a sense of justice, came to his aid. If the parable of the Good Samaritan can’t be depended upon to instruct us on how best to understand the essence of Christian charity, nothing can. Second, if material inequality is inherently objectionable from a Christian perspective, then the inequality that obtains between millionaires and billionaires, or some billionaires and others, should be objectionable. That we are inclined to laugh at this suggestion puts the lie to the notion that material inequality is intrinsically immoral. None of this is meant to imply that the Christian shouldn’t have any concerns with what we tend to call “capitalism.” The desire to be better than one’s competitors — as opposed to the desire to be the best that one can be — is a function of the cardinal Christian sin of pride. A “capitalist,” whether a seller or a consumer of goods, like all human beings, is deserving of praise or blame depending on his character dispositions, his intentions and motives. To the extent that the competitive nature of “capitalism” or “the free market” encourages pride, we must regard it, like we should regard everything, with caution. Even bearing this in mind, however, we must also consider that the order of freedom referred to as “capitalism,” though it contains its own dangers, is the only economic “system” suitable for free persons. In other words, among the various economic systems, it alone is morally tolerable.	21,701
Pollution prevention as a term has become less used recently, supplanted by sustainability, but the fundamental idea of preventing pollution rather than fixing problems is essential for efficient, economically viable manufacturing, providing services, and addressing many environmental problems. It makes sense, both economically and environmentally, to reduce the input of materials and energy, minimize the amount of waste for treatment and disposal, and make sure the wastes that are produced can be reused or disposed of easily and without harm to the environment. In fact, in that way pollution prevention is an essential component of sustainability. Costs for extra raw materials, waste disposal, and waste treatment systems can be eliminated or substantially reduced. For example, Washington State businesses have said that pollution prevention planning has saved more than $45 million since 2005 (PDF). Many new tools in the arsenal of programs and processes to prevent pollution at its source are becoming readily available, such as the push toward lean manufacturing that is focused on eliminating waste (anything that does not add value for the customer), and lifecycle approaches that can help prioritize challenges. In addition, there are many new P2 opportunities created by new energy conservation tools, new materials, and the move towards green chemistry. What is important is that pollution prevention thinking be integrated into everything we do. Experience has taught us that pollution prevention should not be an add-on, but should be integrated into the business processes and ownership for solutions integrated into the responsibilities of the people who create the waste. As such, it is important to understand the business model to know where the opportunities have the greatest impact and can leverage limited resources. For example, in a fairly stable operation there may be opportunities in training for better procedures -- training for better spray painting procedures at Woodfold Manufacturing, Inc., in Forest Grove, Ore., reduced paint use by 1,082 gallons, reduced VOC emissions by over 1,000 pounds, and saved $38,330 in the first year alone. Where decisions are being made that impact environmental performance in the supply chain, such as by manufacturing equipment suppliers or chemical suppliers, it may be most effective to drive efficiencies there. We should always be opportunistic to implement good ideas, but since we all have limited resources it is important to focus our main programs on the areas where highest impact decisions are being made. Next Page: How Intel tries to prevent pollution.	52,513
Copyright 0 1993 Pacific Rim Law & Policy Association "COMFORT WOMEN" FROM KOREA:JAPAN'S WORLD WAR II SEX SLAVES AND THELEGITIMACY OF THEIR CLAIMS FOR REPARATIONS Abstract: During World War II, Japan forced 100,000 to 200,000.women from all over Asia into prostitution to satisfy the sexual cravings of Japanese soldiers. These women thus forced into prostitution were euphemistically called "comfort women". In December 1991, three former Korean comfort women filed suit in the Tokyo District Court, seeking damages for their sufferings. From both legal and moral perspectives, Japan needs to make reparations for violations of these women's fundamental human rights. By meeting the obligations arising from its past abuses of human rights, Japan will take a significant step toward preventing its militant past from re-occurring, fostering protection of human rights in the future and building trust among its neighboring countries. "Hethat would make his own libertysecure must guardeven his enemy from oppression; for ifhe violates thisduty he establishes aprecedent thatwill reach to himself" Japan annexed Korea in 1910 and ruled it through a colonial government until 1945.' The colonial policy of Japan demanded complete subjugation and assimilation from Korea.2 In 1938, Japan passed the National Mobilization Law,3 which essentially placed all material and human 1 For historical background leading to the annexation, see Shigem Oda, The Normalization of RelationsBetween Japan andthe RepublicofKorea,61 AM. J. oF INT'i LAW 35, 35-40 (1967). 2 Japan's policy, the so-called Naisen Ittaika("oneness") forbade the Korean language to be taught in schools, banned all Korean language newspapers and made Japanese the national language ofKorea. Int'l Commission Of Jurists, Japan'sDenationalisationof the Korean Minority, THE REvIEW 28 (Dec. 1982); see also Review offurther developments infields with which the sub-commission has been concerned, written statement submitted by Liberation (a non-governmental organization in consultative status on the Roster), U.N. Commission on Human Rights, Sub-commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 44th Sess., Agenda Item 4, para.2. U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub. 2/19921NGO/26 ( Under the National Mobilization Law, the Diet (the principal law-making body of the Japanese govemment) established the National Manpower Mobilization Plan of 1939 and the National Conscription PACIFIC RIM LAW & POLICY JOURNAL VOL. 2 No. 1 resources of Korea under the control of the Japanese government and authorized the compulsory transfer of Korean people to Japan.4 During its occupation of Korea, Japan forcibly transferred more than one million Korean nationals to Japan. 5 Korean men were conscripted into the Japanese armed forces and heavy industries, and Korean women were taken abroad to satisfy the sexual cravings of Japanese soldiers. 6 These women forced into prostitution were euphemistically called ianfu in Japanese or "comfort women".7 On December 6, 1991, three former Korean comfort women filed suit in the Tokyo District Court, seeking damages for their sufferings.8 In April, 1992, six more Korean comfort women joined in the lawsuit,9 and many more have since stepped forward to condemn Japan's conduct during World War This Comment analyzes the claims of the former Korean comfort women under relevant human rights law and evaluates whether the women have a legitimate legal basis to receive compensation from the Japanese government. Part I examines the accounts of the comfort women and Japan's position on their claims. Part II discusses the various sources of law that recognize the acts committed against the comfort women as violations of Order of 1942. Yuji Iwasawa, Legal TreatmentofKoreans inJapan: The Impact ofInternationalHuman Rights Law on JapaneseLaw, 8 HUM. RIGHTS Q. 131, 133-134 (1986). 4Japan'sDenationalisationofthe Korean Minority,supra note 2, at 28-29; see also Investigation Team on the Truth about the Korean Forced Laborers in Japan, General Association ofKorean Residents in Japan, DraftingofKoreans as ForcedLaborersand "Comfort Girls"duringJapan'sColonialRule of Korea, 1-5 (July 25, 1992). 5Iwasawa, supra note 3, at 133-134. 6Japan'sDenationalisationoftheKorean Minority,supranote 2, at 29. 7 Chieko Kuriki, Cruel "Comfort": Koreans Sue for Damagefor Wartime Disgrace, CHICAGO TIBUNE,Mar. 29, 1992, at 11, availablein LEXIS, Nexis Library, News File. 8 The comfort women are joint plaintiffs with 32 other Koreans who seek wartime damages from the Japanese government. (The other plaintiffs are former soldiers who served in the Imperial Army or their surviving family members.) Koreans Seek Damages: FormerTroops and "Comfort Women" Sue, THE JAPAN TIMES, Dec. 7, 1991, at 2. Apart from the lawsuit, the government ofKorea decided as of March 29, 1993 that it will provide financial assistance to Korean comfort women, rather than asking Japan for compensation. Seoul to waive compensation claimsfor comfort women, JAPAN ECONOMIC NEwswIRE, March 29, 1993, availableinLEXIS, Nexis Library, News File. 9Court Begins Hearing "Comfort Women" Suit, THE JAPAN TIMES, June 2, 1992, at 3. 10 Former comfort women and human rights groups all over Asia seek justice and redress from Japan for its wartime atrocities. See Ramon Isberto, Japan Faces Mounting Calls to Pay Up for War Crimes, INTER PRESS SERVICE, March 19, 1993, availablein LEXIS, Nexis Library, News File. See also Colin Nickerson, Japan's Wartime "Comfort Women": an Issue That Won't Die, THE BOSTON GLOBE, March 30, 1993, at 2, availablein LEXIS, Nexrs Library, News File. In April 1993, eighteen former comfort women from the Philippines filed a class action lawsuit with the Tokyo District Court. Philippine "Comfort Women" Urge Justice,JAPAN ECONOMIC NEwsWIRE, April 2, 1993, availablein LEXIS, Nexis Library, News File. fundamental human rights. Part I probes Japan's obligations for reparations from both legal and moral perspectives. Part IV explores appropriate means of redress. This Comment concludes that Japan has a duty to carefully examine its past and accept responsibility for the injuries inflicted upon the comfort women, thereby demonstrating its willingness to earnestly undertake the protection of human rights. Historians estimate that Japanese troops forced 100,000 to 200,000 women into prostitution during Japan's occupational period." Until recently, however, the Japanese government has denied any involvement in running the military brothels. 12 The revelation of governmental involvement came after a history professor, Yoshiaki Yoshimi at Chuo University in Tokyo, located documents in the Defense Agency's archives which directly linked the Japanese military with the brothels. 13 The documents indicated that the Imperial Army established "comfort houses" in China as early as 1932.14 A. Evidence ofComfort Women Since the discovery of the Defense Agency's documents, former soldiers, doctors and agents of the Imperial Army have stepped forward to bear witness to the claims of the comfort women. Hiromichi Nagatomi said as a former special secret service agent for the military, he decided when and where to open military brothels and made the necessary arrangements. 15 Ichiro Ichikawa, a noncommissioned officer in the military police who oversaw two military brothels in Baicheng, northern China, said he received notices about the arrival of off-duty soldiers and then calculated how many 11 The Imperial Army took women from all over occupied Asia, but most of them were from Korea. "Comfort Women" Testify in Tokyo, KOREA NEWSREViEW, June 6, 1992, at 8. 2JapanDenies Solace to "ComfortWomen, "JAPAN ACCESS, AsAHI SHIMBUN, Jan. 20, 1992, at 3. In the session of the Diet in June 1990, the government stated that private agents voluntarily arranged prostitution for soldiers at the front. Studies Begin Unveil the Truth of World War11 JapaneseMilitary's Comfort Women, UNivERsALPRNCIPLE: HuMANRIGHTSREPORTFROM JCLU, 7 (Spr. 1992). 13 JapanDenies Solaceto "Comfort Women," supranote 12. 14 According to the "White Paper," an investigative report that the Korean government distributed on July 31, 1992, one of the first records of comfort women brothels dates back to 1932 after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Japanto Set Compensationfor Korean Comfort Girls,THE KOREA TIMES, Aug. 1, 1992, at 1. 15 SecretService MonitoredBrothels,THE JAPAN TIMES, Aug. 6, 1992, at 3. PACIFIC RIM LAW & PoLicY JOURNAL VOL. 2 No. 1 soldiers each of the comfort women would have to serve. 16 The fact that Japan used the comfort women for the benefit of the Imperial Army is undisputed. B. Issue ofCoercion Although conceding that the government "recruited" the comfort women, Japan claims it has not found any proof that the government coerced or forced the women into prostitution.17 The testimonies of both military personnel and the comfort women, however, specifically allege the use of force, deceit and coercion. Mitsuyoshi Nakayama, a military doctor, said soldiers forced many Korean women at gunpoint to serve Japan as prostitutes.' 8 Seiji Yoshida, a "recruiter" of comfort women, confessed to kidnapping women from Korean villages and described how his men herded young mothers into trucks, separating them from "clinging, wailing Korean children."'19 Many of the women stated that they received promises ofjobs as cooks, nurse's assistants and cleaners.20 A 69 year-old former comfort woman, Hwang Kum-Soo, 21 said the Japanese made her believe that she would work at a military supply factory. 22 Others said the Japanese forcibly removed them from their homes or kidnapped them on the streets. 23 Kim Hak-Sun24 described her ordeal as follows: "The Japanese just came along in a truck, beat us and then dragged us into the back... I was raped that first 16 Ex-noncom Vows to Testify: Military Cop Kept Tabs on Brothels, THE JAPAN TIMES, Aug. 8, 1992, at 3. 17 JapanAcknowledges Role in RecruitingComfort Women, THE KOREA TIMES, July 7, 1992, at 1. In an attempt to settle the issue under mounting pressure, Japan has indicated that it might soon acknowledge that women were forced into prostitution. Japangovernmentto heartestimonyfrom Korean "comfortwomen," AGENCE FRANCE PRESSE, March 23, 1993, available in LEXIS, Nexis Library, News File; see also Amy B. Rosenfeld, Japan pressuredon "comfortwomen" issue, THE DALLAS MORNING NEWS March 17 1993, at 37A, availablein LEXIS, Nexis Library, News File. 18 DoctorsRecallSteps to Curb VD at Brothels: Concernfor Troops'Health OutweighedSuffering of"Comfort Women", THE JAPAN TIMEs, Aug. 7, 1992, at 3. 19 Comfort Girl RecruiterSays JapanShould PayforKorean RailSystem as Compensation, THE KOREA TIMES, Aug. 13, 1992; see also Yuri Kageyama, Japanese sex-slave procurerrepents, THE SEATrLE TIMES, June 2, 1992. Yoshida also recalled that his soldiers surrounded villages and beat with sticks the families who resisted the capture of their daughters. Nickerson, supra note 10. 20 Jin Sook Lee, The Case ofKorean "Comfort Women":" Women Forcedinto Sexual Servicefor JapaneseSoldiersDuringWorldWar 11 Seek Justice,KOREA REPORT 18 (Spr. 1992). 21 This Comment refers to Korean names in the text with the last name first and first name last, as is the custom in Korea.2 2 Ex-Comfort Woman ForJapaneseArmy Gives Testimony in Geneva, THE KOREA TIMES, Aug. 20, 1992. 23 Jin Sook Lee, supra note 20. Kim is one of the plaintiffs in the lawsuit. She was taken to China at the age of 17. day, and it never stopped for a single day for the next three months." 25 These testimonies demonstrate the significant evidence supporting the existence of coercion. Further investigation, however, is unlikely to reveal documentary evidence of coercion. On August 14, 1945, when Japan realized that it would inevitably have to surrender, the Japanese Minister of War issued an order to every Army headquarters to immediately destroy all confidential documents. 26 "Confidential" documents included any information unfavorable to Japan, as well as other secret papers.27 If any evidentiary documents detailing the use of coercion existed at the time, they would probably have been destroyed. Therefore, an absence of documentary proof should not necessarily lead to the assumption that no use of coercion existed. C. Japan'sAttitude ConcerningReparations Regarding compensation for the comfort women, the Japanese government claims the San Francisco Peace Treaty28 and subsequent agreements completely settled all war claims and absolved Japan of any legal obligations arising from the colonial period. 29 Japan contends the Settlement of Claims30 prevents the government of Korea and its nationals from pursuing any wartime claims,31 pointing to the following section of the agreement: The Contracting Parties confirm that problem [sic] concerning property, rights and interest of the two Contracting Parties and their nationals (including juridical persons) and concerning claims between the Contracting Parties and their nationals, including those provided for in Article IV, paragraph (a) of the Treaty of Peace 32 with Japan signed at the city of San 2 5 KoreansSeek Damages: FormerTroops and "Comfort Women" Sue, supra note 8. 26 International Military Tribunal for the Far East, November, 1948, in THE LAW OF WAR: A -DOCUMENTARY HISTORY, Vol. II, 1122-1123 (Leon Friedman ed., 1972). 28 Multilateral Treaty ofPeace with Japan, Sept. 8, 1951, 3 U.S.T. 3169 (signed by United States, 47 other Allied Powers, and Japan).29 JapanDenies Solace to "Comfort Women," supranote 12. 30 Agreement on the Settlement of Problem Concerning Property and Claims and on the Economic Co-operation Between Japan and the Republic of Korea, June 22, 1965, 5 I.L.M. 111 (1966) (Sung Yoon Cho trans.), reprintedin 10 JAPANEsE ANN. OF INT'LL. 284 (1966) [hereinafter Settlement of Claims]. JapanDeniesSolace to "Comfort Women,"supra note 12. 32 Article IV, paragraph (a) of the Treaty of Peace provided that the disposition of property ofJapan and of its nationals in Japan's former territories, and their claims and debts, against the United States and the residents of the territories shall be the "subject of special arrangements" between Japan and the United PACIFIC RIM LAW & POLICY JOURNAL VOL. 2 No. 1 Francisco on September 8, 1951, is settled completely and Supporters of the Korean comfort women, on the other hand, view the agreement as a settlement only between two contracting parties, Japan and Korea. 34 The preamble of the Settlement of Claims states: Japan and the Republic of Korea, [d]esiring to settle problem [sic] concerning property of the two countries and their nationals and problem [sic] concerning claims between the two countries and their nationals, and [d]esiring to promote the economic co-operation between them, [h]ave agreed as follows.. .35 Although the preambular text refers to the claims of nationals, the agreement contains no provisions for individual claimants. 36 Rather, Japan promised grants and loans37 in the agreement to aid the economic development of Korea. 38 The two governments, as principals to the agreement, designed the agreement mainly to promote economic cooperation. D. Meaningofthe Treaty with Japan Japan's post-World War II settlements as a whole provide useful insight for understanding the meaning of the agreement between Japan and Korea. The settlement agreements between Japan and its formerly occupied territories, such as Korea, differ strikingly from those between Japan and the Allied Powers. Notably, the Allied Powers procured fair and equitable States. Likewise, the section stated that the disposition of property in Japan that belonged to the United States and to the residents of the territories, and their claims and debts against Japan and Japanese nationals, shall be decided between Japan and the United States. Treaty of Peace with Japan. See supra note 28 and accompanying text. 33 Settlement of Claims, supra note 30, art. 2, par. 1. 34 JapanDenies Solace to "Comfort Women," supra note 12. See also Legal Ground Citedfor JapaneseCompensation,KOREA NEWSREVIEW, June 27, 1992, at 7. Preamble, Settlement ofClaims, supra note 30. 36 Settlement of Claims, supranote 30. Under the Settlement of Claims, Korea received $300 million in cash and $200 million in loans from Japan. Id., art. I. The purpose of the funds was for economic restoration. No individual victims were compensated. See also Legal GroundCitedfor JapaneseCompensation,supra note 34. 37 Grants and loans were to be supplied in the form of products of Japan and services of the Japanese people. Settlement of Claims, supranote 30, art I. settlements, while the colonized nations received less comprehensive settlements.39 1. Assessment of Post-World War II Settlement Agreements Between Japanandthe AlliedPowers Japan specifically recognized its responsibility for personal injury claims in several post-World War II settlements. 40 The Greece-Japan Agreement, the Great Britain-Japan Agreement and the Canada-Japan Agreement provided compensation "for personal injury or death which arose before the existence of a state of war ... for which the Government of Japan [is] responsible according to international law."'41 The Switzerland-Japan Agreement provided for the distribution of Japanese assets for personal injuries inflicted during the Second World War, which Japan conceded were "a liability of the Government of Japan."42 Similarly, in the Sweden-Japan Agreement and the Denmark-Japan Agreement, Japan explicitly accepted responsibility and allowed compensation for sufferings inflicted upon Swedish and Danish persons."3 Japan's recognition of its responsibility for personal injury claims was largely limited to agreements with the Allied Powers. Japan conveyed an expression of apology in some of the settlements. The Netherlands-Japan Agreement, for example, states: 39 A self-evident explanation for this discrepancy is in Japan's incentive to appease the victors of the war on the one hand and the lack of the colonized nations' bargaining power on the other. 40 RIcHARD B. LiLLICH & BuRNs H. WESTON, INTERNATIONAL CLAIMS: THEIR SETrLEMENT BY LUMP SUM AGREEMENTS, PART I: THE COMMENTARY 203 (1975). 41 Agreement Between the Royal Government of Greece and the Government of Japan Regarding Settlement of Certain Greek Claims, Sept. 20, 1966, 609 U.N.T.S. 103, art. 1; Agreement Between the Government of Japan and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Regarding Settlement of Certain British Claims, Oct. 7, 1960, 384 U.N.T.S. 89, art. 1; Agreement Between the Government of Japan and the Government of Canada Regarding Settlement of Certain Canadian Claims, Sept. 5, 1961, 451 U.N.T.S. 47, art. 1, reprintedin RICHARD B. LILLICH & BURNS H. WESTON, INTERNATIONAL CLAIMS: THEIR SETTLEMENT BY LUMP SUM AGREEMENTS, PART II: THE AGREEMENTS 334, 231, 249 (1975). 42 Agreement Between the Swiss Confederation and Japan Concerning the Settlement of Certain Swiss Claims Against Japan, January 21, 1955, ROLF 357, art. 2, reprintedin LILLICH & WESTON, supra note 41, at 107. 43 Agreement Between the Government of Sweden and the Government of Japan Regarding Settlement of Certain Swedish Claims, Sept. 20, 1957, 325 U.N.T.S. 29, art. I; Agreement Between the Government of Japan and the Government of Denmark Regarding Settlement of Certain Danish Claims, May 25, 1959, 341 U.N.T.S. 157, art. 1,reprintedin LILLICH &WESTON, supranote 41, at 154, 198. PACIFIC RIM LAW & POLICY JOURNAL VOL. 2 No. I For the purpose of expressing sympathy and regret for the sufferings inflicted . . . Japan shall voluntarily tender as a solatium the amount... equivalent to U.S. $10,000,000 to the Government of the Kingdom of The Netherlands on behalf of those Netherlands nationals. 44 Japan thus expressly apologized for its wartime conduct to the people of the Netherlands and offered compensation. Japan's cognizance of personal injury claims and apologies for sufferings may indicate the bargaining status of the Allied Powers after the war. 2. Comparison of Japan's Settlement Agreements With Its Formerly OccupiedTerritories Japan's agreements with its formerly occupied territories generally lack explicit apologies and provisions for personal injury compensation. In the Indonesia-Japan Agreement, Japan stated: Japan is prepared to pay reparations ... to compensate the damage and suffering caused by Japan during the war. Nevertheless it is recognized that the resources of Japan are not sufficient, if it is to maintain a viable economy, to make complete reparation for all the damage and suffering for the Republic of Indonesia and other countries during the war and at the same time meet its other obligations. 45 In the Malaysia-Japan Agreement, Japan referred to its wartime aggression as merely "unhappy events" and expressed its desire to promote economic co-operation through the Agreement.46 The Singapore-Japan Agreement likewise attempted to resolve the settlement of questions regarding the "unhappy events". 47 These agreements manifest the lack of bargaining power 44 Agreement Between the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Government of Japan Relating to Settlement of the Problem Concerning Certain Types of Private Claims of Netherlands Nationals, Mar. 13, 1956, 252 U.N.T.S. 3, art. 1, reprintedin LILLICH & WESTON, supranote 41, at 128, 129. 45 Treaty of Peace Between Japan and the Republic of Indonesia, Jan. 20, 1958, 324 U.N.T.S. 227, art. 4, reprintedin LILLICH & WESTON, supranote 41, at 158. 46 Agreement Between Japan and Malaysia, Sept. 21, 1967, 13 JAPANESE ANN. INT'L L. 209 (1969), reprintedin LILLICH & WESTON, supranote 4 1, at 349. 47 Agreement Between Japan and the Republic of Singapore, Sept. 21, 1967, 13 JAPANESE ANN. INT'LL. 244 (1969), reprintedin LILIUCH & WESTON, supranote 41, at 350. on the part of the occupied territories and their inability to attain comprehensive settlements. In the Settlement of Claims with Korea, as in its agreements with other formerly occupied territories, Japan did not express words of apology or offer personal injury compensation. Rather, Japan viewed the agreement with Korea as a settlement about the problem "concerning property and claims" and a promotion of economic cooperation.48 Economic cooperation served as a consistent theme in Japan's settlement agreements with all of its occupied territories. E. Human Rights Underthe Meiji Constitution During the period of occupation, while Japan treated the Korean people as subjects of Japan, the laws of Japan granted only a limited protection of human rights. The Meiji Constitution 49 simply defined fundamental human rights as those which the Japanese subjects could enjoy within the limits of law.5 0 Furthermore, in times of war or in cases of a national emergency, the Emperor could exercise powers which contravened those rights.51 Emperor Hirohito exercised those powers when he enacted Imperial Ordinance No. 51952 in 1944. The ordinance established legal grounds for the recruitment of comfort women.53 It detailed who would recruit the women and how the women would be "employed".54 In Article 6, it declared that governors, mayors and school presidents could order recruitment of comfort women whenever needed.55 Article 4 stated that the women should be employed for a year with an exception for those who agreed to stay longer.56 Despite its apparent authority, however, the ordinance arrived too late to truly legalize the "recruitment" of comfort women. Whereas the Emperor enacted the ordinance as of 1944, records of comfort women date 4 8 The Preamble, Settlement of Claims, supranote 30. 49 Constitution of the Empire of Japan 1889, reprintedin GEORGE M. BECKMANN, THE MAKING OF THE MEIJI CONSTITUTION, App. X (1957). 5 0 Id., Chapter II: Rights and Duties of Subjects, art. 29. d., Chapter II: Rights andDuties of Subjects, art. 31. 52 Joshi teishinro rei (Women's volunteer labor corp. ordinance), Imperial Ordinance No. 519, HOPniZEN SHO, 517-519 (Aug. 23, 1944); see also selected translations of the ordinance in HirohitoOK'd Sex Slaves, KOREA NEWSREVIEW, Feb. 15, 1992, at 6. 53 HirohitoOK'd Sex Slaves,supranote 52. PACIFIC RIM LAW & POLICY JOURNAL VOL. 2 No. 1 back to 1932. 57 Thus, the comfort women were entitled to enjoy fundamental human rights as subjects of Japan under the Meiji Constitution. Although the majority of modem human rights instruments developed in the aftermath of World War II, generalized principles of international law recognizing crimes against humanity existed even prior to World War 11.58 International humanitarian law and general norms of human rights specifically recognized that deportation and forced prostitution, among other inhumane acts, constituted criminal acts.59 If nations had applied these rules in good faith, these norms would have furnished an effective safeguard for the civilian population. 60 The atrocities of World War 11, however, made the extensive codification of human rights essential.61 Therefore, human rights principles which banned the acts committed against the comfort women originated from specific legal norms existing prior to World War 11 and augmented after the War. 1. Pre-WorldWarII HumanRights Principles The Hague Conventions of 1907,62 to which Japan was a signatory party, codified the laws and customs of war.63 The goal of the Convention was "to serve ... the interests of humanity and the ever progressive needs of 57 Japanto Set Compensationfor Korean Comfort Girls,supranote 14. 58 David Matas, ProsecutingCrimesAgainst Humanity: The Lessons of World War 1, 13 FORDHAM INT'LL. J. 86, 87-88 (1989-1990). 59 See infra notes 68-77 and accompanying text for discussion of treaties prohibiting trafficking of women. See also infra notes 62-67 and accompanying text for discussion of the Fourth Hague Convention which articulated general standards of conduct during war to protect the "interests of humanity." 60 COMMENTARY: IV GENEVA CONVENTION RELATIVE TO THE PROTECTION OF CIVILIAN PERSONS IN TIME OF WAR 3 (Jean S. Pictet ed., 1958) [hereinafter COMMENTARY OF IV GENEVA CONVENTION]. 62 2 Am. J. Int'l. L. Supplement 90-117 (1908); see also THE HAGUE CONVENTIONS OF 1899 AND 1907 100-27 (J.B. Scott ed., 1918). 63 The Hague Conventions of 1899 represented the first successful effort of the international community to codify a comprehensive set of laws concerning land warfare. The Convention of 1907 is a slight revision of the 1899 Convention. The International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg (1946) expressly recognized the Hague Conventions of 1907 as declaratory of customary international law. DoCUMENTs ON THE LAWS OF WAR 43-44 (Adam Roberts and Richard Guelff eds., 1982) [hereinafter DOCUMENTS]; YOUGINDRA KHusHALANI, DIGNITY AND HONOUR OF WOMEN AS BASIC AND FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHT'S 9-11 (1982). civilization.164 The so-called Martens Clause appearing in the Preamble of the Convention Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land (the Fourth Convention) dictates that fundamental human rights be safeguarded. The Clause reads: ...the inhabitants and the belligerents [shall] remain under the protection and the rule ofthe principles of the laws of nations, as they result from the usages established among civilized peoples, from the laws of humanity, and the dictates of the public conscience." 65 66 The laws of humanity and the dictates of public conscience encompass the protection of the dignity of women.In addition, Article 46 mandates that "family honour and rights" be respected.67 All of these provisions support the requirement of respect for the rights of women. According to the International Agreement for the Suppression of the "White Slave Traffic,"68 Japan committed a criminal act against the comfort women. The Suppression Agreement made "procuring of women or girls for immoral purposes abroad" an international crime. 69 The Suppression Agreement sought to secure to "women of full age who have suffered abuse or compulsion, as also to women and girls under age, effective protection against the criminal traffic known as the 'White Slave Traffic'." 70 Japan violated this international prohibition against the trafficking of women when it forced women into prostitution. Japan became a signatory party to the International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children,71 which confirmed and 64 Convention Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV), Oct. 18, 1907, [hereinafter Hague IV], reprintedin THE LAW OF WAR: A DocuMENTARY HIsTORY, Vol. I, 309 (Leon Friedman ed., 1972) [hereinafter THE LAW OF WAR]. 65 Id. Arguably, "the inhabitants and the belligerents" protected under the Convention do not include colonized people, who are considered nationals of the Occupying Power. See supra note I and accompanying text. But see infra notes 109-118 and accompanying text on the issue of nationality under the State Responsibility doctrine. 6 6 See KHusHALAN, supra note 63, at 10. Hague IV, supranote 64, at 322. 68 International Agreement for the Suppression of the "White Slave Traffic," March 18, 1904, 1 L.N.T.S. 83 [hereinafter Suppression Agreement]. 69 Id. at 86, Article 1. 70 Id. at 84, Preamble. 71 International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children, March 31, 1922, 9 L.N.T.S. 415 [hereinafter Suppression Convention]; see also Secretservice monitoredbrothels, supra note 15. PACIFIC RIM LAW & POLICY JOURNAL VOL. 2 No. I extended the provisions of the Suppression Agreement. The Suppression Convention aimed to prosecute persons who engaged in crimes prohibited by the Suppression Agreement.72 Japan's signature to the Suppression Convention signified that Japan recognized the trafficking of women for the purpose of prostitution as a punishable international crime. Article 14 of the Suppression Convention, however, mitigates the gravity of these provisions for colonizing nations. Article 14 allows a signatory party to the Suppression Convention to pronounce that the provisions do not apply to the people of its colonies. 73 Japan exercised this prerogative and declared that its signature did not include Korea, Taiwan and the leased territory of Kwantung.74 Nevertheless, by signing the Suppression Convention, Japan implicitly acknowledged that the acts committed against the comfort women were violations of fundamental human rights, and the declaration that its signature excluded its territories did not disaffirm this acknowledgment. After the First World War, the preliminary peace conference in Versailles created the Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War and on Enforcement of Penalties75 to inquire into the responsibilities relating to the war.76 The Commission, composed of fifteen members including Japan, prepared a list of punishable war crimes, which included: rape, "abduction of girls and women for the purpose of enforced prostitution," "deportation of civilians," "internment of civilians under inhuman conditions," and "forced labour of civilians in connection with the military operations of the enemy." 77 Japan committed all of these acts against the comfort women during World War II. As a result of the disagreement among the Commission78 about whether to include language creating liability,79 the Treaty of Versailles did 72 See Suppression Convention, supranote 71, articles 2, 3 and 4, at 423-425. 73 Id. at 427. Id. at 430, Signature of Japan. 75 Commission on the Responsibility ofthe Authors of the War and on Enforcement of Penalties, Versailles,March, 1919, 14 Am. J. of Int'l L. 95 (1920) [hereinafter Commission], reprintedin THE LAW OF WAR, supranote 64, at 842-867. 76 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Pamphlet no. 32, Violation of the Laws and Customs of War: Reports of Majority and Dissenting Reports of American and Japanese Members of the Commission on the Responsibility for the Conference of Paris (1919) [hereinafter Report of Commission]. See also KHUSHALANI, supranote 63, at 11-12; Matas, supranote 58, at 87-92. Report of Commission, supra note 76. 7 8 The Report of Commission included dissenting reports of the U.S. and Japanese members. Japan expressed reservations about whether a tribunal composed of belligerents can try an individual belonging to the opposite side. Japan also dissented with the suggestion to hold heads of States liable for not acting not codify the crimes against humanity listed in the Report of the Commission.80 But the United Nations War Crimes Commission81 endorsed the list as a paradigm of crimes against humanity when it adopted the list of crimes contained in the Report of the Commission as a working list.82 The Report of the Commission provides a sound benchmark for the customary principles of international human rights at the time. 2. Post-World War II Codifications of Pre-existing Human Rights Principles The tragedies which occurred during World War II despite existing human rights principles necessitated further codifications of those principles. 83 The Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal is an expression of pre-existing international law.84 The Charter codified "crimes against humanity" as "murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war...."85 The Charter attached liability to those violations. 86 As codified in the Charter, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East judged those who committed crimes against humanity. A significant to prevent war crimes. Reservationsby the JapaneseDelegation, Report of Commission, supranote 76, at 79-80. Matas, supranote 58, at 90.80 See Treaty of Versailles, June 28, 1919, U.K.T.S. No. 4 (1919); see also id. at 90.81 Established, Oct. 20, 1943.82KHusHALANi,supra note 63, at 27-29. 83 COMMENTARY OF IV GENEVA CONVENTION, supra note 60, at 3. 84 International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, Oct. 1, 1946, 41 AM. J. INT'L L. 172, 216 (Judgment and Sentences) (1947). The Allied governments established the International Military Tribunals at Nuremberg and Tokyo after the Second World War to punish those who violated the laws of war. See DocUMENTs, supranote 63, at 153. Some scholars have questioned whether the Charter was a codification of pre-existing international law. Many felt that the cases tried by the Military Tribunals greatly expanded the reach of the laws of war. For instance, they objected to the fact that military leaders were held liable for failing to take positive steps to prevent their soldiers from committing various crimes. See War Crimes Trials, THE LAW OF WAR, supra note 64, at 781-782. See also F. B. Schick, The Nuremberg Trial and the InternationalLaw of the Future, 41 AM. J. OF INT'L L. 770 (1947). This Comment discusses the Charter and the cases tried by the Military Tribunal to illustrate the types of conduct which were considered punishable, such as enslavement and rape. Also, a distinguishing factor between the cases tried by the Military Tribunal and the present case is that the government of Japan was actively involved in the forced prostitution of the comfort women. 85 See Charter of the International Military Tribunal, Aug. 8, 1945, art. 6(c), 59 Stat. 1547, 82 U.N.T.S. 288; see alsoKHUSHALANI, supranote 63, at 14-15. 86 International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, supra note 84. The Tribunal held those individuals responsible for the codified crimes criminally liable. However, in the present case, since the persons in command who were actually responsible for the acts are no longer alive, only civil liability against the State remains. PACIFIC RIM LAW & POLICY JOURNAL VOL. 2 No. 1 proportion of the convictions resulted from violations of women. The Tribunal found Shunroko Hata, Japan's Minister of War, guilty under Count 55, for his failure to prevent breaches of the laws of war in respect to prisoners of war and civilian internees.87 This charge was related to the atrocities the troops under his command committed in Nanking, which included the widespread rape, torture and murder of civilians.88 The Tribunal also convicted Koki Hirota, who held the offices of Foreign Minister and Prime Minister, for his inaction toward the atrocities committed in Nanking. 89 The Tribunal explained that Hirota's inaction allowed hundreds of murders, violations of women, and other atrocities to be committed daily.90 The Tribunal also held responsible Iwane Matsui, the Commander-in-Chief who captured the city of Nanking.91 The Tribunal convicted Akira Muto, Chief-of-Staff to General Yamashita in the Philippines, for his responsibility in "a campaign of massacre, torture and other atrocities" the civilian population suffered at the hands of Japanese troops. 92 Rape of women served as a significant element of the evidence in all of these convictions.93 The United States Military Commission at Manila entered verdicts similar to those of the Tokyo Tribunal concerning crimes against humanity. The Military Commission held General Yamashita responsible for his role in a series of atrocities that were not sporadic in nature but "methodically supervised by Japanese officers and noncommissioned officers." 94 Rape was a specific element of proof against General Yamashita. The Military Commission underscored the gravity of that crime by holding the leader responsible for the atrocities his subordinates committed. The crime for which the tribunals punished the military leaders, namely rape, does not differ from the nature of Japan's treatment of the comfort women. On December 11, 1946, the United Nations General Assembly adopted without dissent a resolution which affinned the principle of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal. 95 The General Assembly thus confirmed that crimes against humanity were punishable even prior to World War II. Friedman, supra note 26, at 1126-1127, 113 1. id, at 1060-1064. 1d.at 1132-1134.90 Id."91 Id.at 1141-1143. 1d. at 1143-1144. 93 These convictions lead to the punishment of death by hanging. Id. at 1157-1158. 94 Id.at 1596-1623. 95 Matas, supra note 58, at 94; see also Telford Taylor, Foreword to THE LAW OF WAR: A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY, Vol. I, at xxii (Leon Friedman ed., 1972). The Civilian Geneva Convention, August 12, 1949,96 also codified existing customary law concerning the human rights of civilians in times of war and extended those rights.97 It guarantees that: In cases not covered by this protocol or by other international agreements, civilians and combatants remain under the protection and authority of the principles of international law derived from established custom, from the principles of humanity andfrom the dictates ofpublic conscience (emphasis added).98 This declaration affirms the goals already established in the preambular language of the Fourth Hague Convention of 1907, and reinforces its important features. 99 The Civilian Geneva Convention expounds upon those features and prohibits "outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment." 100 The Civilian Geneva Convention also proclaims that women shall receive special protection "against any attack on their honour, in particular against rape, enforced prostitution, or any form of indecent assault." 10 Forced deportation is another strictly prohibited act under the Civilian Geneva Convention: "Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their motive."102 These provisions confirm the pre-existing principles regarding fundamental human rights, and in particular emphasize the unlawfulness of violations of women. Moreover, 96 75 U.N.T.S. 287 (1950), reprintedin THELAW OF WAR, supranote64, at 641. 97 This Convention is also known as Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. DOCuMENTS, supranote 63, at 271-272; see also KHUSHALANI, supranote 63, at 40. The atrocities committed against civilians during World War II made clear the need to adopt an international agreement for the protection of civilians in time of war. The Civilian Geneva Convention is the first international agreement that exclusively addresses the treatment of civilians. However, it does not introduce any new ideas. Rather, it is an extension of pre-existing provisions of international law. Hence, it supplements the relevant articles in the Hague Regulations. 98 Article 1(2) of Protocol Additional to the Civilian Geneva Convention. KHUSHALANI, supranote 63, at 48. 99 See supra note 64 and accompanying text. "...by the laws of humanity and by the demands of public conscience."10 0 DOCUMENTs, supra note 63, at 271-273, Article 3(1)(c). 101 Id. at 282, Article 27. Id., para 1, Article 49. See also COMMENTARY OF IV GENEVA CONVENTION, supranote 60, at 129. Note: "protected persons" do not include nationals of the Occupying Power. Article 4, pam 1. See infra notes 109-118 and accompanying text on the issue of nationality under the State Responsibility doctrine. PACIFIC RIM LAW & POLICY JOURNAL VOL. 2 No. 1 these human rights instruments form a basis for redress which the comfort women now struggle to obtain. 3. PrinciplesofState Responsibility State Responsibility is the international law of tort applicable to States.103 This doctrine describes for the duty of a State that has violated an international legal obligation to make reparations.104 A historically prominent aspect of the doctrine of State Responsibility is the law governing the responsibility of States for injuries to aliens. 105 The purpose of this doctrine is to extend the protection of international law to those who travel or live abroad and to facilitate social and economic ties between States. 106 This doctrine developed during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, because several strong states took an interest in the welfare of their nationals in states they targeted for economic expansionism and imperialism. 107 Unfortunately, under the traditional principle of international law, the nationals of target states remained unprotected. A dominant shortcoming in the traditional principle existed in this distinction between aliens and nationals.10 8 Traditionally, only nations could become subjects of international law. 109 In order to extend protection to individuals, the courts created the legal fiction that the injury suffered by the alien abroad was an injury to the 103 George T. Yates, State Responsibilityfor Nonwealth Injuries to Aliens in the PostwarEra, in INTERNATIONAL LAW OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR INJURIES TO ALIENS 213 (Richard B. Lillich ed., 1983).10 4 L. Sohn &R. Baxter, Final Draft of the Convention on the International Responsibility ofStates for Injuries to Aliens, Article 1, in F.V. GARCIA-AMADOR Er AL., RECENT CODIFICATION OF THE LAW OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR INJURIES TO ALIENS 133 (1974). See also Wladyslaw Czaplinski, State Succession andStateResponsibility,28 Canadian Y.B. of Int'l L. 339 (1990); Study concerning the right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitationfor victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamentalfreedoms: Preliminary report submitted by Mr. Theo van Boven, Special Rapporteur, Commission on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 42nd Sess., Agenda Item 4, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub. 21990/10 (1990), para. 24 [hereinafter Preliminarystudy concerning the rightto restitution].105 GARCIA-AMADOR, supranote 104, at 1. 106 Louis B. Sohn & R R. Baxter, ResponsibilityofStatesforInjuriesto the Economic Interestsof Aliens, 55 AM. J. OFINT'LL. 545 (1961). 107 Economic expansionism occurred through the states that had already achieved a large measure of economic development, who then sought outlets for further development in colonies or independent countries that were on the threshold of development. The investors from these "strong," expansionist countries scrambled for markets and for sources of raw materials, and they received state support for these activities. See Philip C. Jessup, Responsibility of StatesforInjuries to Individuals, 46 COLUM. L. REV. 903, 905-906 (1946). 108 GAtcfA-AADOR, supranote 104, at 3-4. 109 Jessup, supranote 107, at 903. alien's State.110 This legal fiction enabled a State to bring claims on behalf of its nationals, but denied the individuals standing on their own. The fact that the law did not apply directly to the individual was another obvious weakness in the traditional principle. 111 The traditional principle of State Responsibility, however, served as the foundation for the recognition that individuals have rights as human beings and that international law protects these rights, regardless of one's nationality. The establishment of an international standard inevitably suggested a similar provision for States in their relationships with their own nationals."12 The requirement of a certain minimum standard of conduct from States in their treatment of aliens thus encouraged protection of human rights generally." 3 With the receding tide of imperialism after World War II, extensive re-examination of this branch of international law took place. 114 Contemporary international standards of justice ultimately came to reflect the understanding that individuals, irrespective of their nationality, should be guaranteed certain "essential rights.""' 5 Under this new essential rights doctrine, the distinction between nationals and aliens no longer has any raison d'Otre.u 6 Since the human rights revolution that began at the 1945 San Francisco Conference of the United Nations, States have conceded that 110 GARcIA-AMADOR, supra note 104, at 150-151. In the Nottebohm Case, the International Court of Justice stated: "Diplomatic protection and protection by means of international judicial proceedings constitute measures for the defense of the rights of the State." 1955 I.C.J. Reports 4, 24. This legal fiction has not been completely abandoned. In the Barcelona Traction Case, the Court observed that "a State may exercise diplomatic protection.., for it is its own rights that a State is asserting...." 1970 I.C.J. Reports 3, 45. 111 Jessup, supranote 107, at 903. 112 GARcIA-AMADOR, supranote 104, at 144. 113 Id. 114 S.N. Guha Roy, Isthe Law ofResponsibility ofStatesfor Injuriesto Aliens a Partof Universal InternationalLaw? 55 AM. J. OF INT'LL. 863, 865 (1961); see GARcIA-AMADOR, supranote 104. 115 GARCfA-AMADOR, supra note 104, at 4-5. For example, one of the purposes of the United Nations is "to achieve international co-operation... in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion" (emphasis added). Article 1, Charter of the United Nations, June 26, 1945, 59 Stat. 1031, T.S. No. 993, entered intoforce Oct. 24, 1945. Article 55 also proclaims that "the United Nations shall promote... universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all...." In a similar vein, article 5of the Charter of the Organization of American States vouches "the fundamental rights of the individual without distinction as to race, nationality,creed,or sex." Charter of the Organization of American States, April 30, 1948, 119 U.N.T.S. 3, enteredinto force Dec. 13, 1951. 116 GARcIA-AADOR, supra note 104, at 1. PACIFIC RIM LAW & PoLIcY JOURNAL VOL. 2 No. 1 individuals deserve the status of subjects of international law.117 Accordingly, legal scholars have suggested that the "responsibility of states for injuries to aliens" be transformed into the "responsibility of states for injuries to individuals.""118 This proposal confirms the evolution international law has experienced toward a more equitable treatment of individual rights. II. DUTY TO MAKE REPARATIONS Japan's obligation to pay reparations to the comfort women arises out of numerous violations of customary norms of international human rights. Those violations include deportation, rape, forced prostitution, and torture. The comfort women's claims for compensation arise from the consequences of those violations: physical sufferings and injuries, moral damages, loss of human dignity, and loss of consortium to the survivors of victims. Several military personnel have attested to the harm the comfort women suffered. According to Mitsuyoshi Nakayama, a military doctor, a number of Japanese soldiers married Korean comfort women but none of the women were able to bear children. 119 Ken Yuasa, another military doctor, explained that many of the women became sterile because of sexual abuse and inadequate medical treatment.120 The military doctors also indicated that some women who became pregnant were forced to have abortions. 121 1 17 Louis B. Sohn, The New InternationalLaw: Protectionofthe Rights ofIndividualsRather than States, 32 AM. UNIV. L. REv. 1 (1982). International legal scholars have enthusiastically lauded this trend. Professor Otto Kimninich stated: It is human beings who ultimately suffer.... This is perhaps the most striking feature of the latest developments of international law: the human factor has become apparent beyond all doubts, and the considerations concerning it go far beyond the old theoretical discussion about the subjects of international law. We have become aware of the fact that international law must serve the needs of human beings and ultimately derive its normative strength from the convictions of human beings. Otto Kimminich, Material,Economic and Human Limits to the Activities of Humankind in THE SPIRIT OF UPPSALA: PROCEEDINGS OF THE JOINT UNITAR-UPPsALA UNIvERSITY SEMINAR ON INTERNATIONAL LAW AND ORGANIZATION FOR A NEW WORLD ORDER 366 (Atie Grahl-Madsen and Jiri Toman118 eds., June 1981). See Jessup, supranote 107, at 907; GARciA-AMADOR, supranote 104, at 1-7. DoctorsRecall Steps to Curb VD atBrothels: Concernfor Troops'Health OutweighedSuffering of"Comfort Women", supranote 18. 120 Id.12 1ld The International Commission of Health Professionals 122 reported that many victims of crimes against humanity continue to suffer from both physical and mental injuries for the rest of their lives, even long after the crimes cease.123 As Mr. Theo van Boven, a Special Rapporteur to the U.N. Human Rights Commission, noted, "passage of time has often no attenuating effect, but on the contrary an increase in post-traumatic stress, requiring all necessary material, medical, psychological and social assistance and support over a long period of time."124 Hence, the lawsuit of the Korean comfort women represents a struggle to rectify past crimes against humanity that continue to inflict harm. From both legal and moral perspectives, Japan has a duty to make amends for those crimes. A. Legal Obligations Legally, Japan has the duty to make reparations to the comfort women. Since Japan breached its obligation to respect certain fundamental human rights, it has a state responsibility to make reparations. Past intergovernmental agreements do not provide an adequate basis for full absolution of the wrongs inflicted upon individual victims. Therefore, Japan has a continuing duty to make reparations. Furthermore, judgments of international courts confirm Japan's legal obligations toward the comfort 1. StateResponsibilityfor Reparations Japan's violation of international human rights norms against the comfort women created a state responsibility. The duty to make reparation for the injury sustained is a traditional principle of international law.125 As a time-honored maxim instructs, "... a wrong done to an individual must be redressed by the offender.. ."126 Once Japan acknowledges the crime it has committed against the individual victims of war, it has a duty to make 122 International Commission of Health Professionals is a leading non-governmental organization comprised ofmedical professionals who actively pursue human rights issues. 123 See Communication from the War Amputations of Canada to the Sub-Commission on Prevention ofDiscrimination and Protection of Minorities, App., at 1 (August, 1992). 124 Preliminarystudy concerningthe rightto restitution,supra note 104, at 10. 125 See the Chorzdw FactoryCase, PUBLICATIONS OF THE PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE, COLLECTION OF JUDGMENTS, Series A, No. 9, Pg. 21; Series A, No. 17, Pg. 29 (June 27, 1928), reprintedin EDWARD HAMBRO, THE CASE LAW OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT 163, 165 (1952); see also GARIcA-AMADOR. supranote 104, at 9. 126 Roy, supranote 114, at 863. PACIFIC RIM LAW & POLICY JOURNAL VOL. 2 No. 1 reparations.' 27 International law recognizes that a State can no more act with impunity than an individual. 128 Humanitarian law clearly recognizes the obligation of States to make reparations for breaches of the laws and customs of war. The Fourth Hague Convention (1907) declares specifically that a belligerent party who violates the provisions of the Convention will be liable to pay compensation, if the case demands. 129 A statement appearing in the articles adopted in the first reading by the Third Committee of the Hague Conference (1930) includes: "The international responsibility of a State imports the duty to make reparation for the damage sustained in so far as it results from failure to comply with its international obligation."130 International laws and customs of war imposed the duty upon Japan to protect basic human rights. The government of Japan violated these laws and customs when it forcibly recruited women for prostitution; thus, Japan has an obligation to make reparations for those violations. According to the Constitution adopted by Japan immediately following World War H, every person who has suffered through an illegal act of any public official may sue for redress. 131 Therefore, the comfort women should have standing to sue for compensation within the domestic court of Japan. Japan will probably contend, however, that the Japanese Constitution does not apply to those who are no longer nationals of Japan. When Taiwanese plaintiffs sought compensation for deaths and injuries as former soldiers in the Japanese Imperial Anny,132 the Supreme Court of Japan 127 While traditional law of state responsibility only permitted state-to-state redress, the contemporary international law recognizes that individuals also have standing as "subjects" of international law. In a similar vein, the former colonial status of the Korean people as subjects of Japanplaced them outside the scope of protected persons under the traditional humanitarian principles, but the doctrine of state responsibility has evolved towards more equitable treatment, with less emphasis on one's nationality. See supra notes 109-118 and accompanying text for discussion of the state responsibility doctrine. 128 Impunity is discussed in the context ofsovereign immunity. Yates, supranote 103, at 213. Hague IV, supranote 64, at 310. 130 GARCIA-AMADOR, supranote 104, at 11. 131 THE CONSTrrtION OF 1947, art. 17, THE CONSTn'TMON OF JAPAN AND CRIMINAL STATUrES (Ministry of Justice trans., 1958), reprintedin THE CONSTITTON OF JAPAN: ITS FIRST TWENTY YEARS, 1947-67 304 (Dan Fenno Henderson ed., 1968). This law is presumed to be retroactive, since Japanese soldiers who suffered injuries during World War II received compensation under the law. See infra note 133 and accompanying text. 132 Japan conscripted 207,000 Taiwanese and 242,000 Koreans during World War II, based on the fact that they were the subjects of the Japanese Emperor. Review offurther developments infields with which the sub-commissionhas been concerned,supra note 2, para.4. rejected their claim. 133 Although their Japanese counterparts received large pensions, Japan maintained that the Taiwanese soldiers had no analogous claim, as Taiwanese are no longer Japanese nationals. 134 According to this decision, the Korean plaintiffs would also lack valid claims because of the change in their nationality. But this decision does not coincide with the contemporary notion of state responsibility. If individuals suffered through wrongs committed by the state, the state must assume responsibility, irrespective of the nationality of the individuals. 135 Arguably, the law of state responsibility applicable to individuals prior to the end of World War II pertains only to aliens. Since the relevant violations occurred while Japan occupied Korea, 136 Japan may contend that the Korean comfort women were not aliens vis-A-vis Japan, thus making the law inapplicable in this situation. Note, however, that Japan cannot assert Koreans were not aliens vis-A-vis Japan and argue at the same time that Koreans are no longer Japanese nationals. In the case of the Taiwanese soldiers, the Japanese court chose to base the decision on the current nationality of the plaintiffs. The current nationality ofKoreans places them in the status of aliens vis-;i-vis Japan. Therefore, it may be argued that Japan has responsibility for injuries to the Korean women as aliens under the state responsibility doctrine. Regardless of the outcome of this nationality argument, the contemporary notion of state responsibility dictates that an individual be compensated for the harm inflicted by a State. Japan has argued that the Settlement of Claims with Korea completely resolved the issue of reparations. 137 The text of the agreement, however, represented a state-to-state economic settlement. 138 This intergovernmental diplomatic exchange cannot alleviate Japan's obligations to compensate 133 Decision of April 28, 1992. Supreme Court Rejected Claim by Taiwanese, UNIVERSAL PRINcIPLE: HuMANRIGHTsREPORTFROM JCLU 1 (Spr. 1992). 134 Taiwanese and Koreans renounced their Japanese nationality when the San Francisco Peace Treaty with Japan came into force on April 28, 1952. Japan'sDenationalisationof the KoreanMinority, supra note 2, at 30. See supra notes 112-118 and accompanying text. 136 See supra note I and accompanying text. 137 See supra notes 28-33 and accompanying text. The preamble of the Settlement of Claims reads: "Japan and the Republic of Korea, Desiring to settle problem concerning property of the two countries and their nationals and problem concerning claims between the two countries and their nationals, and Desiring to promote the economic co-operation between them, Have agreed as follows...." 13 8 See supra notes 34-38 and accompanying text. PACIFIC RIM LAW & POLICY JOURNAL VOL. 2 No. I individual victims. Historically, a state could waive the presentation of a claim of its national, because states alone used to be the subjects of international law. 139 Eventually, international law recognized that individuals were not mere "objects" of state relations, and hence extended opportunity for redress to individuals.140 In light of these considerations, Japan cannot maintain that Korea waived the claims of its nationals. Hence, Japan has a continuing duty to provide reparations for individuals. Since the Settlement of Claims did not account for individual reparations, it cannot be regarded as "final and complete". Mr. Kim Yong-sik, the former Foreign Minister of Korea who participated in the negotiations for the normalization, stated that Japan provided financial assistance to meet claims for restoration and not to address reparations for individual victims of war.14 1 Furthermore, when Japan signed the treaty, it did not acknowledge having inflicted crimes against humanity on the Korean people. Mr. Kanichiro Kuboda, the chief negotiator for Japan during the normalization talks, promised that Japan would pay compensation for its atrocities, if there had been any such cases. 142 Although the treaty representing the final settlement does not reflect Mr. Kuboda's remarks, his comment provides helpful insight as to the limited scope of the treaty. 143 Moreover, his comment suggests additional settlements in the event mistakes of fact surfaced in the future. At the time of signing the Settlement of Claims, the Japanese government had not conceded its involvement in the forced prostitution of Korean women.144 If this fact had been admitted at the time, Korea and its nationals could have waived their rights to present further claims by signing the Settlement of Claims. Since this is not the case, the individual victims are entitled to make their claims now. The Multilateral Treaty of Peace with Japan145 sheds light on why the Settlement of Claims was so limited in scope. Regarding reparations, the Treaty of Peace reads: 139 See supra note 108 and accompanying text.140 See supranotes 112-118 and accompanying text.141 Legal Ground CitedforJapaneseCompensation,supranote 34.142 Mr. Kuboda stated, "Japan is willing to compensate for any looting or acts of destruction it committed in Southeast Asian countries during the war. But as no such case had occurred in Korea, I think we have no compensation to make to Korea. But if such cases did occur we will pay for them." Records of the meeting of representatives from the two countries on October 13, 1953. Id. 143 See id. 144 See supra note 12 and accompanying text. 145 Multilateral Treaty of Peace with Japan, supranote 28. It is recognized that Japan should pay reparations to the Allied Powers for the damage and suffering caused by it during the war. Nevertheless it is also recognized that the resources of Japan are not presently sufficient, if it is to maintain a viable economy, to make complete reparation for all such damage and suffering and at the same time meet its other obligations. 146 The decision of the Allies reflected the resolve not to re-live the repercussions of Germany's burden of reparations after World War 1.147 Nevertheless, a nation should not be completely absolved of its crimes until it has fulfilled its obligations. Today, Japan has the means to compensate the individual victims 148 and hence the opportunity to resolve the issue of wartime reparations. A treaty which only speaks to nation-to-nation redress cannot remove the rights of individuals. 149 Governmental representatives have no legal authority to discharge individual human rights. 150 A person's right to compensation is fundamental. The International Bill of Human Rights explicitly states: "Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law."' 151 A treaty by which a State abandons the individual right to compensation is null and void.152 The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) agrees that individuals who suffered 14. 147 The burden of reparations lead to bankruptcy, which helped Hitler's rise to power. Legal 148 See id. 149 Communication of the War Amputations of Canada to the Human Rights Commission, reprintedinA Delegation ofthe War Amputationsof Canadato Appear Before the UnitedNations Sub- commission on Human Rights, CANADANEWSWIRE, Feb. 24, 1992, availablein LEXIS, Nexis Library, News File [hereinafter Communication of the War Amputations]; see also Why Japan Owes Former POWs, THE TORONTO STAR, Feb. 4, 1991, A16, available in LEXIS, Nexis Library, News File. See infra note 178 for information regarding the War Amputations of Canada. 150 Communication of the War Amputations, supra note 149. 151 Article 8, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. res. 217 A(III), December 10, 1948, U.N. Doc. A/810, at 71 (1948). The Declaration is considered to be the instrument which captures recognized human rights in existence. Louis B. Sohn, ProtectionofHuman Rights throughInternational Legislation, in AMIcORUM DisciPuLORUMQUE LINER, 325-328 (I. Ren6 Cassin ed., 1969). See KHusHALANI, supranote 63, at 84. Japan violated the fundamental rights granted to the comfort women by the Meiji Constitution. See supra notes 49-57 and accompanying text. Japan has denied that former subjects, who are no longer nationals of Japan, have the right of reparations under the Japanese constitution. See supranotes 131-134 and accompanying text. 152 See Review of further developments in fields with which the sub-commission has been concerned,supranote 2, at 3. PACIFIC RIM LAW & POLICY JOURNAL VOL. 2 No. 1 violations of their human rights are not bound by the actions of their government.153 The ICRC states: ... a State remains responsible for breaches of the Convention and may not absolve itself from responsibility on the grounds that those who committed the breaches have been punished. For example, it remains liable to pay compensation.154 Therefore, the Settlement of Claims did not abrogate the rights of individual victims to seek redress, and Japan remains liable to address the claims of the comfort women. International humanitarian law affins this conclusion. Article 3 of the Fourth Hague Convention recognizes that States have the obligation to pay compensation for breaches of the laws and customs of war.155 All four Geneva Conventions of 1949 pronounce that no State may absolve itself of any liability incurred by itself with respect to grave breaches listed in the Conventions.15 6 Japan is subject to the principles of these conventions and it cannot absolve itself without first meeting its obligations. Finally, where there is a conflict between the rule of law and the principles ofjustice, justice must prevail.15 7 As a former judge once said, law is no more than "an instrument ofjustice."158 Where the waiver of the claims of individuals operates harshly or unjustly, even a binding rule of law cannot be given effect.159 Even if the Settlement of Claims can be considered a binding rule of law, it cannot be given effect in light of the confirmed findings about the treatment of comfort women. Justice urges that the Settlement of Claims be re-considered. 153 Communication of the War Amputations, supranote 149.154 Id.155 Article III of the Fourth Hague Convention of 1907 states: "a belligerent party which violates the provisions of the said Regulations shall, if the case demands, be liable to pay compensation." See Hague IV, supra note 64, at 310. 156 Geneva Conventions, art. 51/52/131/148. See A Communication from Brian N. Forbes, Legal Counsel to the War Amputations of Canada, et al. to the U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection ofMinorities, Aug. 1992, at 3. 157 See Roy, supra note 114, at 868. Id . N. Guha Roy served as ajudge for the High Court of Calcutta. In the 1927 Chorz6w Factory Case, 160 the Court of International Justice addressed the duty to make reparation. The Court emphasized that the breach of an engagement involves an obligation to make adequate reparation. 161 The Court stated that reparation must "wipe out all the consequences of the illegal act and re-establish the situation which would, in all probability, have existed if that act had not been committed."'162 If this is not possible, payment of compensation is due. 163 It is plainly impossible to return the former comfort women to their prior status. Japan may still perform its obligation, however, by making satisfactory compensation. In the 1989 Veldsquez Rodriguez Case, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights followed the reasoning of the Chorz6w FactoryCase. 164 The Court in the Veldsquez Rodriguez Case, which involved an involuntary disappearance in Honduras, unanimously decided the State of Honduras should pay compensation to the family of Veldsquez Rodriguez.165 The Court made it clear that as a principle of international law, every violation of an international obligation which results in harm creates a duty to provide adequate reparation. 166 Under this view, Japan should fulfill its responsibility to render adequate reparation to the Korean plaintiffs. The Court also found that the scope of the reparation includes investigation into the facts, the punishment of those responsible, a public statement condemning the practice, and fair compensation taking into account both material and moral damages. 167 As long as the means are feasible, the decision of the Veldsquez Rodriguez Case commands Japan to extend a similar form of reparation. 160 The Chorzdw FactoryCase held that restitution was the appropriate remedy for the violation of a treaty forbidding the taking of certain types of property. Supra note 125. See also Sohn & Baxter, supranote 106, at 556. 162 TheChorzdw FactoryCase,supra note 125, at 167. 164 VeldsquezRodriguez Case, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 35, OAS/ser. L./v/II.19, doc. 13 (1988). 165 The compensation included reparation to the family of the victim for material and moral damages they suffered. Id., 52, 58-60. 6Study concerningthe rightto restitution,compensationand rehabilitationfor victims ofgross violations of human rights andfundamentalfreedoms: Progressreport submitted by Mr. Theo van Boven, Special Rapporteur, Commission on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 43rd Sess., 4th Agenda Item, U.N. Doc. E/Cn.4/Sub.2/19911, at 14 (1991) [hereinafler Progressreportconcerning the rightto restitution]. 167 Duty to compensate for moral damages arises out of harmful psychological impacts upon the victims. See id.at 15. PACIFIC RIM LAW & PoLIcY JOURNAL VOL. 2 No. I B. Moral Obligations Japan should carefully examine the moral and ethical dimensions of the claims of the comfort women. As Professor' Bassiouni expressed, moral-ethical considerations shape social consciousness and social consciousness affects the development of law.168 Thus, moral considerations have a major impact on influencing future conduct. The decision regarding the comfort women will not only set an influential precedent in Japanese law, but may also determine a future course of national conduct in the area of human rights. In post-war Germany, many attributed the institution of a reparations policy to Konrad Adenauer, the first chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. 169 Adenauer felt morally obligated to establish the Federal Republic of Germany as a "legitimate, friendly world entity." 170 The chancellor "made every effort to fill his people with a new spirit of democracy and deep respect for moral and spiritual values, which alone constitute an effective guarantee against a revival of the horrors of the past."171 In his autobiography, Adenauer wrote that he believed in the dignity and liberty of the individual over the concerns of the state.172 He also regarded it a duty of honor for Germany to do its utmost to redress the crimes it committed against the Jewish people.173 Adenauer felt that the agreement for reparations was not based strictly on legal grounds, but rather on a moral obligation strong enough to be elevated to a legal obligation.174 Such attitudes have contributed to the extensive reparation for the victims of the Nazis and their survivors. 175 Since 1959, Germany has paid approximately $50 billion in compensation to the victims of the National 168 Comment by M. Cherif Bassiouni, Professor of Law, DePaul University; Secretary-General, International Association of Penal Law. Forty Years After the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals: The Impact of the War Crimes Trials on International and National Law, AMERICAN SociET OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, Proceedings of the 80th Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., April 9-12, 1986, at 169 Mary R.Osaka, JapaneseAmericansand CentralEuropeanJews: A Comparisonof Post-War ReparationProblems,5 HASTINGS INT'L & Comn,. L. Rev. 211 (1981). 170 Id. See also THE GERMAN PATH TO ISRAEL (R.Vogel ed., 1969); K. ADENAUER, MEMOIRS (1966)R -IscocKs, THE ADENAUERERA (1966). 11 The statement made by Dr. Nahum Goldmann, then chairman of the Conference of Jewish Claims Against Germany. Osaka, supra note 169, at 218. 172 ADENAUER, supranote 170. 173 Osaka, supra note 169, at 219. Id.at 224.175 Communication ofthe War Amputations, supranote 149. Socialist Regime.176 It is estimated that by the year 2000, another $15 billion will be spent for the same cause. 177 Given this record of German reparation payments, the War Amputations of Canada178 stated that it is "wholly untenable for the Japanese to suggest that they do not bear a similar responsibility and international obligation under law" for their war crimes. 179 The precedent of Germany's system of restitution for injustice and the attitude of Adenauer should serve as an authoritative example for Japan in resolving the issue with the comfort women. C. Groundsfor DenialofRedress Japan will probably raise several rationales for the denial of redress. As discussed earlier, Japan has already asserted that the Settlement of Claims completely resolved all claims.180 Another argument might be the administrative difficulty related to the proof of identity. Japan may also contend that a successor government should not be held responsible for the acts of a predecessor government. These arguments, however, ignore the crucial question of whether Japan owes legal and moral obligations to redress its violations of basic human rights. Administrative difficulty presents a realistic obstacle, but it hardly suffices as a legitimate basis to ignore the option of reaching an equitable resolution. The proof of identity may impose an onerous burden, since more than fifty years have passed since the women were taken from their villages to foreign lands and forced into prostitution. Nevertheless, numerous documents detailing the locations and methodologies of the military brothels, as well as personal testimonies of former military personnel, exist to 176 Gerald Utting, The FightforJustice,THE TORONTo STAR, Aug. 17, 1991, available in LEXIS, Nexis Library, News File. Germany has compensated those who suffered physical, moral and material injuries as a result of the Nazi persecution. Jews, as well as those politically opposed to the Nazis, received compensation. Lump sum payments were made to former concentration camp internees, and survivors of the deceased victims were guaranteed financial assistance. See Communication of the War Amputations, supra note 149, App. D. Israel and Jewish institutions have also received compensation. Clyde H. Farnsworth, German Unity Revives Hopes on War Claims, THE NEW YoRK TIMEs, June 25, 1990, at 9, availablein LEXIS, Nexis Library, News File. 17 7 Utting, supra note 176. 178 The War Amputations of Canada is a non-governmental organization representing Canadian prisoners of war in their claims against Japan for compensation. See Communication of the War Amputations, supra note 149. 179 Id. at app. D. 180 See supra notes 137-159 and accompanying text for analysis of the Settlement of Claims assertion. PACIFIC RIM LAW & POLICY JOURNAL VOL. 2 No. I corroborate the statements of the comfort women.18 1 The use of this evidence could facilitate an equitable resolution. The law of state succession1 82 also fails to provide a proper basis for denial of redress. A change in the government does not necessarily imply that a state is a successor. 183 In particular, a mere internal change in the framework or ideology of a government does not affect the rights and obligations of the state.184 When Japan adopted the new constitution 85 following World War II, it did not create a successor government. As a matter of policy, the present government should not attempt to evade its responsibility. 86 By dealing forthrightly with past human rights abuses, the present government would be able to alleviate some of the pain and anguish and prevent the recurrence of such abuses. 187 Any attempt to lessen the responsibility of governments would weaken the protection of human rights and the rule of international law.188 Rather than avoiding its obligations, it is important for Japan to adopt a clear policy to rectify its human rights abuses, thus afffiring its commitment as a humanitarian state. M. MEANS OF REDRESS As an often cited legal maxim goes, rights without remedies are illusory.I89 Redress means that full justice should be done vis-A-vis society as a whole, including the persons responsible and the victims. 190 Although 181 See supra notes 13-16 and accompanying text. Newspapers (several of which have been cited in this Comment) have reported that since the Japanese government began the investigation into the comfort women issue, it has found evidence all over Asia corroborating the comfort women's claims. 182 "State succession" refers to the "replacement of one State by another in the responsibility for the international relations of territory." Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties, adoptedAug. 22, 1978, art. 2(b), 17 I.L.M. 1488, 1490. The law of state succession purports to determine the impact of state succession on the status of states' rights and obligations. Taking Reichs Seriously: German Unificationand the Law ofState Succession, 104 HARv. L. REv. 588 (1990). 183 Alfred R. Cowger, Jr., Rights andObligationsof SuccessorStates: An Alternative Theory, 17 CASE W. REs.J.I'T'L L.285, 286 (1985). 184 Id., at 289; see alsoGROTuS, DEJUREBELLI AcPAciS LIBMTREs, 315 (F. Kelsey trans. 1925). 185 Japan adopted a new constitution under the allied occupation, which shifted the government from imperial to popular sovereignty. THECONSTITuTION OF JAPAN: ITS FIRST TWENTY YEARS, 1947-67, supranote 131. 18 6 See supra notes 125-136 and accompanying text. See also Osaka,supranote 169, at 214. 187 Josd Zalaquett, Confronting Human Rights Violations Committed by Former Governments: Applicable PrinciplesandPoliticalConstraints,13 HAMLINEL. REVIEW 623, 628 (1990). 188 See id at 626. 189 See Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803); Submission of Brian N. Forbes, legal counsel, et al. on behalf of the War Amputations of Canada to the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (August, 1992), at 2. 190 Progressreportconcerning the rightto restitution,supra note 166, at 14. reparation usually takes the form of restitution, compensation or both, other means of granting redress to the victims exist.191 A disclosure of the truth after an official and thorough investigation of the facts and circumstances followed by an apology for the wrongs committed offers one form of satisfaction.192 Taking steps to prevent a recurrence of the offense provides another form of satisfaction. 193 Full disclosure and revision of inaccurate historical accounts will aid in deterring similar injustices in the future. Therefore, an appropriate method of redress for the comfort women might consist of an unequivocal apology, full disclosure of the egregious events, which would include mandatory textbook revisions, and fair compensation. Although the main focus remains on fulfilling the rights of victims, these forms of satisfaction will also have broad implications pertaining to social and political justice. 194 Thus far, Japan has not made an unequivocal apology for the injustices inflicted upon the comfort women. Although the government now admits its involvement with the comfort women, it still denies the use of coercion. 195 This denial further deprecates the comfort women. The comfort women did not volunteer but were forced to become prostitutes. 196 In order to restore the dignity that these women lost, Japan must publicly acknowledge the full extent to which it violated the women and thereby proffer an earnest apology. 1. Disclosureofthe Complete Truth An apology from Japan will not be convincing until the government discloses the complete truth. Unless Japan delivers an honest account of the facts and circumstances, it cannot fulfill the policy objective of dealing with 191 See Preliminary study concerning the right to restitution, supra note 104, para. 9. Application of the general concepts of reparation must depend closely upon the issues in the particular case. IAN BROWNLIE, SYSTEM OF THE LAW OF NATIONS: STATE RESPONSIBILITY, PARTI 234 (1983). For example, the pleadings of the Barcelona Traction Case indicated that practical obstacles to restitutio in integrum and the restoration of the status quo ante permitted reparation only in terms of compensation. Final submissions of Belgium, I.C.J. Reports 4, 24 (1970). 192 BRowNLIE, supra note 191, at 235. 193 Id., at 199. See also Zalaquett, supra note 187, at 628. 194 Preliminary study concerning the right to restitution, supra note 104, para. 41. 195 See supra notes 17-27 and accompanying text for discussion ofthe coercion issue. PACIFIC RIM LAW & PoLIcY JOuRNAL VOL. 2 No. 1 past human rights abuses. 197 For the society as a whole to make an informed decision in setting a human rights policy, a full disclosure of the nature and extent of violations is essential.198 A former Chair of the Amnesty International Executive Committee, noted that concealing the truth perpetuates the suffering of the victims. 199 A full public disclosure effectuates a vital step towards laying the foundation for a sound human rights policy as well as meeting the needs of the victims. 2. Textbook Revision By revising its history textbooks to disclose the crimes it has committed in the past, Japan can offer a genuine apology. Failure to fully disclose its past will impair the efforts to prevent the recurrence of human rights violations.200 Over the years, Asian nations have harshly criticized Japan's attempts to conceal and falsify its wartime aggression in its textbooks.201 Professor Constatino of Philippines stated, "The Japanese say they are a peace-loving people now, but have never expressed sincere contrition or accepted moral responsibility for the bloodshed." 202 Even some Japanese view the governmental measures to conceal the whole truth as signs of infidelity to progressive democratic values.203 The revelation of the Japanese government's involvement with the forced prostitution of the comfort women has once again emphasized the need for textbook revisions. The Korean government has reiterated the exigency for clarifying the historic records between the two countries.204 In response to this request to reflect the issue of comfort women in Japanese textbooks, Chief Cabinet Secretary Koichi Kato said the 197 See Zalaquett, supra note 187 at 629. 200 See id. 201 Lawrence NV.Beer, Freedom ofExpression: The ContinuingRevolution, 53 LAw & CONTEMP. PRoBs. 39, 65-66 (1990). . 202 Professor Renato Constatino, 78, is a professor of history at the University of the Philippines. Colin Nickerson, NeighborsFear a JapanMilitarilyResurgent, THE BOSTON GLOBE, June-28, 1992, at 68, availablein LEXIS, Nexis Library, News File. 203 Lawrence W. Beer, Education,Politicsand Freedom in Japan: The lenaga Textbook Review Cases, 8 LAw iN JAPAN: AN ANNUAL 73 (1975). 204 A Foreign Ministry official who was in charge of compiling the white Paper, Korean government's initial report on the comfort women issue, stated that it is important to set straight the historic records between the two countries. He said the Japanese government should reflect the true picture of their past wrong-doings in school textbooks. Shin Hak-Lim, "ComfortGirl"ReportOpens Way to DiscussIndemnity, THEKOREA TIMFs, Aug. 1, 1992. government has no right to force textbook publishers to include certain facts. 205 But the problem does not lie with the textbook publishers' unwillingness to depict history in its whole context. In reality, the government consistently engages in determining the contents of textbooks prior to their publication. 206 The Ministry of Education routinely reviews the contents of history textbooks.207 The lenaga Textbook Review208 cases attest to the abundant government screening process. 209 For instance, while reviewing Professor Ienaga's textbooks, the government ordered the deletion of the phrase "violated women".210 Textbook revision will promote several important goals. First, it will convey the sincerity of Japan's denunciation of its wartime atrocities and the resolve not to engage in further acts of aggression. Second, it will help the children of Japan understand the nature of wars and the crimes against humanity.2 u' Third, acknowledging the historical truth will assist the young people of Japan to recognize, condemn and prevent violations of fundamental human rights, such as the forced prostitution of women. Apologies are not sufficient to redress the sufferings of the comfort women. The best form of reparations would be restitution -to restore the victim to the position she was in before the crime was committed. When restoration of the original status is impossible or insufficient, however, a form 205 Japan to Set Compensationfor Korean Comfort Girls,supra note 14, at I. Mayumni Moriyama, the Minister of Education, expressed the same view as the Chief Cabinet Secretary. Japan Cannot Promiseon "Comfort Women" in Textbooks, JAPAN ECONOMIc NEWSWiRE, March 30, 1993, available in LEXISNexis Library, News File.206 CONsTrTurIONAL SYSTEMS INLATE TwENTIETH CENTURY ASIA 196 (Lawrence W. Beer ed., 1992); see also National League for Support of the School Textbook Screening Suit, TRUrH IN TEXTaoOKs, FREEDOM IN EDUCATION AND PEACE FOR CHILDREN: THE 27 YEAR STRUGGLE OF THE IENAGA TEXrBOOK LAWSUITS (July 31, 1992) [hereinafter TRurH INTEXTBOOKs]; Beer, supranote 201. 207 TRurH INTExrBOOKS, supranote 206, at 2. 208 Professor Saburo Ienaga is a famous historian who has devoted himself since the 1960's to opposing in court the Ministxys attempts to cover up unpleasant facts about Japan in his high school history textbooks, Id. Id.09 The Supreme Court of Japan upheld the right of the Education Ministry to screen and dictate the contents of history textbooks on March 16, 1993. Irene Kunii, Supreme CourtSays JapanCan Rewrite History, THE REUrER LIBRARY REPORT, March 16, 1993, availablein LEXIS, Nexis Library, News File. 210 Professor lenaga wrote the following about the Nanking Massacre: "When the Japanese Army occupied Nanking, they murdered large numbers of Chinese soldiers and civilians and many of the Japanese officers and soldiers violated Chinese women." TRurH INTE=BOOKs, supranote 206, at 1-2. PACIFIC RIM LAW & POLICY JOURNAL VOL. 2 No. 1 of redress that most often aids victims of human rights violations is compensation. 212 As Makoto Tanabe, chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Japan, aptly stated in favor of compensation for the comfort women, "Words of apology can carry weight only if followed by deeds," since compensation and apologies are "two sides of the coin. 213 same Compensation is an indispensable element of an equitable reparations Compensation is available through either judicial or legislative measures. Independent from the outcome of the trial, Japan might decide to establish a governmental fund for the comfort women.214 Previously, when former Taiwanese soldiers in the Japanese Imperial Army sought compensation for their injuries, the courts rejected their claim.215 However, in 1987, the Diet passed a bill under which the seriously injured or the surviving family members would be awarded 2 million yen per dead or seriously injured person.216 On the positive side, such a legislative measure acknowledges the need for action on behalf of the war claimants. Nevertheless, a nominal amount of compensation awarded through a fund217 may convey a mere gesture to appease outrage by the international community. Indirect compensation may also signal Japan's attempt to avoid guilt and legal liability.218 Although an equitable legislative redress is conceivable, a judicial resolution is more favorable in the present case. Since the lawsuit is already in progress, the plaintiffs will be better served by a decision of the court clearly delineating the injuries to the victims and Japan's obligation to make 212 Frank C. Newman, RedressforGulf War ViolationsofHumanRights, 20 DENV. J.OF INTLL. & POL'Y 213, 216 (1992). See also CLYDE EAGLETON, THE RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 189 (1928); Chorz6wFactoryCase, supranote 125. 2 13 ReparationsAre Needed, Tanabe Says,THE JAPAN TIMES, December 9, 1991, at 1. 214 According to the Kyodo News Service, Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa indicated that the government is considering compensation for the comfort women. Kyodo reported that Miyazawa's remarks implied Japan could move to compensate the women through a fund. Japan Hints at Compensationfor WW1 "ComfortWomen", THE KOREA TIMES, July 18, 1992. Specific measures for the fund have not been determined to date. Gov't Mulling "Comfort Women" Issue 1 Year After Lawsuit, JAPAN ECONOMIC NEWSWIRE, Dec. 7, 1992, availableinLEXIS, Nexis Libra y, News File. 215 See supranotes 132-136 and accompanying text. 216 Supreme CourtRejected Claimby Taiwanese,supra note 133. 2 million yen was equivalent to about 16,000 U.S. dollars in 1987. Japanese "CondolenceMoney"for WWII Taiwan Draftees,CENTRAL NEWS AGENCY, December 29, 1987, available inLEXIS, Nexis Library, News File. 217 The amount designated by the bill for the Taiwanese plaintiffs was still significantly lower than the figure awarded to the Japanese in the same situation. Supreme Court Rejected Claim by Taiwanese, supranote 133. 218 Itaru Oishi, Government to Indirectly Pay WWI "Comfort Women," THE NIKKEI WEEKLY, March 1, 1993, at 2, availableinLEXIS, Nexis Library, News File. reparations. If the court does not recognize their rights, the plaintiffs may face future prejudice. For instance, as in the case of the Taiwanese plaintiffs, the Diet may not feel compelled to compensate the victims adequately. Some fear that the government fund plan may obscure the truth.219 In order for Japan to adduce an equitable form of reparations, it must offer a sincere apology and provide sufficient compensation. Today Japan faces a profound challenge to prove to the international community that the present administration takes human rights violations seriously. Japan can meet this challenge by facing its legal and moral obligations and setting a clear standard for dealing with human rights abuses, starting with its duty to the comfort women. By dealing with its obligations to the comfort women squarely, Japan will benefit both the victims and Japan's future generations. The individual victims will regain, to the extent possible, some of the dignity they once lost. They will be better able to cope with the continuing physical and moral sufferings. Furthermore, Japan's future generations will hopefully learn from their nation's past abuses of human rights, and foster measures to prevent Japan's militant past from re-occurring. Finally, by meeting its duty to protect fundamental human rights, Japan will gain the trust of its neighbors, as well as that of its own citizens. 219 Group inSeoul RejectsIdeaof"Comfort Women"fund, THE JAPN TIMEs, Oct. 15, 1992, at 3.	8,914
Potatoes are a staple in many diets, and are a great addition to any garden. Planting potatoes can be a rewarding experience, but it is important to know the basics of planting and caring for potatoes. This article will answer questions such as: do potatoes grow better in pots or in the ground? What should potatoes not be planted by? Do potatoes grow back every year? How many potatoes should each plant produce? How often do you feed potatoes? How long can potatoes stay in the ground? Is coffee grounds good for potatoes? What do you add to soil before planting potatoes? What do I add to soil when planting potatoes? Do you bury the eyes when planting potatoes? Do potatoes grow better in pots or in the ground? It depends on the type of potato you are growing. Generally, potatoes grow better in the ground, as they require a lot of space for their root system and need to be planted deeply. However, potatoes can also be grown in pots, as long as the pot is large enough to accommodate the root system and the soil is well-draining. When growing potatoes in pots, it is important to use a potting mix that is specifically designed for potatoes, and water regularly. What should potatoes not be planted by? Potatoes should not be planted near other nightshade vegetables, such as tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants. Potatoes can be susceptible to the same diseases and pests that affect these other vegetables, and planting them too close together can lead to cross-contamination and spread of disease. Additionally, potatoes should not be planted near other root vegetables, such as carrots and onions, as these vegetables can compete for nutrients in the soil. Do potatoes grow back every year? Yes, potatoes do grow back every year. Potatoes are a type of tuber, which are an underground stem that store energy and nutrients. Tubers are perennials, meaning they come back year after year, and potatoes are no exception. Potatoes are planted in the spring and harvested in late summer or early fall. After harvest, the potatoes are stored in a cool, dark place until the following spring, when they are ready to be planted again. How many potatoes should each plant produce? The number of potatoes that each plant produces can vary greatly depending on the variety of potato, the soil, and the climate. Generally speaking, each potato plant can produce anywhere from 2-5 pounds of potatoes. However, some varieties can produce up to 10 pounds of potatoes per plant. It is important to note that the size of the potatoes can also vary depending on the variety, with some potatoes being much smaller than others. How often do you feed potatoes? Potatoes should be fed every two to three weeks during the growing season. Depending on the variety, the amount of fertilizer needed can vary. Generally, a balanced fertilizer should be applied at a rate of 1/2 to 1 pound per 100 square feet. This should be supplemented with additional applications of nitrogen fertilizer every four to six weeks. How long can potatoes stay in the ground? Potatoes can stay in the ground for a surprisingly long time. Depending on the variety, potatoes can remain in the ground for up to four months. The ideal time to harvest potatoes is when the plant begins to die back and the potatoes are fully mature. If you wait too long, the potatoes may become overgrown and more difficult to harvest. It is best to keep an eye on the plants and harvest the potatoes when they reach the ideal size. Is coffee grounds good for potatoes? Yes, coffee grounds can be beneficial for potatoes. Coffee grounds are high in nitrogen, which is an essential nutrient for potatoes. Adding coffee grounds to the soil can help to improve soil fertility and promote healthy potato growth. Additionally, coffee grounds can help to reduce the acidity of the soil, which can help to prevent potatoes from developing diseases. Coffee grounds can also act as a natural fertilizer, providing potatoes with additional nutrients. Finally, coffee grounds can help to keep weeds away from potatoes, making them easier to maintain and harvest. What do you add to soil before planting potatoes? Before planting potatoes, it is important to add some essential nutrients to the soil. This can be done by mixing in compost or aged manure to provide organic matter and essential nutrients. Additionally, a fertilizer that is high in phosphorus and potassium should be added to the soil to give the potatoes the nutrients they need to grow. It is also important to make sure the soil is well-draining and not too acidic, as potatoes do not grow well in acidic soil. What do I add to soil when planting potatoes? When planting potatoes, it is important to add the right nutrients to the soil. The soil should be rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, as these are essential for healthy potato growth. Additionally, the soil should be well-draining and slightly acidic, with a pH between 5.0 and 6.0. To ensure the best soil conditions, it is recommended to mix in compost, manure, or other organic matter. This will help to improve the soil structure and provide the necessary nutrients for your potatoes. Additionally, adding a layer of mulch to the soil can help to retain moisture and keep weeds at bay. Do you bury the eyes when planting potatoes? No, you do not need to bury the eyes when planting potatoes. Potatoes can be planted whole, or cut into pieces with at least two eyes per piece. Plant the potato pieces 1-2 inches deep in loose, well-drained soil. Make sure the pieces are spaced 8-12 inches apart in rows that are 24-36 inches apart. Cover the potato pieces with soil and water them well. If planting whole potatoes, plant them 4-6 inches deep and space them 12-18 inches apart. In conclusion, potatoes grow best in the ground, not in pots. Potatoes should not be planted near tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, or other nightshade plants. Potatoes will grow back every year if the conditions are right. Each plant can produce between 3 to 5 potatoes, depending on the variety. Potatoes should be fed every 4-6 weeks with a balanced fertilizer. Potatoes can stay in the ground for up to two months before harvesting. Coffee grounds are not good for potatoes, as they can make the soil too acidic. Before planting potatoes, you should add compost or manure to the soil to provide nutrients. When planting potatoes, you should bury the eyes about two inches deep.	48,550
Gas has worse climate footprint than coal As the fossil fuel lobby tells it, natural gas — in chemical terms, almost all methane — is clean and green. Burn it in a modern power plant, and per unit of electricity produced, only about half as much carbon dioxide is sent up the exhaust stack compared to good-quality coal. That’s like saying you’re making progress if you get off heroin onto amphetamines. Natural gas is still a fossil fuel. Even if the sums worked the way the gas corporations suggest, a wholesale switch to gas would put off climate disaster only by a few decades. In any case, the real sums are quite different. When you extract and burn natural gas, you never get to burn all of it. Some escapes, meaning that the gas-fired electricity you produce will almost always have a worse “climate footprint”, over the most relevant period, than if you were using coal. That statement would have seemed highly speculative just a few years ago. But methane has long been known to be a powerful greenhouse gas. Now, new studies are showing that in practical gasfield operations, far more methane reaches the atmosphere than the guesses of the energy corporations would suggest. The worst leakage, it used to be thought, occurred with so-called unconventional sources — coal seam gas and shale gas. But “fugitive emissions” from conventional gasfields, evidence now shows, can also be alarmingly high. And whatever the source of the methane leaks, recent research has substantially raised the estimate for their warming impact — to an astonishing 105 times the figure for carbon dioxide, measured over 20 years. Three field studies, reported over the past year, have exposed the claims of the gas industry that its product has a role to play in limiting climate change. All three of these studies use “top-down” methods to calculate methane leakage rates. Top-down methods sample methane concentrations in the air above gasfields, and use mathematical models to calculate the amount of methane that would need to have leaked to produce this effect. “Bottom-up” calculations, by contrast, examine the wells, valves and pipes, and try to total up the quantity of gas that is lost from them. Top-down methods are complex, but yield a fairly robust figure for the emitted methane. With bottom-up calculations, leaks are inevitably missed. Of course, not all the methane detected above gasfields results from extraction operations; some has come from sources such as wetlands or cattle and sheep. But by observing the ratio of different carbon isotopes found in the methane molecules, scientists can tell “new” methane from fossil methane that has been underground for millions of years. In 2008, geochemist Gabrielle Pétron of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) observed that methane readings in data from an observation tower north of Denver, Colorado, were markedly higher when the wind blew from the north-east — that is, from the direction of the Denver-Julesburg (conventional) oil and gas basin, with its more than 14,000 active gas and condensate wells. Years of complex work followed, culminating in February last year with the publication by Pétron and colleagues of a paper concluding that leakage from the field was probably around 4% of the gas produced, and perhaps significantly higher. That suggests leakage at least twice the rate earlier assumed. An October blog for the journal Nature explains: “Most estimates suggest that around 1-2% of the methane is lost… These [estimates] come from ‘bottom-up’ calculations by industry and government regulators, but there is very little hard data.” The Pétron team’s findings were disputed in a peer-reviewed commentary published by the Journal of Geophysical Research in November. But preliminary results from a subsequent study, using isotopic analysis of methane emissions from the Denver-Julesburg field, now reportedly line up with the findings by Pétron and her collaborators. Queensland coal seam For the next blow against the fossil gas merchants, we need look no further than Southern Cross University in northern New South Wales. Importing a specialised spectrometer, biochemists Isaac Santos and Damien Maher drove to the Tara coal seam gas field on the western Darling Downs. Over their 500 kilometre trip to Tara, the researchers recorded atmospheric methane figures of 1.78 to 1.94 parts per million. Those are typical present-day world background levels. Once on the gasfield, the team drove back and forth on public roads, taking measurements every second and pinpointing them with GPS. “In Tara the concentrations are consistently higher than two parts per million and approach seven parts per million in a few locations,” Southern Cross University reported Maher as saying. “This is about three and a half times higher than expected if there was no change in the atmosphere.” “The concentrations are higher here than any measured in gasfields anywhere else that I can think of, including in Russia,” Maher told the Sydney Morning Herald. The response from gas industry spokespeople was vitriolic. “The Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association … attacked the research, saying it was ‘premature and questionable’,” the SMH reported on November 14. Federal Energy and Resources Minister Martin Ferguson thundered to an energy conference in Sydney that the study was “a cynical attempt to grab headlines” that “abandoned usual scientific practice.” Isotopic analysis nevertheless showed that the elevated methane levels at Tara were due to geologic methane. A problem for the researchers is the lack of baseline data from the Tara field; the gas developers there did not record background methane levels before starting to drill. But it is unlikely that natural seepage is an important factor in the high readings at Tara. Observations near Lismore and Casino in the Richmond River basin, a prospective but still-undeveloped coal seam gas region, did not approach those at Tara — even near intensive cattle operations. Utah: the Uinta Basin The most recent findings to be released are from another intensive top-down study conducted in the US by scientists from the NOAA and the University of Colorado. This time, the target was the rich oil and gas fields of the Uinta Basin in eastern Utah. During the winter of 2011-12 the scientists conducted an air and ground survey of the basin, taking readings of at least seven pollutant gases. Preliminary results were reported to a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in December 2012. “Overall methane levels are very high (often >2.5 ppm) in the gasfield,” the NOAA said. Modelling of methane leakage in the Uinta Basin pointed to an “eye-popping” figure of 9% of total production. “That figure is nearly double the cumulative loss rates estimated from industry data,” a commentary in the journal Nature observed. Home mostly to conventional oil and gas wells, the Uinta Basin is noted for a high rate of “fracking” — that is, hydraulic fracturing, in which drillers inject a high-pressure mix of water, sand and chemicals to open fissures in underground rocks to speed oil and gas flow. Often used in conventional oil and gas extraction, fracking is also frequently used in production of coal seam gas, and is fundamental to the rapidly-expanding shale gas industry. The technique is particularly associated with high gas releases during drilling, since an estimated 30-70% of the injected water resurfaces, bringing gas with it. Fracking can also open alternative routes for gas to reach the surface via rock faults, bypassing the well and its collection mechanisms. This may partly explain the striking divergence between top-down and bottom-up figures for gas leakage. Significantly, the figures for gas leakage in the Denver-Julesburg and Uinta Basins are within or above the range indicated in 2011 by the first serious attempt to quantify emissions from shale gas extraction. Conducted by a team under Cornell University scientist Robert Howarth, this study put leakage from the shale gas industry in the US at 3.6-7.9%. Howarth’s findings were derided by energy industry spokespeople who pointed to the study’s limited data sample. But the new work suggests that Howarth’s figures were, if anything, conservative. Meanwhile, what exactly are the warming effects of methane once it reaches the atmosphere? Methane in the air oxidises relatively quickly to carbon dioxide and water. Almost all of it is gone within twenty years of its release. Usually, the gas is described as having a warming impact per molecule 20-25 times that of carbon dioxide, measured over 100 years. But this 100-year measure is only a convention, and an inept one at that. Climate change is moving much faster than expected. Over as little as a decade, a big pulse of methane from unconventional gas development could help push the climate past “tipping points” such as the collapse of Arctic sea ice or Amazonian forests. On a 20-year time-frame, methane is cited as having a warming footprint 72-79 times that of carbon dioxide. And that’s not the whole story. In the atmosphere methane interacts with aerosols, ultrafine airborne particles. NASA scientist Drew Shindell, who studies these reactions, calculates that when they’re taken into account methane has a 20-year climate impact 105 times that of carbon dioxide. If methane leakage is just 1%, that means, gas-fired electricity has a 20-year warming effect roughly equal to black coal. And leakage in the Uinta Basin has now been put at 9%. What’s worse than heroin addiction, quicker and far more drastic in the damage it wreaks? Drinking methylated spirits? That’s the sort of grim metaphor we have to invoke if we’re to describe the potential impacts of the fossil gas industry. Relate article: White paper reveals gas industry scared of global protests	42,127
\|Philosophy & Goals The Muskingum College Center for Child Development strives to provide a loving and safe environment and uses developmentally appropriate practices and materials. Social interaction is the main focus of the program. This is supported by activities that encourage social, emotional, cognitive and physical growth. No child shall be denied enrollment and/or participation based upon sex, color, race, religion, or national origin. Goals of the Center To promote positive interaction with children and adults, nurturing the social and emotional well being of each child. - To be a creative thinker and problem solver. - To promote health and safety. - To build independence and a positive self-esteem. - To encourage development of fine and gross motor skills. Young children learn through creative play and by actively exploring and manipulating their environment. Teachers provide a rich learning environment and learning activities including routine activities and extended project activities. Both are developed through observation of the child and include a goal of meeting the individual needs of the children. Curriculum goals are met through - the daily schedule - activities planned according to the individual children's needs and interests and the group needs and interests - developmentally appropriate practices and materials - positive guidance The daily schedule will include a balance of the following: - group and individual activities - indoor and outdoor play - small muscle and large muscle activities - quiet time and active time - creative expression Routines such as eating, sleeping, tiolet needs, and dressing are handled in a reassuring manner.	19,959
Urban living requires efficient use of space, but it can be a very environmentally-friendly lifestyle: city residents generally live in small homes with access to walkable neighborhoods and public transportation. One common downside is a lack of green space, but architect Stefano Boeri aims to change all that with his “Bosco Verticale” concept. Italian for “vertical forest”, his project was recently described by the Financial Times as “the most exciting new tower in the world”. Currently under construction in the Isola neighborhood of central Milan, the inaugural Bosco Verticale project consists of a pair of residential towers. Rising 110 and 76 meters over the city, the towers will be home to 900 trees (some close to 30 feet tall) plus a range of flowering plants and shrubs. That amount of greenery is comparable to 10,000 square meters of forest space, or 50,000 sqm of suburban residential property. According to Boeri, “Bosco Verticale is a project for metropolitan reforestation that contributes to the regeneration of the environment and urban biodiversity without the implication of expanding the city upon the territory. Bosco Verticale is a model of vertical densification of nature within the city.” Besides offering pleasing aesthetics, the vertical forest concept takes the green skyscraper concept even further by creating a healthier environment for residents. The density of plantings creates a microclimate that filters dust and particulate pollution, absorbs CO2, and absorbs noise. Improved shade and temperature regulation will help avoid the “heat island” effect and reduce the energy needed for climate control systems. Other energy-efficient components are being integrated into the buildings as well: photovoltaic arrays will provide partial power to the buildings, and much of the irrigation needed to support the plantings will come from reusing processed wastewater. Visit Stefano Boeri Architecture to learn more. 2 thoughts on “Stunning Vertical Forest Skyscraper By Stefano Boeri’s” Very interested in your cutting edge news as it pertains to farming and energy. We have solar house, 1 hoop hose so far and another in planning, we are strictly Organic. Awesome tower. Growing vertically can be good for plants, as air circulate better around them, which can mean less disease, mildew, and fungus. Some pests don’t crawl vertically, so you may be able to avoid them. Vegetables and fruits that are not lying on the ground will be cleaner and less likely to rot; and yield per square foot of garden space will be greatly increased.	12,897
Number of ways have been developed that allow nanoparticles to kill cancer cells. Some of these include delivering chemo agents, converting electromagnetic energy beamed into heat, and manipulating with the signaling processes of tumor cells. An international team of researchers is now reporting in journal Theranostics a way of bunching iron oxide particles doped with zinc around tumors and then crushing the nearby cells using an external magnetic field. The nanoparticles have epidermal growth factor peptides attached to them, helping the particles to hone in on a tumor. Once they’ve gathered together, a rotating magnetic field is applied at 15 Hz. This causes the nanoparticles to gather in stretched out groups that look like long grains of rice, in the process damaging the plasma and lysosomal membranes and leading to cellular death. Because no drugs are used and the materials used have low toxicity, this may be a indication that safer, mechanical approaches to nanoparticle based tumor treatment may help avoid the nasty side effects of cancer drugs. Study in journal Theranostics: Elongated Nanoparticle Aggregates in Cancer Cells for Mechanical Destruction with Low Frequency Rotating Magnetic Field…	21,436
Editor: Jane Villa-Lobos CONSERVATION COMMUNITY MOURNS DEATH OF FIELD BIOLOGISTS On August 3, two of the world's top field biologists, Theodore A. Parker III and Alwyn Gentry, were tragically killed in an airplane crash in Ecuador. Both scientists were founders of Conservation International's Rapid Assessment Program (RAP), and their deaths mark a major loss to the international conservation community. They were on a RAP reconnaissance trip, making an aerial survey of the coastal area of Ecuador when the small plane crashed into a mountain. Two others died in the crash, including Eduardo Aspiazu, president of the Guayaquil Chapter of the Nature Foundation. There were three survivors, including Mr. Parker's fiancee, Jacqueline Goerck. Mr. Parker, a senior scientist for Conservation International, was widely regarded as the world's leading field ornithologist. He was known for his unique ability to identify nearly 4,000 bird species by their calls alone, and was an expert on all Neotropical biodiversity. Dr. Gentry, senior curator at the Missouri Botanical Garden, was equally revered for his botanical knowledge of South America. His knowledge of woody tropical species was unsurpassed, and he had collected tens of thousands of herbarium specimens during his lifetime. Parker and Gentry are considered irreplacable by the conservation community. "Ted and Al carried two-thirds of the unpublished knowledge of Neotropical biodiversity in their heads," said Russell Mittermeier, president of Conservation International. "Both men were conservation pioneers," reflected Peter Seligmann, Conservation International's chief executive officer and chairman of the board. "Together, they were an unmatchable reservoir of knowledge. Their deaths are an enormous setback for the world's wild places." The RAP, started four years ago to inventory the biodiversity of previously unmapped areas in the tropics, was the perfect platform for Parker and Gentry's talents. RAPs blend traditional field techniques with the latest technology to survey a region's system of plants and animals. The scientists involved then make recommendations to land-use officials on how to protect them. Much of the program's attention in recent years has centered on tropical "hotspots" that are being threatened by encroachment or destruction. The two men often worked together on such missions. WORLD RED LIST OF THREATENED PLANTS In early 1994 the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) will publish the first global list of threatened plants. This is a culmination of 15 years of data gathering and analysis, and attempts to incorporate all Red Data Books and Red Data Lists as well as other published and unpublished information on threatened plants. Information on approximately 70,000 taxa is maintained in BG-BASE, a PC-based RDBMS application. This 1000+ page book will comprise around 36,000 taxa (ca. 15% of known vascular plants) that are threatened at either the country or world level and will include the scientific name, Red Data Book category at the world level, inclusion on CITES Appendix, distribution by country and Red Data Book category within each country. Data sources for nomenclature, distribution, and conservation information will also be included. Due to space constraints, synonymy, life form, common names, and presence in cultivation will be excluded. In the late stages of this project, WCMC is attempting to fill the obvious gaps and would appreciate hearing from anyone who would be willing to help supply new or update existing information. There are, of course, many errors, inconsistencies, and gaps - inevitable in a data set of this size - but WCMC is attempting to correct as many as possible before going to press. If anyone is willing to supply either geographically or taxonomically based information in a very short time frame, or if there are any questions about this project, please contact Kerry Walter by e-mail (Kerry.Walter@wcmc.co.uk) or call 44 22 327 7314. Please state the region(s)/taxonomic group(s) for which you would be willing to provide data, and how quickly you could review or supply information. ALL TAXA BIOLOGICAL INVENTORY WORKSHOP In April 1993, 57 specialists convened for a three day workshop at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia to discuss the concept and mechanics of an All Taxa Biological Inventory (ATBI). Participants had backgrounds in managing biotic surveys or information, and represented more-or-less the full range of terrestrial and freshwater taxa. For logistic reasons, the marine environment was excluded from discussion, although several representatives were present to provide cross linkage to similar processes underway among marine scientists. Most participants came from the United States, but Canada, Mexico, Costa Rica, Brazil, Norway, England, and Australia were also represented. The workshop was organized by Dan Janzen and Winnie Hallwachs with funding from NSF. An ATBI would be made a single large site, 50,000-100,000 hectares, including diverse habitats and would involve a complete inventory of all taxa to the maximum extent possible. The site would be subject to long term preservation, but would include disturbed habitats. Collections will be made within a grid system via sampling strategies that allow maximum information retrieval in the future. Modern information management, including global interactive access via Internet, is crucial. An ATBI must be a cooperative, synergistic effort, with all involved working closely together. Training of systematists, as well as land managers and others, will be built in. The inventory will include passing the species collected "through the filter of what we know" to add biological and phylogenetic information to the knowledge base. The overall lack of trained systematists and collection and research facilities for microbes and many invertebrates creates a need for a major infusion of effort into these fields. It is expected that people will emerge to meet the challenge. A single ATBI would cost $50-$150 million. After two years of planning and gearing up, the inventory would take about five years. An ATBI site might include 100,000 to 150,000 species, yielding a unit cost of around $1,000 per species. After the inventory has been completed, it would continue to be used for monitoring, research, education and training. An ATBI would thus be an ongoing process. The products of an ATBI will include: complete inventory of a site, a step toward world taxonomic inventory, benchmarks and a "known universe" for research in ecological and environmental change; a platform for ecological studies; detailed knowledge of patterns in biodiversity of all taxa on a landscape scale; paper and electronic manuals of the biota that will be useful far beyond the local site; public exposure for the importance of systematics and conservation; and standards, protocols, and methodologies for sampling and monitoring. During the conference, initial concern over the size and scale involved with establishing an ATBI disappeared as participants saw the power in the concept and the potential for international partnerships to develop needed resources. After the creation of the first ATBI site, it is expected that others will be started in countries all over the world. In order to be successful, an ATBI must be fully collaborative. The plan must be developed and managed by local constituents in cooperation with scientists and the various user communities. This workshop focused on ascertaining the technical and scientific issues of feasibility to carry out an ATBI. Further workshops must focus on user needs and local involvement, including such areas as biodiversity prospecting, ecotourism, education, and science-based industries. An initial site must be identified, accompanied by a local and national commitment to support an ATBI. Funding must be solicited internationally. After the site and funds are located, the scientific and management team can coordinate detailed planning and action. For more information, see the article in Science vol. 260 (30 April 1993), or contact Scott Miller at Bishop Museum, Box 19,000-A, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817 or e-mail scottm@BISHOP.BISHOP.HAWAII.ORG. PEOPLE AND PLANTS INITIATIVE The People and Plants Initiative is a joint operation by WWF International, UNESCO and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew to contribute to the sustainable and equitable use of plant resources. The initiative seeks to support ethnobotanists from developing countries who work with local communities to study and record the use of plant resources, resolve conflicts between the conservation and over-exploitation of plant resources, promote sustainable methods of harvesting non-cultivated plants, and ensure that local communities benefit from the conservation and use of plant resources. The People and Plants Initiative provides the local ethnobotanist and the people with whom they work with training workshops on field methods for inventorying plant resources and assessing methods for the sustainable harvesting of plants, advice on specific conservation projects, scientific literature, training manuals and technical information, and the opportunity to interact with ethnobotanists working in other regions. A series of five handbooks on plant conservation is being prepared to provide technical guidance on methods in ethnobotany and sustainable use of plant resources. Current People and Plants Initiative activities include projects in Malaysia, the Caribbean, Madagascar, Bolivia, Mexico, Uganda, Brazil, Cameroon, and a few international projects. The need for this initiative is urgent for numerous reasons: 1) the sustainable and equitable use of plant resources for the benefit of local people is essential for biodiversity conservation in rural communities; 2) over-harvesting of non- cultivated plants often results from habitat loss, human population increase and trade in plant products; 3) local resource users often have a profound knowledge of plants and their management. This knowledge, much of which is unrecorded, is being lost with the transformation of ecosystems and local cultures; 4) identifying conflicts between harvesting and conservation of plant resources is the first step towards achieving sustainable plant use; 5) ethnobotanists can work on practical conservation issues with local communities; and 6) more of these key professionals are needed in developing countries. For more information contact the Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom; WWF-International, Biodiversity Unit-Conservation Policy Division, Avenue du Mont Blanc, 1196 Gland, Switzerland; or UNESCO, Man and the Biosphere Programme, Division of Ecological Sciences, 7, Place de Fontenoy - 75352 Paris, CEDEX 07 Sp - France. BIODIVERSITY MONITORING COURSE The Second International Biodiversity Measuring and Monitoring Course will be directed by the Smithsonian Man and the Biosphere Program (SI/MAB) and is tentatively scheduled for May 2 - June 3, 1994 at the Smithsonian Conservation and Research Center, Front Royal, Virginia. This unique professional course will teach participants how to establish procedures for measuring and monitoring biodiversity, how to design sampling programs and analyze data in each field, how to develop the monitoring protocol, and how to implement the management strategies necessary for an area. Previously, 19 participants from 14 countries throughout the world interacted for five weeks with close to 60 outstanding instructors and speakers in the recently completed first course. Course participants will work intensively with highly qualified researchers and instructors; learn methodology used by experts working in temperate and tropical ecosystems; learn about measuring biodiversity and develop a biodiversity monitoring program for a selected site; and qualify for future biodiversity and research programs in tropical rainforest Smithsonian research sites. Twenty participants will be accepted worldwide; the course will be in English, although most instructors are bilingual (English/Spanish). Instructors are well-known specialists from the Smithsonian Institution and other organizations. Applications are being accepted from graduate students, senior undergraduates and professionals in the biological or environmental sciences. Total cost is $3200 (not including airfare). This covers food and lodging, local transportation, books and materials, and use of field and laboratory equipment. A limited number of fellowships will be available. Application deadline is December 12, 1993. For further information and application forms, please write, call, or fax: Dr. Francisco Dallmeier, Director, Smithsonian/MAB, Biodiversity Program, Smithsonian Institution, 1100 Jefferson Drive, S.W., Suite 3123, Washington, DC 20560. Tel: (202) 357- 4693, Fax: (202) 786-2557. The World Wildlife Fund International has published Ethics, Ethnobiological Research, and Biodiversity. This document, intended for policy makers in government, research institutes, botanical gardens, herbaria, universities, and industry outlines some of the dilemmas facing ethnobotanists, anthropologists, and phytochemists in developing new natural products from biological materials. The bulk of the world's biological and cultural diversity occurs in developing countries rich in potential new natural products. However much of the technology and expertise required to develop new industrial products from biological materials is centered in the industrialized countries of the temperate zone. For researchers, industrial companies, corporations, and governments involved with recording indigenous knowledge and identifying potentially valuable biological resources, this raises ethical, legal, and political issues. Ethics, Ethnobiological Research, and Biodiversity discusses these issues and provides a recommended code of practice. The specific objectives of the paper are: 1)to present the background to the ethical and conservation issues that arise in the development of new natural products and to outline the need to create equitable partnerships and recognize the value of indigenous knowledge which will lead to the payment of fair compensation to source regions; 2)to facilitate international cooperation in the collection, conservation, use, and development of new natural products; 3)to ensure that any collecting for export and use outside of a country has the full approval of the competent authorities, and is carried out with the cooperation of the host country and representatives of the local communities involved; also to ensure that these collections comply with conservation and quarantine regulations in the countries of origin and destination; and 4)to outline the general principles that will facilitate development of national regulations by governments or agreements between organizations. For more information, contact WWF International, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland. Tel: 41 (22) 364 91 11, Fax: 41 (22) 364 53 58; or contact the WWF affiliate in your country. The Wildlife Conservation Society (Bronx Zoo) seeks a talented environmental educator for full time position in its nationally prominent education department. Candidate must have graduate course work in environmental science, conservation biology, or science education with a strong background in ecology and over 4 years teaching in supervisory experience in environmental education. Knowledge of current conservation issues, creativity, strong public presentation and writing skills are required. Experience handling small live animals and ability to play a guitar are desirable. Competitive salary. Benefits include three weeks vacation, on-site parking, health and retirement plans. Send resume with salary requirements to: Annette Berkovits, Director of Education, The Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York 10460. Fax: (718) 733-4460. October 25-28. The First International Workshop on the Conservation of the Pampas Deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) will meet in Rocha, Uruguay. Due to the critical situation of this species, the workshop aims to bring together experts to exchange ideas and experiences in the conservation of endangered species. For more information, contact Lic. Susana Gonzales, Division Citogenetica U.A., Instituto de Investigaciones Biologicas Clemente Estable, Av. Italia 3310, C.P. 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay. Tel: 471616, Fax: 475548. October 25-November 26. Plant Conservation Techniques Course, sponsored by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, will review the options open to the plant conservationist by assessing the techniques available - from protected area management to botanic gardens, seed banking and cryopreservation. The course aims to enhance the student's awareness of the issues and methods used in plant conservation, enable the student to explore how issues and methods are related to each other, encourage students to think of their own, more specialized, studies and experiences in a broader context encompassing social, ecological and evolutionary factors, and to develop problem solving skills and applied practical skills of value in conservation. For more information, contact Education and Marketing Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom. Tel: 44 81 332 5623 or 332 5626, Fax: 44 81 332 5610. Alcorn, J. 1993. Indigenous peoples and conservation. Conservation Biology 7(2): 424-426. Anon. 1993. 1993 is watershed year for biodiversity conservation in Indonesia. Biodiversity Conservation Strategy Update 5(1): 4, 7. Anon. 1993. Ally in the rainforest works to protect one of El Salvador's last untouched refuges. The Canopy Spring: 6. (Fundacion Ecologica Salvadorean's efforts to save Bosque El Imposible) Anon. 1993. Calakmul: beauty & biodiversity. Kambul 3(2): 3-4. (Yucatan, Mexico) Anon. 1993. Exotic trade threatens rare Indonesia parrot. Focus 15(4): 5. (Red-and-blue lory) Anon. 1993. Historic management agreement reached with Baltimore Gas & Electric Company. The Nature Conservancy of Maryland 17(2): 3. (Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, home to several endangered beetles) Anon. 1993. Illegal fur trade threatens species in India and Nepal. Focus 15(3): 1, 6. Anon. 1993. Interior Department action may halt trade of tiger bone and rhino horn. Focus 15(4): 1, 4. Anon. 1992. New hope for endangered Mauritian tree. Species 19: 7. (Dombeya mauritiana) Anon. 1993. New management plan may hold the key to the panda's future. Focus 15(3): 5. Anon. 1993. Norway resumes whaling. Focus 15(4): 6. Anon. 1993. Proposed Chilean national biodiveristy plan released. Biodiversity Conservation Strategy Update 5(1): 2. Anon. 1993. WWF and Hoopa Valley tribe form conservation partnership. Focus 15(3): 1, 7. (Hoopa Valley Reservation in northern California, an area of high biological diversity) Anon. 1993. WWF special report: protecting species of special concern. Focus 15(3): 4-5. Barnes, J. 1993. Driving roads through land rights: the Colombian Plan Pacifico. The Ecologist 23(4): 135-140. Behler, J. and Klemens, M. 1993. Turtle troubles. Wildlife Conservation 96(5): 13. (250 species of the world's tortoises and freshwater turtles are in danger) Behra, O. 1993. The export of reptiles and amphibians from Madagascar. Traffic Bull. 13(3): 115-116. Bowker, M. 1993. In the shadow of the volcano. Wildlife Conservation 96(5): 38-43. (Restoration, Mount St. Helens, Washington) Brautigam, A. and Humphreys, T. 1992. The status of North Moluccan parrots: a summary of the findings of the IUCN field assessment. Species 19: 26-28. Bronaugh, W. 1993. Farming the flying flowers. Wildlife Conservation 96(5): 54-63. (Butterfly conservation, Costa Rica) Chambers, F. (Ed.) 1993. Climate Change and Human Impact on the Landscape. Chapman & Hall, England. 303 pp. Chepesiuk, R. 1993. The greening of America. Wildlife Conservation 96(4): 54-59. (Audubon Co-operative Sanctuary Program) Corry, S. 1993. The rainforest harvest: who reaps the benefit? The Ecologist 23(4): 148-153. Cowan, P. 1993. Wildlife management and conservation. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 20(1): 1-12. Crump, A. 1993. Dictionary of Environment and Development. People, Places, Ideas and Organizations. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 272 pp. Daniel, J. 1993. A chance to do it right: the national parks of Alaska. Wilderness 56(201): 11-25, 30-33. Dold, C. 1993. The great white whales. Wildlife Conservation 96(4): 44-53. (toxic pollution and other threats) East, R. 1992. Conservation status of antelopes in Asia and the Middle East, Part 1. Species 19: 23-25. Ecological Society of America. 1993. Program and abstracts of the 78th Annual ESA meeting, "Ecological Global Sustainability". Bull. Ecological Soc. of America (Suppl.) 74(2): 1-520. Ehrlich, P. 1993. Is the extinction crisis real? Wildlife Conservation 96(5): 66-67. Ertter, B. 1993. What is snow-wreath doing in California? Fremontia 22(3): 4-7. Giannecchini, J. 1993. Ecotourism: new partners, new relationships. Conservation Biology 7(2): 429-432. Greenwood, J. 1993. The ecology and conservation management of geese. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8(9): 307-308. Haugen, C., Durst, P. and Freed, E. 1993. Directory of Selected Tropical Forestry Journals and Newsletters. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. 127 pp. Hunter, M. and Yonzon, P. 1993. Altitudinal distributions of birds, mammals, people, forests, and parks in Nepal. Conservation Biology 7(2): 420-423. Johnson, A., Ford, W. and Hale, P. 1993. The effects of clearcutting on herbaceous understories are still not fully known. Conservation Biology 7(2): 433-435. Keeler-Wolf, T. 1993. Conserving California's rare plant communities. Fremontia 22(3): 14-22. Kennedy, M. 1992. Australasian marsupials and monotremes. An action plan for their conservation. Species 19: 38-40. Kohl, J. 1993. No reserve is an island. Wildlife Conservation 96(5): 74-75, 82. (La Selva, Costa Rica) Kunin, W. and Gaston, K. 1993. The biology of rarity: patterns, causes, and consequences. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8(8): 298-301. Lansky, M. 1993. Beyond the Beauty Strip: Saving What's Left of Our Forest. Tilbury House, Gardiner, Maine. 454 pp. Lieberman, S. 1993. 1992 CITES amendments strengthen protection for wildlife and plants. End. Species Tech. Bull. 18(1): 7-9. Losos, E. 1993. The future of the US endangered species act. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8(9): 332-336. Lyra, P. 1993. The tragedy of the Amazon - and the promise of Paragominas. Focus 15(4): 3. (WWF's project to develop alternative methods for selectively logging trees in Paragominas state, Brazil) Mace, G., Collar, N., Cooke, J., Gaston, K., Ginsberg, J., Williams, N., Maunder, M. and Milner-Gulland, E. 1992. The development of new criteria for listing species on the IUCN Red List. Species 19: 16-22. McKibben, B. 1993. The Adirondacks. Nature Conservancy 74(2): 24-28. McNeely, J. 1993. Biodiversity action plan for Vietnam. Biodiversity Conservation Strategy Update 5(1): 3. McNeely, J. 1993. The real price of pollution. Zoogoer 22(3): 18-22. Meadows, R. 1993. Farming on the fly. Zoogoer 22(3): 6-11. Meadows, R. 1993. Watching out for gray whales. Zoogoer 22(3): 12-17. Mulliken, T. and Nash, S. 1993. The recent trade in Philippine corals. Traffic Bull. 13(3): 97-105. Nabhan, G. and Fleming, T. 1992. The conservation of mutualisms. Species 19: 32-34. (Succulents and their pollinators) Nash, S. 1993. Concern about trade in red-and-blue lories. Traffic Bull. 13(3): 93-96. Nobbe, G. 1993. No panhandlers, please. Wildlife Cons. 96(5): 12. (Reintroduction of black bears to Tennessee and Kentucky Cumberland Plateau) Parker, T., Holst, B., Emmons, L. and Myer, J. 1993. A Biological Assessment of the Columbia River Forest Reserve, Toledo District, Belize. Conservation International, Washington, DC. 81 pp. Polisar, J. 1993. River turtle protected. Wildlife Conservation 96(5): 6. (Central American river turtle, Belize) Reading, R., Myronuik, P., Backhouse, G. and Clark, T. 1992. Eastern barred bandicoot reintroductions in Victoria, Australia. Species 19: 29-31. Reid, W., Laird, S., Meyer, C., Gamez. R., Sittenfeld, A., Janzen, D., Gollin, M. and Juma, C. 1993. Biodiversity Prospecting: Using Genetic Resources for Sustainable Development. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC. 341 pp. Ricciuti, E. 1993. Rhinos at risk. Wildlife Conservation 96(5): 22-31. Richter, A., Humphrey, S., Cope, J. and Brack, V. 1993. Modified cave entrances: thermal effect on body mass and resulting decline of endangered Indiana bats Myotis sodalis. Conservation Biology 7(2): 407-415. Sawkins, M. and McGough, H. 1993. The genus Trillium in trade. Traffic Bull. 13(3): 117-121. Schneider, K. 1993. Loggers listen to what Michigan forests say. The New York Times (National) July 25: 20. Schreiber, M., Powell, R., Parmerlee, J., Lathrop, A. and Smith, D. 1993. Natural history of a small population of Leiocephalus schreibersii (Sauria: Tropiduridae) from altered habitat in the Dominican Republic. Florida Scientist 56(2): 82-90. Seidensticker, J. and McDougal, C. 1993. Tiger predatory behaviour, ecology and conservation. Sym. zool. Soc. Lond. 65: 105-125. Shankland, A. 1993. Brazil's BR-364: a road to nowhere? The Ecologist 23(4): 141-147. Sheeline, L. 1993. Pacific fruit bats in trade. Are CITES controls working? Traffic USA 12(1): 1-4. Shevock, J. 1993. How rare is the Shasta snow-wreath? Fremontia 22(3): 7-10. Simons, M. 1993. Mining is ravaging the Indian Ocean's coral reefs. The New York Times (International) August 8: 3. Skinner, M. and Erterr, B. 1993. Whither rare plants in The Jepson Manual? Fremontia 22(3): 23-27. Stewart, M., Austin, D. and Bourne, G. 1993. Habitat structure and the dispersion of gopher tortoises on a nature preserve. Florida Scientist 56(2): 70-81. Stolzenburg, W. 1993. Magic mesas. Venezuela's tepuys. Nature Conservancy 43(4): 10-15. Taylor, D. 1993. A new discovery in California. Fremontia 22(3): 3-4. (Shasta snow-wreath: a new genus in California) Tennesen, M. 1993. The governor, the secretary, and the tiny bird. Wildlife Conservation 96(5): 7. (California protects gnatcatcher) Toro, T. 1993. A cold war legacy. Wildlife Conservation 96(4): 66-71. (Former East German military bases are now reserves for birds and other wildlife) Tudge, C. 1993. A pachyderm paradox. Wildlife Conservation 96(5): 8-9. (Asian elephant numerous, but threatened by poaching) Vaughan, R. and Mudd, N. 1993. Protecting Alabama wildlands. Wild Earth 3(2): 64-68. Yoon, C. 1993. Rain forests seen as shaped by the human hand. The New York Times (Science Times) July 27: C1, C10. [ TOP ]	41,114
Mul Mantra: Basic Principles as taught by Guru Nanak “There is One Reality, the Unmanifest – Manifested; Ever-Existent, He is Nam (Conscious Spirit), The Creator: Pervading all; Without fear; without enmity; The Timeless; the Unborn and the Self-existent; Complete within Itself.” “Through the favor of His true Servant, the Guru, He may be realized. He was when there was nothing; He was before all ages began; He existeth now, O Nanak, and shall exist forever.” —Guru Granth Sahib “Truthfulness, contentment, and divine knowledge are obtained by hearing the name of God.” —Guru Granth Sahib Sikhism emphasizes the importance of selfless service, devotion, purification, and intense repetition of God’s name: Sat Nam, Waheguru. A Sikh believes that there is only one God and that all people are equal in His eyes. The Sikh path toward oneness with God is the active way of the warrior. Sikhism has ten great Gurus. Each embodied a specific spiritual quality and made important contributions to the Sikh movement. The Sikh religion was born in the 15th Century when Guru Nanak, the first of these ten Gurus, began to teach people how to find happiness and peace through repeating the name of God. Among the other Gurus were Guru Angad, the second Guru, who created the language of Gurmukhi for the transmission of spiritual understanding; Guru Amar Das, the third Guru, who was a vigorous proponent of equality among all people regardless of social or economic position; Guru Ram Das, the fourth Guru, who dug the water tank for what was later to become the Holy City of Amritsar; and Guru Arjun, the fifth Guru, who completed the building of the most holy temple of Sikhism, the Golden Temple in the city of Amritsar. Guru Arjun also initiated the holy book, the Guru Granth Sahib, by compiling orally-preserved sayings, songs, and teachings of the four previous masters. The last of the ten Gurus, Guru Gobind Singh, established the Khalsa Order, or “Brotherhood of the Pure Ones,” using a baptism ceremony and the five symbols (white clothes for purity, a sword for bravery, an iron bracelet for morality, uncut hair for renunciation, and a comb for cleanliness). He finished the compilation of the Guru Granth Sahib, and at the end of his life, declared that it was to be considered the Guru from that point forward. This book of song and prayer is sung daily by devout Sikhs. Central to many of the Sikh cultural and religious practices is human equality. Sikhs are opposed to formalism and ritualism. Each Sikh is encouraged to find God in his or her own way, using wisdom and common sense. However, the teachings of the Guru are of utmost importance as a guide. “Various are the manifestations of God and various His ways. Various are the guises He assumes, but He is ever One.” —Guru Arjun All faiths Hall Quotations All Faiths Hall Quotations “May the Respected Sword (God in the form of the Destroyer of Evil) help us!” “Knowing God as the source of peace and harmony, And washing off ego and sin through the Guru’s Word, One comes to live in the True State of fearlessness.” “O my foolish mind, why do you cry on? You get what is ordained. For God is the dispenser of pleasure and pain. So leave all else and call only on Him.” “O my eyes, the Lord has put His light in thee, See none but the Lord in everyone.” —Guru Amar Das “They distinguish and separate one Guru from the other. And rare is the one who knows that they, indeed, were one. They who realised this in their hearts, attained Realisation of God.” —Guru Gobind Singh, Dohira, Vachitra Natak	4,623
Why Compost? There are many reasons to compost. USDA estimates that food waste is the single largest component of municipal landfills. Food waste quickly generates methane, helping to make landfills the third largest source of methane in the United States. Shadyside Worms composts food scraps that would normally go to the landfill. Composting is the process breaking down organic material to create a product that any garden store would be happy to have. ABOUT THE CURBSIDE COMPOST EXCHANGE: What is your service area for the compost exchange? Right now our service area is the east end of Pittsburgh. We are in the process of updating our maps. Let us know where you live and we can confirm. Can I donate my food scraps for you to compost? Unfortunately when composting happens on a larger scale, there is a lot of labor and processing that goes on when turning your food waste or lawn scraps into compost. Our compost exchange offers a great way for you to dispose of your food scraps, at a great price, and when you are eligible for your compost, just let us know where you want it to go and we will get it there! …yeah but, aren’t you just letting the food rot anyway? Our methods of composting break down the material in an active process, turning and oxygenating the material at specific times, making sure the proper microbes are present in the compost as it breaks down, and making sure weed seeds and pathogens are eliminated through proper curing phases. Won’t my compost bucket smell? The buckets we provide for your food scrap have a lid with a rubber gasket and four snaps to seal it up. We also include a biodegradable liner with wood chips in the bottom to tame odors. Along with these precautions we also provide information on how to prevent other bad odors, fruit flies, and other pests. .	32,453
Healthy Farms - Healthy Agriculture Farm Assessment and Biosecurity Planning When developing guidelines, keep in mind the risks to your farm's biosecurity. Tailor management practices to address those risks, identifying the critical control points you should address. Start by asking the following questions about management practices on your farm: - Do we show any animals at fairs, shows, or exhibitions? Do we buy animals at these events? - Do we use bulls, rams, or bucks on our farm that we didn't raise ourselves? - Do heifers ever intermingle with heifers from another farm? - Do we buy replacement animals? - Do visiting vehicles cross the tracks of feed delivery or manure hauling equipment on our farm? - Do we have a designated area where haulers pick up cull animals and deadstock? - Do we host school tour groups or encounter non-agricultural visitors who want to look around? - Do any foreigners or people who have traveled outside of North America visit our farm? - Do veterinarians and other agri-service personnel arrive with clean boots and sanitize them before working with our animals? - Do we control flies and other insects, rodents, domestic animals, birds, and wildlife? Use the Risk Assessment Questionnaire and Scorecard. Used in conjunction, these documents will help you identify which actions will protect your farm against the greatest risks. Discuss ideas with your veterinarian or extension specialists. Incorporate these actions into a written plan. Involve your partners and employees in the process and communicate the reason for following each step of the plan. Implement the plan. Post appropriate signs, secure entryways to facilities as needed, and enforce the plan consistently. Make sure your friends and neighbors understand why they, too, must follow the plan. Reassess the plan annually. Your experience and new information may cause you to revise your plan. Reviewing your plan will help renew your commitment to biosecurity. Last modified March 17 2011 10:24 PM	10,089
Why does it say “meow”? Despite the fact that the cat expresses most of its emotions with the help of gestures and facial expressions, this animal is still not deprived of its voice, although it uses it most often to emphasize its feelings and sensations. The main way to express them is to purr cats, although there is a whole range of other sounds (from hiss to scream in raised tones), which can also be learned to interpret. Continue reading When do you need to start training? Many believe that the training of cats is an absolutely impossible thing, because these animals simply do not give in to any exhortations. However, this is not the case, and the training of cats at home is quite possible if we approach this correctly. You can begin to train the animal at the age of 7-8 months. At this time, the cat or cat is already old enough to truly understand your requirements and try to fulfill them. Continue reading Old cats: special care If your cat has reached old age, she definitely needs to pay special attention. Like an elderly person, such an animal needs peace and quiet, as well as the presence of a cozy and warm corner, so try to provide them with it. However, caring for an old cat also involves taking into account other nuances, and you need to pay attention to each of them. First of all, it is necessary to provide special living conditions to the pet. It is especially important that the pet’s bed is warm — old cats love to warm themselves, and it is advisable to help them either sit closer to the sun or directly at the radiator (or even better if the cat has two rookeries). Also make all the places your pet likes to be available to him. Continue reading	61,117
Given short sides of lengths a and b, calculate the length c of the hypotenuse of the right-angled triangle. Image courtesy of Wikipedia. Good starting challenging Well, this was a bit embarrasing... I forget allways this function!! It dseon't mettar waht oedrr the lrettes in a wrod are. Sophie Germain prime Count up then down 03 - Matrix Variables 4 Area of an Isoceles Triangle Area of an equilateral triangle Side of an equilateral triangle Dimensions of a rectangle Length of a short side Choose a web site to get translated content where available and see local events and offers. Based on your location, we recommend that you select: . You can also select a web site from the following list: Select the China site (in Chinese or English) for best site performance. Other MathWorks country sites are not optimized for visits from your location. Contact your local office	18,154
An explanation tells us how or why something happens. Explanation can be spoken or written and their purpose is to tell each step of the process ( the how ) and to give reasons ( the why ) for it. These must be cared of if you want to write in the form of Explanation : 1.How something occurs 2.Why something happened 3. Why things are alike or different. 4.How to solve a problem Construction of Explanation Text A written explanation usually has three steps : first, there is the general statement about the event or thing. The next follows a series of paragraphs that tells how and why. The final step is a concluding paragraph. 1. timeless present tense 2. adverb clause of reason 3. adverb clause of result EXPLANATION TEXT 1: Reasons for New South Wales being chosen for the colony There are several reasons for the British choosing New South Wales as the place to send convicts. Firstly, Britain could no longer send convicts to America. This was because the Americans revolved against the British in 1776 and refused to take any more convicts. Secondly, NSW was a long way from Britain, therefore, convicts would find it hard to escape and return home. Another reason for choosing NSW was that it might make a good trading post and naval base. Britain’s strength came from its navy and trading empire; consequently it was continually looking for ways to keep power. Finally, Sir Joseph banks contributed to the choise of NSW. Banks had traveled with Captain Cook and was highly respected so he was able to convince many people to choose NSW. It can be seen that there were a number of reasons for British choosing NSW as the place to establish a convict colony in 1788. EXPLANATION TEXT 2: How does the body react to heat? When the human body is exposed to very hot conditions one result can be heatstroke. This is often the case for athletes and people who have to work outside in summer. Heatstroke is a sudden, uncontrolled rise in body temperature. It is a reaction that results from human body no being able to replace fluid lost through perspiration. If the lost fluids are not replaced then dehydration occurs and this leads to decrease in blood. In this situation the body must decide whether to give the blood to the main organs ( livers, kidneys, brain, and so on ) or to the skin. Because the main organs are more important, they will receive the blood. Also , as a consequence of the drop in the fluids, the body loses its ability to sweat. The situation become critical. The body now can not produce sweat; therefore it cannot cool itself. Excess heat cannot be released through the skin as a result of the loss of blood supply to the part of the body. The lack of blood supply and the inability to sweat together cause the body overheat. Heatstroke can cause permanent injury if not treated properly. It is one way of how body can react to heat. EXPLANATION TEXT 3: A tsunami is a very large sea wave that is generated by a disturbance along the ocean floor. This disturbance can be an earthquake, a landslide, or a volcanic eruption. A tsunami is undetectable far out in the ocean, but once it reaches shallow water, this fast wave grows very fast. Tsunami occur when a major fault under the ocean floor suddenly slips. The displaced rocks push pushes water above it like a giant paddle, producing powerful water waves at the ocean surface. The ocean waves spread out from the vicinity of the earthquake source and move across the ocean until they reach the coastline, where their height increases as they reach continental shelf , the path of the earth’s crust that slopes or rises from the ocean floor up to the land. Tsunami wash ashore with often disastrous effects such as severe, flooding, loss of lives due to drowning and damage to property EXPLANATION TEXT 4: Bees are useful insects. There are about 20,000 kinds of bees, but only honey bees make honey. Honey bees live in groups called colonies. Each colony has one female queen bee, ten of thousands or workers , and a few hundred male bees or drones. Honey bees lives in hives. Inside their hive, the bees make a honey comb of wax. The honey comb is a kind of bee apartment building full of six –sided room s in which the bees raises young and store food. The queen bee lays thousands of eggs. Worms look like larvae hatch from eggs. Each larva becomes a pupa, which looks partly like larva and partly like an adult bee. Worker bees feed the young , clean, guard the hive, and fly to and from flowers. They collect tiny grains of pollen and a sweet liquid called nectar for food. The pollen is food for young bees. Worker bees use the nectar to make honey. Without bees bringing pollen from flower to flower, many plants can’t make seeds.	19,402
Educational Technology Case Study: Educational technology is the complicated system of the creation, management and application of the process of education based on the technical and human factors and their interrelation. In general, educational technology is the policy and system of methods which are aimed to make the process of education completely controlled and predictable. The problem of the improvement of the quality of education has always existed in the society, because it is quite difficult to invent the ideal approach to every child and create the general standard system which would train student’s knowledge and develop his skills. Due to the hard work and innovations of the talented pedagogues it has become possible to systematize the experience in the field of education and define its direct aspects. Every educational system is supposed to be integrated, structured, functional, communicative, possess relations with history and traditions. We can write a Custom Case Study on Educational Technology for you! Speaking about the educational technology one should understand that it is a set of the teaching practices and methods which are used to captivate student’s attention, make his learn something and behave well. The methods of educational technology are differed, but mainly have the psychological background of persuasion and attraction of the student’s attention. It is important to be able to communicate with students, make them believe you and respect you. If the teacher gains student’s respect and credit, it is a success. In addition, if the student respects the teacher, he is always concentrated, absorbs material well and studies faster. Educational technology is a difficult and controversial issue which does not have the single standard or rule as every teacher strives to contribute into the technology something new which would be called the alternative approach aimed at the improvement of the educational process. While researching the educational technology case study, the student should be aware about the different technologies and methods of teaching in order to be able to criticize or support the chosen technology suggested for the case study. The main task of the student is to dwell on the cause and effect of the problems which occur in the selected educational technology. He should evaluate the strong and weak sides of the technology and try to improve it according to his own understanding of the ideal educational process. A good case study is a scrupulous research on the selected topic and the student is obliged to learn about its norms of writing. The best way to improve the knowledge is to read a free example case study on educational technology constructed by the experienced writer in the Internet. It is a plus to have the opportunity to read a free sample case study on educational technology, because one learns how to research the problem well and how to prepare a good paper form the technical point of view. At EssayLib.com writing service you can get a custom case study on Educational Technology topics. Your case study will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional case study help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all paper details:	9,249
OTTAWA, ONTARIO--(Marketwire - Jan. 11, 2013) - Canadians are used to seeing photovoltaics (PV) - devices that create electricity from sunlight - embedded in calculators, garden accent lighting and other electronic devices. More recently, we have also become more familiar with the sight of the flat, black panels of PV systems mounted on the roofs of houses everywhere. As more and more systems get installed, we are learning more and more about how well they work in our extreme Canadian climate and the relative costs and benefits to the homeowners who install them. Most residential PV systems are installed on houses connected to the electricity grid that spans each province or territory. The "grid-intertie" allows homeowners to both receive electricity from the grid as needed and deliver the electricity produced from their PV systems back to the grid. Another finding about PV systems is that most of them do not store electricity in batteries - a feature that would allow the PV/battery system to provide power to the home in the event of a power failure. However, this also results in a more complex and costly system that most homeowners avoid despite the security a backup power system can provide. Another key finding is that the methods available for contractors to use to estimate how much electricity your PV system will generate have been quite accurate. If they say that you are going to produce 3,000 kilowatt hours (kWh) every year, this will be very close to what you will get in any given year from a properly designed and installed system though weather fluctuations will impact performance from one year to the next. A good initial estimate will help you to figure out how much you might earn from a PV system over time. Another lesson learned about PV systems is that they work reliably. There are no moving parts to set up and look after and to fail. The components that make up the system are also all relatively well-proven technologies. The electricity output has been found to stay quite steady for years but may taper off over decades. Inverters are the devices that convert the direct-current (DC) electricity generated by PV systems to the alternating current (AC) electricity used in our homes and electricity grid. There have been a few reports of inverter failure, sometimes due to lightning strikes, but overall inverters have been performing well. It is comforting to know, given the relatively large investment you have to make to get a PV system installed on your home, it should have steady and predictable performance for many years to come. Performance data on PV systems monitored to date reinforces the idea that simple, south-facing, sloped roofs are the best locations for PV installations. Roofs that have complicated shapes, chimneys and overhanging trees that may shadow all or some of the PV modules will reduce electricity production and makes it more difficult to predict the output accurately. When such conditions exist, PV modules that have their own integrated inverters (rather than one central inverter) can be a better choice as if one PV module is shaded, the other unshaded modules will continue to produce electricity. Another benefit of integrated inverters is that your electricity output will be relatively higher. While south facing roofs are best, you can still install PV systems on roofs that face east or west. The electricity output will be lower but sometimes the decrease is only 10-20 per cent and the revenues may still justify the capital costs. The slope of the roof will also affect output, with flatter roofs working best in summer and steeper roofs in winter. Experience is also showing that snow and ice don't just make it more difficult to get to work in the morning - they also impact on the electricity generating capacity of PV systems. Originally it was thought that snow would slide off the slippery glass surfaces of the PV modules, but experience is showing that this doesn't always happen. Canadian houses can have periods of winter, up to months in a row, where snow coverage can reduce PV electricity output to near zero. Wet snow followed by a freeze is particularly troublesome as the frozen snow sticks hard to the PV modules. Fortunately, snow accumulation usually does not result in a big decrease from the predicted overall annual PV output estimates. Mid-winter PV output is already low because of short days, low sun angles, and frequently overcast conditions and the snow effects happen when the potential PV output is lowest anyway and this reduces the impact. If you were off-grid and dependent totally on PV output for your electrical needs, preventing snow coverage would be much more important. We've also seen that the installed cost of a PV system has dropped at least 30 per cent in the last several years, making them more affordable. Estimates for grid-tie solar PV systems (without battery backup) range from $3,000 to $5,000 per kilowatt depending on the local market prices, roof type and complexity, efficiency of the solar panels selected and overall size of the system. Larger systems will cost less per kilowatt than smaller systems. Whether or not investing in a PV system makes financial sense will depend on what your local utility offers for the electricity it produce,s so find out before you invest. For some, knowing they are generating clean energy is enough to make the investment worthwhile. So if you are thinking about installing a PV system, having a simple, unshaded, south-facing, sloped roof on your house is a good start. If the province, municipality or utility where you live offers financial incentives for residential PV systems, this can make the purchase even more attractive. Regardless of why you choose to install PV, recent evidence suggests that these systems are predictable, reliable, and durable. Photovoltaics in Canada have come of age. For more information on photovoltaics and other sustainable technologies and practices and innovative housing projects, visit Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation's website, www.cmhc.ca. For over 65 years, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) has been Canada's national housing agency, and a source of objective, reliable housing information.	49,705
In 1920, when the suffragists knew they had won their battle for the right to vote, Carrie Chapman Catt, head of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), founded the League of Women Voters to ensure that the lessons of this seventy-two-year struggle would not be forgotten. "What could be more appropriate," asked Catt, "than that women who have attained their political independence ... should do for the coming generation what those of a preceding period did for them?" Euphoria radiates from the accounts of the convention at which the League was born. It took place seventy-five years ago in the Gold Room of the Congress hotel in Chicago. Wrote one observer: "How happy everybody was! How victory electrified the air! At 2:30 P.M. the convention was called to order. It wasn't. It was called to disorder-the gayest, singingest disorder that ever was." The euphoria of this convention was the euphoria born of a stunning victory, the Nineteenth Amendment. A group of women, finding themselves shut out of the system with no votes and no political voice, had discovered an alternative source of power. Traveling hundreds of thousands of miles and giving thousands of speeches, these citizens developed a new political tool-educating citizens for political action. They had mobilized ordinary people in towns, rural counties, and cities all across the country to exert intense pressure on the system from which they had been excluded. And after a seventy-two-year battle, their labor, persistence, and passion paid off. The energy, optimism, and trust of the suffragists mark a stark contrast to the voters' mood seventy-five years later. Everyday we hear how upset the voters are. They're angry, they're apathetic. They're cynical. And they're mad. Whatever happened to the energy, the optimism, and the faith of the suffragists? Was the experience of the suffrage movement a unique phenomenon, never to be repeated? The history of the League proves otherwise. While women were the immediate beneficiaries of the suffragist movement, which enfranchised them, in the end every citizen benefited from their efforts. For when the suffragists opened up the political system by mobilizing citizens at the grassroots level, they changed the American political landscape forever. One significant change, of course, was the addition of twenty million women voters, a hefty figure for the period. These twenty million new voters could have potentially doubled the electorate. But the success of the suffrage movement also lay in discovering the power of civic education and activism. From its founding on the eve of the Nineteenth Amendment's ratification, the League of Women Voters has continued to use civic education as a potent force for political change. Susan B. Anthony, head of NAWSA, despite living into her eighties, was not alive to see women vote, although the amendment that the House and Senate passed in June 1919 and that went to the states for ratification was referred to as the Anthony Amendment. Anthony chose Carrie Chapman Catt to be her successor to head the NAWSA. Catt, who turned sixty in 1919, proposed the League of Women Voters as a new institution to transform the participation of Americans, particularly women, in politics. When Tennessee became the thirty-sixth state to ratify the Anthony Amendment, the League was already in place, with a national office established near the White House in Washington, D.C. Even after the vote was won, women continued to be largely excluded from public office and had to rely on other means to achieve their political goals and influence public policy. The suffragists' campaign to win ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment was a guidebook on how to get what you want from a government that doesn't want to give it to you. The League studied the primer for political activism written by the suffragists carefully and discovered that the keys to power are easily accessible-to those willing to work for them. Through grassroots organizing, coalition building, and citizen activism, members have influenced and continue to influence local, state, and federal action in the arenas of social policy, international relations, natural resources, and good government. The League has used these tools in combination with civic education to make the people's voice heard. And while the issues have changed, the League's commitment to non-partisan civic education as a means of empowering the citizens has remained constant. During the course of the League's seventy-five-year history, civic education has been deployed as a tool to improve and sustain the democratic system. In 1921, for example, the League established "Citizenship Schools," serving as a practical course in voting and politics for the new women voters. And throughout the 1970s, the League vigorously campaigned to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Each of these efforts operated on the belief that educating citizens for civic activism is fundamental to self-government. Teaching Women "Courage and Confidence": Citizenship Schools In the first year of the League's existence, state and local Leagues started Citizenship Schools, "demonstration classes" to explain to the newly enfranchised women the proper way to mark a ballot and other technicalities of registration and voting. The League was fearful that women, having won the vote, would not use it. The ostensible goal of these classes, then, was to overcome women's diffidence. The League's fear was justified. In the first election, the addition of women to the electorate resulted in a decline in voter turnout to less than 50 percent. Not until the 1980s would women vote in equal proportion to men. Today, however, voter turnout is greater among women. The curriculum for these classes points to yet another goal and at the same time provides an illuminating view into what the League perceived its public role to be. These classes did much more than merely show women how to vote; they provided lessons in government, citizenship, and practical politics. In a speech to the Chicago Citizenship School, Catt outlined the ideal course curriculum: In the context of that era, the League's efforts to obtain and publicize this information through these Citizenship Schools constituted an activist strategy. Catt, notably, looked to women teachers as a potent resource in educating women on how to make the system work for them. The Citizenship School concept continues today through the League's voters' service programs. The Equal Rights Amendment The campaign to ratify the ERA to the Constitution, which would guarantee women equality under the law, put the lessons in activism learned from the suffragists to the test. The fight for ratification was a defining moment in the political history of American women. The ERA, authored by Alice Paul, was first introduced in Congress in 1923. At that time, the League of Women Voters opposed it on the grounds that it would endanger newly won labor reforms that specifically protected women and children. The early League preferred a step-by-step attack on legal and administrative discrimination. Over time, support broadened for the amendment, and in 1954, the League officially changed its position to support the amendment during an overhaul of its legislative program. Support for the amendment grew among League members with the rise of the women's movement in the 1960s, and then grew exponentially after Congress passed the proposed amendment in 1972. At the League's 1972 convention, members voiced their overwhelming support. The U.S. Congress passed the amendment with relatively little controversy. Following in the wake of the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act, an amendment guaranteeing equal rights for women seemed a logical progression. Hawaii ratified the amendment within two hours of congressional passage, followed by three other states the next day. In less than a month, thirteen states had ratified, and by the end of 1972, twenty-two of the requisite thirty-eight had come on board. In short, no signs indicated early on that the amendment would face any difficulty being ratified in the states. At the end of 1972, however, anti-ERA factions had begun to surface and were making their influence felt. Conservative groups aligned themselves and began using the amendment as a fundraising and organization-building tool. To counter this opposition, ERA supporters had to wage a battle against fear, suspicion, and deeply entrenched ways of thinking about women in American society. The tremendous resources, time, energy, money, and political know-how required to mount a successful national campaign for an amendment cannot be overestimated. As the suffragists had learned, no one group could accomplish such a feat alone. A national political campaign can be won only with supporters working together to mobilize citizens at the grassroots level. The experiences of the League and other active women's groups during this national campaign showed both how much had changed in American politics since 1920 and how much had stayed the same. Some lessons that the suffragists had learned in their seventy-two-year campaign in overcoming obstacles to coalition building, and how to respond to irrational arguments, had to be learned all over again. But the changed environment of the 1970s also required new forms of political activism. In 1979, for example, the League, working with ERAmerica, developed the National Business Council to solicit support from business leaders for ERA. Actress and businesswoman Polly Bergen co-chaired the initiative, which had fifty top corporate leaders as founding members. The National Business Council helped defuse worries in the business community about the impact of ERA. It also gave the coalition added political clout and, thanks to Bergen's involvement, greatly heightened media exposure. To succeed in the 1970s required both political pragmatism and public relations savvy. Whatever political skills the coalition lacked in the beginning of the campaign, it had by 1979. One thing had not changed since the days of suffrage: the fundamental importance of grassroots organization and education. By early 1974, the League had targeted "winnable" states, that is, states in which the amendment had a chance of passage in the legislature and where the local Leagues had the resources to conduct a lobbying campaign. The League then worked quickly to develop coalitions within the targeted states, to target national resources for those campaigns, and to expand participation in the campaign. At the state level, Leagues formed coalitions with an array of other women's groups including the American Association of University Women, National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs, Church Women United, Common Cause, National Council of Jewish Women, National Organization for Women (NOW), National Women's Political Caucus, and the YWCA. The coalitions engaged in diverse forms of political action such as staging rallies, holding vigils, and encouraging the economic boycott of non-ratifying states. The coalitions vigorously raised funds for the issue and attracted media exposure for the cause. Decades of lobbying experience helped the state Leagues as they built legislative support for the amendment and trained coalition members in political effectiveness. The extensive contact with state legislators during the lobbying effort was an eye-opening experience for many League members, including those who had lobbied before. Battling the tactics that enabled a minority to obstruct passage of this popular amendment sharpened their political skills. The intensity of the struggle galvanized many of these women. Increasingly, they recognized the importance of women running for office, entering law as a profession, and positioning themselves to fight for equity within the system. At the local level, League members supported the state lobbying effort by raising public awareness of ERA and educating citizens about what its real effects would be. They disseminated information through every possible medium. They participated in countless debates and talk shows focusing on ERA. They spoke about ERA at public meetings. These local League members made an important contribution to the campaign; while in 1973 ERA was a relatively obscure issue, by 1976, almost everyone in the country knew what ERA was. In the end, however, time worked against the amendment. Historically, constitutional amendments have been ratified within three years or not at all. The passage of time allowed the opponents to develop their own coalitions. The opposition became more intense and, at times, even hysterical; ERA supporters received bomb threats and death threats, and disinformation in the state houses was widespread. The country was also experiencing a conservative swing. According to the League's ERA lobbyist Mary Brooks, "The resurgence of the conservative right coincided with changes in campaign finance law that... put a premium on finding issues to raise money on. The ERA and women's issues became very, very big fundraising issues for the right." Finally, some sectors of the business community perceived a threat to their interests and joined the opposition. Together, this minority was able to defeat a law that the vast majority of Americans still support to this day. The ratification effort failed, but in the process, a whole new generation of women had been politicized. The campaign bore unanticipated fruit; the effort to ratify ERA brought women's issues to the forefront of American politics and energized women to participate more directly in the political process. It is no accident that many of the women now serving in Congress are former or current League members. For seventy-five years, mobilizing citizens for action has defined the League's unique modus operandi. Belle Sherwin, the League's second president, called the League a "university without walls . . . whose members enter to learn and remain to shape the curriculum." The women who have shaped the League's history will not be found in most textbooks, yet their impact on American politics has been decisive, and in every instance, they viewed educating the public as a vital component of their political activism. The Citizenship Schools and the fight for ERA were both founded on the belief, developed by the suffragists, that citizen activism can and must be an integral part of self-government. Despite the immense technological and social changes that have taken place since the League's founding, the lessons of the suffragists are still valid: only through creating an active, informed citizenry can the integrity of the political system be maintained and enhanced. Becky Cain is president of the League ofWomen Voters of the United States,Washington, DC.	49,701
America + Australia Painters continued to work in an Abstract Expressionist style into the 1960s and 1970s, long after new tendencies such as Pop and Minimalism became dominant modes. The artists associated with Colour-field painting and the second-generation Abstract Expressionists increasingly exploited the qualities of paint. Their canvases are emphatically flat, or are made to achieve an ‘overall’ effect. Abstract Expressionism was more than an American phenomenon, and the impact of influential painters was felt beyond the United States. Works by Australians such as Tony Tuckson and Peter Upward reveal how these artists developed in related ways. In his evocative and beautiful Watery c.1960, Tuckson spreads layers of pale paint and then ‘writes’ across the surface. Upward’s large, expressive gestures — his paint thickened with medium — seem to defy materiality and speak instead of calligraphy, jazz and poetry. By using enamel, artists such as Ralph Balson and Michael Taylor develop layer upon layer of thread-like paint. The drawings, lithographs and collages on display here emphasise how artists exploit gesture and mark-making across a range of mediums. Willem de Kooning continued to refer to the human body throughout his long career. Glimpses of the figure remain, even in the 1980s, when he adopted a white ground for his marks, which seem to glide over the surface.	41,295
Resources for developing country researchers Credit: Andrew McConnell / Panos We have compiled a collection of resources for researchers. Most are available free, or at low cost, to researchers in developing countries. For many of these resources you just need to click on the link provided; for others you may need to register to gain access. Access to Scholarly Resources - African Index Medicus (AIM) An international index to African health literature and information sources. Produced by the World Health Organization in collaboration with the Association for Health Information and Libraries in Africa (AHILA). - African Journals OnLine (AJOL) Hosts over 400 peer-reviewed, African-published scholarly journals. Over 60,000 abstracts and over 50,000 full text articles (either free or charged). "A web-based information portal developed by the South African Medical Research Council. It provides up-to-date, scientifically accurate information on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) with a specific focus on the southern African region." The World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa (AFRO) library database on the Web. It indexes WHO/AFRO technical documents, monographs and some African medical articles. Afrolib provides full text access to most of these publications. - AGORA :Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture Nearly 1300 food, agriculture, environmental science and related social sciences journals for institutions in developing countries. - Archive of African Journals Digitized full text of articles of eleven African social science and humanities journals. The Access to Research for Development and Innovation (ARDI) program is coordinated by the World Intellectual Property Organization together with its partners in the publishing industry with the aim to increase the availability of scientific and technical information in developing countries. - Asia journals online "A portal to scholarly journals published in Bangladesh, Nepal, The Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia." - Asian Studies WWW Virtual Library No longer maintained, but still a useful collection of links. From the Australian National University. - Bangladesh Journals Online (BanglaJOL) "There are 64 journals now listed on BanglaJOL. There are 393 Tables of Contents listing 5426 articles. 4697 of the articles are available in full text." (June 2011). - Bioline International Open access to quality research journals in the biosciences published in developing countries. - Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) "Aims to be comprehensive and cover all open access scientific and scholarly journals that use a quality control system to guarantee the content." "On-line resources for policy making." From FAO’s Policy Support Unit, which "develops, publishes and hosts freely downloadable resources to assist policy makers and analysts in the assessment and implementation of development policies. Policy findings, methodological guidelines and capacity development are presented through issue papers, analytical tools (software), case studies, and other conceptual and technical materials." See also EASYPol weblinks. - The eGranary Digital Library Over 10,000,000 electronic texts of educational resources, aimed at the Developing World. - Electronic journals and newspapers on South Asia From Columbia University Libraries. - GDNet: Access to journals From the Global Development Network (GDNet). See especially GDNet BLDS Document Delivery Service, which delivers articles and book chapters at no cost to Southern institutions that are members of GDNet. - Global Health Library From the WHO. Indexes medical and health literature, especially from Africa, Asia and Latin America. Provides cross searching of several other biomedical databases, including Medline and African Index Medicus (AIM). - HINARI (WHO \| Health InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative) Over 3750 biomedical and health journals titles available to health institutions in developing countries. - Global Open Access Portal "Presents a current snapshot of the status of Open Access (OA) to scientific information around the world." Includes sections on access by regions and themes. - JSTOR: African Access Initiative Participation The entire JSTOR archive available for any institution in an African country. - Journals Online (JOL) . From INASP: International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications. Links to databases of journals, - Latin America Journals Online (LAMJOL) LAMJOL hosts journals from Nicaragua and Honduras and is primarily in Spanish, but does feature some English abstracts and tables of contents. "LILACS is the most important and comprehensive index of scientific and technical literature of Latin America and the Caribbean. For 25 years contributing to increase visibility, access and quality of health information in the Region." - Nepal Journals Online (NepJOL) "There are now 60 journals listed on NepJOL. There are 268 Tables of Contents listing 3863 articles. 3209 of the articles are available in full text." (June 2011). - OARE: Online Access to Research in the Environment Environmental science research journal articles available to developing countries. - Philippines Journals Online (PhilJOL) "There are 42 journals listed on PhilJOL. There are 162 Tables of Contents listing 1528 articles. 1204 of the articles are available in full text." (June 2011). - PubMed Central (PMC). The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature. Also PubMed, citations and abstracts to biomedical and other life science journal literature, with some full text links. - SciELO: the Scientific Electronic Library Online. Selected Brazilian scientific journals. - The Southeast Asian Serials Index. From the Australian National University. - Sri Lanka Journals OnLine (SLJOL) "There are 37 journals listed on SLJOL. There are 244 Tables of Contents listing 2426 articles. 2274 of the articles are available in full text." (June 2011). - TEEAL: The Essential Electronic Agricultural Library 130+ agricultural journals. Works offline. - Vietnam Journals Online (VJOL) Site mainly in Vietnamese. - The WHO AFRO Library The WHO Regional Office for Africa (AFRO) Health Sciences Library and Documentation Centre. Manages Afrolib, African Index Medicus (AIM), and WHOLIS (WHO-HQ Library Database). - WSIS Knowledge Communities: Open Access Community "to discuss issues surrounding Open Access, free access to and dissemination of scholarly and scientific information." - My Alerts Alerting service from the Informaworld journals and reference works site Access to the British Library's Electronic Table of Contents of around 20,000 current journals and around 16,000 conference proceedings published per year. The database covers 1993 to date, and is updated on a daily basis. Email alerting service available; click on Zetoc Alert "A global research community that provides networking, mentoring, resources and training for researchers in developing countries." - Outcome Mapping Learning Community "Outcome mapping (OM) is a methodology for planning and assessing development programming that is oriented towards change and social transformation. OM provides a set of tools to design and gather information on the outcomes, defined as behavioural changes, of the change process." Development and International Libraries How to ... Electronic resources - guide for setting-up Internet tutorials and guides	25,916
Meanders are semicircular bends in stream channels. The meander in this picture is in a creek near my house. The most famous meandering river in history was the Meander River in western Turkey, now known by its Turkish name as the Büyük Menderes (Big Meander). The word meander derives via Greek from the name of this river in the antiquity, Maiandros. Maiandros is neither Turkish nor Greek; it appears to be a very old Anatolian word with an obscure meaning. To the north of the Büyük Menderes is the Küçük Menderes (Little Meander), the ancient Cayster (Caystros). The next posts in this series will be about the colorful (mostly, turbid brown, actually) histories of the Meander and the Cayster rivers.	55,965
Volume 18, Number 11—November 2012 Call to Action on World Pneumonia Day This month, on November 12, the world will recognize the fourth annual World Pneumonia Day. First launched in 2009 by a coalition of global health leaders (1), World Pneumonia Day aims to raise awareness about pneumonia’s toll on the world’s children and to promote interventions to protect against, treat, and prevent the disease. Pneumonia continues to be the leading killer of young children around the world, causing ≈14% of all deaths in children 1 month to 5 years of age (2). It is a critical disease for countries to conquer in order to reach Millennium Development Goal 4: reducing the child mortality rate by two thirds from 1990 to 2015 (3). Most children who die from pneumonia live in developing countries, where such factors as malnutrition, crowding, and lack of access to quality health care increase the risk for death. Pneumonia kills few children in industrialized countries, although it remains among the top 10 causes of deaths in the United States, for example, because of deaths in older adults (4). Fortunately, many interventions are now available to reduce deaths due to pneumonia among children throughout the world. On the first World Pneumonia Day in 2009, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund, together with many global experts and partners, launched the Global Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Pneumonia (GAPP) (5). GAPP recommends a strategy of prevention, protection, and treatment that is designed to implement readily available interventions that can reduce pneumonia deaths in children. GAPP focuses on improving nutrition (through measures such as exclusive breastfeeding), increasing access to vaccines that protect from agents that cause pneumonia (such as Haemphilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal vaccines), reducing exposure to indoor air pollution, and increasing access to antimicrobial drugs that can treat pneumonia. In 2010, the World Health Assembly passed a resolution recognizing the role of pneumonia as the leading cause of deaths in children, setting out the goal of reducing pneumonia deaths as a global health priority (6), and the World Health Organization began tracking implementation of GAPP. One notable area of success has been the introduction of new vaccines to prevent pneumonia. During the last few years, because of funding and technical support from the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations and various partners, the introduction of new vaccines in developing countries has had unprecedented momentum. Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines have been introduced or are ready to be introduced in all countries eligible for Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations funding by 2013, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are expected to be introduced in 54 countries by 2015 (7). Despite recent progress in the effort to decrease the number of pneumonia cases, pneumonia is still an urgent problem. This month’s issue of Emerging Infectious Diseases presents results of recent research on pneumonia conducted around the world. The work, mostly from high-income settings, highlights some of the remaining difficulties involving pneumonia prevention, treatment, and control. For example, although van Deursen et al. show the remarkable benefits of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccination program in the Netherlands (8), Fleming-Dutra et al. report how pneumococcal pneumonia outbreaks can occur even in a highly vaccinated population if crowding and poor health are common, because currently available vaccines do not cover all pneumococcal serotypes (9). By describing cases of pneumonia that occurred after the megaquake in Japan in 2011, Takahashi et al. show how natural disasters might lead to increases in pneumonia risk or create large shifts in needed health care (10). Many challenging research questions remain. A recent priority-setting exercise outlined the most urgent studies needed to reduce pneumonia deaths in low-income countries (11). Priority items ranged from assessments of vaccine effects on disease in low-income settings to evaluation of measures to improve community management of pneumonia. In addition, a large, multicenter study to identify the etiologic agents of pneumonia in developing countries, supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, was launched in 2011 (12). This study is expected to generate data that will better guide prevention and treatment strategies, particularly in countries that are already using new vaccines. This November 12, World Pneumonia Day, we urge the global community to consider the massive problems of pneumonia. Better yet, take a moment to consider what you can do to solve this problem. Health care providers, researchers, policy makers, and the greater public health community all need to contribute if we are to make rapid, substantial progress toward reducing disease and deaths due to pneumonia. Progress is being made, but much more can be done. Dr Hajjeh is director, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Her research interests are the prevention and control of pneumonia and meningitis, surveillance systems and use of surveillance data, improving child health, and global infectious diseases epidemiology and control. Dr Whitney is chief, Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Her research interests are pneumonia prevention and control, pneumococcal epidemiology, and vaccine evaluation. - Global Coalition Against Child Pneumonia. World Pneumonia Day: fight pneumonia; save a child; November 12 [cited 2012 Aug 7]. http://worldpneumoniaday.org - Liu L, Johnson HL, Cousens S, Perin J, Scott S, Lawn JE, Global, regional and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis of 2010 with time trends since 2000. Lancet. 2012;379:2151–61. - United Nations Development Programme. The Millennium Development Goals: eight goals for 2015 [cited 2012 Aug 8]. http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview.html - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Leading causes of death, United States, 2009 [cited 2012 Aug 10]. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/lcod.htm - World Health Organization; United Nations Childrens Fund. Global action plan for prevention and control of pneumonia (GAPP). Geneva: The Organization; 2009. - World Health Organization. WHA63.24. Accelerated progress towards achievement of Millennium Development Goal 4 to reduce child mortality: prevention and treatment of pneumonia. Sixty-third World Health Assembly, Geneva, Switzerland, May 17–21, 2010, resolutions and decisions annexes. Geneva: The Organization; 2010. p. 51–2. - Hajjeh R. Accelerating introduction of new vaccines: barriers to introduction and lessons learned from the recent Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine experience. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011;366:2827–32. - van Deursen AMM, van Mends SP, Sanders EAM, Vlaminckx BJM, de Melker HE, Schouls LM, Invasive pneumococcal disease and 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:1729–37. - Fleming-Dutra K, Mbaeyi C, Link-Gelles R, Alexander N, Guh A, Forbes E, Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 15A outbreak in a psychiatric unit, Rhode Island, USA, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:1889–93. - Takahashi H, Fujimura S, Ubukata S, Sato E, Shoji M, Utagawa M, Pneumonia after earthquake, Japan, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:1909–11. - Rudan I, El Arifeen S, Bhutta ZA, Black RE, Brooks A, Chan KY, Setting research priorities to reduce global mortality from childhood pneumonia by 2015. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1001099. - Levine OS, O’Brien KL, Deloria-Knoll M, Murdoch DR, Filkin DR, DeLuca AN, The pneumonia etiology research for child health project: a 21st century childhood pneumonia etiology study. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(Suppl 2):S93–101. Suggested citation for this article: Hajjeh R, Whitney CG. Call to action on World Pneumonia Day. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 2012 Nov [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.121217 Comments to the Authors Lessons from the History of Quarantine, from Plague to Influenza A	45,027
GET THE FACTS DEALING WITH SUBSTANCE (INCLUDING ALCOHOL) USE DISORDER Are you struggling to control your intake of drugs and/ or alcohol? Substance abuse can affect the lives of those caught up in it in ways they might not expect. It can affect your physical and mental health, relationships, jobs and education. Recognising there is a problem with drugs is an important first step in seeking help and treatment. Drug addiction can be treated, but it’s important that the person using drugs seeks help and support to figure out the next steps, rather than trying to deal with it on their own. Substance abuse is often associated with illicit drugs such as speed, ice (crystal meth) or heroin, but prescription or over-the-counter drugs can also be abused, as can alcohol. Substance use disorders can refer to substance use or substance dependence. Symptoms of substance use disorders may include: - avoiding people who don’t use drugs - having problems with relationships - using drugs to cope emotionally, socially or physically - neglecting activities like work, study or social commitments - participating in dangerous activities due to drug use, such as driving under the influence of drugs - lying about how much you are using - financial problems associated with buying drugs - selling belongings or stealing from others to pay for drugs - being uncomfortable if you don’t have drugs or needing more of the substance to experience the same effects - having withdrawal symptoms - being dependent on the drug - losing weight. The first step is recognising there is a problem with drugs and/ or alcohol. If you have a problem, you could try talking to someone such as a family member, mate, teacher or doctor about what to do next. If you’re concerned about someone else, find out how you can help them with their drug problem here: You can call Lifeline on 13 11 14 or Druginfo on 1300 85 85 84 if you need to talk to someone about drug abuse, addiction and rehabilitation. Alternatively, if you would like to start drinking less alcohol, without making a fuss of it, 5Why (via the headsapce website) have put together some tips to help. Check these tips out here - If you think you might act on any thoughts or plans to harm yourself, you can access crisis support 24/7 from Kids Helpline on 1800 55 1800 or Lifeline on 13 11 14. - If you have hurt yourself or need immediate support, call 000 TIPS & TRICKS THINGS TO DO TO STAY WELL. There are simple things you can do to stay on top of your Mental Health. We have outlined some of our favourites in our LIVINWell Tips & Tricks Sheet. DOWNLOAD OUR LIVINWELL TIPS & TRICKS SHEET Get helpful diet and exercise ideas as well as positive psychology and wellness tips. - choosing a selection results in a full page refresh	1,295
Maine School Science Volunteers (MSSV) recruits volunteers from the available pool of scientific professionals in the areas where they want to work and after extensive training arranges to place them in classrooms for regular participation with science teachers. The training program focuses on the physical science and math requirements of the Maine Learning Results. The volunteers offer a variety of benefits to the classroom. Their advanced training in science often gives them insight into the scientific material being presented in the class programs. Volunteers can provide classroom demonstrations or experiments otherwise difficult or impossible to carry out without additional classroom assistance. As mature professionals, they may also reinforce the claim that mastery of the scientific material can lead to gainful employment. Finally, the presence of an extra adult in the classroom who is very familiar with the subject material will multiply the attention that can be given to each student during the class session. A new type of activity has been successfully implemented in three separate school districts. After-school science clubs are now installed in Bath, Brunswick, and Yarmouth. They generally meet every week for a couple of hours and offer a combination of theory along with hands-on activities and experiments. Bath and Brunswick are orientated towards electronics theory and design, while Yarmouth covers just about all aspects of science. Both the volunteers and the teachers involved are very pleased with the quantity and quality of the student participation. The volunteers are provided by MSSV without charge to the schools. Working arrangements which may fit the needs of the teacher or volunteer are: - A volunteer may meet on a regular basis with one or more science teachers for one or more classes. Some of our volunteers have been working with the same teacher for several years on a regular scheduled basis one or more times per week. - One can arrange for a volunteer to assist in classes for a particular subject at an appropriate time during the school year. Several MSSV volunteers assist in the teaching of electricity and magnetism. These volunteers are in class with the science teacher every day for the period of time when these subjects are taught. - Volunteers with specialized knowledge can present classes on their specialty at the time when the teacher is covering this material. Volunteers with experience, and in some cases advanced degrees in certain fields, can be scheduled for the following subjects: - Electricity and magnetism - Mechanics (Newton's laws, etc.) - General chemistry (including organic chemistry) - Optics (we have our own equipment for demonstrations). - Human anatomy (we have several retired M.D.s on our list of Volunteers) - Civil engineering (bridges, buildings, and roads) - At the very least the volunteers provide an extra person to assist in the science classroom, but in addition they have working knowledge and professional background that can enhance the classroom experience. All of the volunteers have completed a brief program of training which provides them with an understanding of the kinds of science demonstrations that they can successfully produce for a class. The volunteers are broadly experienced and flexible so that they can fit into the classroom and provide whatever help is needed. The volunteers have training and experience so that they have an appreciation of the learning capability and interests of the students with whom they are working. The relationship of the volunteer to the classes and the teachers is rather open-ended. It is hoped that the individual teachers and their assigned volunteers will work out an arrangement which complements the needs of the classroom and the ability and interest of the volunteer. Maine School Science Volunteers (MSSV) is a non-profit organization that brings together volunteer engineers and other physical scientists to assist teachers in middle school science and math classrooms. The program has been active in selected regions in southern Maine for about 10 years. The program has received financial support from several business organization and professional societies. The program receives technical support from the founding organization at Northeastern University in Boston although we are now an independent Maine-based non-profit corporation. MSSV is continually searching for additional volunteers. We need people with a strong background and experiences in some scientific area and the ability to schedule a few hours a week during school hours. Generally this description fits retired scientist and engineers. We have a few volunteers who work full time but are released by their employers for a few hours of classroom participation.	61,113
THE number of refugees worldwide has climbed for six consecutive years. Some 68m people are now displaced by violence and persecution—equal to a fifth of the population of America, nearly half that of Russia, and more than the entire population of the United Kingdom. At the same time, humanitarian support is chronically underfunded. The United Nations refugee agency, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, and its partners have received less than 17% of the funds they need this year to provide basic assistance to millions of Syrian refugees and displaced people. The same dire situation exists elsewhere too, with less than half the amount of humanitarian funds needed in the vast majority of conflict-affected countries. It is not surprising that there is deep public concern: not because people are heartless, but because this is not a sustainable situation. But the answer is not countries adopting harsh unilateral measures that target refugees, and run counter to our values and our responsibilities. That will only inflame the problem. Instead, we must find ways to lower the number of displaced people worldwide, by preventing and solving the conflicts that drive them from their homes. We must try to rally people and nations to act together based on common interests and universal aspirations for security, dignity and equality: understanding that this does not come at the expense of our safety and economic well-being at home, but is an essential requirement when facing problems of international dimensions. It may not be popular to argue that we need to work with our allies to find lasting solutions to complex conflicts through diplomacy. But it happens to be true. The fact that there are huge challenges between us and that goal does not mean that it is not the right course to follow. Let’s look at the bare facts. We must try to rally people and nations to act together based on common interests and universal aspirations for security, dignity and equality First, 85% of all refugees and displaced people live in low and middle-income countries. Most people who are displaced by violence remain within the borders of their own countries. Those who are forced out tend to stay as close as they can to home, in neighbouring nations. Only a tiny fraction of all refugees – less than 1% globally—are resettled, including in Western nations. The world’s poorer nations are bearing the brunt of the burden. We cannot simply blindly assume that they will continue to do this irrespective of policies in wealthier nations. Second, for all the generosity of taxpayers in the West and all the lives that are saved by this, the billions of humanitarian aid provided annually do not come close to meeting the needs of 68m displaced people and the communities hosting them now, let alone if the numbers continue to grow. There is no solution that involves simply continuing the status quo, or doing less, or acting as if we can leave this as a problem for other countries to handle. Third, as many as two-thirds of all the refugees under UNHCR’s mandate come from just five countries: Syria, Afghanistan, South Sudan, Myanmar and Somalia. Peace in any one of those five countries, creating the conditions for people to return home, would bring the numbers of refugees worldwide down by millions. That is what we should be pressing our politicians on as voters: challenging them to answer how their policies address the root of the problem. This strategy will take vision and persistence and strength. Not the parody of strength involved in tough talk against refugees We’ve managed to bring numbers down before. When I first started working with the UN’s refugee agency 16 years ago, the number of refugees worldwide was falling. One of my first missions with UNHCR was to accompany returning Cambodian refugees. I met some of the many refugees who returned to their homes after the end of the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia. Look further back in history, and after the second world war, millions of refugees were resettled. This strategy will take vision and persistence and strength. Not the parody of strength involved in tough talk against refugees, but the resolve, will and diplomatic skill needed to negotiate peace settlements, stabilise insecure countries and uphold the rule of law. It is the practical, proactive course. It is in the interests of our security and consistent with our values. It will require countries working together to share the burden more fairly, which is why the new Global Compact on Refugees currently being developed is so important. A refugee is a man, woman or child at their most vulnerable: forced from their home, living without the protection of their state, and in many cases without the bare means of survival. It is the human condition that tests our belief that all human beings have equal rights and deserve protection. We live in divisive times. But history also shows our ability to unite, overcome a global crisis, and renew our sense of purpose and community with other nations. That is the greatest strength of an open society. We should not leave the debate to those who would exploit public anxiety for political advantage. We are being tested today and our response will be the measure of our humanity. Angelina Jolie is an Academy Award-winning actor, film director and a special envoy of the United Nations High Commission on Refugees. She has worked on refugee rights with the UNHCR since 2001 in Cambodia, Darfur, Jordan and the ex-Yugoslavia, among other places. In 2005 Ms Jolie received the Global Humanitarian Action Award from the United Nations Association of the USA.	43,600
[This blog post was written by Josh Hager of the Correspondence Unit, part of the Collection Services Section at the State Archives of North Carolina.] Through the remainder of 2014, the Correspondence Unit of the State Archives is creating small exhibits in the Search Room to explore the histories of the schools in the University of North Carolina System. The first installation of the exhibit, entitled “For All Useful Learning: The Records of the UNC System Schools,” included records documenting the history of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the first state-sponsored public university in the nation. From September 16 to September 27, the exhibit will feature documents pertaining to North Carolina State University, Fayetteville State University, and the University of North Carolina at Pembroke. NC State started life as a land grant university while both Fayetteville State and UNC Pembroke started as normal schools. This blog post is a companion piece to this second installation of the UNC Schools exhibit. It will briefly explain what both “land grant university” and “normal school” meant and how those definitions influenced the schools’ histories. NC State began as a land grant institution, defined by the (federal) Morrill Act of 1857 as a university teaching agriculture, military science, and mechanical arts. Although North Carolina received land from the Morrill Act shortly after the bill’s passage, the state did not attempt to open a Morrill-style school until the 1870s. Initially, the state attempted to alter UNC Chapel Hill’s curriculum to conform to the educational goals of the Morrill Act, but public outcry prevented changing Chapel Hill’s traditional liberal arts focus. Instead, the state opened two land-grant institutions in Raleigh: the North Carolina College of Agricultural and Mechanical Arts in 1887 (which became NC State) and the North Carolina Agricultural and Mechanical College for the Colored Race in 1891 (which became North Carolina Agricultural and Technological University State University, later moving to Greensboro). While NC State’s curriculum has grown significantly since its founding in 1887, it is still renown nationally for its academic programs in engineering, agricultural science, and veterinary medicine—all subjects that the Morrill Act recommended over one hundred years ago. While “land grant institution” has a specific meaning thanks to the Morrill Act, the term “normal school” has a more general meaning: a school dedicated to training new teachers. Derived from the French phrase école normale and a Parisian school so named in the 1830s, normal schools first became widespread in the United States in the second-half of the 19th century. It is not coincidental that the increase in normal schools correlated with an increase in the degree to which state and local governments became more involved in offering quality public education to growing numbers of students. In North Carolina specifically, the General Assembly passed two landmark resolutions that led to the establishment of Fayetteville State and UNC Pembroke. First, the General Assembly passed a resolution in 1877 calling for a normal school for the training of African-American teachers. For the location of the new normal school, state officials selected the Howard School in Fayetteville, which opened in 1869 as a school providing primary education to Fayetteville’s African-American population. Thus, in 1877, the Howard School became the State Colored Normal School, the first state-sponsored institution for educating African-American teachers both in North Carolina and anywhere in the South. The school was renamed as the Fayetteville State Teachers College in 1939, and became Fayetteville State University in 1969. Visitors to the exhibit case can see evidence of Fayetteville State’s commitment to education by having the chance to examine a list of graduates in the 1920s and their placement at schools throughout the Sandhills and further afield. The second landmark resolution, which is on display in the exhibit case, came to the floor of the North Carolina House in 1887. Robeson County Representative Hamilton McMillan, with the support of a petition of Lumbee Indians from the area, introduced a resolution to found a normal school for the training of American Indian teachers. Croatan Normal School opened in 1887 as a result of this piece of legislation. Croatan Normal School was the first state-sponsored normal school for American Indians in North Carolina. The school underwent several name changes over the years, including Pembroke State College, and became the University of North Carolina at Pembroke in 1996. Other normal schools followed, including the North Carolina State Normal and Industrial School (1891, later renamed as the University of North Carolina at Greensboro), the Normal and Industrial School in Elizabeth City (1891, later renamed as Elizabeth City State University), and East Carolina Teachers Training School (1907, later renamed East Carolina University). Later exhibit cases will showcase these institutions, but Fayetteville State and UNC Pembroke have a special significance in North Carolina history as the first two normal schools and the first two education schools for minorities.	40,402
30 Aug 2004 (Source: Southwest Research Institute) Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) PO Drawer 28510 San Antonio, TX 78228-0510 For more information contact: Deb Schmid, Communications Department August 26, 2004 Ignition threshold for impact-generated fires San Antonio -- Scientists conclude that, 65 million years ago, a 10-kilometer-wide asteroid or comet slammed into what is now the Yucatan peninsula, excavating the Chicxulub impact crater and setting into motion a chain of catastrophic events thought to precipitate the extinction of the dinosaurs and 75 percent of animal and plant life that existed in the late Cretaceous period. "The impact of an asteroid or comet several kilometers across heaps environmental insult after insult on the world," said Dr. Daniel Durda, a u senior research scientist at Southwest Research Institute? (SwRI?). "One aspect of the devastation wrought by large impacts is the potential for global wildfires ignited by material ejected from the crater reentering the atmosphere in the hours after the impact." Large impacts can blast thousands of cubic kilometers of vaporized impactor and target sediments into the atmosphere and above, expanding into space and enveloping the entire planet. These high-energy, vapor-rich materials reenter the atmosphere and heat up air temperatures to the point that vegetation on the ground below can spontaneously burst into flame. "In 2002, we investigated the Chicxulub impact event to examine the extent and distribution of fires it caused," said Durda. This cosmic collision carved out a crater some 40 kilometers (25 miles) deep and 180 kilometers (112 miles) across at the boundary between two geologic periods, the Cretaceous, when the dinosaurs ruled the planet, and the Tertiary, when mammals took supremacy. "We noted that fires appeared to be global, covering multiple continents, but did not cover the entire Earth," Durda continued. "That suggested to us that the Chicxulub impact was probably near the threshold size event necessary for igniting global fires, and prompted us to ask 'What scale of impact is necessary for igniting widespread fires?'" In a new study, Durda and Dr. David Kring, an associate professor at the University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, published a theory for the ignition threshold for impact-generated fires in the August 20, 2004, issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research. Their research indicates that impacts resulting in craters at least 85 kilometers wide can produce continental-scale fires, while impact craters more than 135 kilometers wide are needed to cause global-scale fires. To calculate the threshold size impact required for global ignition of various types of vegetation, Durda and Kring used two separate, but linked, numerical codes to calculate the global distribution of debris reentering the atmosphere and the kinetic energy deposited in the atmosphere by the material. The distribution of fires depends on projectile trajectories, the position of the impact relative to the geographic distribution of forested continents and the mass of crater and projectile debris ejected into the atmosphere. They also examined the threshold temperatures and durations required to spontaneously ignite green wood, to ignite wood in the presence of an ignition source (such as lightning, which would be prevalent in the dust-laden energetic skies following an impact event) and to ignite rotting wood, leaves and other common forest litter. "The Chicxulub impact event may have been the only known impact event to have caused wildfires around the globe," Kring noted. "The Manicouagan (Canada) and Popigai (Russia) impact events, however, may have caused continental-scale fires. The Manicouagan impact occurred in the late Triassic, and the Popigai impact event occurred in the late Eocene, but neither has been firmly linked yet to the mass extinction events that occurred at those times." Kring is currently at the International Geological Congress in Florence, Italy, giving a keynote address on the Chicxulub impact event and its relationship to the mass extinctions at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary period. Durda is available for comment at the SwRI offices in Boulder, Colo. EDITORS: High-resolution images for download are available at http://www.swri.org/press/impactfires.htm	60,918
Wedgwood soon acquired a reputation for his cream-colored earthenware, known as queen's ware, and at the same time produced decorative objects, candlesticks, and vases of a black composition known as basalt or Egyptian stoneware. He also produced a mottled and veined ware in imitation of granite and a translucent, smooth, unglazed semiporcelain. This gave way to his best-known product, jasper ware, best known in a delicate blue with white, cameolike Greek figures embossed upon it (see Portland vase), which has been in continuous production since 1774. He invented and perfected this ware and in it gave expression to the interest of his day in the revival of classical art. He employed the best talent available for his finer pieces, many of which were designed by John Flaxman. Wedgwood's terra-cottas of various hues were made with one color in relief upon another. He produced exquisite wares for many royal and noble patrons, including a dinner service for Catherine the Great. His work is found in many museums and private collections; the Fogg Museum of Art, Cambridge, Mass., has an outstanding collection. He also published several pamphlets, and his Address to the Young Inhabitants of the Pottery appeared in 1783. For his invention of a pyrometer for measuring temperatures, Wedgwood was made a fellow of the Royal Society (1783). The extensive potteries he established, which he built into a large, worldwide commercial empire, were perpetuated by his descendants. See W. Mankowitz, Wedgwood (1953); A. Kelly, The Story of Wedgwood (1962); E. Meteyard, The Life of Josiah Wedgwood (1865, repr. 1970); B. Dolan, Wedgwood: The First Tycoon (2004). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2023, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: Arts and Crafts: Biographies	2,616
- 동북아 해양환경보존을 위한 국제법적 연구 - Alternative Title - (A) Study on the Conservation of the Marine Environment of Northeast Asia in International Law - Issued Date - 한국해양대학교 대학원 - The sea is an infinite treasure-house of the resources. Through all ages we have depended on the sea in order to obtain the resources to live. But the sea is experiencing heavy pollution due to industrial development. Particularly, the Yellow and East sea of the Northeast Asia region (in Semi-enclosed sea), it is getting far worse. The marine pollution is caused by land-based sources, the atmosphere, ships, dumping of wastes and other matter at sea, seabed activities, etc. In the case of North-East Asia, the marine pollution is mainly caused by the wastewater from in-land and the oil pollution by marine accidents that frequently occur in the area. There are two categories of international disputes concerned with environmental pollution one among adjacent countries, and the other between developed and developing countries. Among the countries in the area, South Korea weighs more on the intergovernmental businesses, while Japan does it on the local businesses. Meanwhile, China and North Korea are not very active for such environmental issues. The area needs the Northeast Asia region cooperation for handling the serious environmental problems it has such as the acid rain, the yellow sand, and marine and river pollution. South Korea has a bilateral agreement with Japan, China, North Korea and Russia. There are several multilateral agreement in the area, they are NEACEC(Northeast Asian Conference on Environmental Cooperation), SOM(Meeting of Senior officer on Environment Cooperation in Northeast Asia), ECO-AISA(Environment Congress for Asia & the Pacific), NOWPAP(Northeast Pacific Action Plan), and TEMM(The Tripartite Environment Ministers Meeting between China, Japan, and Korea), etc. Since 1994, NOWPAP presided over by UNEP has been doing an antipollution business to keep the Yellow Sea and the East Sea pollution free. The TEMM has met regularly since 1999 to improve environmental businesses in the area. the Environment ministers from Korea, China and Japan had talks, during which reducing the long-ranged air pollution and environmental pollution in the Yellow and East sea and solving local environment related problems were discussed. They suggested some ways to cope with environmental pollution in North-East Asia in the 21st century. The problems they have in the environmental cooperation of the North East Asia region are the lack of comprehensive system, the mutual understanding among the participating countries and the organized relationship between the bilateral and multilateral cooperations. It is intended for the countries in the area to acknowledge the same community spirit of environmental issue, establish an organization to preserve the marine environment, execute a joint research for marine environment and sign the agreement for intergovernmental cooperation. Appears in Collections: - 해사법학과 > Thesis - Files in This Item: Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.	21,104
Stuttering is a common speech disorder. It occurs more commonly in children between the age of 2 and 5. It can be considered as part of learning to speak in children, which improves slowly on its own. If stuttering persists, treatment may be needed to improve speech. Consult a doctor for stuttering if: If stuttering starts in an adult, the doctor will try to determine if brain injury is present such as from an accident or a stroke, which is causing the problem. If some pathology in the brain is suspected, you may be referred to a neurologist. You may also be referred to a psychiatrist to determine if some emotional trauma or other mental health problems may be affecting your speech. If stuttering affects the self-esteem, career or relationships or emotional health in adult along with speech-language, you may be referred to a psychiatrist. Who to consult Health professionals, who can be consulted, if you think you have stuttering include: Though all possible measures have been taken to ensure accuracy, reliability, timeliness and authenticity of the information; Onlymyhealth assumes no liability for the same. Using any information of this website is at the viewers’ risk. Please be informed that we are not responsible for advice/tips given by any third party in form of comments on article pages . If you have or suspect having any medical condition, kindly contact your professional health care provider.	41,391
Source: Magda Ehlers on Pexels A quick glance at your rabbit’s mouth may only have you think that they have four front teeth (the incisors): two at the top and two at the bottom. However, truth be told — rabbits have 28 in total. That’s plenty of chompers for a bunny to work with! In fact, the set of teeth should be perfectly aligned in a healthy rabbit; straight and adjacent to one another. Don’t be foolish and complacent: Every one of your bunny’s tooth matters. A dental issue can easily impact a bunny’s overall health. Moreover, the situation gets even direr when your bunny stops eating where dental problems can quickly become lethal in as little as 24 hours. So, as a furparent – it’s your duty to look after your bunny’s health at all times. Read on to understand the situation, signs, symptoms, and course of actions to take when your bunny encounters a broken tooth. Signs & Symptoms Source: cottonbro on Pexels As prey, rabbits are excellent at disguising their pain or any signs of weakness. However, dental issues are just as fatal as any other health problem, making it an urgent issue to be resolved immediately in order to keep your pet bunny safe and healthy. Hence, as tricky as it is to spot the signs or symptoms of a possible dental problem, a furparent must go the extra mile to be vigilant and attentive to changes in your bunny’s behaviour. Types of plausible symptoms indicative of dental issues include: - Scratching/digging at mouth using paws - Unusual faeces - Swelling of mouth/face - General interest in food but refusal to eat - Drool, sour odour from mouth, or a wet mouth - Refusing to eat entirely or only consuming veggies (not pellets, hay, and so on) - Eye or nasal discharge (due to infections contracted in the area) - Frequent exhibition of strange facial expressions What You Can Do While ultimately, the best solution boils down to sending your bunny for a check-up at a local professional vet in Singapore, there are ways for you to inspect your bunny’s teeth prior to that. In general, it’s recommended for owners to perform a weekly routine check on their rabbit’s front teeth. Ideally, their teeth should be creamy white, smooth — excluding the vertical line down the centre of the top teeth — and end in a neat chisel-shaped bite. However, if you’re unsure whether a sign spotted is an indication of a broken tooth or dental issue, you should consult a vet immediately instead. Especially when it comes to checking molars or cheek teeth, they’re too far back in the mouth to be thoroughly inspected without the proper tools; hence, this explains why dental checks are best left to a professional vet. He or she will be able to more accurately identify the exact dental problem with their wealth of knowledge and expertise. Additionally, vet clinics are equipped with the appropriate anaesthesia to sedate your bunny if necessary to carry out a complete dental check. Keeping Your Bunny in the Pink (of General Health) To keep your bunny’s dental health rock-solid, a nutritious balance of diet and treats is very important. Here are some key nutritional aspects to take note of: - Feed your bunny with sufficient fibre, calcium, and protein-enriched foods - Hay and alfalfa are examples of nutritious foods for your bunny. Make sure your bunny actively chews while eating as it’s a healthy sign. - Clean your bunny’s chompers regularly. - Always take your rabbit to regular health check-ups to prevent or identify dental problems early on. Administer medication when necessary. Source: Pixabay on Pexels For those new to the world of rabbit care, perhaps this article can provide greater insight on how to prepare your life with a new hoppity furball in the household. Otherwise, keep all pertinent tips in mind and you’re one step closer to becoming a great bunny parent! Only you are able to take proactive steps against any dental-related issues of your rabbit before it worsens dramatically. For more assistance pertaining to your rabbit’s dietary needs, click here for access to a catalogue of nutritious and vet-approved goodies. Remember to take good care of your furkid, and tap on the right vet services when needed. All these steps combined are essential to ensuring your bunny a long, happy and healthy life ahead.	62,938
Former President Bill Clinton directed the emergency reserve of heating oil on July 10, 2000, when he directed then-Energy Secretary Bill Richardson to establish a two million barrel home heating oil component of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve in the Northeast. The intent was to create a buffer large enough to allow commercial companies to compensate for interruptions in supply during severe winter weather, but not so large as to dissuade the companies from maintaining stock levels sufficient to respond to routine weather events or to recognize that increasing prices are an indicator that more supply is needed. The reserve would give Northeast consumers supplemental supplies for approximately 10 days, the time required for ships to carry additional heating oil from the Gulf of Mexico to New York Harbor. In 2011, the Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve (NEHHOR) was converted to a one million barrel Reserve and the fuel stored was changed from No. 2 heating oil to cleaner burning ultra-low sulfur distillate (ULSD). Establishing the Reserve Immediately after the President's July 2000 directive, the Energy Department, acting through the Department of Defense Energy Support Center, issued a solicitation to exchange a quantity of crude oil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve for two million barrels of distillate heating oil stocks to place in leased commercial storage facilities in the Northeast. An exchange using Strategic Petroleum Reserve crude oil was chosen because no appropriated funding was available to create the heating oil reserve. On July 19, 2000, the Defense Energy Support Center issued a solicitation to companies willing to provide the storage tanks, heating stocks, or a combination. Contracts were awarded and, by October 13, 2000, all of the heating oil had been delivered to the storage facilities. In November 2000, Congress amended the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 2000 providing clear authority for the NEHHOR. As Americans confronted the winter of 2000-2001, the NEHHOR was deemed ready. Bush Administration Endorses the Reserve Although heating oil shortages did not materialize during the 2000-2001 winter, the existence of the NEHHOR provided an important safety cushion for millions of Americans. Recognizing this, the incoming administration of George W. Bush reinforced the value of the reserve. On March 6, 2001, then-Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham formally notified Congress that the Bush Administration would establish the Reserve as a permanent part of America's energy readiness effort, separate from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. In May 2001, President Bush issued his National Energy Policy which again endorsed the NEHHOR as a way to help ensure adequate supplies of heating oil in the event of colder than normal winters. 2011 Sale and Conversion of the Heating Oil Reserve Selling the Heating Oil In February 2011, DOE announced its plan to convert the 1.98 million barrel inventory of the NEHHOR to cleaner burning ultra low sulfur distillate. The timing of the plan corresponded with the expiration of the heating oil storage contracts at the end of September 2011 and recent actions taken by the State of New York and other Northeastern States to implement more stringent fuel standards that require replacement of high sulfur heating oil to the cleaner burning distillate. DOE conducted a competitive online sale for the new initiative, first offering approximately 1 million barrels of heating oil from the Hess First Reserve Terminal in Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Contracts were awarded to three companies for 984,253 barrels. Receipts from the sale totaled approximately $113 million. DOE conducted a second online sale, offering an additional 1 million barrels of heating oil from terminals located in Groton and New Haven, Conn., which resulted in awards to four companies for the full amount offered. Receipts totaled approximately $114 million. The NEHHOR completed deliveries to the purchasers on schedule and by April 1, 2011, the heating oil reserve was empty. New Storage Contracts On March 14, 2011, a solicitation was issued by the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA Energy) on behalf of DOE for new storage contracts. The solicitation requested bids for storage of two milllion barrels of ULSD. DOE announced in August that two companies had submitted acceptable bids for storage of 650,000 barrels of ULSD in New England. Contracts were awarded to Hess Corporation in Groton, Conn., to store 400,000 barrels, and to Global Companies LLC in Revere, Mass., to store 250,000 barrels. Converting to a One Million Barrel Reserve Consistent with the President's Fiscal Year 2012 budget request, DOE announced that the Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve would be reduced in size to one million barrels and storage locations would be established in New England only. No heating oil reserve stocks would be stored in New York Harbor because the area has abundant commercial stocks, connections to local refineries, and a major pipeline for resupply. DOE announced on August 26, 2011, that storage for an additional 350,000 barrels of ULSD was being sought for delivery to New England. Awards were announced on September 30, 2011. The two contracts awarded were for an additional 100,000 barrels to Hess Corporation in Groton, Conn., and an additional 250,000 barrels to Global Companies LLC in Revere, Mass. These contracts, added to the companies' August awards, resulted in storage of 500,000 barrels at each of the locations. The contracts allowed for a one-year term with three option years. Purchase of Ultra Low Sulfur Distillate to Restock the Reserve The competitive purchase of one million barrels of ULSD was managed by the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA Energy) on behalf of DOE. On November 4, 2011, DLA Energy awarded a contract to Hess Corporation for delivery of 400,000 barrels of ULSD to the Hess terminal in Groton, Conn. A second contract was awarded on November 4, 2011, to Global Montello Group, LLC for delivery of 250,000 barrels to the Global terminal in Revere, Mass. Deliveries were completed in early December 2011. Resolicitation by DLA Energy resulted in award of two final contracts for fuel in February 2012. On February 3, a contract to purchase 100,000 barrels was awarded to Hess Corporation for delivery to its terminal in Groton, Conn. On February 8, award was made to Global Montello Group, LLC, for delivery of 250,000 barrels to its facility in Revere, Mass. By February 29, 2012, the one million barrel, ultra low sulfur distillate Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve was fully established.	49,849
Leap days occur roughly once every four years, and are inserted into our calendar to ensure that the calendar months remain synchronised with the Earth's seasons. The Earth's seasons change as the Sun moves between the northern and southern skies in an annual cycle. When the Sun is among the northern constellations, it is summer in the northern hemisphere, and when it is among the southern constellations, it is summer in the southern hemisphere. This cycle is called the tropical year, and repeats once every 365.2422 days. This period is almost, but not quite, equal to the time it takes the Earth to complete a single orbit around the Sun. If every year had a fixed pattern of either 365 or 366 days, then the seasons would either drift 0.25 days later each year, or 0.75 days earlier. From Roman times until the 1580s, this was avoided by using the Julian calendar. In the Julian calendar, an additional day was added to every fourth year, on February 29. The average length of each year was 365.25 days. In the 1580s, however, it was realised that even the Julian calendar was not entirely satisfactory. The seasons repeat once every 365.2422 days, and yet for the past 1600 years, a calendar had been used where years lasted for 365.25 days. Although a small difference, this discrepancy of 0.008 days per year had been accumulating over time. By the 1580s, the dates of the solstices and equinoxes had drifted by 10 days since Roman times. This caused problems for the church authorities, as the date of Easter is fixed relative to the March equinox. Should they use the traditional date from Roman times, or the date when astronomers actually observed the equinox? In the Gregorian calendar, the system of leap years was refined so that the first year of each century was not a leap year, unless it was divisible by 400. This removed three leap years every 400 years, reducing the average length of each year to 365.2425 days. In addition, ten calendar days were skipped in the transition from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, so as to restore the equinoxes and solstices to the dates when they had taken place in Roman times. In Britain, the Gregorian calendar was not adopted until 1752, by which time eleven days had to be skipped, due to the leap day which had been inserted into the Julian calendar on 29 February 1700. Although a slight discrepancy from the length of each tropical year remains, this is only 29 seconds – adding up to one day every 3,030 years.	36,962
If we look back at the numerous paths the various currents of activity took in the first three decades of the twentieth century, we see that in the Thirties they gradually amalgamated and a trend emerged in a certain direction [sterilisation of the mentally ill, Nuremberg Laws etc.] which was striving to "even greater heights". The German racial and mental hygienists had prepared the ground for an all-embracing project which they called the "Euthanasia Programme", but would more accurately have been called "Mass murder of mental patients". In 1921 the Professors Dr. Erwin Baur, Dr. Eugen Fischer, and Dr. Fritz Lenz jointly published the first edition of their two volume book "Human Hereditary Teaching and Racial Hygiene" which was internationally recognised as a standard text-book and soon was even used in universities abroad. In the second volume by Dr. Lenz, first Professor for racial hygiene in Germany (the chair was established in 1923 at the Munich University), entitled "Human Selection and Racial Hygiene (Eugenics)", he wrote: "A real restoration to health of the race cannot be begun without generous measures and the organisation of social-racial hygiene; but these are mostly only introduced when the racial hygienic idea has become the popular knowledge of the population or at least of the mental leaders. These must first develop a feeling for the senselessness of a civilisation which allows the race to decay, an order of society and economics which has no regard for the interests of eternal life, which in fact is often detrimental. The introduction of racial hygienic education in the secondary schools (high-schools) and universities could effectively counter this illiteracy (lack of education); unfortunately this will only be possible when the importance of racial hygiene has become known in the right places. As long as this is not the case, the most important practical duty of racial hygiene is the private promulgation of racial hygienic ideas. As soon as racial hygienic conviction has become a living ideology, then the racial hygienic organisation of life, even public life, will happen by itself... Anyone who loves his race cannot wish for it to fall into decadence. He must realise that the industriousness of the race is the first and unrelenting condition for the thriving of the race. Even the fight for freedom and self-assertion of the race must in the final instance serve the race. When in a fight for power the best blood is sacrificed without substituting it then it is senseless... And when racial damage has been caused through war, be it through error or because it was inevitable, it must be the first concern of those who do not want to see the race blind but seeing, to even out these damages. This is not just the substitution in number, much more important is the substitution of racial fitness. Even this requires the spirit of sacrifice and fortunately there is no lack of this …there is only a lack of understanding."A brief look at the professional and ideological background of both of the authors of the first volume proves very interesting. Baur and Fischer had both worked devotedly in the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Hereditary Teaching and Eugenics, in which Rüdin first acted as curator. Baur, the biologist, later became the first Nazi Rector of Berlin University, where Fischer later lectured as a Professor for Anthropology. In his debasement of knowledge, Fischer sank to the depths of praising Hans F.K. Günther, the author of "Racial Knowledge of the German Race" who was a popular target for general ridicule even in Germany, before the Nazis promoted him to a university professorship. Later, in 1941, Dr. Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, Nazi professor and former colleague of Baur, Fischer and Rüdin in the above mentioned Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute, supported the Baur-Fischer-Lenz textbook with warm recommendations. Verschuer was the founder and first director of the Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Research at Frankfurt University opened in 1934. Even if it produced nothing else it brought a further star into the Nazi sky; Verschuer's former assistant Dr. Joseph Mengele. From this position he later advanced to be one of the most infamous doctors in the concentration camp at Auschwitz, where he conducted experiments with living and fully conscious prisoners and tortured the camp-inmates for the benefit of "scientific advancement". After the war, Mengele succeeded in escaping the Allies and the law, he left Germany and fled via Italy to Paraguay, settled there, acquired citizenship in his new home country and apparently lives there to this day. The time of his peaceful existence however, will hopefully soon be over; the well known Nazi criminal hunter, Wiesenthal, is on his tracks and will not rest until he has caught up with him. At the 12th meeting of the International Federation of Eugenic Organisations, held in 1936 in Holland, Verschuer appeared as the representative of his Institute together with Ploetz, Rüdin and Fischer. One of the papers read to the meeting was by fellow delegate Professor Karl Astel from Himmler's SS "Race and Resettlement Office" (RuSHA). In 1923 Lenz took a further step forward in his endeavours to find a solution to racial hygienic problems by stating that Euthanasia definitely had its place in the racial hygiene plan. The propaganda drums beat without pause, but it was only in the Thirties that the fatal Euthanasia propaganda campaign broke loose and went far beyond Germany's borders. In July 1931 the Union of Bavarian Psychiatrists held a Congress at Munich University. V. Faltlhauser, psychiatrist and active proponent of the mental hygiene movement, who was striving towards yet greater achievement of the euthanasia programme, laid bare the basic thoughts behind the campaign for sterilisation and euthanasia with the following words: Here we will only discuss sterilisation. Basically it represents only one of the paths which lead towards the goal. You know that these measures are heavily opposed. Not only is the unjustified claim, that the question of heredity has not been clarified enough, the obstacle; the obstacles lie rather as already stated in ideological moral and ethical considerations, they lie in the idleness of the broad masses and in obsolete views which I do not wish to go into here. This outlook must cause us to advance carefully but steadily. What primarily seems to be needed is educational work and propaganda for the broad masses, and the facts have to be constantly hammered into them. And this is also one of the many duties of our public welfare section, which should point out this fact in private life and in lectures. It will also be our imperative task to research and make more exact the laws of heredity and their final consequences. And herein again a special task will fall to our public welfare section. At this point I cannot suppress the comment that it must have other methods than those at its disposal today. Today the welfare doctors are swamped in their social tasks especially when you consider they have to do their work in a subsidiary office. If the public welfare section is to do justice to the requests for research made of it, then it should be provided with the means and the personnel. I know what I am demanding at this time of scarce means. But it must be said to prevent the blame being put on public welfare, as it has failed to fulfil demands put on it. When demanding sterilisation, compulsory action is at present to be avoided; on the other hand voluntary sterilisation is to be promoted by any means. For this a clear unequivocal legal safety precaution must be created. It is quite evident that even voluntary sterilisation must be based on certain prerequisites and safety precautions and that clear, flawless, medically-determined indicators must be present. What these safety precautions are to look like, whether it is to be a commission or not, whether the commission should consist of doctors, civil-servant doctors or be mixed etc. is a question to be considered and is not relevant to the principle. The clear indication will be in the cases of the gravest strain, which with today's knowledge we must now recognise will have a high probability of heavy hereditary defects in the descendants. It need only be mentioned incidentally that sterilisation is only to occur in the form of severing the spermatic duct whilst preserving the gonads or the operative interruption of the Fallopian tube. Also the question of possibly demanding compulsory sterilisation in the cases of criminal tendencies and high-probability hereditary insanity should also be considered. This however should occur only when the broad masses have intensively been worked over in the ways mentioned earlier, and have become mature enough to accept such ideas. Many have said that internment is the only sound measure against the bearers of very bad hereditary mass. But quite apart from the fact that it is the most expensive preventive measure, is it really more humane and a lesser violation of the principle of personal freedom? Do we not forcibly prohibit the party concerned from procreation for their whole life? We Germans cannot totally neglect events which occur outside our borders. A whole series of nations have positively accepted that the laws of heredity do affect the development of mental abnormality and have understood the consequences of that and created sterilisation laws. The Americans have been reproached with reckless pluck because of laws they have passed in 22 of their states. But when we see that an otherwise cool and calculating race such as the Danes pass a sterilisation law, how the canton Waadt has also done this, when the Swedish ministries are seriously dealing with this problem, then this must really give us something to think about. Before I end, I must permit myself a few short comments which are forced upon me by an objective conscience. I believe that we must beware of exaggerated expectations of the success of sterilisation. Sterilisation, even compulsory, will not be able to plug all the fountains of bad hereditary mass. The principle used here to hoodwink the public into accepting enforced sterilisation is to first start a propaganda campaign for voluntary sterilisation. This same rule also applies for compulsory euthanasia where propaganda starts with the introduction of voluntary euthanasia. Both Germany and England were literally flooded with Euthanasia campaigns. In England, Dr. Charles Killick Millard, President of the Society of Medical Officers of Health, brought up in his 1931 Presidential speech the question of voluntary euthanasia and proposed a suitable law. A few years later, he became a fellow founder of the Voluntary Euthanasia Legislation Society and its Honorary Secretary. In 1935 Lord Moynihan, President of the Royal College of Surgeons, founded the Euthanasia Society. A year later this Society handed its recommendations for a Euthanasia project to the House of Lords. Among other things, it provided for the possibility of incurably ill persons being able to petition a Euthanasia Office of the Ministry of Health to let themselves be delivered from their sufferings. It suggested that the applicant should, after consulting his close relatives, handle his estate and choose two medical advisors and a doctor. The Ministry could give its consent for the mercy death to take place after a period of seven days, time allowed for the chance of a change of heart, or an appeal if the relatives so desired. This proposal was fortunately turned down. However, as early as 1923, a step in this direction was taken in Switzerland and a draft for such a law was presented in Denmark in 1924. In the U.S.A., The Chamber of Doctors of the State of Illinois even requested the approval of mercy death. The year 1938 was marked by the establishment of the American Society of Euthanasia, and on similar lines, a society for voluntary euthanasia was founded in Connecticut and drafts of laws were presented to the parliaments of Nebraska and Canada in 1937. In Germany, the activities in the field of euthanasia, reached their climax. In 1934 Baur, who had long advocated the sterilisation law, foretold that such a law would only be a start. The actual campaign for euthanasia in Germany took many forms. Films were produced (among others "I accuse") which were to make obvious that there were useful and less useful members of society, and were intended to cause astonishment on the part of the viewer as to why anybody bothered to prolong these unproductive human lives at all. Articles in newspapers informed the reader about costs caused by the mentally ill. and showed plainly how the money could be used for more productive and creative things. The campaign was so extensive that it even reached school books, in which the nature of the problems were to direct the attention of the pupil to this subject. One such example is the arithmetic textbook written in 1935 by Alfred Dorner, whose series of distorted and disguised questions were to have the desired influence. So we see that sterilisation and euthanasia were not the ideas of the Nazis and never had been. They were ideas which were supported and promoted throughout the whole world by groups with a strong interest in the progressive development of mental hygiene and mental health. There is no doubt that euthanasia was supported in many countries, among them America, Finland, England, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Australia and New Zealand. Germany however was the only country in which the political climate was such as to allow materialisation of the final goal of the supporters of sterilisation and euthanasia. Sterilisation laws at the same time were preparing the ground in other countries such as U.S.A. (some states) for much larger endeavours. However the step from sterilisation to murder is great (though apparently less great for someone who has fully absorbed the state of mind of the mental hygiene movement). Therefore it seems only logical that one tried to win the politicians to the new ideals, to manipulate them and to appoint them in the right places, in order to bring about the desired goal. In Germany the politicians were ideal for this purpose, and consequently the action moved much faster there. But, as we will see later, because of the German activities, the attitude towards the subjects of sterilisation and euthanasia changed shortly after the Second World War. The next step, towards the end of 1938 and the beginning of 1939, was publicly tested in Germany after endless discussions and propaganda moves. A letter addressed to Adolf Hitler written by a man called Knauer from Leipzig asked for permission for a doctor to shorten the fife of his child who was born blind, seemed to be an idiot and had only parts of its arms and legs. The child itself was at this time at the Children's Clinic in the University of Leipzig, which was headed by Professor Werner Catel, Professor for Neurology and Psychiatry at the same university. At that time Catel was already an exponent of euthanasia and has remained one to this day which fact he acknowledged in his book "Border Situations of Life - Contribution to the Problem of a Limited Euthanasia". it was Catel who made the suggestion to the father, or at least focused his attention in that direction, to write a letter to the Führer. As an answer to this letter, Hitler sent his physician, Professor Karl Brandt, to Leipzig and after consultations with Catel, put the child to sleep. Several months later, Hitler signed a document authorising Dr. Karl Brandt and Reich-leader Philipp Bouhler to permit euthanasia in special cases. This authorisation was supposedly signed in October 1939, but was backdated to the beginning of September of the same year. The document was really nothing more than an authorisation and formulated in such a way that a doctor who truly felt bound to the Hippocratic Oath could interpret it in such a way that no-one would have to die. The "Führer-order" as it was generally called, had apparently come about after a lively discussion between Dr. Karl Brandt, Dr. Leonardo Conti and Philipp Bouhler and was as follows: "Reichsleader Bouhler and Dr. Brandt M.D. are charged with the responsibility of enlarging the authority of certain physicians to be designated by name in such a manner that persons who according to human judgement can upon most careful diagnosis of their condition of sickness be accorded a mercy death. Signed - A. Hitler".In spite of this, the document was regarded not only as a "legal" basis for the crimes committed by the psychiatrists of Nazi Germany, but later at the Nuremberg trials and in other court cases, it was used as a justification where the accused attempted to interpret this authorisation as an order. The question about the so-called "Führer-order" is usually done away with by stating that Hitler wanted to achieve one of his goals with this document. However, several facts contradicted this widespread theory and should be mentioned in this context. Obviously Hitler agreed or at least sympathised with the arguments of the eugenically-oriented groups, which were trying to defend sterilisation and euthanasia. This we know from his earlier studies and activities, but one cannot charge him with having voiced his opinion in this direction very often. On the contrary, he seldom remarked on it. The actual document was very vague, and it is not even clear that the victims were to be hopelessly mentally ill, but only referred to incurably sick generally. The previously mentioned Knauer case is a typical example of the psychiatric way of thinking and their tactics. The Third Reich is usually looked upon as a monolithic state, a pyramid structure with Hitler at the top followed by the administrative machinery of government and its subordinate organisations, which form a wide basis, the whole system unified and dynamic. In actual fact, the Third Reich was a system of agencies, departments and branches of government all in competition with each other. All endeavoured to play each other off against each other for reasons of prestige, in order to win the favour of the Führer or to increase their power. Hitler himself issued different versions of the same order to keep his subordinates divided and in competition with each other. This way there was less chance of their becoming dangerous to him. Hitler had purposely disarranged the "whole" structure of the Reich, with the aim of achieving a shift of emphasis of function, a tactic which proved successful in ensuring his own position of power. Apart from the actual government offices the NSDAP committees established before the seizure of power remained in existence, so that Hitler had two organisations at his disposal with greatly overlapping functions. The administration of the Third Reich was, therefore, a chaotic confusion of conflicts, jealousies and duplication of actions. An order which was not taken up by someone and worked on or passed on, just remained an order and ended up in a desk-drawer, never executed. Actually a great deal of effort was necessary to get a lot of things moving at all. Additionally, after the seizure of power, Hitler was only interested in activities for which he had a special affinity and he neglected other activities. Ministers and functionaries often did not see him at all for long periods of time. To the degree that Hitler engrossed himself in the plans for the expansion of the Reich, he had to deal more and more with the solution of military problems and with diplomatic matters. His interest in non-military matters and initiatives declined Thus because Hitler's attention was unequivocally on other matters, the "experts" who were continuously exerting pressure on internal affairs, such as initiating the mass-murder of mental patients, also assumed responsibility for it. This is affirmed by the two well known and informed American journalists William L. Shirer and Joseph Harsch both active as foreign correspondents in Berlin in those years. Shirer collected his impressions in his "Berlin Diary" published in England in 1941. Towards the end of his diary notes the author deals with his experiences with the euthanasia programme. He writes: "What is stilt unclear to me is the motive for these murders. Germans themselves advance three: Shirer continues with his views and comes to the conclusion: "The first motive is obviously absurd, since the death of 100,000 persons will not save much food for a nation of 80 million. Besides, there is no acute food shortage in Germany. The second motive is possible, though I doubt it. Poison gases may have been used in putting these unfortunates out of the way, but if so, the experimentation was only incidental. Many Germans I have talked to think that some new gas which disfigures the body has been used, and that this is the reason why the remains of the victims have been cremated. But I can get no real evidence of this".And now he comes to a very interesting section in which he writes: "The third motive seems the most likely to me. For years a group of radical Nazi sociologists who were instrumental in putting through the Reich's sterilisation laws have pressed for a national policy of eliminating the mentally unfit. They say they have disciples among many sociologists in other lands and perhaps they have.This information which Shirer for some reason does not consider or puts aside as being absurd or unimportant, when examined proves to be rather useful. Of the motives the Germans propagate as their reason for these murders, three seem to hold up under examination. Paragraph two of the form letter sent the relatives plainly bears the stamp of this sociological thinking: "In view of the nature of his serious, incurable ailment, his death, which saved him from a life long institutional sojourn, is to be regarded merely as a release. Some suggest a fourth motive. They say the Nazis calculate that for every 3 or 4 institutional cases, there must be one healthy German to look after them. This takes several thousand good Germans away from more profitable employment. If the insane are killed off, it is further argued by the Nazis, there will be plenty of hospital space for the war wounded should the war be prolonged and large casualties occur." The first motive, however, that they were committed to save food, originated before these measures were brought in, and thus seems quite a logical conclusion. However when one looks at the result and when one compares 100,000 patients with eighty million as Shirer had done, the whole thing stands out as absurd. The second reason, that the murders had been committed in order to experiment with new poisonous gases, also makes sense. In the beginning stages of the euthanasia programme, many experiments were carried out to find the most effective and fastest method of exterminating the victims. The third motive which the Germans propagated themselves, was that these murderous actions were the result of extreme National Socialists who wanted to materialise their social-hygienic and social ideas. As the whole programme was kept strictly confidential and therefore was known only by a very few people, it seems as though the Nazis had carried it out themselves. However, from the history of the preparations for these murder actions, it is obvious [and in the following chapter we will go into this in detail] that it was the extremist psychiatrists and the Nazis who together put these ideas into action. The fourth motive offered to Shirer by some Germans that new gases were used which deformed bodies and that this was the reason for the cremation of the mortal remains is also worth examining in more detail. The new gas which was used in the beginning was not so new. In fact it was simply carbon monoxide from combustion engines which did indeed deform bodies. The patients usually died under circumstances which caused deformations [some of the bodies discoloured and excrement and other fluids ran out]. It is evident that they were often in a condition which did not permit them to be put in a coffin and to be transferred. A further point which must be considered is that such a corpse, if returned to relatives would hardly have stood up to an examination to confirm the cause of death, should the family have wanted it. The distressing thing about Shirer's Diary is that he received his information from Germans not as a rumour but as fact, and obviously obtained it first hand. He describes the Nazis as sociologists and probably uses this term as a collective term which includes psychiatrists, psychologists, anthropologists, sociohygienists and mental hygienists. And his conclusion is correct. They were racial, they served as tools to pass the Sterilisation Laws, they exerted pressure to direct the national politics towards the elimination of the mentally ill and they were very successful in all these. Shirer's claim that German sociologists had many supporters abroad was also valid. Joseph Harsch the second American journalist in Berlin, confirms Shirer's information in his book "Pattern for Conquest". "Those who proposed it (the plan for euthanasia) are understood to have asked Hitler for a written edict, or law which would officially authorise them to proceed with the "mercy killings". Hitler is represented as having hesitated for several weeks. Finally, doubting that Hitler would ever sign the official order the proponents of the project, drafted a letter for him to sign which merely expressed his, Hitler's, general approval of the theory of euthanasia as a means of relieving incompetents of the burden of life. While this letter did not have the character of law it was adequate in Nazi Germany. The Führer had expressed approval of the practice. It went ahead."Following the Knauer case, a group of competent specialists were called to the Reich Chancellery to form a Euthanasia Committee. Psychiatrist, and ministerial adviser for health in the Reich Ministry, SS Oberführer Dr. Herbert Linden, was appointed as its head. Later Linden was to act as liaison between the Chancellery and the Reich Health Service, which was attached to the Ministry of the Interior and led by Reich Doctor Führer Leonardo Conti. The founding of this committee was the first of what were to become regular meetings of the medical advisers for the purpose of better estimating the necessary administrative and technical facilities. Lindens committee consisted of: Professor Hans Heinze, Chief of the Brandenberg Mental Institute. Professor Werner Catel, Lecturer in Neurology and Psychiatry at Leipzig University and head of the Paediatric Clinic in Leipzig. Dr. Helmut Unger, Ophthalmologist, author of a novel on the euthanasia question ("Mission and Conscience") and Press liaison officer for the Reich Doctor Führer Dr. Wagner. Dr. Ernst Wentzler Paediatrician. Linden rapidly expanded the committee with the following additional specialists for neurology and psychiatry: Professor Max de Crinis, Lecturer in Neurology and Psychiatry at Berlin University, secret agent and friend of Waiter Schellenburg-who held a high post in the Nazi Secret Service. [Dr. Crinis was involved in the Venlo Incident staged shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War in which two British and a Dutch Intelligence agent were kidnapped by the Germans]. Professor Berthold Kihn, Lecturer in Neurology and Psychiatry at the University of Jena. Professor Carl Schneider, Lecturer in Neurology and Psychiatry at Heidelberg University. Dr. Hermann Pfannmüller, who was Dr. Faltlhauser's assistant in the Asylum at Kaufbeuren and as of 1938 Director of the Mental Hospital Eglfing-Haar. Dr. Bender - director of the Buch Mental Hospital near Berlin. A short time later the special advisers to T4 were attached: Professor Werner Heyde, Lecturer in Neurology and Psychiatry at Würzburg University. Professor Paul Nitsche, Lecturer in Psychiatry at Halle University up to 1939. Director of the Sonnenstein institute near Pirna, which became one of the murder schools. Now having the necessary advice from the "experts" about the size of the problem, of numbers, where, when, how, who, etc., the administrative machinery of T4 was put together. The programme had been drawn, the task could commence. Return to Introduction Return to Table of Contents	52,675
Source: The Atlantic Young women who are pursuing careers in STEM are frequently harassed to the point of leaving the male-dominated world of Science, Tech, Engineering and Math. A study conducted by researchers in The Atlantic magazine found that one in three women experienced sexual harassment. A 2014 study of anthropologists and field scientists reported that out of 666 women, 64 percent reported that they had experienced sexual harassment at work. Extensive research and studies have reported that women who are seeking maternity leave from their jobs in STEM are often given few options, many times denied parental leave or given a hard time. One study found only 15 percent of women in STEM had access to parental leave that covered care taking. The average age for receiving a doctorate in science or engineering is 32, which is also the age when ‘female infertility decreases,’ as reported by The Atlantic. This makes it difficult for women who want to pursue a career and start a family to do so, when institutions are not supportive or don’t offer parental leave. A number of steps need to be taken to end sexual harassment and to improve conditions for, and support, women who want to pursue STEM careers. Breaking the stigma around reporting sexual harassment is the first step; requiring universities to report sexual harassment to federal funding agencies; formalizing policies on harassment within institutions.;establishing sexual harassment policies that protect victims and gives harasser due process; and increases in funding to help women attain parental leave and continue their careers thereafter, among other actions. Read full story at: The Atlantic	5,712
This MySql Tutorial for Beginners will guide you to learn MySql Database Development with some real-time examples. Please feel free to ask question, I will keep updating this tutorial with answer of your query MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS). It is open-source and free. In this tutorial you will learn MySql database, how to create database then creating table, view, trigger, inserting data into table, updating database object etc. If you don't have MySQL database in your local environment, then download and install MySql right version for your operating system Creating new mysql database using script, renaming database, dropping database, taking database backup with data. Creating database user and grating permission, revoking permission etc. Creating table, inserting, updating, deleting records, setting child parent relationship , altering table name etc. Creating view, altering and dropping view, renaming view, setting permission to view etc. Understanding concept of different type of triggers, writing new trigger, dropping trigger Creating new stored procedure in mysql, calling stored procedure from another procedure, altering procedure, renaming stored procedure. Setting transaction block in mysql queries , commit and rollback transaction Implementing error handling in mysql queries , reading error details MySQL is becoming more popular for various reasons, here are some points	14,556
Northern Europe is known for its sauna culture, evolved to combat the cold and gather people in the dark of winter, but this seaworthy version adds a mobile twist to a longstanding tradition. Built from recycled wood, floating on salvaged plastic barrels and powered by an outboard motor, the Saunalautta was created by friends who have since decide to rent out the structure. More than just a nautical sauna, onboard amenities include a barbecue as well as tents and hammocks for overnight adventures and relaxation outside of the super-heated central space. The crow’s nest at the top provides a lookout point and diving platform as well as shelter for the cooking space located directly below. They have even tested putting a trampoline on the second story, but safety concerns won out in the end. More from Architizer on the long cultural history of saunas in the region: “The chilly Nordic country of Finland is known for its deeply-rooted sauna culture. Dating back to as early as the 16th century, saunas became a popular way to beat the dangerously frigid winter temperatures. In a country with around 5.5 million inhabitants, there are more than 2 million saunas scattered about the land — that’s an average of one sauna per household. In Finland, these heated refuges are not thought of as a luxury, but rather, a necessity to protect people against the cold. Before modern healthcare, most Finnish mothers even gave birth in saunas, as the warm rooms were thought to have hygienic, purifying qualities.”	9,548
4) Space Launch System rocket NASA’s Space Launch System is the agency’s heavy-lift rocket designed to bring humans and cargo deep into the solar system. It was first announced in September 2011 under the administration of President Barack Obama, back when NASA was targeting “flexible destinations,” including Mars and a near-Earth asteroid, for future human missions. After overcoming delays and development challenges in late 2020 and early 2021, SLS is currently slated to make its debut flight, Artemis 1, in December 2021 when it will launch an Orion spacecraft on a loop around the moon. SLS will be available in a few configurations, with the astronaut-launching lunar version anticipated at 321 feet (98 m) tall. It is being developed in three major phases with different capabilities, mostly in the upper stages: Block 1, Block 1B, and Block 2. The core stage of all versions will be built by Boeing, which received an initial $2.8 billion contract for the work in 2014. The core stage includes four liquid-propellant engines — using RS-25 engines, also used on the space shuttle — and two solid rocket-boosters to heft the rocket into space. Curious cosmic coincidence could help explain fast radio burst mystery The double stars of spring offer twice the skywatching fun this season NASA aims to boost diversity at space agency with 2 high-ranking positions	37,691
Using the library and other course resources, find a manufacturing company's annual report. Using "Tootsie Roll Industries" (http://www.tootsie.com/comp_financial.php) Calculate the following ratios for the company that you select: Return on assets Return on equity Gross profit margin Debt to equity ratio Total asset turnover Price earnings ratio Using the calculated ratios, analyze the financial performance of the firm. You will do this by looking at the ratios and comparing them to ratios from previous periods and in some cases, against their competitors. Keep in mind that you are trying to determine how the firm is performing under each of the listed ratios. In a memo to the chief executive officer (CEO), include the following: Explain the ratios that you calculated. Address other methods of analyzing financial statements aside from ratio analysis. Explain your analysis of the firm, and make recommendations for improvement. 2012 Annual report found on I reviewed the annual report for Tootsie Roll Industries (TRI) from 2010 through 2012 and selected industry ratios as available on www.yahoo.com to understand four major aspects of financial health: The four aspects are examined by ratios that each gives a unique view on the profits, liquidity, productivity and leverage used by TRI during this three-year period. The comments will highlight the strengths and weaknesses of TRI over time and as a participant in a competitive industry. Each ratio will be discussed individually and then the major aspects will be discussed as a collection of the related ratios. Profitability measures all have something in common. They investigate how well the firm prices the product compared to costs to yield profits. These profit measures are computed as either a percent of sales, as a percent of assets or a percent of equity. All three views tell a slightly different story but they are related in that they are contrast profits against some item: sales, assets or equity. If profits are down, all these measures are down. In addition, if profits are up, all these measure rise with the improved profits. However, they do not all rise and fall in equal measures as they measure against different standards (sales, assets or equity). I have included price/earnings ratio in this set. It is not a pure profitability measure. Instead, it measures the market's impression of future profit and cash flow generating ability. However, the measure does use earnings per share as the yard stick and thus is uses profits, rising and falling with profits as the other profit ratios. Starting at the top of the income statement and moving down, we will begin with gross profit. This is a measure of how well the product was able to command a good market price and how well TRI controlled costs of the product. It is presented as a percent of sales. TRI's gross ... Your discussion is 1,326 words and a reference and discussions the profitability, liquidity, leverage and productivity of Tootsie Roll Industries. These are computed for 2010, 2011 and 2012. Industry comparisons from Yahoo! Finance are included as well as selected ratios from Nestle's 2012 annual report.	31,503
Fighting World Hunger with Peanut Butter One pediatrician’s campaign to help feed malnourished mothers and children. One pediatrician's campaign to help feed malnourished mothers and children. As a pediatrician, Mark Manary knows that peanut butter is high in protein and packed with heart-healthy monounsaturated fats. So when he decided to create a low-cost, nutrient-packed food to offer starving children in Africa, peanut butter was a natural choice to use as its base. The resulting initiative-dubbed Project Peanut Butter and incorporated as a nonprofit in 2004-has been a huge success, making food that has fed more than 1 million severely malnourished infants and toddlers. Now, thanks to a new grant and rejiggered formula, Dr. Manary is opening a new front in the fight against hunger: feeding babies before they're born. Despite years of experience working against hunger, Dr. Manary was surprised to learn that 15 percent of expectant mothers in Malawi are malnourished, contributing to the third-highest maternal mortality rate in the world and myriad health problems for mothers and babies who survive. By creating a peanut-based food with a nutritional mix perfect for mothers-to-be (high in calcium and healthy fats), Dr. Manary hopes to change that. "Here are two people-mother and baby-we can help with the same intervention. It's a puzzle piece that fits pretty exactly," he says. Since traditional treatments for malnutrition must be made to order in hospitals-which are often far from affected areas-this creation has an added virtue, too: it can be served in the field. Dr. Manary estimates that over 2 million children and mothers could be fed by 2015.	42,593
Antivirus software is one of the most important tools for safe-guarding your computer, vital information, and personal data from the daily onslaught of viruses and worms. Without antivirus protection, your computer may be left completely defenseless against perpetrators' relentless attemps. Antivirus software is available from ITS at not cost to all CU-Boulder faculty, staff and students work and/or personal use. Antivirus software is one of the most important tools in protecting your computer and personal information from viruses and worms. When it comes to technology and security, computers are quite similar to houses. Most people would not leave their doors and windows wide open, exposing their residences to complete strangers. Yet, why are computers often left open and unsecured, virtually welcoming viruses to sneak in the front door or window? As a UCCS student or faculty or staff member, acquiring and using antivirus software to secure your computer is as easy as locking a door, all at no cost to you. Visit http://www.uccs.edu/~helpdesk/antivirus.htm for more information on how easy it is to protect yourself. But, remember, your virus protection is only as effective as its last update. New viruses appear all the time (industry experts estimate that there are currently more than 50,000 viruses in existence and approximately 200 discovered each month). If your antivirus software isn't current, the latest viruses or worms can sneak in. Thus, updating antivirus scanner definitions is a crucial part of keeping your computer safe from viruses and worms. This process will keep your scanner up-to-date, so it will be able to detect the most recent virus or worm. Antivirus automatically checks for antivirus engine updates when virus definitions are updated. There are currently more than 50,000 viruses in existence and 200 viruses are discovered each month, it's recommended you update your software at least once a month. Antivirus software is especially useful for scanning attachments and links within e-mail messages. E-mail offers many opportunities for security problems and should not be considered secure. Malicious web sites can install software on your computer or collect personal information from your computer. Be wary of e-mail attachments and web downloads that you do not know anything about. It is actually very easy for a computer virus to be present in e-mail from anyone, including your parents, best friends, or colleagues. It is strongly suggested that antivirus software be used to scan anything that you receive in your e-mail. One of the main problems with viruses or worms is they can go undetected, especially if you are not running an antivirus program which would catch the intruders immediately. Below are some key signs that your computing system may be infected by a virus or worm, and what to do to solve the problem: For more information on antivirus, software downloads, and daily use tips, visit http://www.uccs.edu/~helpdesk/antivirus.htm A virus is a computer program intentionally written and released to spread across computers and networks and disrupt your computing experience. These bad-mannered programs come to your PC through e-mail, the Internet, downloaded files, and files you open on a CD. Viruses typically work by attaching themselves to another program on your PC, and do not infect the computer until the program runs. The old "traditional" viruses usually require human interaction (you have to run it, save it, share it; you e-mail a program or document without knowing it's infected). Viruses typically just attach themselves to programs and documents and then depend on humans to propagate. This is changing... A worm is similar to a program but doesn't need to attach itself to another program to run. Worms, a sub-class of viruses, are replicated automatically without human help (like an e-mail address book attack). Worms can bog down networks and web sites. And, the scary part is that you don't have to do anything but turn your computer on! A Trojan poses as a legitimate program but is designed to disrupt computing on the PC it infects. It is not designed to spread to other computers. This type of code allows other computer users to gain access to your computer across the Internet.	38,740
Do you have 10 minutes (or less) to spare? If you do, have a look at our selection of four short films and consider sharing one of these great titles with your students. These highly recommended shorts tie in to the curricula of English Language Arts, History, Social Studies, Health and Personal Development, and Arts courses. CM: Canadian Review of Materials has given all these films the thumbs up. Its reviewers are teachers, professors, teacher-librarians and public librarians who are incredibly knowledgeable about educational material for children and youth. So take a few minutes to watch one of these films. You won’t regret it! Big Mouth (Andrea Dorfman, 2012, 8 minutes) “Young children don’t understand that pointing out physical flaws can be hurtful,” writes Harriet Zaidman in her CM review of Big Mouth. “Tact is a learned skill, and that’s the message behind Halifax animator Andrea Dorfman’s short animation Big Mouth… Big Mouth can be used to teach about the power of words, about the difficulty of adjusting to new situations and as an example of a unique animation style.” Big Drive , Anita Lebeau, provided by the National Film Board of Canada Big Drive (Anita Lebeau, 2011, 9 minutes) Julie Chychota writes that “[a]side from recreational value… Big Drive could be useful in educational settings, especially in English classes, to ignite ideas for creative writing or storytelling assignments. It could also be used to analyze techniques of plot development, characterization, or point of view, in courses on literature or computer animation… At nine minutes and seventeen seconds, this joyride feels like it’s over much too soon, but Lebeau’s playful depiction of a family’s summer outing is a balmy antidote to a harsh Canadian winter. While firmly fixed in time, this warm and whimsical animation encapsulates some timeless truths about family ties.” 55 Socks, Co Hoedeman, provided by the National Film Board of Canada 55 Socks (Co Hoedeman, 2011, 9 minutes) “This is a short film, barely 9 minutes long, but a powerful little story,” says Joanne Peters in her CM review of this short animation. The film is black and white, the graphics in the style of wood-cuts, highlighting the bleak reality of experiencing war and all of its deprivations. Voice-overs from war-time news”reels provide an authentic historical context. Despite the desperation of the times, the four women find kinship with each other, purpose in their knitting, and a way to survive and persevere.” Petra's Poem, Shira Avni, provided by the National Film Board of Canada Petra’s Poem (Shira Avni, 2012, 4 minutes) Harriet Zaidman’s CM review observes that “[t]his pleasing four-minute video shows a young Down Syndrome woman, Petra Tolley, acting out a poem that she has written and which she also narrates. Her poem is about her desire to be surrounded by her peers, to never be on the outside of the group, a place where she develops feelings of loneliness and isolation… Petra’s poem is heartfelt and a typical response to the fear of being left out that is common to most of us, but surrounding her are other young adults with Down Syndrome. With a string orchestration and a strong beat as a musical background, they circle Petra, demonstrating the power of community.”	29,417
Development of a new, higher-yield, two-step, less costly process that may ease supply problems and zigzagging prices for the raw material essential for making the mainstay drug for malaria was done by scientists. That disease sickens 300-500 million people annually and kills more than 1 million. The process uses readily available substances and could be easily implemented by drug companies. David Teager and Rodger Stringham of the Clinton Health Access Initiative explained that artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) is the most effective treatment for malaria, a parasitic infection that is transferred to humans from the bite of an infected mosquito. Artemisinin, which is used to produce the key ingredient in ACT, comes from Artemisia annua, a medicinal plant grown in China. In recent years, the price for artemisinin has undergone huge market fluctuations, ranging from about 180 dollars to 410 dollars per pound, due to weather conditions and the demand for ACT. Keeping costs down is important because most cases of malaria occur in developing areas in the tropics and subtropics. The researchers reasoned that one way to help stabilize prices would be to improve the current ACT manufacturing process, which consistently yields less of the ingredient than expected. That improvement would reduce the amount of Artemisia annua needed to make ACT. The new process is much simpler and generates less potentially hazardous waste than the current method. It also reduced the amount of artemisinin required to make ACT, which makes the process less costly. A "semisynthetic" version of artemisinin also worked well as a starting material in the new method. "We are in the process of sharing this procedure with manufacturing partners in our global fight to combat malaria," the researchers said. The study was reported in ACS' journal Organic Process Research and Development.	56,930
Intuition is something that everyone has. Some people’s intuition is more sensitive than others, but everyone has the ability to develop it and be able to use it. Intuition is easiest to describe as the feeling of just knowing something that will happen before it happens. A good example of intuition is when you know the phone will ring and it does. This may happen occasionally or you may have it happen every time the phone rings. Either way it is your intuition working. Intuition is a psychic ability. Even people who do not believe in psychic powers will usually believe in intuition. Some may refer to it as a gut feeling or a hunch. It is just a knowing. Intuition can give you warnings or it can be a guide. You can use your intuition in many ways. Once you are able to harness its power you can begin to use it in your daily life to help you in many ways. To get in touch with your intuition you can begin by simply listening to it. You have surely had experiences where you just knew what was going to happen or you had a feeling about making a decision. These are times when your intuition was working. Many times we fight our intuition or ignore it. We chalk it up to nerves or indecision. However, when you stop working against your intuition you will find that it can be very helpful. The next time you start to get that feeling of intuition you should listen to it. Go with what you are feeling and trust your gut instinct. You will likely be surprised when you find out that your feeling was right. It can be difficult at first to start trusting your intuition. You may have to work to make yourself start listening to your intuition. It can be hard especially if you have ignored it for a long time. It can help to keep a journal of your efforts so that you can really see your intuition working. You can write down throughout the day the times when your intuition worked for you. By seeing the impact of your intuition in your life, you may find it easier to start listening to it on a regular basis. Learning to trust your intuition can have a great impact on your life. You will find that you are able to make decisions easier, that you are happier with your choices in life and that you are able to avoid problems more easily.	52,645

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